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<li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Ghurids_at_their_zenith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ghurids_at_their_zenith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Ghurids at their zenith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ghurids_at_their_zenith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ghurid_conquest_of_Khorasan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghurid_conquest_of_Khorasan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Ghurid conquest of Khorasan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghurid_conquest_of_Khorasan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_India_(1175_to_1206)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_India_(1175_to_1206)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Conquest of India (1175 to 1206)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_India_(1175_to_1206)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Decline and fall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metalwork_of_the_Ghurid_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalwork_of_the_Ghurid_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Metalwork of the Ghurid period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalwork_of_the_Ghurid_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of rulers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bamiyan_Branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bamiyan_Branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bamiyan Branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bamiyan_Branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghurid_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghurid_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ghurid family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghurid_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ghurid dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="غوريون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غوريون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quril%C9%99r" title="Qurilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qurilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="قوریلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوریلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ঘুরি সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঘুরি সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ғуриҙар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғуриҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Гурыды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гурыды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BArides" title="Gúrides – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gúrides" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Gurida" title="Dinastiyang Gurida – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dinastiyang Gurida" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghuriden" title="Ghuriden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ghuriden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Γκουρίδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκουρίδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_g%C3%BArida" title="Imperio gúrida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio gúrida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guridoj" title="Guridoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Guridoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghuridarren_dinastia" title="Ghuridarren dinastia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ghuridarren dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غوریان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غوریان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghorides" title="Ghorides – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ghorides" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%A5%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="고르 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고르 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="ग़ोरी राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग़ोरी राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ghuriyah" title="Dinasti Ghuriyah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Ghuriyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghuridi" title="Ghuridi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ghuridi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ღურიდები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ღურიდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurid%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Guridų dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Guridų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BArid%C3%A1k" title="Gúridák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gúridák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഗോറി സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗോറി സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ghur" title="Dinasti Ghur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Ghur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghowriden" title="Ghowriden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ghowriden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9C%9D" title="ゴール朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴール朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghuridene" title="Ghuridene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ghuridene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%CA%BBuriylar" title="Gʻuriylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gʻuriylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਗ਼ੌਰੀ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ਼ੌਰੀ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سلطنت غوریہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلطنت غوریہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D" title="د غوریانو کورنۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د غوریانو کورنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurydzi" title="Ghurydzi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ghurydzi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_G%C3%BArida" title="Sultanato Gúrida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sultanato Gúrida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Гуриды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гуриды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ghurid dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guridska_Monarhija" title="Guridska Monarhija – 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Ghurid dynasty</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">786–1215</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas,_p.147.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghurid dynasty is located in Ghurids"><img alt="Ghurid dynasty is located in Ghurids" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas%2C_p.147.png/300px-Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas%2C_p.147.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas%2C_p.147.png/450px-Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas%2C_p.147.