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Chibuzor Okoye</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Obinna Chibuzor Okoye"> <meta name="keywords" content="Obinna Chibuzor Okoye"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Obinna Chibuzor Okoye"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 25</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Obinna Chibuzor Okoye</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Effects of Stirring Time and Reinforcement Preheating on the Porosity of Particulate Periwinkle Shell-Aluminium 6063 Metal Matrix Composite (PPS-ALMMC) Produced by Two-Step Casting</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reginald%20Umunakwe">Reginald Umunakwe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Obinna%20Chibuzor%20Okoye"> Obinna Chibuzor Okoye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uzoma%20Samuel%20Nwigwe"> Uzoma Samuel Nwigwe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Damilare%20John%20Olaleye"> Damilare John Olaleye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akinlabi%20Oyetunji"> Akinlabi Oyetunji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The potential for the development of PPS-AlMMCs as light weight material for industrial applications was investigated. Periwinkle shells were milled and the density of the particles determined. Particulate periwinkle shell of particle size 75µm was used to reinforce aluminium 6063 alloy at 10wt% filler loading using two-step stir casting technique. The composite materials were stirred for five minutes in a semi-solid state and the stirring time varied as 3, 6 and 9 minutes at above the liquidus temperature. A specimen was also produced with pre-heated filler. The effect of variation in stirring time and reinforcement pre-heating on the porosity of the composite materials was investigated. The results of the analysis show that a composition of reinforcement pre-heating and stirring for 3 minutes produced a composite material with the lowest porosity of 1.05%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composites" title="composites">composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=periwinkle%20shell" title=" periwinkle shell"> periwinkle shell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-step%20casting" title=" two-step casting"> two-step casting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity" title=" porosity"> porosity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60031/effects-of-stirring-time-and-reinforcement-preheating-on-the-porosity-of-particulate-periwinkle-shell-aluminium-6063-metal-matrix-composite-pps-almmc-produced-by-two-step-casting" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Factors Affecting English Language Acquisition and Learning for Primary Schools in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chibuzor%20Dalmeida">Chibuzor Dalmeida </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper shall discuss the factors affecting English Language Acquisition and Learning for Primary School in Nigeria. Learning English language is a difficult task mostly those at the primary school level. Pupils find it more difficult on vocabulary, grammar and sentence structure, idioms, pronunciation etc. Researchers have discovered the reasons behind these discrepancies and have formulated theories that could be of utmost assistance to English language teachers and students. This paper further looked at the following factors that include Learner Characteristics and Personal Traits, Situational and Environmental Factors, Prior Language Development and Competence and Age and Brain Development. It further recommended that pupils must learn new vocabulary, rules for grammar and sentence structure, idioms, pronunciation. Pupils whose families and communities set high standards for language acquisition learn more quickly than those who do not. Exposure to high-quality programs also essential. Pupils do best when they are allowed to speak their native language. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acquisition" title="acquisition">acquisition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=affecting" title=" affecting"> affecting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factors" title=" factors"> factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning" title=" learning"> learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34279/factors-affecting-english-language-acquisition-and-learning-for-primary-schools-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34279.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">628</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Heavy Metals (Pb, Cu, Fe, and Zn) Level in Shellfish (Etheria elliptica), Water, and Sediments of River Ogbese, Ondo State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20O.%20Olawusi-Peters">O. O. Olawusi-Peters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20E.%20Aguda"> O. E. Aguda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20O.%20Okoye"> F. O. Okoye</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Investigations on the accumulation of heavy metals in water and sediments of River Ogbese were carried out between December 2010 and February 2011 using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Etheria elliptica a sessile organism was also used to determine the concentration of heavy metal in the aquatic environmental. In water, Cu had the highest concentration (0.55–0.13 mg/l ±0.1) while in sediments, the highest value obtained was in Fe (1.46-3.89mg/l±0.27). The minimum concentrations recorded were in Pb; which was below detectable level. The result also revealed that the shell accumulated more heavy metals than the flesh of the mussel with Cu in the shell exhibiting a negative correlation with all the metals in the flesh. However, the condition factor (K) value is 6.44, an indication of good health. The length-weight relationship is expressed as W=-0.48xL 1.94 (r2=0.29) showing the growth pattern to be negatively allometric. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=condition%20factor" title="condition factor">condition factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Etheria%20elliptica" title=" Etheria elliptica"> Etheria elliptica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=River%20Ogbese" title=" River Ogbese"> River Ogbese</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24642/heavy-metals-pb-cu-fe-and-zn-level-in-shellfish-etheria-elliptica-water-and-sediments-of-river-ogbese-ondo-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24642.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">477</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Gariep Dam Basin Management for Satisfying Ecological Flow Requirements</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimeji%20Abe">Dimeji Abe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nonso%20Okoye"> Nonso Okoye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gideon%20Ikpimi"> Gideon Ikpimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prince%20Idemudia"> Prince Idemudia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Multi-reservoir optimization operation has been a critical issue for river basin management. Water, as a scarce resource, is in high demand and the problems associated with the reservoir as its storage facility are enormous. The complexity in balancing the supply and demand of this prime resource has created the need to examine the best way to solve the problem using optimization techniques. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the multi-objective meta-heuristic algorithm for the operation of Gariep Dam for satisfying ecological flow requirements. This study uses an evolutionary algorithm called backtrack search algorithm (BSA) to determine the best way to optimise the dam operations of hydropower production, flood control, and water supply without affecting the environmental flow requirement for the survival of aquatic bodies and sustain life downstream of the dam. To achieve this objective, the operations of the dam that corresponds to different tradeoffs between the objectives are optimized. The results indicate the best model from the algorithm that satisfies all the objectives without any constraint violation. It is expected that hydropower generation will be improved and more water will be available for ecological flow requirements with the use of the algorithm. This algorithm also provides farmers with more irrigation water as well to improve their business. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BSA%20evolutionary%20algorithm" title="BSA evolutionary algorithm">BSA evolutionary algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metaheuristics" title=" metaheuristics"> metaheuristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=river%20basin%20management" title=" river basin management"> river basin management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99471/gariep-dam-basin-management-for-satisfying-ecological-flow-requirements" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99471.