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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Petroglyphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroglyphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_reliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_reliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rock reliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_reliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earth_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Earth figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motifs_and_panels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motifs_and_panels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Motifs and panels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motifs_and_panels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation_and_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_and_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interpretation and use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interpretation_and_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interpretation and use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_and_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religious interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regional variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>North Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Western Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>East Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>Southern Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.3</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.4</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.5</span> <span>Western Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Australasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Studies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Studies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_databases_and_archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_databases_and_archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>International databases and archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_databases_and_archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rock art</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotskuns" title="Rotskuns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rotskuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="فن صخري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن صخري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="পাথুরে শিল্পকর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাথুরে শিল্পকর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_rupestre" title="Art rupestre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Art rupestre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klippekunst" title="Klippekunst – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klippekunst" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsbild" title="Felsbild – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Felsbild" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_rupestre" title="Pintura rupestre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pintura rupestre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roka_arto" title="Roka arto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roka arto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labar-artea" title="Labar-artea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Labar-artea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="هنر سنگ‌نگاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنر سنگ‌نگاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_rupestre" title="Art rupestre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art rupestre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotstekening" title="Rotstekening – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rotstekening" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%94%EB%A9%B4_%EB%AF%B8%EC%88%A0" title="암면 미술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="암면 미술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="शैलकला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शैलकला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_cadas" title="Seni cadas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni cadas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="אמנות סלע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנות סלע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoro_ya_miambani" title="Michoro ya miambani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Michoro ya miambani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Карпеста уметност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карпеста уметност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotstekening" title="Rotstekening – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rotstekening" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergkunst" title="Bergkunst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bergkunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergkunst" title="Bergkunst – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bergkunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_rup%C3%A8stre" title="Art rupèstre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Art rupèstre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoyatosh_rasmlari" title="Qoyatosh rasmlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qoyatosh rasmlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_di_baranka" title="Arte di baranka – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Arte di baranka" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_rupestre" title="Arte rupestre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arte rupestre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rock art" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalna_umetnost" title="Skalna umetnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skalna umetnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave painting</a>, a type of rock art placed on the walls and ceilings of caves; or <a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">art rock</a>, a sub-genre of rock music.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album by Magnum, see <a href="/wiki/Rock_Art_(album)" title="Rock Art (album)">Rock Art (album)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petroglyph_jqjacobs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Petroglyph_jqjacobs.jpg/220px-Petroglyph_jqjacobs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Petroglyph_jqjacobs.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="137" /></a><figcaption>Fremont Petroglyph, in <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_National_Monument" title="Dinosaur National Monument">Dinosaur National Monument</a>, attributed to Classic Vernal Style, <a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont archaeological culture</a>, eastern Utah, United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polonnaruwa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Polonnaruwa.JPG/250px-Polonnaruwa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Polonnaruwa.JPG/330px-Polonnaruwa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Polonnaruwa.JPG/500px-Polonnaruwa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>Reclining Buddha at <a href="/wiki/Gal_Vihara" title="Gal Vihara">Gal Vihara</a>, Sri Lanka, where the remains of two columns to support the structure that originally enclosed it is visible</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanabozho_pictograph,_Mazinaw_Rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nanabozho_pictograph%2C_Mazinaw_Rock.jpg/220px-Nanabozho_pictograph%2C_Mazinaw_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nanabozho_pictograph%2C_Mazinaw_Rock.jpg/330px-Nanabozho_pictograph%2C_Mazinaw_Rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nanabozho_pictograph%2C_Mazinaw_Rock.jpg/440px-Nanabozho_pictograph%2C_Mazinaw_Rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nanabozho" title="Nanabozho">Nanabozho</a> pictograph, Mazinaw Rock, <a href="/wiki/Bon_Echo_Provincial_Park" title="Bon Echo Provincial Park">Bon Echo Provincial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <b>rock arts</b> are human-made markings placed on natural surfaces, typically vertical stone surfaces. A high proportion of surviving historic and prehistoric rock art is found in caves or partly enclosed <a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">rock shelters</a>; this type also may be called <b><a href="/wiki/Cave_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave art">cave art</a></b> or <b>parietal art</b>. A global phenomenon, rock art is found in many culturally diverse regions of the world. It has been produced in many contexts throughout human history. In terms of technique, the four main groups are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroglyphs">petroglyphs</a>, which are carved or scratched into the rock surface,</li> <li>sculpted <a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">rock reliefs</a>, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoglyphs">geoglyphs</a>, which are formed on the ground.</li></ul> <p>The oldest known rock art dates from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Palaeolithic">Upper Palaeolithic</a> period, having been found in Europe, Australia, Asia, and Africa. Anthropologists studying these artworks believe that they likely had <a href="/wiki/Magico-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Magico-religious">magico-religious</a> significance. </p><p>The archaeological sub-discipline of rock art studies first developed in the late-19th century among Francophone scholars studying the rock <a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Upper Palaeolithic">art of the Upper Palaeolithic</a> found in the cave systems of parts of Western Europe. Rock art continues to be of importance to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> in various parts of the world, who view them as both <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> items and significant components of their cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such archaeological sites may become significant sources of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">cultural tourism</a> and have been used in popular culture for their aesthetic qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhas_at_ili.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Buddhas_at_ili.jpg/250px-Buddhas_at_ili.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Buddhas_at_ili.jpg/330px-Buddhas_at_ili.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Buddhas_at_ili.jpg/500px-Buddhas_at_ili.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> stone carvings at <a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili River</a>, Kazakhstan</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>rock art</i> appears in the published literature as early as the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been described as "rock carvings",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "rock drawings",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "rock engravings",<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "rock inscriptions",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "rock paintings",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "rock pictures",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "rock records",<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "rock sculptures".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parietal art is a term for art in <a href="/wiki/Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Caves">caves</a>; this definition usually extended to art in <a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">rock shelters</a> under cliff overhangs. Popularly, it is called "cave art", and is a subset of the wider term, rock art. It is mostly on rock walls, but may be on ceilings and floors. A wide variety of techniques have been used in its creation. The term usually is applied only to <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">prehistoric art</a>, but it may be used for art of any date.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheltered parietal art has had a far better chance of surviving for very long periods, and what now survives may represent only a very small proportion of what was created.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both parietal and cave art refer to <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a>, drawings, etchings, carvings, and pecked artwork on the interior of caves and rock shelters. Generally, these either are engraved (essentially meaning scratched) or painted, or, they are created using a combination of the two techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parietal art is found very widely throughout the world, and in many places new examples are being discovered. </p><p>The defining characteristic of rock art is that it is placed on natural rock surfaces; in this way, it is distinct from artworks placed on constructed walls or free-standing sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, rock art is a form of landscape art, and includes designs that have been placed on boulder and cliff faces, cave walls, and ceilings, and on the ground surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rock art is a global phenomenon, being found in many different regions of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various forms of rock art. Some archaeologists also consider pits and grooves in the rock known as <i><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">cupules</a></i>, or <i>cups</i> or <i>rings</i>, as a form of rock art.