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas%2C_p.147.png/600px-Ghurid_Empire_according_to_Schwartzberg_Atlas%2C_p.147.png 2x" data-file-width="3524" data-file-height="2418" /></a></span><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:05px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/1203_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="1203 CE"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">1203</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_75x20" style="position:absolute; left:75px; top:20px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KHWARAZMIAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_62x2" style="position:absolute; left:62px; top:2px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KIPCHAKS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_25x70" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:70px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">ABBASID<br />CALIPHATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_10x55" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:55px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Zengids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zengids"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">ZENGIDS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_175x145" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:145px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">YADAVAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_170x118" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:118px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Malwa" title="Kingdom of Malwa"><b><span style="color:#4F311CFF">MALWA</span></b></a></span></div><div id="annotation_195x120" style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:120px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bundelkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bundelkhand"><b><span style="color:#4F311CFF">BUNDELKHAND</span></b></a></span></div><div id="annotation_260x30" style="position:absolute; left:260px; top:30px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">QOCHO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_140x10" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:10px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">QARA KHITAI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x35" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:35px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KARA-<br />KHANIDS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_272x190" style="position:absolute; left:272px; top:190px; font-size:12px; font-weight:bold; font-size:12; line-height:14px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_1100_CE" title="Template:Continental Asia in 1100 CE"><span style="color:#4F311CFF"> ◁ </span></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_1300_CE" title="Template:Continental Asia in 1300 CE"><span style="color:#4F311CFF"> ▷ </span></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Map of Ghurid territory, before the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201938_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201938-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the west, Ghurid territory extended to <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2018p._26,_Figure_I:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2018p._26,_Figure_I:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Ghurid troops reached as far as <a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a> on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastward, the Ghurids invaded as far as <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-THC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuer20216_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuer20216-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a><sup id="cite_ref-Heratcapital_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heratcapital-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> <small>(1170s–1215)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Ghazcapital_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghazcapital-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <small>(court, literature)</small><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neal2015_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size:85%;">Before 1011<b>:</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">From 1011<b>:</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nizami178_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nizami178-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary monarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a> (1173–1206)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Malik/Sultan</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 8th-century </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Amir Banji <small>(first)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1214–1215 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zia_al-Din_Ali" title="Zia al-Din Ali">Zia al-Din Ali</a> <small>(last)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">786</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1215</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1200 est.<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordArea_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordArea-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (770,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari" title="Chahamanas of Shakambhari">Chahamanas of Shakambhari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gahadavala_dynasty" title="Gahadavala dynasty">Gahadavala dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalji dynasty of Bengal">Khalji dynasty of Bengal</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughids</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ghurid dynasty</b> (also spelled <b>Ghorids</b>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">دودمان غوریان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Dudmân-e Ğurīyân</i></span>; self-designation: <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شنسبانی</span></span>, <i>Šansabānī</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Persianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate">Persianate</a> dynasty of eastern <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tajik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik people">Tajik</a> origin, which ruled from the 8th-century in the region of <a href="/wiki/Ghor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghor">Ghor</a>, and became an Empire from 1175 to 1215.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ghurids were centered in the hills of the <a href="/wiki/Ghor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghor">Ghor</a> region in the present-day central <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, where they initially started out as local chiefs. They gradually converted to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> after the conquest of Ghor by the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid">Ghaznavid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a> in 1011. The Ghurids eventually overran the Ghaznavids when <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lahore_(1186)" title="Siege of Lahore (1186)">seized Lahore</a> and expelled the Ghaznavids from their last stronghold. </p><p>The Ghurids initially ruled as vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> and later of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuks</a>. However, during the early twelfth century the long-standing rivalry between the Seljuks and Ghaznavids created a power vacuum in eastern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Panjab</a> which the Ghurids took advantage of and began their territorial expansion. <a href="/wiki/Ala_al-Din_Husayn" title="Ala al-Din Husayn">Ala al-Din Husayn</a> ended the Ghurid subordination to the Ghaznavids, ruthlessly sacking their capital, although he was soon defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a> after he stopped paying tribute to them. The Seljuk imperial power, however, was itself swept away in eastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> with the contemporaneous advent of the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Dyarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyarchy">dyarchy</a> of Ala al-Din Husayn nephews - <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad">Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a>, the Ghurid empire reached its greatest territorial extent, holding encompassed territory from eastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> through easternmost <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. While Ghiyath al-Din was occupied with the Ghurid expansion in the west, his junior partner in the <a href="/wiki/Dyarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyarchy">dyarchy</a>, Muhammad of Ghor and his lieutenants <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaigns_of_Muhammad_of_Ghor" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor">were active east</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and eventually succeeded in conquering wide swaths of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Gangetic Plain</a>, while in the west under Ghiyath al-Din, engaging in a protracted duel with the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Shahs of Khwarazm</a>, the