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Waste Water Treatment and Emerging Waste Water Contaminants in Developing Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Opata%20Obinna%20Johnpaul">Opata Obinna Johnpaul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wastewater is one of the day-to–day concerns of humans and the environment, in general, due to its importance to the environment. This is because of the presence of various contaminants that are involved in waste water. Wastewater treatment can be defined as the proportion of wastewater that is treated, in order to reduce pollutants before being discharged to the environment, by the level of treatment. This work discusses wastewater treatment, its contaminants, as well as the technologies, involved.The major focus is to analyze Okomu Oil Palm Company Plc, their effluent treatment facility. Okomu Oil Palm Company is based in Nigeria, which is one of the developing countries of the world. Okomu Oil Palm Company uses aquatic treatment technology for their effluent treatment and applies the physio-chemical level of advanced chemical treatment of wastewater treatment process. This work will discuss the outcome of the laboratory sample taken on the 30th January, 2015 and analyzed between 30th January- 4th February 2015. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater%20treatment" title="wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contaminants" title=" contaminants"> contaminants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physio-chemical%20process" title=" physio-chemical process"> physio-chemical process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Okomu%20oil%20palm" title=" Okomu oil palm"> Okomu oil palm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32195/waste-water-treatment-and-emerging-waste-water-contaminants-in-developing-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32195.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Training Programmes at KwaZulu Natal, South Africa for Water Professionals to Enhance Water Management</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joshua%20Ikpimi">Joshua Ikpimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimeji%20Abe"> Dimeji Abe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nonso%20Okoye"> Nonso Okoye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gideon%20Ikpimi"> Gideon Ikpimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prince%20Idemudia"> Prince Idemudia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Training programmes are integral parts of development for employees to develop themselves and also to develop the organisation. Lack of training and inadequate training adversely affect the productivity in any organisation. Lack of training in the water sector can impair development and improper management of water. Training programs are given to water professionals, especially in a developing country like South Africa, to perform well in their day to day activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current training program in place for water professionals at KwaZulu Natal province of South Africa. The objectives were to determine the training programs that are suitable for their job descriptions and to determine the gaps with the training programs and to make recommendations on ways to improve the training programs. This study is a quantitative study which enabled an evaluation of training programs for KwaZulu Natal water professionals. The sample population was 120 professionals across all the cities and towns in KwaZulu Natal province. The water professionals were evaluated using structured questionnaire distributed to the respondents from September to December 2017. The data was analysed using R software. The study found that province has training programs that are valuable for their water professionals. However, involvement of some professionals in administrative activities was hindered by some inappropriate training. Many areas of improvement are suggested to the province in training its water professionals. Training was found to improve performance, commitment, motivation and staff retention of water professionals in the province. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=KwaZulu%20Natal" title="KwaZulu Natal">KwaZulu Natal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=training" title=" training"> training</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water"> water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90622/training-programmes-at-kwazulu-natal-south-africa-for-water-professionals-to-enhance-water-management" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90622.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Modeling of Age Hardening Process Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System: Results from Aluminum Alloy A356/Cow Horn Particulate Composite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chidozie%20C.%20Nwobi-Okoye">Chidozie C. Nwobi-Okoye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Basil%20Q.%20Ochieze"> Basil Q. Ochieze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stanley%20Okiy"> Stanley Okiy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research reports on the modeling of age hardening process using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The age hardening output (Hardness) was predicted using ANFIS. The input parameters were ageing time, temperature and percentage composition of cow horn particles (CHp%). The results show the correlation coefficient (R) of the predicted hardness values versus the measured values was of 0.9985. Subsequently, values outside the experimental data points were predicted. When the temperature was kept constant, and other input parameters were varied, the average relative error of the predicted values was 0.0931%. When the temperature was varied, and other input parameters kept constant, the average relative error of the hardness values predictions was 80%. The results show that ANFIS with coarse experimental data points for learning is not very effective in predicting process outputs in the age hardening operation of A356 alloy/CHp particulate composite. The fine experimental data requirements by ANFIS make it more expensive in modeling and optimization of age hardening operations of A356 alloy/CHp particulate composite. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20neuro-fuzzy%20inference%20system%20%28ANFIS%29" title="adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)">adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=age%20hardening" title=" age hardening"> age hardening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminum%20alloy" title=" aluminum alloy"> aluminum alloy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metal%20matrix%20composite" title=" metal matrix composite"> metal matrix composite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83874/modeling-of-age-hardening-process-using-adaptive-neuro-fuzzy-inference-system-results-from-aluminum-alloy-a356cow-horn-particulate-composite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83874.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Evaluation of the Socio-Economic Impact of Marine Debris in Coastal Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chibuzo%20Okoye%20Daniels">Chibuzo Okoye Daniels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gillian%20Glegg"> Gillian Glegg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lynda%20Rodwell"> Lynda Rodwell</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Marine debris from fishing nets to medical equipment to food packaging that play major roles in boosting the economy and protecting human health is now more than an environmental problem that can be solved by legislation, law enforcement and technical solutions. It has also been identified as a cultural problem that can only be addressed by identifying instruments that can be used to change human attitudes and behaviors. This may be through management approaches, education and involvement of all sectors/interests, including the public. To contribute to the sustainable development of coastal Nigeria, two case study areas (Ikoyi and Victoria Islands of Lagos State) were used to evaluate the socio-economic impacts of marine debris problem in coastal Nigeria. The following methods were used: (1) semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and businesses on beaches, waterfronts and waterways within the study areas and (2) observational study of beaches, waterfronts and waterways within the study areas. The results of the study have shown that marine debris is a cultural and multi-sectoral problem that poses great threat not only to the environmental sustainability of the study areas but also to the wellbeing of its citizens and the economy of coastal Nigeria. Current solid waste and marine debris management practices are inefficient due to inadequate knowledge of how to tackle the problem. To ensure environmental sustainability in coastal Nigeria and avoid waste of scarce financial resources, adequate, appropriate and cost effective solutions to the marine debris problem need to be identified and effectively transferred for implementation in the study areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title="sustainability">sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coastal%20Nigeria" title=" coastal Nigeria"> coastal Nigeria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=study%20areas" title=" study areas"> study areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aquaculture" title=" aquaculture"> aquaculture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10084/evaluation-of-the-socio-economic-impact-of-marine-debris-in-coastal-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10084.