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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military campaign in the Chinese Civil War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Yangtze River Crossing campaign</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:People%27s_Liberation_Army_occupied_the_presidential_palace_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/People%27s_Liberation_Army_occupied_the_presidential_palace_1949.jpg/220px-People%27s_Liberation_Army_occupied_the_presidential_palace_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/People%27s_Liberation_Army_occupied_the_presidential_palace_1949.jpg/330px-People%27s_Liberation_Army_occupied_the_presidential_palace_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/People%27s_Liberation_Army_occupied_the_presidential_palace_1949.jpg/440px-People%27s_Liberation_Army_occupied_the_presidential_palace_1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="726" /></a></span><br />The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> on top of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace_(Nanjing)" title="Presidential Palace (Nanjing)">Presidential Palace</a> after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> in April 1949</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>20 April – 2 June 1949</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">South of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, and other areas along the Yangtze fall to Communist forces</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)"><img alt="Republic of China (1912–1949)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/ROC_Ministry_of_National_Defense_Flag.svg/23px-ROC_Ministry_of_National_Defense_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/ROC_Ministry_of_National_Defense_Flag.svg/35px-ROC_Ministry_of_National_Defense_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/ROC_Ministry_of_National_Defense_Flag.svg/45px-ROC_Ministry_of_National_Defense_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Army" title="Republic of China Army">Republic of China Army</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/19px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/29px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Tang_Enbo" title="Tang Enbo">Tang Enbo</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 700,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,000,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 430,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 60,000</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War"><span class="wrap">Chinese Civil War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Outline of the Chinese Civil War">Outline of the Chinese Civil War</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>First Phase (1927–1937)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement_campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Encirclement campaigns">Encirclement campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Second_Kuomintang-Communist_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War">Resumption of hostilities (1945–1949)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Bandits_in_Northeast_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Northeast China">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoshen Campaign">Liaoshen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaihai_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaihai Campaign">Huaihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingjin_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingjin Campaign">Pingjin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yangtze River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Campaign" title="Shanghai Campaign">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hainan_Island" title="Battle of Hainan Island">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guningtou" title="Battle of Guningtou">Guningtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign" title="Wanshan Archipelago Campaign">Wanshan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Aftermath</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_campaign_at_the_China%E2%80%93Burma_border" class="mw-redirect" title="1960–61 campaign at the China–Burma border">China–Burma border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-strait conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Yangtze River Crossing campaign</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">渡江战役</span>) was a military campaign launched by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> to cross the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> and capture <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>, in the final stage of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. The campaign began at night on 20 April, and lasted until 2 June 1949, concluding after the fall of Nanjing and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> to the Communist forces, which eventually resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">exile of the Nationalists to the island of Taiwan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between the end of 1948 and the beginning of 1949, the Nationalist government suffered consecutive defeats against the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) in the <a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_campaign" title="Liaoshen campaign">Liaoshen campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Huaihai_campaign" title="Huaihai campaign">Huaihai campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pingjin_campaign" title="Pingjin campaign">Pingjin campaign</a>. On 21 January 1949, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> stepped down as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President of the Republic of China</a> and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren">Li Zongren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELew2009122_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELew2009122-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestad2003214–15_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestad2003214–15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area north of the Yangtze River was firmly in control by the Communists by spring of 1949. In the second plenary session of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">7th Congress</a>, the Communist forces were renamed as the People's Liberation Army (PLA) as part of the reorganization efforts in preparation for the campaigns in south China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELew2009129_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELew2009129-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1949, representatives from both sides met in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and attempted to negotiate a ceasefire. While the negotiations were ongoing, the Communists were actively making military maneuvers, moving <a href="/wiki/Second_Field_Army" title="Second Field Army">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Field_Army" title="Third Field Army">Third</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Field_Army" title="Fourth