Ghurids, reached as far as <a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>) on the shoreline of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, albeit for a short time. </p><p>Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad died in 1203 of illness caused due to <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheumatic disorders">rheumatic disorders</a> and soon after the Ghurids suffered a crushing defeat against the <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezmian Empire">Khwrezmians</a> aided by timely reinforcements from the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitais</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andkhud" title="Battle of Andkhud">Battle of Andkhud</a> in 1204. Muhammad <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor#Assassination" title="Muhammad of Ghor">was assassinated</a> soon after in March 1206 which ended the Ghurid influence in <a href="/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasan</a>. The dynasty became extinguished all together within a decade when <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad II of Khwarezm">Shah Muhammad II</a> uprooted the Ghurids in 1215. Their conquests in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a> nevertheless survived for several centuries under the evolving <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak" title="Qutb ud-Din Aibak">Qutb ud-Din Aibak</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg/300px-Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg/450px-Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg/600px-Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Gold Dinar of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a>, dated AH 601 (1204/5 CE), struck in <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century some European scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Mountstuart_Elphinstone" title="Mountstuart Elphinstone">Mountstuart Elphinstone</a>, favoured the idea that the Ghurid dynasty was related to today's <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtun people</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this is generally rejected by modern scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-EofI-Afghanistan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EofI-Afghanistan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most scholars state that the dynasty was of <a href="/wiki/Tajik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik people">Tajik</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink202078_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink202078-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, due to intermarrying, the Ghurid princes were distinguished by their significant blending of Tajik, <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>, and native <a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan</a> ethnicities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i> states: "Nor do we know anything about the ethnic stock of the Ḡūrīs in general and the Šansabānīs in particular; we can only assume that they were eastern Iranian Tajiks".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth</a> further points out that the actual name of the Ghurid family, <i>Āl-e Šansab</i> (Persianized: <i>Šansabānī</i>), is the Arabic pronunciation of the originally <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a> name <i>Wišnasp</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_Ghor_Province_location.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Afghanistan_Ghor_Province_location.PNG/200px-Afghanistan_Ghor_Province_location.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Afghanistan_Ghor_Province_location.PNG/300px-Afghanistan_Ghor_Province_location.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Afghanistan_Ghor_Province_location.PNG/400px-Afghanistan_Ghor_Province_location.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>The Ghurids originated from <a href="/wiki/Ghor_Province" title="Ghor Province">Ghor Province</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> Historian <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Wink" title="André Wink">André Wink</a> explains in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_History_of_Islam" title="The New Cambridge History of Islam">The New Cambridge History of Islam</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-New_Cambridge_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Cambridge-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Shansabānī dynasty superseded the Ghaznavids in the second half of the twelfth century. This dynasty was not of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkish</a>, nor even <a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan</a>, but of eastern Persian or Tājīk origin, speaking a distinct Persian dialect of its own, like the rest of the inhabitants of the remote and isolated mountain region of Ghūr and its capital of Fīrūzkūh (in what is now central Afghanistan).</p></blockquote> <p>When the Ghurids started to distinguish themselves through their conquests, courtiers and genealogists (such as <a href="/wiki/Fakhr-i_Mudabbir" title="Fakhr-i Mudabbir">Fakhr-i Mudabbir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minhaj-i-Siraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Minhaj-i-Siraj">al-Juzjani</a>) forged a fictive genealogy which connected the Ghurids with the Iranian past. They traced the Ghurid family back to the mythical Arab tyrant <a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Zahhak</a>, mentioned in the medieval Persian epic <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa"><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i></span> ("The Book of Kings"), whose family had reportedly settled in Ghur after the Iranian hero <a href="/wiki/Fereydun" title="Fereydun">Fereydun</a> had ended Zahhak's thousand-year tyranny.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neal2015_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, nothing is known of the pre-Islamic religious beliefs of the Ghurids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neal2015_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <p>The Ghurids' native language was apparently different from their court language, Persian. <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fadl_Bayhaqi" title="Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi">Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi</a>, the famous historian of the Ghaznavid era, wrote on page 117 in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh-i_Bayhaqi" title="Tarikh-i Bayhaqi">Tarikh-i Bayhaqi</a></i>: "Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_I_of_Ghazni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mas'ud I of Ghazni">Mas'ud I of Ghazni</a> left for Ghoristan and sent his learned companion with two people from Ghor as interpreters between this person and the people of that region." However, like the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a> and Ghaznavids, the Ghurids were great patrons of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">poetry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian culture">culture</a>, and promoted these in their courts as their own. Modern-day authors refer to them as the "<a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianized</a> Ghurids".<sup id="cite_ref-Persianate_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persianate-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wink describes the tongue of the Ghurids as a "distinct Persian dialect".<sup id="cite_ref-New_Cambridge_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Cambridge-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is nothing to confirm the recent conclusion that the inhabitants of Ghor were originally <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto-speaking</a>, and claims of the existence of "<a href="/wiki/Pashto_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto poetry">Pashto poetry</a>", such as <a href="/wiki/Pata_Khazana" title="Pata Khazana">Pata Khazana</a>, from the Ghurid period are unsubstantiated.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EofI-Afghanistan_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EofI-Afghanistan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Jam Minaret</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jam_leaning_minaret_jam_ghor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jam_leaning_minaret_jam_ghor.jpg/97px-Jam_leaning_minaret_jam_ghor.