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">554</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Evaluation of Erodibility Status of Soils in Some Areas of Imo and Abia States of Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andy%20Obinna%20Ibeje">Andy Obinna Ibeje</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the erodibility indices and some soil properties of some cassava farms in selected areas of Abia and Imo States were investigated. This study involves taking measurements of some soil parameters such as permeability, soil texture and particle size analysis from which the erodibility indices were compared. Results showed that soils of the areas are very sandy. The results showed that Isiukwuato with index of 72 has the highest erodibility index. The results also showed that Arondizuogu with index of 34 has the least erodibility index. The results revealed that soil erodibility (k) values varied from 34 to 72. Nkporo has the highest sand content; Inyishie has the least silt content. The result indicates that there were respectively strong inverse relationship between clay and silt contents and erodibility index. On the other hand, sand, organic matter and moisture contents as well as soil permeability has significantly high positive correlation with soil erodibility and it can be concluded that particle size distribution is a major finger print on the erodibility index of soil in the study area. It is recommended that safe cultural practices like crop rotation, matching and adoption of organic farming techniques be incorporated into farming communities of Abia and Imo States in order to stem the advances of erosion in the study area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=erodibility" title="erodibility">erodibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indices" title=" indices"> indices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil" title=" soil"> soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sand" title=" sand"> sand</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38728/evaluation-of-erodibility-status-of-soils-in-some-areas-of-imo-and-abia-states-of-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38728.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Examining the Factors Impeding the Preservation of African Architectural Heritage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Okafor%20Calistus%20Chibuzor">Okafor Calistus Chibuzor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Preserving African architectural heritage is a multifaceted endeavor that intersects with socio-cultural, economic, and environmental factors. Despite growing recognition of the importance of safeguarding these invaluable cultural assets, numerous challenges persist, hindering effective preservation efforts across the continent. This paper investigates the underlying factors impeding the preservation of African architectural heritage, aiming to provide insights for addressing this critical issue. The study begins with an exploration of the historical background and significance of African architectural heritage, highlighting its rich diversity and cultural significance. The study acknowledges that there is an urgent need to address the threats facing these heritage sites, including urbanization, rapid development, lack of funding, inadequate legal protection, and insufficient public awareness. The primary aim of this research is to identify and analyze the key factors contributing to the deterioration and loss of African architectural heritage, with the objective of formulating strategies to mitigate these challenges. A mixed-use research methodology combining archival research, field surveys, stakeholder interviews, and case studies is employed to gather comprehensive data and insights. The findings reveal a complex interplay of socio-economic, political, and institutional factors shaping the preservation landscape in Africa, including issues related to funding, governance, community engagement, and capacity building. The paper concludes by highlighting the urgent need for coordinated efforts among government agencies, heritage organizations, local communities, and international stakeholders to address the identified challenges and develop sustainable preservation strategies. Recommendations are provided for enhancing legal frameworks, promoting community involvement, fostering public awareness, and mobilizing resources to safeguard Africa's rich architectural heritage for future generations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=African%20architectural%20heritage" title="African architectural heritage">African architectural heritage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preservation%20challenges" title=" preservation challenges"> preservation challenges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preservation%20strategies" title=" preservation strategies"> preservation strategies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factors" title=" factors"> factors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182749/examining-the-factors-impeding-the-preservation-of-african-architectural-heritage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182749.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Effect of Neem (Aziradicta Indica) Leaf Meal on Growth Performance, Haematology and Serum Biochemistry Indices of Broilers Not Administered Vaccines and Antibiotics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ugwuowo%20Leonard%20Chidi">Ugwuowo Leonard Chidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oparaji%20Chetachukwu%20Jecinta."> Oparaji Chetachukwu Jecinta.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ogidi%20Chibuzor%20Agafenachukwu"> Ogidi Chibuzor Agafenachukwu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Onuoha%20Rebecca%20Obianuju"> Onuoha Rebecca Obianuju</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This experiment was conducted to investigate the growth performance, haematology and serum biochemistry indices of broiler birds fed diets containing Neem leaf meal. A total of 96 unsexed day-old broiler birds were allocated to four treatments of T1, T2, T3 and T4 and replicated three times with eight birds per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design. The treatments were diets containing 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0% Neem leaf meal respectively. Growth performances, packed cell volume, red blood cell count, haemoglobin, white blood cell count, lymphocytes, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, platelet count, aspartate amino transaminase, alanine amino transaminase, alkaline phosphate, cholesterol, albumin, globulin, urea, glucose, total protein and creatinine were evaluated. Results showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in all the growth performance parameters among the treatments. The results of the experiment showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) in all the heamatological and serum biochemistry parameters at finisher phases. Mean corpuscular volume, white blood cell count, lymphocytes, red blood cell count, haemoglobin, platelet count, creatinine and triglyceride increased and were highest in treatment two while treatment four had the least values in mean corpuscular volume, urea, white blood cell, haemoglobin and triglyceride. This implies that the levels of inclusion of Neem leaf meal in this experiment did not affect the growth performance of the broiler chicks but the haematological and serum biochemistry indices were affected. Treatment two with a 4% inclusion level of Neem leaf meal has shown the capacity to replace vaccines and antibiotics in broilers due to the positive effects it had on both the haematological and serum biochemistry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaf%20meal" title="leaf meal">leaf meal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=broiler" title=" broiler"> broiler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aziradicta%20indica" title=" Aziradicta indica"> Aziradicta indica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=serum%20biochemistry" title=" serum biochemistry"> serum biochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=haematology" title=" haematology"> haematology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172817/effect-of-neem-aziradicta-indica-leaf-meal-on-growth-performance-haematology-and-serum-biochemistry-indices-of-broilers-not-administered-vaccines-and-antibiotics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172817.