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_3_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there are exceptions, the majority of rock art whose creation was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographers</a> had been produced during rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_3_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the study of rock art is a component of the archaeology of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rock art serves multiple purposes in the contemporary world. In several regions, it remains spiritually important to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous peoples</a>, who view it as a significant component of their cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also serves as an important source of cultural tourism, and hence as economic revenue in certain parts of the world. As such, images taken from cave art have appeared on memorabilia and other artifacts sold as a part of the tourist industry.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anbangbang_gallery_Mimi_rock_art_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Anbangbang_gallery_Mimi_rock_art_cropped.jpg/250px-Anbangbang_gallery_Mimi_rock_art_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Anbangbang_gallery_Mimi_rock_art_cropped.jpg/330px-Anbangbang_gallery_Mimi_rock_art_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Anbangbang_gallery_Mimi_rock_art_cropped.jpg/500px-Anbangbang_gallery_Mimi_rock_art_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Aboriginal rock painting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mimi_(folklore)" title="Mimi (folklore)">Mimi</a> spirits in the <a href="/wiki/Anbangbang_Billabong" title="Anbangbang Billabong">Anbangbang</a> gallery at <a href="/wiki/Nourlangie_Rock" title="Nourlangie Rock">Nourlangie Rock</a> in Kakadu National Park.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings">Paintings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave painting</a></div> <p>In most climates, only paintings in sheltered sites, in particular caves, have survived for any length of time. Therefore, these are usually called "cave paintings", although many do survive in "rock-shelters" or cliff-faces under an overhang. In prehistoric times, these were often popular places for various human purposes, providing some shelter from the weather, as well as light. There may have been many more paintings in more exposed sites, that are now lost. Pictographs are paintings or drawings that have been placed onto the rock face. Such artworks have typically been made with mineral earths and other natural compounds found across much of the world. The predominantly used colours are red, black and white. Red paint is usually attained through the use of ground <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a>, while black paint is typically composed of <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, or sometimes from minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>. White paint is usually created from natural chalk, kaolinite clay or diatomaceous earth.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the pigments had been obtained, they would be ground and mixed with a liquid, such as water, blood, urine, or egg yolk, and then applied to the stone as paint using a brush, fingers, or a stamp. Alternately, the pigment could have been applied on dry, such as with a stick of charcoal.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some societies, the paint itself has symbolic and religious meaning; for instance, among hunter-gatherer groups in California, paint was only allowed to be traded by the group shamans, while in other parts of North America, the word for "paint" was the same as the word for "supernatural spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One common form of pictograph, found in many, although not all rock-art producing cultures, is the hand print. There are three forms of this; the first involves covering the hand in wet paint and then applying it to the rock. The second involves a design being painted onto the hand, which is then in turn added to the surface. The third involves the hand first being placed against the panel, with dry paint then being blown onto it through a tube, in a process that is akin to air-brush or spray-painting. The resulting image is a negative print of the hand, and is sometimes described as a "<a href="/wiki/Stencil" title="Stencil">stencil</a>" in Australian archaeology.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miniature stencilled art has been found at <a href="#Australasia">two locations in Australia and one in Indonesia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroglyphs">Petroglyphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Petroglyphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Site_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Bidzar4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Site_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Bidzar4.jpg/250px-Site_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Bidzar4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Site_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Bidzar4.jpg/330px-Site_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Bidzar4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Site_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Bidzar4.jpg/500px-Site_arch%C3%A9ologique_de_Bidzar4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Bidzar Petroglyphs in Cameroon</figcaption></figure> <p>Petroglyphs are <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a> or carvings into rock which is left <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i>. They can be created with a range of scratching, engraving or carving techniques, often with the use of a hard <a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">hammerstone</a>, which is battered against the stone surface. In certain societies, the choice of hammerstone itself has religious significance.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_11_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_11-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other instances, the rock art is pecked out through indirect percussion, as a second rock is used like a <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisel</a> between the hammerstone and the panel.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_11_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_11-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third, rarer form of engraving rock art was through incision, or scratching, into the surface of the stone with a <a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">lithic flake</a> or metal blade. The motifs produced using this technique are fine-lined and often difficult to see.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_2005._p._13_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_2005._p._13-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock_reliefs">Rock reliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rock reliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">Rock relief</a></div> <p>Normally found in literate cultures, a rock relief or rock-cut relief is a <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> sculpture carved on solid or "living rock" such as a cliff, rather than a detached piece of stone. They are a category of rock art, and sometimes found in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture" title="Rock-cut architecture">rock-cut architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they tend to be omitted in most works on rock art, which concentrate on engravings and paintings by prehistoric peoples. A few such works exploit the natural contours of the rock and use them to define an image, but they do not amount to man-made reliefs. Rock reliefs have been made in many cultures, and were especially important in the art of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rock reliefs are generally fairly large, as they need to be to make an impact in the open air. Most have figures that are over life-size, and in many the figures are multiples of life-size. </p><p>Stylistically they normally relate to other types of sculpture from the culture and period concerned, and except for Hittite and Persian examples they are generally discussed as part of that wider subject.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vertical relief is most common, but reliefs on essentially horizontal surfaces are also found. The term typically excludes relief carvings inside <a href="/wiki/Janine_Mountain" title="Janine Mountain">caves</a>, whether natural or themselves man-made, which are especially found in India. Natural rock formations made into statues or other sculpture in the round, most famously at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a>, are also usually excluded. Reliefs on large boulders left in their natural location, like the Hittite <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0mamkullu_relief" title="İmamkullu relief">İmamkullu relief</a>, are likely to be included, but smaller boulders may be called <a href="/wiki/Stela" class="mw-redirect" title="Stela">stelae</a> or carved <a href="/wiki/Orthostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthostat">orthostats</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earth_figures">Earth figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Earth figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geoglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoglyphs">Geoglyphs</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></div> <p>Earth figures are large designs and motifs that are created on the stone ground surface. They can be classified through their method of manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_14_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_14-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><b>Intaglios</b></i> are created by scraping away the desert pavements (pebbles covering the ground) to reveal a negative image on the bedrock below. The best known example of such intaglio rock art is the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Lines">Nazca Lines</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_14_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_14-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <i>geoglyphs</i> are positive images, which are created by piling up rocks on the ground surface to resulting in a visible motif or design.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_14_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_14-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motifs_and_panels">Motifs and panels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Motifs and panels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, individual markings are called <a href="/wiki/Motif_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motif (art)">motifs</a> and groups of motifs are known as <i>panels</i>. Sequences of panels are treated as <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological sites</a>. This method of classifying rock art however has become less popular as the structure imposed is unlikely to have had any relevance to the art's creators. Even the word 'art' carries with it many modern prejudices about the purpose of the features.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rock art can be found across a wide geographical and temporal spread of <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">cultures</a> perhaps to mark territory, to record historical events or stories or to help enact <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>. Some art seems to depict real events whilst many other examples are apparently entirely abstract.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Prehistoric rock depictions were not purely descriptive. Each motif and design had a "deep significance" that is not always understandable to modern scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation_and_use">Interpretation and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Interpretation and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_interpretations">Religious interpretations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religious interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many instances, the creation of rock art was itself a ritual act.