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jam_leaning_minaret_jam_ghor.jpg/146px-Jam_leaning_minaret_jam_ghor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jam_leaning_minaret_jam_ghor.jpg/194px-Jam_leaning_minaret_jam_ghor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minar_of_jam_ghor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Minar_of_jam_ghor.jpg/187px-Minar_of_jam_ghor.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Minar_of_jam_ghor.jpg/281px-Minar_of_jam_ghor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Minar_of_jam_ghor.jpg/374px-Minar_of_jam_ghor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="832" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Minaret_of_Jam" title="Minaret of Jam">Minaret of Jam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ghor_Province" title="Ghor Province">Ghor Province</a> of Afghanistan, established by the Ghurids and finished in 1174/75 CE. Inscription on the Minaret, showing the name and titles of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad">Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad</a> (1163–1202 CE).</div></div></div></div> <p>A certain Ghurid prince named Amir Banji was the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Ghor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghor">Ghor</a> and ancestor of the medieval Ghurid rulers. His rule was legitimized by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a>. Before the mid-12th century, the Ghurids had been bound to the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuks</a> for about 150 years. Beginning in the mid-12th century, Ghor expressed its independence from the Ghaznavid Empire. The early Ghurids followed <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> before being converted to Islam by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abu Ali ibn Muhammad">Abu Ali ibn Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1149 the Ghaznavid ruler <a href="/wiki/Bahram-Shah_of_Ghazna" title="Bahram-Shah of Ghazna">Bahram-Shah of Ghazna</a> poisoned a local Ghurid leader, Qutb al-Din Muhammad, who had taken refuge in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> after having a quarrel with his brother <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Suri" title="Sayf al-Din Suri">Sayf al-Din Suri</a>. In revenge, Sayf marched towards Ghazni and defeated Bahram-Shah. However, one year later, Bahram returned and scored a decisive victory against Sayf, who was shortly captured and crucified at Pul-i Yak Taq. <a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_Sam_I" title="Baha al-Din Sam I">Baha al-Din Sam I</a>, another brother of Sayf, set out to avenge the death of his two brothers, but died of natural causes before he could reach Ghazni. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ala_al-Din_Husayn" title="Ala al-Din Husayn">Ala al-Din Husayn</a> (1149–61), one of the youngest of Sayf's brothers and newly crowned Ghurid king, also set out to avenge the death of his two brothers. He managed to defeat Bahram-Shah, and then had Ghazni sacked; the city burned for seven days and seven nights. He also sacked the Ghaznavid fortresses and palaces of <a href="/wiki/Lashkari_Bazar" title="Lashkari Bazar">Bost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-op_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-op-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These actions earned him the title of <i>Jahānsūz</i>, meaning "<i>the world burner"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001a578–583_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001a578–583-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ghaznavids retook the city with <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Sanjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Sanjar">Seljuq</a> help, but later lost it to <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001a578–583_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001a578–583-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1152, Ala al-Din Husayn refused to pay tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuk Empire">Seljuks</a> and instead marched an army from Firozkoh but was defeated and captured at Nab in the Harīrūd Valley by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Sultan Ahmed Sanjar</a> after his forces defected to the Seljuqs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1991136_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1991136-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the battle, 6000 nomads from Ala al-Din's forces went over to the Seljuk army. Despite relatively smaller size of both armies, the defection of nomads at critical point of the battle eventually decided the issue in favour of the Seljuks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201855_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201855-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ala al-Din Husayn remained a prisoner for two years, until he was released in return for a heavy ransom to the Seljuqs and was allowed to reclaim his principality in Ghor. However, Sanjar was soon captured and imprisoned by the Ghuzz nomads in 1153, which allowed the Ghurids to expand their polity again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201856_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201856-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a rival of Ala al-Din named Husayn ibn Nasir al-Din Muhammad al-Madini had seized <a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a>, but was murdered at the right moment when Ala al-Din returned to reclaim his ancestral domain. Ala al-Din spent the rest of his reign expanding the domains of his kingdom; he managed to conquer Garchistan, <a href="/wiki/Tukharistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukharistan">Tukharistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamindawar" title="Zamindawar">Zamindawar</a>, Bust, <a href="/wiki/Bamiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamiyan">Bamiyan</a> and other parts of Khurasan. Ala al-Din died in 1161, and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Sayf al-Din Muhammad">Sayf al-Din Muhammad</a>, who died two years later in a battle against the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1991138_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1991138-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of Ala ad-Din, the Ghurids firmly established themselves at <a href="/wiki/Firuzkuh" title="Firuzkuh">Firuzkuh</a> and made it their capital, at the same time, the minor branches of the family who were the offshoot of concubinage with <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> slave girls whom chronicler Juzjani called "Kanizak-i-turki" established themselves in <a href="/wiki/Bamiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamiyan">Bamiyan</a> and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1991136–137_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1991136–137-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Ghurids_at_their_zenith">The Ghurids at their zenith</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortress_and_arch_of_Qala-e-Bost_on_Afghan_banknote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Fortress_and_arch_of_Qala-e-Bost_on_Afghan_banknote.jpg/271px-Fortress_and_arch_of_Qala-e-Bost_on_Afghan_banknote.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Fortress_and_arch_of_Qala-e-Bost_on_Afghan_banknote.jpg/407px-Fortress_and_arch_of_Qala-e-Bost_on_Afghan_banknote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Fortress_and_arch_of_Qala-e-Bost_on_Afghan_banknote.jpg/542px-Fortress_and_arch_of_Qala-e-Bost_on_Afghan_banknote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Fortress and Ghurid arch of <a href="/wiki/Qala-e-Bost" class="mw-redirect" title="Qala-e-Bost">Qala-e-Bost</a> as printed on an Afghan banknote.