Field Army">Fourth Field Army</a> to the north of the Yangtze in preparation for the campaign, pressuring the Nationalist government to make more concessions. The Nationalist defenses along the Yangtze were led by <a href="/wiki/Tang_Enbo" title="Tang Enbo">Tang Enbo</a> and 450,000 men, responsible for <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a> was in charge of 250,000 men, defending the portion of the Yangtze stretching from <a href="/wiki/Hukou_County" title="Hukou County">Hukou</a> to <a href="/wiki/Yichang" title="Yichang">Yichang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELew2009130_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELew2009130-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Communist delegation eventually delivered an ultimatum to the Nationalist government. After the Nationalist delegation was instructed to reject the ceasefire agreement on 20 April, the PLA began gradually crossing the Yangtze River on the same night, launching a full assault against Nationalist positions across from the river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorthing2016268–69_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorthing2016268–69-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_campaign">The campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 20 April and 21 April, 300,000 men from the PLA crossed from the north to the south banks of the Yangtze River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELew2009131_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELew2009131-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Second Fleet of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy" title="Republic of China Navy">Republic of China Navy</a> and the Nationalist fortress in <a href="/wiki/Jiangyin" title="Jiangyin">Jiangyin</a> soon switched sides to the Communists, allowing the PLA to penetrate through Nationalist defenses along the Yangtze.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestad2003242–43_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestad2003242–43-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the PLA began landing on the south side of the Yangtze on 22 April and securing the beachheads, the Nationalist defense lines began to rapidly disintegrate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELew2009131_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELew2009131-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Nanjing was now directly threatened, Chiang ordered a scorched earth policy as the Nationalist forces retreated toward <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> and Shanghai. The PLA stormed across Jiangsu province, capturing <a href="/wiki/Danyang,_Jiangsu" title="Danyang, Jiangsu">Danyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wuxi" title="Wuxi">Wuxi</a> in the process. As the Nationalist forces continued to retreat, the PLA was able to capture Nanjing by 23 April without encountering much resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELew2009131_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELew2009131-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amethyst_Incident"><i>Amethyst</i> Incident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Amethyst Incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amethyst_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Amethyst Incident">Amethyst Incident</a></div> <p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Amethyst" title="HMS Amethyst">HMS <i>Amethyst</i></a> of the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> drifted into the fray and was set upon by PLA artillery. She was soon supported by HMSs <i>London</i>, <i>Consort</i> and <i>Black Swan</i>. After a series of artillery duels and negotiations, <i>Amethyst</i> managed to escape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_advance">Further advance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further advance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 April, the PLA captured <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>, threatening Shanghai. In the meanwhile, the Communist forces in the west began attacking Nationalist positions in <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>. By the end of May, Nanchang, <a href="/wiki/Wuchang" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuchang">Wuchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanyang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyang District">Hanyang</a> were all under the control of the Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELew2009131_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELew2009131-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PLA continued to advance across Zhejiang province, and launched the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Campaign" title="Shanghai Campaign">Shanghai Campaign</a> on 12 May. The city center of Shanghai fell to the Communists on 27 May, and the rest of Zhejiang fell on 2 June, marking the end of the Yangtze River Crossing Campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestad2003253–54_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestad2003253–54-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the successful conclusion of the campaign, Chairman Mao wrote a <a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Chairman_Mao" class="mw-redirect" title="Poetry of Chairman Mao">poem</a> that has since been set to music and remains popular throughout Mainland China. </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>鍾山風雨起蒼黃，<br /> 百萬雄師過大江。<br /> 虎踞龍盤今勝昔，<br /> 天翻地覆慨而慷。<br /> 宜將剩勇追窮寇，<br /> 不可沽名學霸王。<br /> 天若有情天亦老，<br /> 人間正道是滄桑。<br /> <br /> Wind howls and rain falls upon the Bell Hills in twilight,<br /> A million gallant warriors shall cross the river tonight. <br /> Like a Tiger Crouched and a Dragon Coiled we outshine our glorious past!<br /> As Heaven Turns and the Earth Churns, the World upside-down at last!<br /> Hark! We cross, we chase our foe who flee to our advance,<br /> We shall not be the crowned monkey, not a single chance.<br /> If the Heavens above had Heart and Soul then Heaven itself shall age!<br /> In the Azure Seas and the Mulberry Fields, Mankind has turned a page. </p> </div></blockquote><p>In 1954, <a href="/wiki/Tang_Xiaodan" title="Tang Xiaodan">Tang Xiaodan</a> directed the film <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconnaissance_Across_the_Yangtze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconnaissance Across the Yangtze (page does not exist)">Reconnaissance Across the Yangtze</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans-CN">渡江侦察记</span></span>) starring <a href="/wiki/Sun_Daolin" title="Sun Daolin">Sun Daolin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiaoZhang2002501–2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaoZhang2002501–2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the exploits of the PLA officer <a href="/wiki/Xiong_Zhaoren" title="Xiong Zhaoren">Xiong Zhaoren</a> and his unit,<sup id="cite_ref-thepaper_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thepaper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it glorifies the Communists' victory in