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_2005._p._13_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_2005._p._13-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_variations">Regional variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regional variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_Europe" title="Rock art of Europe">Rock art of Europe</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Palaeolithic</a> of Europe, rock art was produced inside cave systems by the hunter-gatherer peoples who inhabited the continent. The oldest known example is the <a href="/wiki/Chauvet_Cave" title="Chauvet Cave">Chauvet Cave</a> in France, although others have been located, including <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a> in France, <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Altamira" title="Cave of Altamira">Alta Mira</a> in Spain and <a href="/wiki/Creswell_Crags" title="Creswell Crags">Creswell Crags</a> in Britain and <a href="/wiki/Grotta_del_Genovese" title="Grotta del Genovese">Grotta del Genovese</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balma_dei_Cervi_rock_paintings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Balma_dei_Cervi_rock_paintings.jpg/250px-Balma_dei_Cervi_rock_paintings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Balma_dei_Cervi_rock_paintings.jpg/330px-Balma_dei_Cervi_rock_paintings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Balma_dei_Cervi_rock_paintings.jpg/500px-Balma_dei_Cervi_rock_paintings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>Balma dei Cervi post-palaeolithic rock paintings (Italian western Alps): anthropomorphic figures and dottings (DStretch enhanced)</figcaption></figure> <p>The late prehistoric rock art of Europe has been divided into three regions by archaeologists. In <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic Europe</a>, the coastal seaboard on the west of the continent, which stretches from Iberia up through France and encompasses the British Isles, a variety of different rock arts were produced from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> through to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a>. A second area of the continent to contain a significant rock art tradition was that of <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine Europe</a>, with the majority of artworks being clustered in the southern slopes of the mountainous region, in what is now south-eastern France and northern Italy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laukaa_-_rock_painting2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Laukaa_-_rock_painting2.jpg/220px-Laukaa_-_rock_painting2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Laukaa_-_rock_painting2.jpg/330px-Laukaa_-_rock_painting2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Laukaa_-_rock_painting2.jpg/440px-Laukaa_-_rock_painting2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1706" /></a><figcaption>A moose in the <a href="/wiki/Saraakallio_rock_paintings" title="Saraakallio rock paintings">rock paintings of Saraakallio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laukaa" title="Laukaa">Laukaa</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Rock_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Rock Art">Finnish Rock Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowth" title="Knowth">Knowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughcrew" title="Loughcrew">Loughcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_and_Bronze_Age_rock_art_in_the_British_Isles" title="Neolithic and Bronze Age rock art in the British Isles">Neolithic and Bronze Age rock art in the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balmadeicervi.it/BDC_museum_door.php">Balma dei Cervi</a> at Crodo (Piedmont - Italian Alps)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotta_Dei_Cervi" class="mw-redirect" title="Grotta Dei Cervi">Grotta dei Cervi</a> at Porto Badisco (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://israelrockart.com/">Apulia</a> - Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotta_del_Genovese" title="Grotta del Genovese">Grotta del Genovese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_carvings_in_Norway" title="List of rock carvings in Norway">List of rock carvings in Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_carvings_at_Alta" title="Rock carvings at Alta">Rock carvings at Alta</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madara_Rider" title="Madara Rider">Madara Rider</a> (World Heritage Site)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4a_Valley_Paleolithic_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Côa Valley Paleolithic Art">Côa Valley Paleolithic Art</a> (World Heritage Site)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Altamira_and_Paleolithic_Cave_Art_of_Northern_Spain" title="Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain">Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain</a> (World Heritage Site)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_the_Iberian_Mediterranean_Basin" title="Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin">Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin</a> (World Heritage Site)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanum_Municipality" title="Tanum Municipality">Tanum</a> (World Heritage Site)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanums_h%C3%A4llristningsmuseum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanums hällristningsmuseum (page does not exist)">Tanums hällristningsmuseum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanums_h%C3%A4llristningsmuseum" class="extiw" title="sv:Tanums hällristningsmuseum">sv</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rock Art Research Centre and World Heritage Archive, situated in Tanum, Sweden.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Femme-gravure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Femme-gravure.jpg/250px-Femme-gravure.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Femme-gravure.jpg/255px-Femme-gravure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Femme-gravure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Figure of a woman at the <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili n'Ajjer</a> mountain range</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laas_Geel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Laas_Geel.jpg/250px-Laas_Geel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Laas_Geel.jpg/330px-Laas_Geel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Laas_Geel.jpg/500px-Laas_Geel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Long-horned cattle and other rock art in the <a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a> complex</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southafrica468bushman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Southafrica468bushman.jpg/250px-Southafrica468bushman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Southafrica468bushman.jpg/330px-Southafrica468bushman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Southafrica468bushman.jpg/500px-Southafrica468bushman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="1935" /></a><figcaption>Rock paintings from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chongoni_Rock-Art_Area-110134.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Chongoni_Rock-Art_Area-110134.jpg/220px-Chongoni_Rock-Art_Area-110134.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Chongoni_Rock-Art_Area-110134.jpg/330px-Chongoni_Rock-Art_Area-110134.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Chongoni_Rock-Art_Area-110134.jpg/440px-Chongoni_Rock-Art_Area-110134.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chongoni_Rock_Art_Area" title="Chongoni Rock Art Area">Chongoni Rock Art Area</a>, Malawi</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Africa">North Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_south_Oran_(Algeria)" title="Rock art of south Oran (Algeria)">South Oran</a> in Algeria.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_rock_art" title="Saharan rock art">Saharan rock art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadrart_Acacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadrart Acacus">Tadrart Acacus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> – World Heritage Site.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili n'Ajjer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> – <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a> and World Heritage Site, known for its 10,000-year-old paintings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Swimmers" title="Cave of Swimmers">Cave of Swimmers</a> is a cave in southwest <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, near the border with Libya, along the western edge of the <a href="/wiki/Gilf_Kebir" title="Gilf Kebir">Gilf Kebir</a> plateau in the central <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan Desert</a> (Eastern Sahara). It was discovered in October 1933 by the Hungarian explorer <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Alm%C3%A1sy" title="László Almásy">László Almásy</a>. The site contains rock paintings of human figures who appear to be swimming, which have been estimated to have been created at least 6,000 to 7000 years ago. The <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Beasts" title="Cave of Beasts">Cave of Beasts</a> 10 km westwards was discovered in 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Uweinat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel Uweinat">Jebel Uweinat</a>, a large granite and sandstone mountain, as well as the adjacent smaller massifs of <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Arkenu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel Arkenu">Jebel Arkenu</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jebel_Kissu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jebel Kissu (page does not exist)">Jebel Kissu</a> at the converging triple borders of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, harbors one of the richest concentrations of prehistoric rock art in the entire Sahara. The rock art here mainly consists of the Neolithic cattle pastoralist cultures, but also a number of older paintings from hunter-gatherer societies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabu-Jaddi" title="Sabu-Jaddi">Sabu-Jaddi</a> rock art site in Northern Sudan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sinai_Archaeological_Sites_Zone" title="North Sinai Archaeological Sites Zone">North Sİnai Archaeological Sites Zone</a> − tentative World Heritage Site.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Solutional_cave" title="Solutional cave">Limestone cave</a> decorated with scenes of animals such as <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">mountain goats</a> was uncovered in the site in 2020. Rock art cave is 15 meters deep and 20 meters high.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Abu_Dom" title="Wadi Abu Dom">Wadi Abu Dom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Africa">Western Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Western Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boucle_du_Baoul%C3%A9_National_Park" title="Boucle du Baoulé National Park">Boucle du Baoulé National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabous_Giraffes" title="Dabous Giraffes">Dabous Giraffes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Africa">East Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: East Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kohaito,_grotta_di_adi_alauti_con_pitture_rupestri_databili_al_2500_ac_ca._14_bestiame.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kohaito%2C_grotta_di_adi_alauti_con_pitture_rupestri_databili_al_2500_ac_ca._14_bestiame.JPG/250px-Kohaito%2C_grotta_di_adi_alauti_con_pitture_rupestri_databili_al_2500_ac_ca._14_bestiame.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kohaito%2C_grotta_di_adi_alauti_con_pitture_rupestri_databili_al_2500_ac_ca._14_bestiame.JPG/330px-Kohaito%2C_grotta_di_adi_alauti_con_pitture_rupestri_databili_al_2500_ac_ca._14_bestiame.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kohaito%2C_grotta_di_adi_alauti_con_pitture_rupestri_databili_al_2500_ac_ca._14_bestiame.JPG/500px-Kohaito%2C_grotta_di_adi_alauti_con_pitture_rupestri_databili_al_2500_ac_ca._14_bestiame.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Rock art in the Adi Alauti cave, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qohaito" title="Qohaito">Qohaito</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> – 7,000 years old rock art near the ancient city Qohaito.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorra" title="Dorra">Dorra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balho" title="Balho">Balho</a> in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> – Rock art sites with figures of what appear to be antelopes and a giraffe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundudo" title="Kundudo">Kundudo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> – Flat top mountain complex with rock art in a cave.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> – A number of cave paintings and petroglyphs can be found at various sites across the country. Among the most prominent examples of this is the rock art in Laas Geel, <a href="/wiki/Dhambalin" title="Dhambalin">Dhambalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaanlibah" title="Gaanlibah">Gaanlibah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karinhegane" title="Karinhegane">Karinhegane</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyero_Rockpaintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyero Rockpaintings">Nyero Rockpaintings</a>, Uganda - World Heritage Site, <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">pre-historic</a> paintings was noticed before 1250 AD<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaga_Swaga_Game_Reserve" title="Swaga Swaga Game Reserve">Swaga Swaga Game Reserve</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> – Archaeologists announced the discovery of ancient rock art with anthropomorphic figures in a good condition at the Amak’hee 4 rockshelter site. Paintings made with a reddish dye also contained buffalo heads, giraffe's head and neck, domesticated cattle dated back to about several hundred years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahi_rock_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahi rock paintings">Bahi rock paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabb%C3%A9" title="Chabbé">Chabbé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaymoole" title="Dhaymoole">Dhaymoole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handoga" title="Handoga">Handoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondoa_Rock-Art_Sites" title="Kondoa Rock-Art Sites">Kondoa Rock-Art Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mfangano_Island" title="Mfangano Island">Mfangano Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_Uganda" title="Rock art of Uganda">Rock art of Uganda</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Africa">Southern Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Southern Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cave paintings are found in most parts of Southern Africa that have rock overhangs with smooth surfaces. Among these sites are the cave sandstone of Natal, Orange Free State and North-Eastern Cape, the granite and Waterberg sandstone of the Northern Transvaal, and the Table Mountain sandstone of the Southern and Western Cape.