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sayf al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his cousin <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad">Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad</a>, who was the son of Baha al-Din Sam I, and proved himself to be a capable king. Right after Ghiyath's ascension, he, with the aid of his loyal brother <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a> (later known as "Shihabuddin Ghuri"), killed a rival Ghurid chief named Abu'l Abbas. Ghiyath then defeated his uncle Fakhr al-Din Masud who claimed the Ghurid throne and had allied with the Seljuq governor of Herat and Balkh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968163_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968163-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1173, Muhammad of Ghor after multiple attempts reconquered the city of Ghazni from the <a href="/wiki/Ghuzz_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghuzz Turks">Ghuzz Turks</a>, who had deposed the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> from there earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1991138_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1991138-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1175, the Ghurids took control of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> from the Seljuks, and the city became one of their main power bases and centers of cultural development, together with <a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a> and Ghazni.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Princeton_University_Press_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princeton_University_Press-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also took control of the areas of <a href="/wiki/N%C4%ABmr%C5%ABz" class="mw-redirect" title="Nīmrūz">Nīmrūz</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABst%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Sīstān">Sīstān</a>, and extended their suzerainty as far as the Seljuks of <a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBEI_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBEI-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ghurid_conquest_of_Khorasan">Ghurid conquest of Khorasan</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_conquest_of_Khorasan" title="Ghurid conquest of Khorasan">Ghurid conquest of Khorasan</a></div> <p>Afterwards, Muhammad assisted his brother Ghiyath in his contest with the <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezmid Empire">Khwarezmian Empire</a>, who were at times supported by their "pagan" suzerains the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a>, for the lordship of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-XX_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XX-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seljuk power in Khorasan had collapsed since the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Ahmad Sanjar</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Ghuzz Turks</a> in 1153, which left the region at the hands of the Turkmen.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1181, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Shah_of_Khwarezm" title="Sultan Shah of Khwarezm">Sultan Shah</a>, a pretendent to the Khwarezmian throne, managed to take control of Khorasan, until 1192 when he was defeated near <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> by the Ghurids, who captured his territories.<sup id="cite_ref-XX_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XX-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ghurids then took control of all Khorasan following the death of his successor <a href="/wiki/Ala_al-Din_Tekish" title="Ala al-Din Tekish">Tekish</a> in 1200, capturing <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a> in 1200, and reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Bastam" title="Bastam">Besṭām</a> in the ancient region of Qūmes.<sup id="cite_ref-XX_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XX-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Princeton_University_Press_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princeton_University_Press-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of his brother Ghiyath on 13 March 1203,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad became the successor of his empire and ruled until his assassination in 1206 near <a href="/wiki/Jhelum" title="Jhelum">Jhelum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlīs</a> whom he persecuted during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968168_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968168-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conquest_of_India_(1175_to_1206)"><span id="Conquest_of_India_.281175_to_1206.29"></span>Conquest of India (1175 to 1206)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaigns_of_Muhammad_of_Ghor" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor">Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_last_stan_of_Rajputs_against_Muhammadans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_last_stan_of_Rajputs_against_Muhammadans.jpg/290px-The_last_stan_of_Rajputs_against_Muhammadans.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_last_stan_of_Rajputs_against_Muhammadans.jpg/435px-The_last_stan_of_Rajputs_against_Muhammadans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_last_stan_of_Rajputs_against_Muhammadans.jpg/580px-The_last_stan_of_Rajputs_against_Muhammadans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption><i>The last stand of Rajputs</i>, depicting the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tarain" title="Second Battle of Tarain">Second Battle of Tarain</a> in 1192</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghurid dynasty is located in South Asia"><img alt="Ghurid dynasty is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.55%;left:21.299%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-18px;top:-18px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ghurid dynasty"><img alt="Ghurid dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chess_drt45.svg/35px-Chess_drt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chess_drt45.svg/53px-Chess_drt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chess_drt45.svg/70px-Chess_drt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.47%;left:39.481%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-113px;top:-113px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ghurid dynasty"><img alt="Ghurid dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ghurid_invasions_in_India_%28map_overlay%29.png/225px-Ghurid_invasions_in_India_%28map_overlay%29.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ghurid_invasions_in_India_%28map_overlay%29.png/338px-Ghurid_invasions_in_India_%28map_overlay%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ghurid_invasions_in_India_%28map_overlay%29.png/450px-Ghurid_invasions_in_India_%28map_overlay%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="834" /></span></span></div></div><div id="annotation_230x5" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:5px; font-size:10px; 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style="color:#006400FF"><b>QARA KHITAI</b></span></div></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.27%;left:9.61%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>GHURID<br />EMPIRE</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.78%;left:53.766%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KUMAON</b></span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_73x130" style="position:absolute; left:73px; top:130px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a 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color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KALACHURIS<br /><small>(TRIPURI)</small></b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_132x133" style="position:absolute; left:132px; top:133px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Ratnapura" title="Kalachuris of Ratnapura"><b><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KALACHURIS<br /><small>(RATNAPURA)</small></span></b></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.431%;left:75.844%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>SENAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_185x94" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:94px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Karnats_of_Mithila" title="Karnats of