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> The Contribution of the Lomé Charter to Combating Trafficking in Persons at Sea: Nigerian and South African Legal Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Obinna%20Emmanuel%20Nkomadu">Obinna Emmanuel Nkomadu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A major maritime problem in the African continent is the widespread proliferation of threats to maritime security, and one of which is the traffic in persons (TIP) at sea, which victims are sometimes assaulted, injured, killed, and in many cases go missing. The South African and Nigerian law on TIP at sea is the Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act and the Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Enforcement and Administration Act, respectively. These legislation prohibits TIP at sea but does not provides effective and efficient national coordination structures and international cooperation measures against traffickers who engage on human trafficking on the African maritime domain. As a result of the limitations on the maritime security laws of most African States and the maritime security threats on the continent, the African Union in 2016 adopted the African Charter on Maritime Security and Safety and Development in Africa (Lome Charter). The Lomé Charter provides mechanisms for national and international cooperation on maritime security threats, including TIP at sea. However, the Charter is yet to come into force due to the number of States required to accede or ratify the Charter. This paper identifies gaps on existing instruments on TIP at sea by those States and justify on South Africa and Nigeria should adopt the Charter. The justification flow from analysing relevant international law instruments, as well as legislation on human trafficking. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperation%20against%20trafficking%20in%20persons%20at%20sea" title="cooperation against trafficking in persons at sea">cooperation against trafficking in persons at sea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lom%C3%A9%20charter" title=" lomé charter"> lomé charter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maritime%20security" title=" maritime security"> maritime security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigerian%20legislation%20on%20trafficking%20in%20persons" title=" Nigerian legislation on trafficking in persons"> Nigerian legislation on trafficking in persons</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20African%20legislation%20on%20trafficking%20in%20person" title=" South African legislation on trafficking in person"> South African legislation on trafficking in person</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=and%20trafficking%20in%20persons%20at%20sea" title=" and trafficking in persons at sea"> and trafficking in persons at sea</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146912/the-contribution-of-the-lome-charter-to-combating-trafficking-in-persons-at-sea-nigerian-and-south-african-legal-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146912.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Assessment of the Root Causes of Marine Debris Problem in Lagos State</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chibuzo%20Okoye%20Daniels">Chibuzo Okoye Daniels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gillian%20Glegg"> Gillian Glegg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lynda%20Rodwell"> Lynda Rodwell</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The continuously growing quantity of very slow degrading litter deliberately discarded into the coastal waters around Lagos as marine debris is obvious. What is not known is how to tackle this problem to reduce its prevalence and impact on the environment, economy and community. To identify ways of tackling the marine debris problem two case study areas (Ikoyi and Victoria Islands of Lagos State) were used to assess the root causes, the threat posed by marine debris in the coastal waters around Lagos and the efficacy of current instruments, programmes and initiatives that address marine debris in the study areas. The following methods were used: (1) Self-completed questionnaires for households and businesses within the study areas; (2) Semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders; (3) Observational studies of waste management from collection to disposal and waste management facilities for waste originating from land and maritime sources; (4) Beach surveys and marine debris surveys on shorelines and ports; and (5) Fishing for marine debris. Results of this study identified the following root causes: (1) Indiscriminate human activities and behaviors, and lack of awareness on the part of the main stakeholders and the public of the potential consequences of their actions; (2) Poor solid waste management practices; (3) Lack of strict legal frameworks addressing waste and marine debris problem; and (4) Disposal of non-degradable wastes into domestic sewer system and open streets drains. To effectively tackle marine debris problem in the study areas, adequate, appropriate and cost effective solutions to the above mentioned root causes needs to be identified and effectively transferred for implementation in the study areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marine%20debris%20problem" title="marine debris problem">marine debris problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lagos%20state" title=" Lagos state"> Lagos state</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=litter" title=" litter"> litter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coastal%20waters" title=" coastal waters"> coastal waters</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10082/assessment-of-the-root-causes-of-marine-debris-problem-in-lagos-state" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10082.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Evaluation of Visco-Elastic Properties and Microbial Quality of Oat-Based Dietetic Food</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uchegbu%20Nneka%20Nkechi">Uchegbu Nneka Nkechi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Okoye%20Ogochukwu%20Peace"> Okoye Ogochukwu Peace</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The evaluation of the visco-elastic properties and microbial quality of a formulated oat-based dietetic food were investigated. Oat flour, pumpkin seed flour, carrot flour and skimmed milk powder were blended in varying proportions to formulate a product with codes OCF, which contains 70% oat flour, 10 % carrot flour, 10 % pumpkin seed flour and 10% skimmed milk powder, OCF which contains 65 % oat flour, 10 % carrot flour, 10 % pumpkin seed flour and 15 % skimmed milk powder, OCF which contains 60 % oat flour, 10 % carrot flour, 10 % pumpkin seed flour and 20 % skimmed milk powder, OCF which contains 55 % oat flour, 10 % carrot flour, 10 % pumpkin seed flour and 25 % skimmed milk powder and OF with 95 % oat as the commercial control. All the samples were assessed for their proximate composition, microbial quality and visco-elastic properties. The moisture content was highest at sample OF (10.73%) and lowest at OCF (7.10%) (P<0.05). Crude protein ranged from 13.38%-22.86%, with OCF having the highest (P<0.05) protein content and OF having the lowest. Crude fat was 3.74% for OCF and 6.31% for OF. Crude fiber ranged from 3.58% - 17.39% with OF having the lowest (P<0.05) fiber content and OCF having the highest. Ash content was 1.30% for OCF and 2.75% for OCF. There was no mold growth in the samples. The total viable ml/wl count ranged from 1.5×10³ cfu/g - 2.6×10³ cfu/g, with OCF having the lowest and OF having the highest (P<0.05) total viable count. The peak viscosity of the sample ranged from 75.00 cP-2895.00 cP, with OCF having the lowest and OF having the highest value. The final viscosity was 130.50 cP in OCF and 3572.50 cP in OF. The setback viscosity was 58.00 cP in OCF and 1680.50 cP in OF. The peak time was 6.93 mins in OCF to 5.57 mins in OF. There was no pasting temperature for all samples except the OF, which had 86.43. Sample OF was the highest in terms of overall acceptability. This study showed that the oat-based composite flour produced had a nutritional profile that would be acceptable for the aged population. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dietetic" title="dietetic">dietetic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pumpkin" title=" pumpkin"> pumpkin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visco-elastic" title=" visco-elastic"> visco-elastic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial" title=" microbial"> microbial</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143168/evaluation-of-visco-elastic-properties-and-microbial-quality-of-oat-based-dietetic-food" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143168.