the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiaoZhang2002501–2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaoZhang2002501–2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major hit in China,<sup id="cite_ref-thepaper_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thepaper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it won the Ministry of Culture's Best Film Award in 1957 and was remade in colour during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiaoZhang2002501–2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaoZhang2002501–2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Outline of the Chinese Civil War">Outline of the Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELew2009122-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELew2009122_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLew2009">Lew 2009</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestad2003214–15-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestad2003214–15_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestad2003">Westad 2003</a>, pp. 214–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELew2009129-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELew2009129_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLew2009">Lew 2009</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELew2009130-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELew2009130_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLew2009">Lew 2009</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorthing2016268–69-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorthing2016268–69_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorthing2016">Worthing 2016</a>, pp. 268–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELew2009131-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELew2009131_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELew2009131_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELew2009131_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELew2009131_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLew2009">Lew 2009</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestad2003242–43-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestad2003242–43_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestad2003">Westad 2003</a>, pp. 242–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestad2003253–54-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestad2003253–54_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestad2003">Westad 2003</a>, pp. 253–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaoZhang2002501–2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiaoZhang2002501–2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiaoZhang2002501–2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiaoZhang2002501–2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXiaoZhang2002">Xiao & Zhang 2002</a>, pp. 501–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thepaper-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thepaper_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thepaper_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYue2019" class="citation web cs1">Yue, Huairang (2019-04-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_3271517">"开国少将熊兆仁逝世，所部英勇事迹被拍成《渡江侦察记》"</a>. <i>The Paper</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Paper&rft.atitle=%E5%BC%80%E5%9B%BD%E5%B0%91%E5%B0%86%E7%86%8A%E5%85%86%E4%BB%81%E9%80%9D%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%8C%E6%89%80%E9%83%A8%E8%8B%B1%E5%8B%87%E4%BA%8B%E8%BF%B9%E8%A2%AB%E6%8B%8D%E6%88%90%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%A1%E6%B1%9F%E4%BE%A6%E5%AF%9F%E8%AE%B0%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft.aulast=Yue&rft.aufirst=Huairang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepaper.cn%2FnewsDetail_forward_3271517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangtze+River+Crossing+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLew2009" class="citation book cs1">Lew, Christopher R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW-TAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War, 1945–49: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135969738" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135969738"><bdi>978-1135969738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Chinese+Revolutionary+Civil+War%2C+1945%E2%80%9349%3A+An+Analysis+of+Communist+Strategy+and+Leadership&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1135969738&rft.aulast=Lew&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZW-TAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangtze+River+Crossing+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestad2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Westad, Odd Arne</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decisiveencounte00west"><i>Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950</i></a></span>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080474484X" title="Special:BookSources/080474484X"><bdi>080474484X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decisive+Encounters%3A+The+Chinese+Civil+War%2C+1946%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=080474484X&rft.aulast=Westad&rft.aufirst=Odd+Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecisiveencounte00west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangtze+River+Crossing+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthing2016" class="citation book cs1">Worthing, Peter (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPG7CwAAQBAJ"><i>General He Yingqin: The Rise and Fall of Nationalist China</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107144637" title="Special:BookSources/9781107144637"><bdi>9781107144637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+He+Yingqin%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Nationalist+China&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781107144637&rft.aulast=Worthing&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBPG7CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangtze+River+Crossing+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaoZhang2002" class="citation book cs1">Xiao, Zhiwei; Zhang, Yingjin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ez2EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT502"><i>Encyclopedia of Chinese Film</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 501–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-74553-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-74553-1"><bdi>978-1-134-74553-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Chinese+Film&rft.pages=501-2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-74553-1&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=Zhiwei&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yingjin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dez2EAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangtze+River+Crossing+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template:Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background: none;"><div> <dl><dt>Principal belligerents and <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Chinese Civil War">campaigns</a></dt></dl> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/20px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalist Party</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">National Government</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Constitutional ROC Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">ROC Armed Forces</a>) <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a><hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui_(pre-1996).