Mithila"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KARNATAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x130" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:130px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Nagvanshis_of_Chotanagpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>NAGVANSIS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_230x90" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:90px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa#Breakup_and_End_of_Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KAMARUPAS</b></span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.571%;left:62.857%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>EASTERN<br />GANGAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.73%;left:51.169%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>GUGE</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.09%;left:44.675%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Maryul" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryul"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>MARYUL</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.91%;left:39.481%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Lohara_dynasty" title="Lohara dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>LOHA-<br />RAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.01%;left:23.117%;font-size:45%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Soomra_dynasty" title="Soomra dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>SOOMRA<br />EMIRATE</b></span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_5x90" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:90px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kalmat" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Kalmat"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>MAKRAN<br />SULTANATE</b></span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid Empire</a> invasion of the subcontinent (orange line: Ghurid territorial conquests from 1175 to 1205).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201938_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201938-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._1204-1206.Struck_in_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam,_Dated_Samvat_1262_(1204_AD).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._1204-1206.Struck_in_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam%2C_Dated_Samvat_1262_%281204_AD%29.jpg/290px-Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._1204-1206.Struck_in_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam%2C_Dated_Samvat_1262_%281204_AD%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._1204-1206.Struck_in_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam%2C_Dated_Samvat_1262_%281204_AD%29.jpg/435px-Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._1204-1206.Struck_in_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam%2C_Dated_Samvat_1262_%281204_AD%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._1204-1206.Struck_in_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam%2C_Dated_Samvat_1262_%281204_AD%29.jpg/580px-Bengal._Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji._1204-1206.Struck_in_the_name_of_Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam%2C_Dated_Samvat_1262_%281204_AD%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> coinage of Turkic general <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtiyar Khalji">Bakhtiyar Khalji</a> (1204–1206 CE). Struck in the name of Muhammad of Ghor, dated <a href="/wiki/Samvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Samvat">Samvat</a> 1262 (1204 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-FBF_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBF-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On the eve of the Ghurid invasion of the subcontinent, northern India was ruled by many independent <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> kings, often fighting with each other, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari" title="Chahamanas of Shakambhari">Chahamana</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Prithviraja_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Prithviraja III">Prithviraja III</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Mularaja_II" title="Mularaja II">Mularaja II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gahadavala_dynasty" title="Gahadavala dynasty">Gahadavala</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Jayachandra" title="Jayachandra">Jayachandra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kanauj" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanauj">Kanauj</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further in the east of Ganges Plain there were other independent <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> powers such as the <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena</a>'s under <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_Sena" title="Lakshmana Sena">Lakshmana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> etc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2004433_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2004433-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Northern India and Bengal were conquered by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a> during the period from 1175 to 1205, just before his death in 1206. His capital was in <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, while his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad">Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad</a> with whom Muhammad ruled in a <a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">diarchy</a>, governed the western part of the empire from his capital at <a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Fīrōzkōh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1991139–140_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1991139–140-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1175, Muhammad crossed the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>, approaching it through the <a href="/wiki/Gomal_Pass" title="Gomal Pass">Gomal Pass</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>, in order to outflank the Ghaznavids in <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Panjab</a>. Muhammad captured <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Carmathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmathians">Carmathians</a>, and also took <a href="/wiki/Uch" title="Uch">Uch</a> by 1176.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1991143_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1991143-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2004434_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2004434-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1178, he turned south and again marched through the <a href="/wiki/Gomal_Pass" title="Gomal Pass">Gomal Pass</a>, marching by the way of <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uch" title="Uch">Uch</a> to enter into the present-day <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> via <a href="/wiki/Thar_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Thar desert">Thar desert</a>, where his armies got exhausted in their long march from <a href="/wiki/Ghazna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazna">Ghazna</a> and were routed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasahrada" title="Battle of Kasahrada">Battle of Kasahrada</a> fought near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Abu" title="Mount Abu">Mount Abu</a> at Kasahrada in the southern <a href="/wiki/Aravalli_Range" title="Aravalli Range">Aravalli Hills</a> by a coalition of Rajput chiefs, which forced him to change his route for further incursions into India.