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Influence of Exfoliated Graphene Nanoplatelets on Thermal Stability of Polypropylene Reinforced Hybrid Graphen-rice Husk Nanocomposites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Obinna%20Emmanuel%20Ezenkwa">Obinna Emmanuel Ezenkwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sani%20Amril%20Samsudin"> Sani Amril Samsudin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azman%20Hassan"> Azman Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ede%20Anthony"> Ede Anthony</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A major challenge of polypropylene (PP) in high-heat application areas is its poor thermal stability. Under high temperature, PP burns readily with high degradation temperature and can self-ignite. In this study, PP is reinforced with hybrid filler of graphene (xGNP) and rice husk (RH) with RH at 15 wt%, and xGNP varied at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 parts per hundred (phr) of the composite. Compatibilizer MAPP was also added in each sample at 4phr of the composite. Sample formulations were melt-blended using twin screw extruder and injection moulding machine. At xGNP optimum content of 1.5 phr, hybrid PP/RH/G1.5/MAPP nanocomposite increased in thermal stability by 24 °C and 30 °C compared to pure PP and unhybridized PP/RH composite respectively; char residue increased by 513% compared to pure PP and degree of crystallization (Xc) increased from 35.4% to 36.4%. The observed thermal properties enhancement in the hybrid nanocomposites can be related to the high surface area, gap-filling effect and exfoliation characteristics of the graphene nanofiller which worked in synergy with rice husk fillers in reinforcing PP. This study therefore, shows that graphene nanofiller inclusion in polymer composites fabrication can enhance the thermal stability of polyolefins for high heat applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20nanocomposites" title="polymer nanocomposites">polymer nanocomposites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20stability" title=" thermal stability"> thermal stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exfoliation" title=" exfoliation"> exfoliation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20fillers" title=" hybrid fillers"> hybrid fillers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20reinforcement" title=" polymer reinforcement"> polymer reinforcement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188243/influence-of-exfoliated-graphene-nanoplatelets-on-thermal-stability-of-polypropylene-reinforced-hybrid-graphen-rice-husk-nanocomposites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188243.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">39</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> The Relationship between Procurement Strategies and Sustainability Outcomes: A Systematic Literature Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cathy%20T.%20Mpanga%20Kowet">Cathy T. Mpanga Kowet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aghaegbuna%20Obinna%20U.%20Ozumba"> Aghaegbuna Obinna U. Ozumba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examined and identified the inconsistencies, relationships, gaps and recurring themes in literature regarding the relationship between procurement strategies employed in the construction projects for sustainable buildings and realization of sustainability goals. A systematic literature review of studies on the relationship between various procurement strategies and attainment of sustainability outcomes was conducted. Using specific terms, papers published between 2002 and 2018 were identified and screened according to an inclusion and exclusion criteria. Current findings reveal that, although the attainment of sustainability goals is achievable with both traditional and contemporary procurement strategies, only projects delivered using modern procurement strategies are capable of meeting and exceeding targeted sustainability objectives. However, traditional procurement strategy remains the preferred method for most green building construction projects. The results suggest implications for decision makers in considering the impact of selected procurement strategies on targeted sustainability goals, in the early stages of sustainable building construction projects. The study shows that there is a gap between the reported appropriate procurement strategies and what is being practiced currently. Theoretically, the study expands on the literature on adoption and diffusion of contemporary procurement strategies, by consolidating existing studies to highlight the current gaps. While the study is at the literature review stage, deductions will serve as basis for field work involving empirical data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20buildings%20construction" title="green buildings construction">green buildings construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=procurement%20method" title=" procurement method"> procurement method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=procurement%20strategy" title=" procurement strategy"> procurement strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability%20objectives" title=" sustainability objectives"> sustainability objectives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability%20outcomes" title=" sustainability outcomes"> sustainability outcomes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93356/the-relationship-between-procurement-strategies-and-sustainability-outcomes-a-systematic-literature-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93356.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">172</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Determination of the Pull-Out/ Holding Strength at the Taper-Trunnion Junction of Hip Implants </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Obinna%20K.%20Ihesiulor">Obinna K. Ihesiulor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krishna%20Shankar"> Krishna Shankar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Smith"> Paul Smith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alan%20Fien"> Alan Fien</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Excessive fretting wear at the taper-trunnion junction (trunnionosis) apparently contributes to the high failure rates of hip implants. Implant wear and corrosion lead to the release of metal particulate debris and subsequent release of metal ions at the taper-trunnion surface. This results in a type of metal poisoning referred to as metallosis. The consequences of metal poisoning include; osteolysis (bone loss), osteoarthritis (pain), aseptic loosening of the prosthesis and revision surgery. Follow up after revision surgery, metal debris particles are commonly found in numerous locations. Background: A stable connection between the femoral ball head (taper) and stem (trunnion) is necessary to prevent relative motions and corrosion at the taper junction. Hence, the importance of component assembly cannot be over-emphasized. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the influence of head-stem junction assembly by press fitting and the subsequent disengagement/disassembly on the connection strength between the taper ball head and stem. Methods: CoCr femoral heads were assembled with High stainless hydrogen steel stem (trunnion) by Push-in i.e. press fit; and disengaged by Pull-out test. The strength and stability of the two connections were evaluated by measuring the head pull-out forces according to ISO 7206-10 standards. Findings: The head-stem junction strength linearly increases with assembly forces. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wear" title="wear">wear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modular%20hip%20prosthesis" title=" modular hip prosthesis"> modular hip prosthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=taper%20head-stem" title=" taper head-stem"> taper head-stem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=force%20assembly%20and%20disassembly" title=" force assembly and disassembly "> force assembly and disassembly </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37910/determination-of-the-pull-out-holding-strength-at-the-taper-trunnion-junction-of-hip-implants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37910.