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UKhahlamba_Drakensberg_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="UKhahlamba Drakensberg Park">UKhahlamba Drakensberg Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> – The site has paintings dated to around 3,000 years old and which are thought to have been drawn by the <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoisan people">Khoisan people</a>, who settled in the area some 8,000 years ago. The rock art depicts animals and humans and is thought to represent religious beliefs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsodilo_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsodilo Hills">Tsodilo Hills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> – A World Heritage Site with rock art</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandberg_Mountain" title="Brandberg Mountain">Brandberg Mountain</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daureb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daureb (page does not exist)">Daureb</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> – It is one of the most important rock art localities on the African continent. Most visitors only see "<a href="/wiki/The_White_Lady_(Namibia)" title="The White Lady (Namibia)">The White Lady</a>" shelter (which is neither white, nor a lady, the famous scene probably depicts a young boy in an initiation ceremony), however the upper reaches of the mountain is full of sites with prehistoric paintings, some of which rank among the finest artistic achievements of prehistory.</li> <li>Bambata Cave, Zimbabwe- Animal paintings and human drawings are supposed to be age from 2.000 to 20.000 years old<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwela_and_Adjacent_Areas_Rock_Art_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Mwela and Adjacent Areas Rock Art Site">Mwela and Adjacent Areas Rock Art Site</a>, Zambia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongoni_Rock_Art_Area" title="Chongoni Rock Art Area">Chongoni Rock Art Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driekops_Eiland" title="Driekops Eiland">Driekops Eiland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modderpoort_Sacred_Sites" title="Modderpoort Sacred Sites">Modderpoort Sacred Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooitgedacht_Glacial_Pavements" title="Nooitgedacht Glacial Pavements">Nooitgedacht Glacial Pavements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyambwezi_Falls" title="Nyambwezi Falls">Nyambwezi Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_rock_art" title="San rock art">San rock art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twyfelfontein" title="Twyfelfontein">Twyfelfontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest_Kuil_Rock_Art_Centre" title="Wildebeest Kuil Rock Art Centre">Wildebeest Kuil Rock Art Centre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_rock_painting_wy_usa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Native_rock_painting_wy_usa.jpg/250px-Native_rock_painting_wy_usa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Native_rock_painting_wy_usa.jpg/330px-Native_rock_painting_wy_usa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Native_rock_painting_wy_usa.jpg/500px-Native_rock_painting_wy_usa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> rock painting close to <a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Wyoming" title="Douglas, Wyoming">Douglas, Wyoming</a>, USA. One possible interpretation of this painting is: On the left side a group of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> soldiers with different insignia and on the right side <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> are shown</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest reliably dated rock art in the Americas is known as the "Horny Little Man". It is <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyph</a> depicting a stick figure with an oversized phallus and carved in <a href="/wiki/Lapa_do_Santo" title="Lapa do Santo">Lapa do Santo</a>, a cave in central-eastern Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important site is <a href="/wiki/Serra_da_Capivara_National_Park" title="Serra da Capivara National Park">Serra da Capivara National Park</a> at <a href="/wiki/Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a> state. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site with the largest collection in the American continent and one of the most studied. </p><p>A site including eight miles of paintings or pictographs that is under study in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, South America at <a href="/wiki/Serran%C3%ADa_de_la_Lindosa" title="Serranía de la Lindosa">Serranía de la Lindosa</a> was revealed in November 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their age is suggested as being 12,500 years old (c. 10,480 B.C.) by the anthropologists working on the site because of extinct fauna depicted. </p><p>Rock paintings or pictographs are located in many areas across Canada. There are over 400 sites attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Ojibway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibway">Ojibway</a> from northern <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomier_Caves" title="Pomier Caves">Pomier Caves</a>, Dominican Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naj_Tunich" title="Naj Tunich">Naj Tunich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_Guadalupe_cave_paintings" title="Sierra de Guadalupe cave paintings">Sierra de Guadalupe cave paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictograph_Cave_(Billings,_Montana)" title="Pictograph Cave (Billings, Montana)">Pictograph Cave Complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings, Montana</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1on_Pintado" title="Cañon Pintado">Cañon Pintado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Culture National Historical Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_rock_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Chumash rock art">Chumash rock art</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States</li> <li>Hulkhuku, California, United States - The site of Hulkhuku is located in the San Emigdio Hills in South Central California. Archaeologists found that the rock art at the site was meant to be viewed by the general public and was not reserved for the elites of the society or for private rituals. This is based on evidence that the rock art is located in areas that were used by the public for everyday activities.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mile_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Mile Canyon">Nine Mile Canyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_rock_art_panel" title="Quail rock art panel">Quail rock art panel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Rocks_(Arizona)" class="mw-redirect" title="Painted Rocks (Arizona)">Painted Rocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph_National_Monument" title="Petroglyph National Monument">Petroglyph National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serra_da_Capivara_National_Park" title="Serra da Capivara National Park">Serra da Capivara National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a>, Brazil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_do_Catimbau_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale do Catimbau National Park">Vale do Catimbau National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, Brazil.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localidad_Rupestre_de_Chamang%C3%A1" title="Localidad Rupestre de Chamangá">Localidad Rupestre de Chamangá</a>, Uruguay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing-on-Stone_Provincial_Park" title="Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park">Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_las_Manos" title="Cueva de las Manos">Cueva de las Manos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Province,_Argentina" title="Santa Cruz Province, Argentina">Santa Cruz Province, Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huerfano_Butte_(Arizona)" title="Huerfano Butte (Arizona)">Huerfano Butte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_Provincial_Park" title="Petroglyphs Provincial Park">Petroglyphs Provincial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serran%C3%ADa_La_Lindosa,_Guaviare_Department,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serranía La Lindosa, Guaviare Department, Colombia (page does not exist)">Serranía La Lindosa, Guaviare Department, Colombia</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Little Lake, Rose Valley, California, United States<sup id="cite_ref-Quinlan_125–128_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinlan_125–128-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>However, cave art is not the only type of rock art. While cave art provides the two-dimensional view on a rocky surface, figurines made of a rock material can provide a three-dimensional view that gives insight on indigenous views towards their visual arts. Many sites along and off the California coastline, such as the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_National_Park" title="Channel Islands National Park">Channel Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malibu,_California" title="Malibu, California">Malibu</a>, have both realistic and abstract styles of zoomorphic effigy figurines.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From archaeological studies at these sites, archaeologists and other researchers discovered many of these figurines and performed a composition analysis, which most of these figurines are made of <a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">steatite</a> but there are still made of other materials.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result from these archaeological studies, these figures provided context about spheres of interaction between tribal groups, demonstrate economical significance, and possibly hold a ritual function as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under one study by archaeologists Richard T Fitzgerald and Christopher Corey, they dated the earliest figurines to be around the Middle Holocene, suggesting two socioeconomic interactive spheres (one in the northern and one in the southern Channel Islands) and linguistic similarities between Takic-speaking Gabrileno and Chumash neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These figurines share similar styles between these tribes, providing a history of interactive contact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California">California</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little Lake is a complex of rock art located in a specific point in time and space (in Rose Valley, Inyo County). Rose Valley is located in the boundaries of the cultural <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> and the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Timbisha" title="Timbisha">Timbisha Shoshone</a>. This site is important to understanding the symbolism and value of North American rock art because it is one of the largest collections of rock art unrelated to the <a href="/wiki/Coso_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Coso people">Coso</a> (an indigenous tribe/people of the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a>). Its importance to territorial and anthropological studies helps many understand the in-depth descriptions and stylistic analyses of large rock art concentrations, which are valued by archaeologists, anthropologists, ethnographers, and even art enthusiasts. Referring back to these sites help social scientists understand and record the values that were important to the creators; it shows economic values or settlement patterns that were once a daily part of life. As a result, it is crucial to focus on the variable resources to understand how cultures were abiding with their environment. However, the rock art related sites at Little Rock can't be directly dated or analyzed.