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, Muhammad pressed upon the Ghanzavids, whose domain was considerably truncated, though they were still controlling parts of Punjab and Pakistan down to the valley of Kabul which were of strategic importance in the pathway to northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1977129_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1977129-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus by the turn of next decade, Muhammad conquered <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2004434_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2004434-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a> and annexed the last Ghaznavid principality in <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, with their capital in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lahore_(1186)" title="Siege of Lahore (1186)">1186</a> through stratagem after three incursions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1991144_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1991144-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001a_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001a-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RME_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RME-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1191, the Ghurids seized <a href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</a> and marched towards <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, but were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tarain" title="First Battle of Tarain">First Battle of Tarain</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput confederacy</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari" title="Chahamanas of Shakambhari">Ajmer-Chahamana</a> king <a href="/wiki/Prithviraja_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Prithviraja III">Prithviraja III</a>. Nevertheless, Muhammad returned a year later with an army of Turkish mounted archers and routed the Rajput forces in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tarain" title="Second Battle of Tarain">Second Battle of Tarain</a>, and executed Prithviraja shortly afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2004434–435_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2004434–435-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Govindaraja_IV" title="Govindaraja IV">Govindaraja IV</a>, son of Prithviraj Chauhan, submitted to the Ghurids the region of <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>, which became a vassal state.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jayapalan_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayapalan-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1193, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> was conquered by Muhammad of Ghor's general <a href="/wiki/Qutbu_l-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbu l-Din Aibak">Qutbu l-Din Aibak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RME_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RME-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly conquered territories were then put under the governorship of Qutb ud-Din Aibak, who was now Viceroy in Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-KN116_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KN116-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1194, Muhammad returned to India and crossed the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna River">Yamuna River</a> with an army of 50,000 horses and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chandawar" title="Battle of Chandawar">Battle of Chandawar</a> defeated the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Gahadavala_dynasty" title="Gahadavala dynasty">Gahadavala</a> king <a href="/wiki/Jayachandra" title="Jayachandra">Jayachandra</a>, who was killed in action. After the battle, Muhammad continued his advance to the east, with his general <a href="/wiki/Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak" title="Qutb ud-Din Aibak">Qutb ud-Din Aibak</a> in the vanguard. The city of <a href="/wiki/Benares" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a> (Kashi) was taken and razed, and "idols in a thousand temples" were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KN116_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KN116-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Asher11_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asher11-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally thought that the Buddhist city of <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> was also ravaged at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Asher11_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asher11-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Asher74_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asher74-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1196, Qutb ud-Din Aibak vanquished Sulakshanapala, the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kachchhapaghata_dynasty" title="Kachchhapaghata dynasty">Kachchhapaghata dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a>, capturing <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwalior fort">Gwalior fort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaya3_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaya3-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1196, Qutb ud-Din Aibak <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasahrada_(1197)" title="Battle of Kasahrada (1197)">vanquished</a> a coalition of the <a href="/wiki/Rajputs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajputs">Rajputs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukyas</a> under king <a href="/wiki/Bhima_II" title="Bhima II">Bhima II</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Abu" title="Mount Abu">Mount Abu</a>, thereafter sacking <a href="/wiki/Anhilwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhilwara">Anhilwara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaya3_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaya3-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1202–1203 CE, Qutbu l-Din Aibak, now Ghurid governor of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, invaded the <a href="/wiki/Chandelas_of_Jejakabhukti" title="Chandelas of Jejakabhukti">Chandela kingdom</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges Valley">Ganges Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESisirkumar_Mitra1977123–126_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisirkumar_Mitra1977123–126-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ghurids toppled local dynasties and destroyed Hindu temples during their advance across northern India, in place constructing <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> on the same sites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revenue and booty gained after sacking the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> temples fuelled the efforts of Muhammad to finance his imperial aspirations in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2004434,_436_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2004434,_436-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1203, <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtiyar Khalji">Bakhtiyar Khalji</a>, another <a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Turkic</a> general of Muhammad of Ghor, swept down the lower <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Gangetic Plain</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. In Bihar, he is said to have destroyed Buddhist centers of learning such as <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda University</a>, greatly contributing to the decline of pre-Islamic Indic scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bengal, he sacked the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Nudiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nudiya">Nudiya</a> in central Bengal, and established an Islamic government in the former <a href="/wiki/Sena_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sena Empire">Sena</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)" title="Gauḍa (city)">Lakhnauti</a> in 1205.<sup id="cite_ref-THCI_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THCI-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad placed his faithful Turkic generals, rather than his own Ghurid brethens, in position of authority over local tributary kings, throughout the conquered Indian lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the assassination of Muhammad in March 1206, his territories fragmented into smaller Sultanates led by his former <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> generals. <a href="/wiki/Tajuddin_Elduz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajuddin Elduz">Tajuddin Elduz</a> became the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasir-ud-Din_Qabacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha">Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha</a> became Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahauddin_Tughril" title="Bahauddin Tughril">Bahauddin Tughril</a> became Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Bayana" title="Bayana">Bayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb al-Din Aibak">Qutb al-Din Aibak</a> became Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khilji" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji">Bakhtiyar Khilji</a> became Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, but was soon assassinated and succeeded by several <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalji dynasty of Bengal">Khalji rulers</a>, until Bengal was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> Sultanate in 1227.