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">400</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> The Contribution of the Lomé Charter to Combating Drugs Trafficking at Sea: Nigerian and South African Legal Perspectives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Obinna%20Emmanuel%20Nkomadu">Obinna Emmanuel Nkomadu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The sea attracts many criminal activities including drug trafficking. The illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances by sea poses a serious threat to maritime security globally. The seizure of drugs, particularly, on the African continent is on the raise. In terms of Southern Africa, South Africa is a major transit point for Latin American drugs and South Africa is the largest market for illicit drugs entering the Southern African region. Nigeria and South Africa have taken a number of steps to address this scourge, but, despite those steps, drugs trafficking at sea continues. For that reason and to combat a number of other threats to maritime security around the continent, a substantial number of AU members in 2016 adopted the African Charter on Maritime Security and Safety and Development in Africa (“the Charter”). However, the Charter is yet to come into force due to the number of States required to accede or ratify the Charter. This paper set out the pre-existing international instruments on drugs, to ascertain the domestic laws of Nigeria and South Africa relating to drugs with the relevant provisions of the Lomé Charter in order to establish whether any legal steps are required to ensure that Nigeria and South Africa comply with its obligations under the Charter. Indeed, should Nigeria and South Africa decide to ratify it and should it come into force, both States must cooperate with other relevant States in establishing policies, as well as a regional and continental institutions, and ensure the implementation of such policies. The paper urged the States to urgently ratify the Charter as it is a step in the right direction in the prevention and repression of drugs trafficking on the African maritime domain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperation%20against%20drugs%20trafficking%20at%20sea" title="cooperation against drugs trafficking at sea">cooperation against drugs trafficking at sea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lom%C3%A9%20Charter" title=" Lomé Charter"> Lomé Charter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maritime%20security" title=" maritime security"> maritime security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigerian%20and%20South%20Africa%20legislation%20on%20drugs" title=" Nigerian and South Africa legislation on drugs"> Nigerian and South Africa legislation on drugs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158896/the-contribution-of-the-lome-charter-to-combating-drugs-trafficking-at-sea-nigerian-and-south-african-legal-perspectives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158896.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> The Contribution of the Lomé Charter to Combating Trafficking in Arms at Sea: Nigerian and South African Legal Perspectives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Obinna%20Emmanuel%20Nkomadu">Obinna Emmanuel Nkomadu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many illegal activities take place on the sea, including trafficking in arms, which constitutes one of the major threats to maritime security. Indeed, the dissemination of arms has hampered the peaceful settlement of many States in Africa, fuelled disputes into armed conflicts, and contributed to the prolongation of armed conflicts in many African States. The absence of international standards on the importation, exportation, and transfer of conventional arms is a contributory factor to conflict, displacement of people, crime, and terrorism on the continent of Africa, which in turn undermines peace, safety, security, stability, and sustainable development. South Africa and Nigeria have taken steps to address the illicit arms, but, despite those steps, arms trafficking at sea continues. To suppress the illicit arms and to combat a number of other threats to maritime security around the continent of Africa, the majority of AU members in 2016 adopted the African Charter on Maritime Security and Safety and Development in Africa (“the Lomé Charter”). However, the Lomé Charter is yet to come into force. This paper set out the pre-existing international legal instruments on arms to ascertain the domestic laws of South Africa and Nigeria relating to arms with the relevant provisions of the Charter in order to establish whether any legal steps are required to ensure that South Africa and Nigeria comply with its obligations under the Lomé Charter should it decide to ratify it. The legal steps include cooperating in establishing policies, as well as a regional and continental institution, and ensuring the implementation of such policies. The paper concludes ratifying the Lomé Charter is a step in the right direction in suppressing arms trafficking at sea, in addition to filling those gaps or limitations in their relevant legislation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperation%20against%20arms%20trafficking%20at%20sea" title="cooperation against arms trafficking at sea">cooperation against arms trafficking at sea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lom%C3%A9%20Charter" title=" Lomé Charter"> Lomé Charter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maritime%20security" title=" maritime security"> maritime security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigerian%20and%20South%20Africa%20legislation%20on%20arms" title=" Nigerian and South Africa legislation on arms"> Nigerian and South Africa legislation on arms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158897/the-contribution-of-the-lome-charter-to-combating-trafficking-in-arms-at-sea-nigerian-and-south-african-legal-perspectives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158897.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Analyses of Extent of Effects of Siting Boreholes Nearby Open Landfill Dumpsite at Obosi Anambra Southeast of Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20Obinna%20Akuaka">George Obinna Akuaka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Solid waste disposal techniques in Nigeria pose an environmental threat to the environment and to nearby resident. The presence of microbial physical and chemical concentration in boreholes samples nearby dumpsite implies that groundwater is normally contaminated by leachate infiltration from an open landfill dumpsite. In this study, the physicochemical and microbial analyses of water samples from hand dug well in the site and boreholes were carried out around the active landfill and from different distances (50 m to 200 m). leachate samples collected were used to ascertain the effect or extent of contamination on the groundwater quality. A total of 5 leachate samples and 5 samples of groundwater were collected, and all samples were analyzed for various physical and chemical parameters according to the standard methods. These include pH, Electrical conductivity, Total dissolved solid, BOD, OD, Temperature, major cations such as Mg²+ Ca²+, Fe²+ Cu²+, major anions NO³-, Cl-,SO⁴- PO⁴-, Zn, Ar, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Ni are the heavy metals and metalloids. The mean values of the physical and chemical parameters obtained from both sites were compared with the established of the World Health Organization (WHO). The leachate samples were found to be higher in the concentration of the results obtained than that of the boreholes water, and the recorded mean values of heavy metals were above approved standard minimum limits. The results indicated that mercury and copper were not found in all the borehole water samples. Microbial analyses showed that total heterotrophic bacteria mean count ranged from 10.6 X10⁷ cfu/ml to 2.04x10⁷cfu/ml and 9.5 X 10⁷ cfu/ml to 18.9 X 10⁷ cfu/ml in leachate and borehole samples respectively. It also revealed that almost at the bacteria isolated in the leachate were also found in the water samples. This results indicated that heavy pollution in all the samples with most physicochemical parameters and microbes showed traceable pollution, which occurred as a result of leachate infiltration into the ground water. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physicochemical" title="physicochemical">physicochemical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landfill%20dumpsite" title=" landfill dumpsite"> landfill dumpsite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial" title=" microbial"> microbial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leachate" title=" leachate"> leachate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater" title=" groundwater"> groundwater</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136349/analyses-of-extent-of-effects-of-siting-boreholes-nearby-open-landfill-dumpsite-at-obosi-anambra-southeast-of-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136349.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">204</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Integrating Renewable Energy Forecasting Systems with HEMS and Developing It with a Bottom-Up Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Punit%20Gandhi">Punit Gandhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20C.