<sup id="cite_ref-Quinlan_125–128_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinlan_125–128-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhimbetka_Cave_Paintings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bhimbetka_Cave_Paintings.jpg/250px-Bhimbetka_Cave_Paintings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bhimbetka_Cave_Paintings.jpg/330px-Bhimbetka_Cave_Paintings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bhimbetka_Cave_Paintings.jpg/500px-Bhimbetka_Cave_Paintings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bhimbetka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhimbetka">Bhimbetka</a> rock painting of India, World Heritage Site.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenshan_Malipo_Dawang_Yanya_Neolithic_Painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wenshan_Malipo_Dawang_Yanya_Neolithic_Painting.jpg/250px-Wenshan_Malipo_Dawang_Yanya_Neolithic_Painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wenshan_Malipo_Dawang_Yanya_Neolithic_Painting.jpg/330px-Wenshan_Malipo_Dawang_Yanya_Neolithic_Painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wenshan_Malipo_Dawang_Yanya_Neolithic_Painting.jpg/500px-Wenshan_Malipo_Dawang_Yanya_Neolithic_Painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5240" data-file-height="3514" /></a><figcaption>'Great King' neolithic paintings above <a href="/wiki/Malipo_County" title="Malipo County">Malipo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wenshan_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenshan Prefecture">Wenshan Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan Province">Yunnan Province</a>, China. Thought to be over 4000 years old.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Azerbaijan_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ancient_Azerbaijan_4.jpg/250px-Ancient_Azerbaijan_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ancient_Azerbaijan_4.jpg/330px-Ancient_Azerbaijan_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ancient_Azerbaijan_4.jpg/500px-Ancient_Azerbaijan_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Petroglyphs in Gobustan, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, dating back to 10,000 BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_rock_art_in_Balichakra_near_Yadgir_town.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ancient_rock_art_in_Balichakra_near_Yadgir_town.jpg/220px-Ancient_rock_art_in_Balichakra_near_Yadgir_town.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ancient_rock_art_in_Balichakra_near_Yadgir_town.jpg/330px-Ancient_rock_art_in_Balichakra_near_Yadgir_town.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ancient_rock_art_in_Balichakra_near_Yadgir_town.jpg/440px-Ancient_rock_art_in_Balichakra_near_Yadgir_town.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption>Rock art in Balichakra near Yadgir town in Karnataka, India</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gobustan_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobustan National Park">Gobustan National Park</a> in Azerbaijan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a>, Kazakhstan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a> in Uzbekistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a> in Uzbekistan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gongshi" title="Gongshi">Gongshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suseok" title="Suseok">Suseok</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suiseki" title="Suiseki">Suiseki</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangudae_Petroglyphs" title="Bangudae Petroglyphs">Bangudae Petroglyphs</a>, in South Korea</li> <li>Cheonjeon-ri in South Korea<sup id="cite_ref-east_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-east-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Daegok-ri in South Korea<sup id="cite_ref-east_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-east-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugoppe_Cave" title="Fugoppe Cave">Fugoppe Cave</a> petroglyphs on Hokkaido, Japan<sup id="cite_ref-east_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-east-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Helankou in Yinchuan, China<sup id="cite_ref-east_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-east-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kangjia shimenzi in Xinjiang, China<sup id="cite_ref-east_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-east-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Oponoho (Wanshan) petroglyphs in Taiwan<sup id="cite_ref-east_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-east-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Temiya Cave on Hokkaido, Japan<sup id="cite_ref-east_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-east-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Yinshan petroglyphs in the <a href="/wiki/Yin_Mountains" title="Yin Mountains">Yin Mountains</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuojiang_Huashan_Rock_Art" title="Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art">Zuo River Huashan rock art</a> in Guangxi, China<sup id="cite_ref-east_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-east-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifeng_Petroglyphs" title="Chifeng Petroglyphs">Chifeng Petroglyphs</a> in Inner Mongolia</li> <li>Above 4000 meters above sea level high <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan plateau">Tibetan plateau</a>: possibly the oldest rock art, likely dating back to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">~169–226,000 years ago</a>, much older than what was previously thought to be the earliest known drawing, made ~73,000<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> years ago. According to the study, children likely intentionally placed a series of hands and feet in mud. The findings could also be the earliest evidence of <a href="/wiki/Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">Hominins</a> on the high Tibetan plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Rock_art" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples § Rock art</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angono_Petroglyphs" title="Angono Petroglyphs">Angono Petroglyphs</a>, the Philippines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Hima_Rock_Petroglyphs_and_Inscriptions" title="Bir Hima Rock Petroglyphs and Inscriptions">Bir Hima Rock Petroglyphs and Inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pettakere_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Pettakere cave">Pettakere cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>, Indonesia – hand print paintings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pha_Taem" class="mw-redirect" title="Pha Taem">Pha Taem</a> in Thailand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambun_rock_art" title="Tambun rock art">Tambun rock art</a>, Malaysia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhimbetka_rock_shelters" title="Bhimbetka rock shelters">Bhimbetka rock shelters</a> (World Heritage Site), Madhya Pradesh, India with rock art ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> (c.8,000 BC) to historical times<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YM_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YM-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SKT_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKT-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RSB_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSB-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SM_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AJ_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJ-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavali,_Udupi" title="Gavali, Udupi">Gavali, Udupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hire_Benakal" title="Hire Benakal">Hire Benakal</a>, Karnataka</li> <li>Balichakra, <a href="/wiki/Yadgir" title="Yadgir">Yadgir</a> town in Karnataka, India</li> <li>Rock paintings of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, in India (several sites)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimur_district" title="Kaimur district">Kaimur district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, India (several sites)</li> <li>Rock paintings of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, in India (several sites)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonda,_Karnataka" title="Sonda, Karnataka">Sonda, Karnataka</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Asia">Western Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Western Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Art_in_the_Ha%27il_Region" title="Rock Art in the Ha'il Region">Rock Art in the Ha'il Region</a> in Saudi Arabia</li> <li>Iranian rock art sites are mostly found in the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros</a> Mountain range. But there are many other sites in <a href="/wiki/Central_Iran" title="Central Iran">Central Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Baluchistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azarbaijan</a>. Most of these rock arts date back to the late prehistory and historic period. Among which the well-known sites of Houmian at Kuhdasht,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khomein, and Teimareh<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Central Iran are outstanding.</li> <li>Large carvings of <a href="/wiki/Camels" class="mw-redirect" title="Camels">camels</a> that were discovered in 2018 in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> are estimated to be 7,000 to 8,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> dating would make the carvings significantly older than Stonehenge (5,000 years old) and the Egyptian pyramids at <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza</a> (4,500 years old).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australasia">Australasia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Australasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art#Rock_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Indigenous Australian art § Rock art</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Indigenous art">Australian Indigenous art</a> represents the oldest unbroken tradition of art in the world. There are more than 100,000 recorded rock art sites in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest firmly dated rock-art painting in Australia is a charcoal drawing on a rock fragment found during the excavation of the <a href="/wiki/Gabarnmung" title="Gabarnmung">Nawarla Gabarnmang rock shelter</a> in south western <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>. Dated at 28,000 years, it is one of the oldest known pieces of rock art on Earth with a confirmed date. Nawarla Gabarnmang has one of the most extensive collections of rock art in the world and predates both <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chauvet_Cave" title="Chauvet Cave">Chauvet</a> cave art - the earliest known art in Europe - by at least 10,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008 rock art depicting what is thought to be a <a href="/wiki/Thylacoleo" title="Thylacoleo">Thylacoleo</a> was discovered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> on the north-western coast of the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Willing_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willing-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Thylacoleo is believed to have become extinct 45000–46000 years ago (Roberts et al. 2001) (Gillespie 2004), this suggests a similar age for the associated <a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a>. Archaeologist Kim Akerman however believes that the <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> may have persisted later in <a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">refugia</a> (wetter areas of the continent) as suggested by Wells (1985: 228) and has suggested a much younger age for the paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-Willing_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willing-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigments from the Gwion Gwion of the Kimberley are so old they have become part of the rock itself, making carbon dating impossible. Some experts suggest that these paintings are in the vicinity of 50,000 years old and may even pre-date <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/250px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/330px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/500px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Gwion Gwion rock paintings in the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_region_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley region of Western Australia">Kimberley region of Western Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Miniature rock art of the <a href="/wiki/Stencil" title="Stencil">stencilled</a> variety at a rock shelter known as Yilbilinji, in the <a href="/wiki/Limmen_National_Park" title="Limmen National Park">Limmen National Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, is one of only three known examples of such art. Usually stencilled art is life-size, using body parts as the stencil, but the 17 images of designs of human figures, <a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">boomerangs</a>, animals such as <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long-necked_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-necked turtle">long-necked turtles</a>, wavy lines and geometric shapes are very rare. Found in 2017 by <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologists</a>, the only other recorded examples are at Nielson's Creek in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Kisar_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisar Island">Kisar Island</a> in Indonesia. It is thought that the designs may have been created by stencils fashioned out of <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kakadu_National_Park#Aboriginal_rock_art_sites" title="Kakadu National Park">Kakadu National Park</a> in the Northern Territory has a large collection of <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> paintings. Ochre is a not an <a href="/wiki/Organic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic material">organic material</a>, so <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">carbon dating</a> of these pictures is impossible. Sometimes the approximate date, or at least an <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a>, can be guessed from the content.