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/20px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/30px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/40px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="305" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a> / <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/20px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/30px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/40px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Soviet Republic</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/20px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/30px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/40px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="229" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Red Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">→</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist-controlled_China_(1927%E2%80%931949)" title="Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)">Liberated Area</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">8th Route Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">etc.</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">→</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;">Pre-1945</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Kuomintang-Communist_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War">Post-1945</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: left;width:10em;"><div> <table style="line-height: 1.3em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1923</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sun%E2%80%93Joffe_Manifesto" title="Sun–Joffe Manifesto">Sun–Joffe Manifesto</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1924</td><td> <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1926</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Canton_Coup" title="Canton Coup">Canton Coup</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1927–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1927</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927" title="Shanghai Commune of 1927">Shanghai Commune</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanjing%E2%80%93Wuhan_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing–Wuhan split">Nanjing–Wuhan split</a><br /><a href="/wiki/July_15_Incident" title="July 15 Incident">715 Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Little_Long_March" title="Little Long March">Little Long March</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_uprising" title="Nanchang uprising">Nanchang uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Uprising" title="Guangzhou Uprising">Guangzhou Uprising</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1930–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Encirclement_campaigns_(Chinese_Civil_War)" title="Encirclement campaigns (Chinese Civil War)">Encirclement campaigns</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1931–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1933–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian People's Government</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1934–1936</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1936</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1937–1946</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wartime_perception_of_the_Chinese_Communists" title="Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists">Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_incident" title="New Fourth Army incident">New Fourth Army incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1944</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission">Dixie Mission</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: left;width:10em;"><div> <table style="line-height: 1.3em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Negotiations" title="Chongqing Negotiations">Chongqing Negotiations</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Double_Tenth_Agreement" title="Double Tenth Agreement">Double Tenth Agreement</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Retrocession_of_Taiwan" title="Retrocession of Taiwan">Retrocession of Taiwan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1946</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Jiaochangkou_incident" title="Jiaochangkou incident">Jiaochangkou Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shen_Chong_case" title="Shen Chong case">Peiping rape case</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945–1947</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Mission" title="Marshall Mission">Marshall Mission</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1947</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Yu_Zisan_Incident" title="Yu Zisan Incident">Yu Zisan Incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1948</td><td> <a href="/wiki/SS_Kiangya" title="SS Kiangya">SS <i>Kiangya</i> incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_campaign" title="Liaoshen campaign">Liaoshen campaign</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1948–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Huaihai_campaign" title="Huaihai campaign">Huaihai campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pingjin_campaign" title="Pingjin campaign">Pingjin campaign</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taiping_(steamer)" title="Taiping (steamer)"><i>Taiping Steamer</i> Incident</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yangtze River Crossing campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amethyst_incident" title="Amethyst incident"><i>Amethyst</i> Incident</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the government of Republic of China to Taiwan">ROC Government retreat to Taiwan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">PRC incorporation of Xinjiang</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1949–1953</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Shanghai_(1949-1953)" title="Bombing of Shanghai (1949-1953)">Bombing of Shanghai</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1950</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hainan_Island" title="Battle of Hainan Island">Hainan Island campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign" title="Wanshan Archipelago Campaign">Wanshan Archipelago Campaign</a><br /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1950–1958</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic insurgency</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1961–1972</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign&oldid=1220073958">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign&oldid=1220073958</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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