%20Brezet"> J. C. Brezet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tim%20Gorter"> Tim Gorter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uchechi%20Obinna"> Uchechi Obinna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper introduces how weather forecasting could help in more efficient energy management for smart homes with the use of Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS). The paper also focuses on educating consumers and helping them make more informed decisions while using the HEMS. A combined approach of technical and user perspective has been selected to develop a novel HEMS-product-service combination in a more comprehensive manner. The current HEMS switches on/off the energy intensive appliances based on the fluctuating electricity tariffs, but with weather forecasting, it is possible to shift the time of use of energy intensive appliances to maximum electricity production from the renewable energy system installed in the house. Also, it is possible to estimate the heating/cooling load of the house for the day ahead demand. Hence, relevant insight is gained in the expected energy production and consumption load for the next day, facilitating better (more efficient, peak shaved, cheaper, etc.) energy management practices for smart homes. In literature, on the user perspective, it has been observed that consumers lose interest in using HEMS after three to four months. Therefore, to further help in better energy management practices, the new system had to be designed in a way that consumers would sustain their interaction with the system on a structural basis. It is hypothesized that, if consumers feel more comfortable with using such system, it would lead to a prolonged usage, including more energy savings and hence financial savings. To test the hypothesis, a survey for the HEMS is conducted, to which 59 valid responses were recorded. Analysis of the survey helped in designing a system which imparts better information about the energy production and consumption to the consumers. It is also found from the survey that, consumers like a variety of options and they do not like a constant reminder of what they should do. Hence, the final system is designed to encourage consumers to make an informed decision about their energy usage with a wide variety of behavioral options available. It is envisaged that the new system will be tested in several pioneering smart energy grid projects in both the Netherlands and India, with a continued ‘design thinking’ approach, combining the technical and user perspective, as the basis for further improvements. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weather%20forecasting" title="weather forecasting">weather forecasting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20grid" title=" smart grid"> smart grid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy%20forecasting" title=" renewable energy forecasting"> renewable energy forecasting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=user%20defined%20HEMS" title=" user defined HEMS"> user defined HEMS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44001/integrating-renewable-energy-forecasting-systems-with-hems-and-developing-it-with-a-bottom-up-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44001.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">231</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Effect of Resistance Training on BDNF and Inflammatory Markers in Healthy Older Adults</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Obinna%20Afamefuna%20Echi">Obinna Afamefuna Echi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The global increase in the elderly population is anticipated to reach significant levels by 2050, presenting extensive economic, social, and healthcare challenges. Age-related cognitive decline, alterations in brain anatomy, and systemic inflammation are profound concerns that diminish the quality of life and increase susceptibility to diseases like Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases. Resistance training is presently studied for its potential neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory benefits in older adults. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the effects of different resistance training modalities on neurotrophic factors, inflammatory markers, and cognitive functions in the elderly. Methods: A controlled trial was conducted with 60 male participants aged 60-75, assigned to either 12 weeks of high-intensity blood flow restriction training (BFRT), muscle damaging resistance training (MDRT), or a non-exercising control group. Cognitive function, neurotrophic factors such as BDNF, and inflammatory markers including IL-6 and TNF were measured before and after the intervention period. Setting: Participants were recruited from Kaunas, Lithuania, with sessions facilitated at the Lithuanian Sports University and health assessments conducted at the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. Results: Preliminary data suggested did not show significant improvements in BDNF levels and cognitive functions in the BFRT and MDRT groups compared to controls. However, there was a notable reduction in inflammatory markers, indicating potential health benefits beyond cognitive enhancement. Conclusion: The incorporation of resistance training can be a strategic intervention to mitigate age-associated cognitive decline and systemic inflammation, thereby enhancing overall health and quality of life in older adults. The results advocate for wider adoption and further study of resistance training as a preventive measure in ageing populations. Funding: The Lithuanian Sports University, the Research Council of Lithuania and the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ageing" title="ageing">ageing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance%20training" title=" resistance training"> resistance training</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BDNF" title=" BDNF"> BDNF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20function" title=" cognitive function"> cognitive function</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185122/effect-of-resistance-training-on-bdnf-and-inflammatory-markers-in-healthy-older-adults" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185122.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">46</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites on Multidrug-Resistant E. coli Enzyme: In-vitro and in-silico Studies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Callistus%20I.%20Iheme">Callistus I. Iheme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kenneth%20E.%20Asika"> Kenneth E. Asika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmanuel%20I.%20Ugwor"> Emmanuel I. Ugwor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chukwuka%20U.%20Ogbonna"> Chukwuka U. Ogbonna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ugonna%20H.%20Uzoka"> Ugonna H. Uzoka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nneamaka%20A.%20Chiegboka"> Nneamaka A. Chiegboka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinwe%20S.%20Alisi"> Chinwe S. Alisi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Obinna%20S.%20Nwabueze"> Obinna S. Nwabueze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amanda%20U.%20Ezirim"> Amanda U. Ezirim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Judeanthony%20N.%20Ogbulie"> Judeanthony N. Ogbulie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to the global health sector. Zinc oxide nanocomposites (ZnONCs), composed of zinc oxide nanoparticles and phytochemicals from Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract, were assessed for their physico-chemicals, in silico and in vitro antimicrobial properties on multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli enzymes. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscope (GC-MS) analysis on the ZnONCs revealed the presence of twenty volatile phytochemical compounds, among which is scoparone. Characterization of the ZnONCs was done using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffractometer (XRD). Dehydrogenase enzyme converts colorless 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride to the red triphenyl formazan (TPF). The rate of formazan formation in the presence of ZnONCs is proportional to the enzyme activities. The color formation is extracted and determined at 500 nm, and the percentage of enzyme activity is calculated. To determine the bioactive components of the ZnONCs, characterize their binding to enzymes, and evaluate the enzyme-ligand complex stability, respectively Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) analysis, docking, and molecular dynamics simulations will be employed. The results showed arrays of ZnONCs nanorods with maximal absorption wavelengths of 320 nm and 350 nm and thermally stable at the temperature range of 423.77 to 889.69 ℃. In vitro study assessed the dehydrogenase inhibitory properties of the ZnONCs, conjugate of ZnONCs and ampicillin (ZnONCs-amp), the aqueous leaf extract of A. indica, and ampicillin (standard drug). The findings revealed that at the concentration of 500 μm/mL, 57.89 % of the enzyme activities were inhibited by ZnONCs compared to 33.33% and 21.05% of the standard drug (Ampicillin), and the aqueous leaf extract of the A. indica respectively. The inhibition of the enzyme activities by the ZnONCs at 500 μm/mL was further enhanced to 89.74 % by conjugating with Ampicillin. In silico study on the ZnONCs revealed scoparone as the most viable competitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) for the coenzyme binding pocket on E. coli malate and histidinol dehydrogenase. From the findings, it can be concluded that the scoparone components of the nanocomposites in synergy with the zinc oxide nanoparticles inhibited E. coli malate and histidinol dehydrogenase by competitively binding to the NAD⁺ pocket and that the conjugation of the ZnONCs with ampicillin further enhanced the antimicrobial efficiency of the nanocomposite against multidrug resistant E. coli. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20resistance" title="antimicrobial resistance">antimicrobial resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dehydrogenase%20activities" title=" dehydrogenase activities"> dehydrogenase activities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20coli" title=" E. coli"> E. coli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc%20oxide%20nanocomposites" title=" zinc oxide nanocomposites"> zinc oxide nanocomposites</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188191/phytochemical-and-antimicrobial-properties-of-zinc-oxide-nanocomposites-on-multidrug-resistant-e-coli-enzyme-in-vitro-and-in-silico-studies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188191.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">49</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Elderly in Sub Saharan Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Obinna%20Benedict%20Duru">Obinna Benedict Duru</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study focuses on the elderly and the challenges that confront them. The elderly are that particular segment of our population who by virtue of the aging process have attained the stage in most cases where they are confronted with the challenges of economic dependency and social marginality. These challenges are as a result of the physical and biological decline occasioned by social myths and realities which portray the elderly as a dependent population whose members could not and should not work and who need social assistance that the younger population is obliged to provide. From the moment of birth to the moment of death, our bodies are constantly changing. We are all enmeshed in the process of growing old, a transition from youthfulness to elderliness. In youth-oriented modern societies like ours, we tend to attach positive importance and significance to the biological changes that occur early in life and define later physical changes in negative terms. Children growing up and young adults receive more attention, greater responsibilities and more legal rights to reward them on their way. But few people are congratulated on getting old. We commiserate with people who are getting old and make jokes about their supposedly physical, mental and biological decline. Wrinkles, loss of weight and vitality are all parts of the aging process. In almost all parts of the world, earlier researches have shown that about fifty percent of the elderly who suffer from stroke, arthritis, senility and other age related diseases are the disengaged and neglected elderly. Rapid technological changes render the knowledge and skills of the elderly obsolete; education is geared toward the young and the generational competition for jobs leads to pressures on the elderly to retire. Control of initial resources are shifted to the middle-aged and older workers are pushed into positions of economic dependency. This study therefore, among other things tend to discover how some government policies have affected the elderly particularly in Africa. To discover the prospects and possibilities of the elderly for a better living. To make a comparison of the advances in healthcare giving made in the advanced western societies to the practice in Sub Saharan Africa etc. The hypotheses of this study include: that the elderly in Sub Saharan Africa are more vulnerable than their counterparts in Europe and America. The elderly are more prone to social isolation, and that the elderly are mostly affected by age-related sickness etc. With a survey method as the research design, and sample size of about 500 respondents,probability sampling technique was used. Data which were analyzed using chi-square and tables were collected through primary and secondary sources. The findings made include: that the elderly suffer pains of old age especially when disengaged from work or social activity. That loss of income condemn the elderly to a life of vegetable existence, and that those who do not have other means of re-integration usually see old age with regret and despair. It is therefore, recommended among other things that social welfare scheme and the process of re-integration at old age be introduced for the non pensionable elderly in Africa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elderly" title="elderly">elderly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20isolation" title=" social isolation"> social isolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dependency" title=" dependency"> dependency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=re-integration" title=" re-integration"> re-integration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29188/elderly-in-sub-saharan-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29188.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">334</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Assessment of Biofilm Production Capacity of Industrially Important Bacteria under Electroinductive Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omolola%20Ojetayo">Omolola Ojetayo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmanuel%20Garuba"> Emmanuel Garuba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Obinna%20Ajunwa"> Obinna Ajunwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abiodun%20A.%20Onilude"> Abiodun A. Onilude</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Biofilm is a functional community of microorganisms that are associated with a surface or an interface. These adherent cells become embedded within an extracellular matrix composed of polymeric substances, i.e., biofilms refer to biological deposits consisting of both microbes and their extracellular products on biotic and abiotic surfaces. Despite their detrimental effects in medicine, biofilms as natural cell immobilization have found several applications in biotechnology, such as in the treatment of wastewater, bioremediation and biodegradation, desulfurization of gas, and conversion of agro-derived materials into alcohols and organic acids. The means of enhancing immobilized cells have been chemical-inductive, and this affects the medium composition and final product. Physical factors including electrical, magnetic, and electromagnetic flux have shown potential for enhancing biofilms depending on the bacterial species, nature, and intensity of emitted signals, the duration of exposure, and substratum used. However, the concept of cell immobilisation by electrical and magnetic induction is still underexplored. Methods: To assess the effects of physical factors on biofilm formation, six American typed culture collection (Acetobacter aceti ATCC15973, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9027, Serratia marcescens ATCC14756, Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC19357, Rhodobacter sphaeroides ATCC17023, and Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633) were used. Standard culture techniques for bacterial cells were adopted. Natural autoimmobilisation potentials of test bacteria were carried out by simple biofilms ring formation on tubes, while crystal violet binding assay techniques were adopted in the characterisation of biofilm quantity. Electroinduction of bacterial cells by direct current (DC) application in cell broth, static magnetic field exposure, and electromagnetic flux were carried out, and autoimmobilisation of cells in a biofilm pattern was determined on various substrata tested, including wood, glass, steel, polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate. Biot Savart law was used in quantifying magnetic field intensity, and statistical analyses of data obtained were carried out using the analyses of variance (ANOVA) as well as other statistical tools. Results: Biofilm formation by the selected test bacteria was enhanced by the physical factors applied. Electromagnetic induction had the greatest effect on biofilm formation, with magnetic induction producing the least effect across all substrata used. Microbial cell-cell communication could be a possible means via which physical signals affected the cells in a polarisable manner. Conclusion: The enhancement of biofilm formation by bacteria using physical factors has shown that their inherent capability as a cell immobilization method can be further optimised for industrial applications. A possible relationship between the presence of voltage-dependent channels, mechanosensitive channels, and bacterial biofilms could shed more light on this phenomenon. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria" title="bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofilm" title=" biofilm"> biofilm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cell%20immobilization" title=" cell immobilization"> cell immobilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electromagnetic%20induction" title=" electromagnetic induction"> electromagnetic induction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=substrata" title=" substrata"> substrata</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139503/assessment-of-biofilm-production-capacity-of-industrially-important-bacteria-under-electroinductive-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139503.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> 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