</li> <li>The Sydney region has important <a href="/wiki/Sydney_rock_engravings" title="Sydney rock engravings">rock engravings</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Grenfell" title="Mount Grenfell">Mount Grenfell</a> Historic Site near <a href="/wiki/Cobar" title="Cobar">Cobar</a>, western <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> has important ancient rock-drawings.</li> <li>The Murujuga (Burrup Peninsula) area of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> near <a href="/wiki/Karratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Karratha">Karratha</a> is estimated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be home to between 500,000 and 1 million individual engravings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberley_region_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley region of Western Australia">Kimberley region of Western Australia</a>. Amateur archaeologist Grahame Walsh, who researched <a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> in the region from 1977 until his death in 2007, produced a photographic database of 1.5 million Gwion Gwion rock paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-abc_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Gwion rock paintings maintain vivid colours because they have been colonised by bacteria and fungi, such as the black fungus, <i><a href="/wiki/Chaetothyriales" title="Chaetothyriales">Chaetothyriales</a></i>. The pigments originally applied may have initiated an ongoing, <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> relationship between black fungi and red bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Grampians_National_Park" title="Grampians National Park">Grampians-Gariwerd</a> region is <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria</a> is one of the richest Aboriginal rock art sites in south-eastern Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-heritage_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the more well-known and easily accessible sites are the Ngamadjidj Shelter (Cave of Ghosts), Gulgurn Manja (Flat Rock), Billimina (Glenisla Shelter) and Manja (Cave of Hands);<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the most significant sites in south-eastern Australia is <a href="/wiki/Bunjil%27s_Shelter" title="Bunjil's Shelter">Bunjil's Shelter</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Stawell,_Victoria" title="Stawell, Victoria">Stawell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the only known rock art depiction of <a href="/wiki/Bunjil" title="Bunjil">Bunjil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator</a>-being in <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian mythology">Aboriginal Australian mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maliwawa_Figures" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliwawa Figures">Maliwawa Figures</a> in Arnhem Land, a series of 571 paintings and a drawing, created between 6,000 and 9,400 years ago, show a style nor recognised by researchers in the field before new research was done in 2016–2018 and published in September 2020 by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ta%C3%A7on" title="Paul Taçon">Paul Taçon</a> and his team.<sup id="cite_ref-aamaliwawa_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aamaliwawa-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weule_2020_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weule_2020-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Turramurra,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Turramurra, Queensland">Turramurra</a> site in western Queensland is opening in 2020. Cliffs on the property, for some time known as Grace Vale Station, are covered with ancient rock art, including paintings and etchings of <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a> symbols and the traditional <a href="/wiki/Songline" title="Songline">songline</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pleiades_in_folklore_and_literature#Australia" title="Pleiades in folklore and literature">Seven Sisters</a>. Planning for an educational centre created from local rock is under way.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westall_Chasm_Island_art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Westall_Chasm_Island_art.jpg/220px-Westall_Chasm_Island_art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Westall_Chasm_Island_art.jpg/330px-Westall_Chasm_Island_art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Westall_Chasm_Island_art.jpg/440px-Westall_Chasm_Island_art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>William Westall (1803) <i>Chasm Island, native cave painting, 1803,</i> watercolour</figcaption></figure> <p>The first European discovery of aboriginal rock paintings took place on 14 January 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While on a surveying expedition along the shores and islands of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a>, British navigator and explorer <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Flinders" title="Matthew Flinders">Matthew Flinders</a> made landfall on rugged <a href="/wiki/Chasm_Island" title="Chasm Island">Chasm Island</a> off <a href="/wiki/Groote_Eylandt" title="Groote Eylandt">Groote Eylandt</a>. </p><p> Within the island's rock shelters, Flinders discovered an array of painted and stenciled patterns. To record these images, he enlisted the ship's artist, <a href="/wiki/William_Westall" title="William Westall">William Westall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Westall's two <a href="/wiki/Watercolor_painting" title="Watercolor painting">watercolour</a> sketches are the earliest known documentation of Australian rock art. In his journal, Flinders not only detailed the location and the artworks but also authored the inaugural site report:</p><blockquote><p>In the deep sides of the chasms were deep holes or caverns undermining the cliffs; upon the walls of which I found rude drawings, made with charcoal and something like red paint upon the white ground of the rock. These drawings represented porpoises, turtle, kanguroos [sic], and a human hand; and Mr. Westall, who went afterwards to see them, found the representation of a kanguroo [sic], with a file of thirty-two persons following after it. The third person of the band was twice the height of the others, and held in his hand something resembling the whaddie, or wooden sword of the natives of <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Port Jackson</a>; and was probably intended to represent a chief. They could not, as with us, indicate superiority by clothing or ornament, since they wore none of any kind; and therefore, with the addition of a weapon, similar to the ancients, they seem to have made superiority of person the principal emblem of superior power, of which, indeed, power is usually a consequence in the very early stages of society.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/North_Otago" title="North Otago">North Otago</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Canterbury" title="South Canterbury">South Canterbury</a> have a rich range of early <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a> rock art.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Takiroa_Rock_Art_Shelter" title="Takiroa Rock Art Shelter">Takiroa Rock Art Shelter</a> near <a href="/wiki/Duntroon,_New_Zealand" title="Duntroon, New Zealand">Duntroon</a> contains Māori artwork made from ochre and charcoal.<sup id="cite_ref-TeAra_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeAra-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studies">Studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The archaeological sub-discipline devoted to the investigation of rock art is known as "rock art studies". Rock art specialist David S. Whitley noted that research in this area required an "integrated effort" that brings together <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_theory" title="Archaeological theory">archaeological theory</a>, method, fieldwork, analytical techniques and interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although French archaeologists had undertaken much research into rock art, Anglophone archaeology had largely neglected the subject for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discipline of rock art studies witnessed what Whitley called a "revolution" during the 1980s and 1990s, as increasing numbers of archaeologists in the Anglophone world and Latin America turned their attention to the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In doing so, they recognised that rock art could be used to understand symbolic and religious systems, gender relations, cultural boundaries, cultural change and the origins of art and belief.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitley_1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitley_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most significant figures in this movement was the South African archaeologist <a href="/wiki/David_Lewis-Williams" title="David Lewis-Williams">David Lewis-Williams</a>, who published his studies of San rock art from southern Africa, in which he combined ethnographic data to reveal the original purpose of the artworks. Lewis-Williams would come to be praised for elevating rock art studies to a "theoretically sophisticated research domain" by Whitley.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the study of rock art worldwide is marked by considerable differences of opinion with respect to the appropriateness of various methods and the most relevant and defensible theoretical framework. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_databases_and_archives">International databases and archives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: International databases and archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UNESCO World Rock Art Archive Working Group met in 2011 to discuss the base model for a World Rock Art Archive.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While no official output has been generated to date, various projects around the world — such as The Global Rock Art Database — are looking at making rock art heritage information more accessible and more visible to assist with rock art awareness, conservation and preservation issues.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Humps#Mulka's_Cave" title="The Humps">Mulka's Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kindness_Rocks_Project" title="The Kindness Rocks Project">The Kindness Rocks Project</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Whitley_1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley 2005, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Whi05">Whitley 2005</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Goodall, <i>Proceedings and Transactions of the Rhodesian Scientific Association</i> 41:57-62, 1946: "Domestic Animals in rock art"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Goodall, <i>Proceedings and Transactions of the Rhodesian Scientific Association</i> 42:69-74, 1949: "Notes on certain human representations in Rhodesian rock art"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. M. Chadwick, <i>Origin Eng. Nation</i> xii. 306, 1907: "The rock-carvings at Tegneby"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. A. Winkler, <i>Rock-Drawings of Southern Upper Egypt</i> I. 26, 1938: "The discovery of rock-drawings showing boats of a type foreign to Egypt."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. G. Wells, <i>Outl. Hist.</i> I. xvii. 126/1, 1920: From rock engravings we may deduce the theory that the desert was crossed from oasis to oasis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deutsch, <i>Rem.</i> 177, 1874: "The long rock-inscription of Hamamât."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encycl. Relig. & Ethics</i> I. 822/2, 1908: "The rock-paintings are either stenciled or painted in outline."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Man No.</i> 119. 178/2, 1939: "On one of the stalactite pillars was found a big round stone with traces of red paint on its surface, as used in the rock-pictures"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Moore, <i>The Lost Tribes and the Saxons of the East</i>, 1861, Title page: "with translations of Rock-Records in India."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tylor, <i>Early Hist. Man.</i> v. 88, 1865, "and bush art or bushmen art."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trust For African Rock Art, East Africa, common terminology, "Rock-sculptures may often be symbolic boundary marks."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahn, 99-101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahn, 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahn, 101-105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitley_3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_3_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_3_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_3_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_3_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Whi05">Whitley 2005</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley 2005. pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley 2005, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley 2005, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley 2005, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley 2005, pp. 7–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitley_11-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_11_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_11_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley 2005, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitley_2005._p._13-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_2005._p._13_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_2005._p._13_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley 2005, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harmanşah (2014), 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harmanşah (2014), 5–6; Canepa, 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for example by Rawson and Sickman & Soper</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitley_14-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_14_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_14_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitley_14_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley 2005, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Arc04">Arca 2004</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131025091441/http://www.rockartscandinavia.se/">"Scandinavian Society for Prehistoric Art"</a>. <i>www.rockartscandinavia.se</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.RockArtScandinavia.se/">the original</a> on 2013-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rockartscandinavia.se&rft.atitle=Scandinavian+Society+for+Prehistoric+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.RockArtScandinavia.se%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/189/">"North Sinai archaeological Sites Zone"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Victoria&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+Victoria%2C+Grampians%2C+Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitmelbourne.com%2FRegions%2FGrampians%2FThings-to-do%2FAboriginal-Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitmelbourne.com/regions/Grampians/Things-to-do/Outdoor-activities/Walking-and-hiking/Bunjil-Shelter-Stawell">"Bunjil Shelter - Stawell, Attraction, Grampians, Victoria, Australia"</a>. <i>Visit Victoria</i>. 30 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Maliwawa figures—a previously undescribed Arnhem L and rock art style". <i>Australian Archaeology</i>. <b>86</b> (3). Informa UK Limited: <span class="nowrap">208–</span>225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03122417.2020.1818361">10.1080/03122417.2020.1818361</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0312-2417">0312-2417</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224849841">224849841</a> – via Taylor & Francis Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Maliwawa+figures%E2%80%94a+previously+undescribed+Arnhem+L+and+rock+art+style&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E208-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224849841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0312-2417&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03122417.2020.1818361&rft.aulast=Ta%C3%A7on&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.+C.&rft.au=May%2C+Sally+K.&rft.au=Lamilami%2C+Ronald&rft.au=McKeague%2C+Fiona&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Iain+G.&rft.au=Jalandoni%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Wesley%2C+Daryl&rft.au=Sanz%2C+Ines+Domingo&rft.au=Brady%2C+Liam+M.&rft.au=Wright%2C+Duncan&rft.au=Goldhahn%2C+Joakim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weule_2020-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weule_2020_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeule2020" class="citation web cs1">Weule, Genelle (1 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2020-10-01/bilbies,-thylacines,-dugongs-in-arnhem-land-maliwawa-rock-art/12714194">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Bilbies', thylacines and dugongs among stunning Maliwawa rock art documented in Arnhem Land"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. ABC Science. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=%27Bilbies%27%2C+thylacines+and+dugongs+among+stunning+Maliwawa+rock+art+documented+in+Arnhem+Land&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft.aulast=Weule&rft.aufirst=Genelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fscience%2F2020-10-01%2Fbilbies%2C-thylacines%2C-dugongs-in-arnhem-land-maliwawa-rock-art%2F12714194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarkins2020" class="citation web cs1">Larkins, Damien (17 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-18/turraburra-gracevale-indigenous-art-site-opens-queensland/12776038">"Indigenous story wall restored, open to visitors in outback Queensland"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Indigenous+story+wall+restored%2C+open+to+visitors+in+outback+Queensland&rft.date=2020-10-17&rft.aulast=Larkins&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-10-18%2Fturraburra-gracevale-indigenous-art-site-opens-queensland%2F12776038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthyAustralian_Museum1960" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Frederick D.; Australian Museum (1960). <i>The cave paintings of Groote, Eylandt and Chasm Island</i>. Sydney, N.S.W.: Australian Museum. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/271765347">271765347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cave+paintings+of+Groote%2C+Eylandt+and+Chasm+Island&rft.place=Sydney%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pub=Australian+Museum&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F271765347&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Frederick+D.&rft.au=Australian+Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFindlay1998" class="citation journal cs1">Findlay, E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/ielapa.990303180">"Arcadian quest [The works of William Westall]"</a>. <i>National Library of Australia News</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Australia+News&rft.atitle=Arcadian+quest+%5BThe+works+of+William+Westall%5D&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Findlay&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.informit.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.3316%2Fielapa.990303180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrow1978" class="citation book cs1">Barrow, Terence (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0oUOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Maori art of New Zealand</i></a> (reprint ed.). Unesco Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231013195" title="Special:BookSources/9789231013195"><bdi>9789231013195</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-06</span></span>. <q>The North Otago and South Canterbury districts of the South Island present a rich range of rock art in red and black pigments. The motifs used are mainly humans, monsters, birds, and fish, and are styles which pre-date Classic Maori traditional art.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maori+art+of+New+Zealand&rft.pages=70&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Unesco+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9789231013195&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0oUOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TeAra-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TeAra_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon2015" class="citation web cs1">McKinnon, Malcolm (29 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/22741/maori-rock-art">"Otago places - North Otago"</a>. <i>Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+-+the+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Otago+places+-+North+Otago&rft.date=2015-07-29&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fphotograph%2F22741%2Fmaori-rock-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley 2005, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley 2005. pp. viii, 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley 2005, p. x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitley 2005, p. viii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre2011" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/events/858/">"World Rock Art Archives to meet in Tanum"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Rock+Art+Archives+to+meet+in+Tanum&rft.date=2011&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fevents%2F858%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR." class="citation web cs1">R., Haubt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockartdatabase.com">"Rock-Art Database"</a>. <i>www.rockartdatabase.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rockartdatabase.com&rft.atitle=Rock-Art+Database&rft.aulast=R.&rft.aufirst=Haubt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockartdatabase.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaubtTacon2016" class="citation journal cs1">Haubt, R.A.; Tacon, P.S.C. (October 22, 2016). "A collaborative, ontological and information visualization model approach in a centralized rock art heritage platform". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>10</b>: <span class="nowrap">837–</span>846. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JArSR..10..837H">2016JArSR..10..837H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2016.10.013">10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.10.013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=A+collaborative%2C+ontological+and+information+visualization+model+approach+in+a+centralized+rock+art+heritage+platform&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E837-%3C%2Fspan%3E846&rft.date=2016-10-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2016.10.013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JArSR..10..837H&rft.aulast=Haubt&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rft.au=Tacon%2C+P.S.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Arc04" class="citation news cs1">Arca, Andrea (2004). "The topographical engravings of Alpine rock-art: fields, settlements and agricultural landscapes". <i>The Figured Landscapes of Rock-Art</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">318–</span>349.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Figured+Landscapes+of+Rock-Art&rft.atitle=The+topographical+engravings+of+Alpine+rock-art%3A+fields%2C+settlements+and+agricultural+landscapes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E318-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Arca&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bahn, Paul (ed), <i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art</i>, 1998, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521454735" title="Special:BookSources/0521454735">0521454735</a>, 9780521454735, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwm_D1u_UTsC&pg=PA99">google books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevlet2001" class="citation web cs1">Devlet, Ekaterina (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scandinavian.wisc.edu/dubois/Courses_folder/shamanism_readings/2_9_13/Devlet.pdf">"Rock Art and the Material Culture of Siberian and Central Asian Shamanism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Archaeology of Shamanism</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>54<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Archaeology+of+Shamanism&rft.atitle=Rock+Art+and+the+Material+Culture+of+Siberian+and+Central+Asian+Shamanism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Devlet&rft.aufirst=Ekaterina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscandinavian.wisc.edu%2Fdubois%2FCourses_folder%2Fshamanism_readings%2F2_9_13%2FDevlet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harmanşah, Ömür (ed) (2014), <i>Of Rocks and Water: An Archaeology of Place</i>, 2014, Oxbow Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1782976744" title="Special:BookSources/1782976744">1782976744</a>, 9781782976745</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaubtTacon2016" class="citation journal cs1">Haubt, R.A.; Tacon, P.S.C. (October 22, 2016). "A collaborative, ontological and information visualization model approach in a centralized rock art heritage platform". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>10</b>: <span class="nowrap">837–</span>846. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JArSR..10..837H">2016JArSR..10..837H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2016.10.013">10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.10.013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=A+collaborative%2C+ontological+and+information+visualization+model+approach+in+a+centralized+rock+art+heritage+platform&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E837-%3C%2Fspan%3E846&rft.date=2016-10-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2016.10.013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JArSR..10..837H&rft.aulast=Haubt&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rft.au=Tacon%2C+P.S.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rawson" title="Jessica Rawson">Rawson, Jessica</a> (ed). <i>The British Museum Book of Chinese Art</i>, 2007 (2nd edn), British Museum Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714124469" title="Special:BookSources/9780714124469">9780714124469</a></li> <li>Schaafsma, Polly, 1980, <i>Indian Rock Art of the Southwest</i>, School of American Research, Santa Fe, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque NM, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-0913-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-0913-5">0-8263-0913-5</a>. Scholarly text with 349 references, 32 color plates, 283 black and white "figures", 11 maps, and 2 tables.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sickman" title="Laurence Sickman">Sickman, Laurence</a>, in: Sickman L., & Soper A., <i>The Art and Architecture of China</i>, Pelican History of Art, 3rd ed 1971, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), LOC 70-125675</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre2011" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/events/858/">"World Rock Art Archives to meet in Tanum"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Rock+Art+Archives+to+meet+in+Tanum&rft.date=2011&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fevents%2F858%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Whi05" class="citation book cs1">Whitley, David S. (2005). <i>Introduction to Rock Art Research</i>. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598740004" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598740004"><bdi>978-1598740004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Rock+Art+Research&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+California&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1598740004&rft.aulast=Whitley&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>David, Bruno, <i>Cave Art</i>, 2017, Thames and Hudson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500204351" title="Special:BookSources/9780500204351">9780500204351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekkehart_Malotki" title="Ekkehart Malotki">Malotki, Ekkehart</a> and Weaver, Donald E. Jr., 2002, <i>Stone Chisel and Yucca Brush: Colorado Plateau Rock Art</i>, Kiva Publishing Inc., Walnut, California, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885772-27-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-885772-27-0">1-885772-27-0</a> (cloth). For the "general public"; this book has well over 200 color prints with commentary on each site where the photos were taken; the organization begins with the earliest art and goes to modern times.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB._B._Lal1968" class="citation book cs1">B. B. Lal (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HTSPXwAACAAJ"><i>Indian Rock Paintings: Their Chronology, Technique and Preservation</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Rock+Paintings%3A+Their+Chronology%2C+Technique+and+Preservation&rft.date=1968&rft.au=B.+B.+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHTSPXwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rohn, Arthur H. and Ferguson, William M, 2006, <i>Puebloan Ruins of the Southwest</i>, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque NM, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-3970-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-3970-0">0-8263-3970-0</a> (pbk, : alk. paper). Adjunct to the primary discussion of the ruins, contains color prints of rock art at the sites, plus interpretations.</li> <li>Zboray, András, 2005, <i>Rock Art of the Libyan Desert</i>, Fliegel Jezerniczky, Newbury, United Kingdom (1st Edition 2005, 2nd expanded edition 2009). An illustrated catalogue and bibliography of all known prehistoric rock art sites in the central Libyan Desert (Arkenu, Uweinat and the Gilf Kebir plateau). The second edition contains more than 20000 photographs documenting the sites. Published on DVD-ROM.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_art&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifrao.com/ifrao/">IFRAO</a> International Federation of Rock Art Organizations, comprising 60 academic rock art organizations of the world. Some of these are:</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arara.org/">ARARA</a> American Rock Art Research Association.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anisa.at/index-2.htm">ANISA</a> Anisa, Verein für Alpine Forschung.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifrao.com/">AURA</a> Australian Rock Art Research Association, Inc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifrao.com/cave-art-research-association-cara/">CARA</a> Cave Art Research Association.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institutum-canarium.org/news_e.html">IC</a> Institutum Canarium.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cesmap.it/">CeSMAP</a> Centro Studi e Museo d'Arte Preistorica.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccsp.it/web/homebox.html">CCSP</a> Centro Camuno do Studi Preistorici.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rupestre.net/orme/">SCAO</a> Società Cooperativa Archeologica Le Orme dell'Uomo.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aars.fr/aars_en.html">AARS</a> Association des Amis de l'art Rupestre Saharien.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siarb-bolivia.org/en/homei/">SIARB</a> Bolivian Rock Art Research Society.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anar.org.ve/">ANAR</a> Archivo Nacional de Arte Rupestre (Venezuela).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/g/apar_peru">APAR</a> Asociación Peruana de Arte Rupestre.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n96068498/">AAV</a> Asociación Arqueológica Viguesa.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aearccochabamba.blogspot.com/">AEARC</a> Asociación de Estudios del Arte Rupestre de Cochabamba.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rockartdatabase.com/gd_rec1/associacao-brasileira-de-arte-rupestre-abar/">ABAR</a> Associação Brasileira de Arte Rupestre.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asercentrevar.fr/">ASER</a> Association de Sauvegarde, d'Etude et de Recherche pour le patrimoine naturel et culturel du Centre-Var.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esrara.org/">ESRARA</a> Eastern States Rock Art Research Association.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perso.numericable.fr/gersar/l'association%20du%20gersar.htm">GERSAR</a> Groupe d'Études, de Recherches et de Sauvegarde de l'Art Rupestre.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rupestreweb.info/grupocubanogciar.html">GCIAR</a> Grupo Cubano de Investigaciones de Arte Rupestre.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.untrm.edu.pe/en/presentacion.html">INAAK</a> Instituto de Investigación de Arqueología y Antropología 'Kuelap'.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmmz.co.zw/">NMMZ</a> National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nvrockart.org/index.html">NRAF</a> Nevada Rock Art Foundation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museumsnc.co.za/new_site/northern-cape-rock-art-trust/">NCRAT</a> Northern Cape Rock Art Trust.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegorockart.org/">SDRAA</a> San Diego Rock Art Association.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanrockart.org/">TARA</a> The Trust for African Rock Art.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com">Bradshaw Foundation</a> Extensive archive on rock art from all around the world.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://altarockart.no/map/mapEng.html">Altarockart.no</a> A digital archive of the Rock Art of Alta, Norway</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockartdatabase.com">Global Rock Art Database (RADB)</a> rockartdatabase, Global Rock Art Database (RADB) search tool for international rock art archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323140400/http://www.coppelleroccere.com/rockart">Maira Valley, Piedmont, Italy</a> Rock Art in Maira Valley, Piedmont, Italy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://donsmaps.com/chauvetcave.html">Chauvet Cave</a> Database of European Prehistoric Art</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/era">England's Rock Art on the Web</a> Access to the ERA database containing over 1500 records of rock art panels with images and 3D models.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tassili.net">Tassili N'Ajjer</a>, Rock Art of the central Tassili N'Ajjer (Tamrit, Sefar, Tin Tazarift, Jabbaren)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjexpeditions.com/frameset/rockart.htm">Uweinat and the Gilf Kebir</a>, Rock Art of Jebel Uweinat and the Gilf Kebir plateau ("Cave of Swimmers")</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upper-brandberg.com">Upper Brandberg</a>, The rock paintings of the Upper Brandberg, Namibia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjexpeditions.com/frameset/RA_CD.htm">Libyan Desert</a>, Rock Art of the Libyan Desert, and illustrated catalogue and bibliography of the prehistoric rock art of the central Libyan Desert</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rupestreweb.info">Rupestreweb.info</a>, Latin American rock art. Articles, Zones, News, Rock art researchers directory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.RockArtScandinavia.se/">Tanums Hällristningsmuseum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131025091441/http://www.rockartscandinavia.se/">Archived</a> 2013-10-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Rock Art Research Centre and World Heritage Archive, situated in Tanum, Sweden.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/rockart.html">Rock Art Studies (RAS)</a> – A Bibliographic database at the <a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Library" title="Bancroft Library">Bancroft Library</a> containing over 18,000 citations to the world's rock art literature.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bradshawfoundation.com/negev/index.php">Bradshaw Foundation</a> – Rock Art archeology and research from the Negev Desert, Israel.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culturalheritageimaging.org/What_We_Do/Fields/rock_art/index.html">Rock Art Examples and Image Capture</a> – Examples from the Côa Valley in Portugal and Magdalenian Rock Art.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockart.org/">The Rock Art Foundation</a> – Native American Rock Art in the Lower Pecos region of Southwest Texas</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050628074128/http://rockart.ncl.ac.uk/">Beckensall Archive</a> Rock carvings made by Neolithic and Early Bronze Age people in Northumberland in the north east of England, between 6000 and 3500 years ago.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060422083316/http://rockartuk.fotopic.net/">British Rock Art Collection</a> Over 16.000 photos of more than 1200 rock art sites in the UK with relevant information and links.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brokenrockdesign.com/">Broken Rock</a> Gallery and Petroglyph Designs.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rupestre.net/">Rupestre.net</a> A rock art site, mainly devoted to Valcamonica and Alpine Rock Art.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europreart.net/">EuroPreArt</a> The database of European Prehistoric Art.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creativespirits.info/australia/western-australia/karratha/murujuga-burrup-peninsula">Rock Art of the Murujuga (Burrup Peninsula) Western Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050715232436/http://rockart.wits.ac.za/origins/">Rock Art in South Africa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=925">UNESCO World Heritage: Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundelkhand.in/portal/photo-gallery/Bundelkhand-ROCK-PAINTINGS">Bundelkhand Rock Paintings, India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://SpiralZoom.com"><i>SpiralZoom.com</i></a>, an educational website about the science of pattern formation, spirals in nature, spirals in the mythic imagination & spiral rock art</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130322191750/http://rockart.fotopic.net/">Worldwide Rock Art Selection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/middle_east/">Prehistoric Rock Art in Iran</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003151158/http://www.iranrockart.com/">Petroglyphs in Iran</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> (In Persian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sydneyrockart.info">Sydney Rock Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527124827/http://www.oregonrockart.com/">Rock Art in Oregon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wits.ac.za/rockart/">Rock Art Research Institute</a>, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texasarchive.org/2020_01660">Rock Art of the Lower Pecos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Archive_of_the_Moving_Image" title="Texas Archive of the Moving Image">Texas Archive of the Moving Image</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">Paleolithic flute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">Gudi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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