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1206 and 1228 the various Turkic rulers and their successors rivaled for preeminence until the Sultan of Delhi <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a> prevailed, marking the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a>. This was the first dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, which in total had five dynasties and would rule most of India for more than three centuries until the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in 1526.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_fall">Decline and fall</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andkhud" title="Battle of Andkhud">Battle of Andkhud</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jhelum_(1206)" title="Battle of Jhelum (1206)">Battle of Jhelum (1206)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghurid dynasty is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Ghurid dynasty is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Ghurid_Empire_in_1215.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Map_of_the_Ghurid_Empire_in_1215.png/300px-Map_of_the_Ghurid_Empire_in_1215.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Map_of_the_Ghurid_Empire_in_1215.png/450px-Map_of_the_Ghurid_Empire_in_1215.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Map_of_the_Ghurid_Empire_in_1215.png/600px-Map_of_the_Ghurid_Empire_in_1215.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:05px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/1215_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="1215 CE"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">1215</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_70x80" style="position:absolute; left:70px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KHWARAZMIAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_40x45" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:45px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">CUMAN KHANATES</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_20x25" style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:25px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KIEVAN<br />RUS'</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x40" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">MONGOL<br />CONFEDERATION</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x40" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:40px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KIPCHACKS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_130x57" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:57px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">QARA KHITAI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_162x70" style="position:absolute; left:162px; top:70px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">QOCHO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_123x103" style="position:absolute; left:123px; top:103px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">GHURIDS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_35x82" style="position:absolute; left:35px; top:82px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Zengids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zengids"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">ZENGIDS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_40x90" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:90px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">ABBASID<br />CALIPHATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x125" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:125px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">YADAVAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x70" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:70px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">JIN<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x70" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:70px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">XI XIA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_230x100" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:100px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">SONG<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_193x135" style="position:absolute; left:193px; top:135px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">PAGAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x120" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:120px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">DALI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x145" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:145px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KHMER</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_2x100" style="position:absolute; left:2px; top:100px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">AYYUBID<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_5x73" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:73px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">SULTANATE<br />OF RUM</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_280x74" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:74px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">GO-<br />RYEO</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Ghurids and contemporary Asian polities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1215</div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad">Ghiyath</a> died on 13 March 1203 due to <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968164_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968164-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was succeeded by Muhammad of Ghor as the sole ruler of the vast Ghurid Empire. Soon after, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad II of Khwarazm">Alauddin Khwarazm Shah</a> besieged and captured some of the strongholds of the Ghurids around <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>, although Muhammad drove him back and further besieged their capital <a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Gurgānj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sicker103_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sicker103-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alauddin then appealed to his nominal suzerain the <a href="/wiki/Qara-Khitai" class="mw-redirect" title="Qara-Khitai">Qara-Khitai</a>, who dispatched a large contingent led by <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Zhilugu" title="Yelü Zhilugu">Yelü Zhilugu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sicker103_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sicker103-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andkhud" title="Battle of Andkhud">Battle of Andkhud</a> (1204), fought near the river Oxus, the Ghurid troops were completely routed by the combined forces of the <a href="/wiki/Qara-Khitai" class="mw-redirect" title="Qara-Khitai">Qara-Khitai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khwarizmian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarizmian Empire">Khwarizmians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sicker103_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sicker103-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeat at Andkhud was a watershed for the Ghurids who lost their control over most of the <a href="/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasan</a>. Notwithstanding, Muhammad within a year or so raised a vast army and build bridge across the Oxus to launch a full-scale invasion of <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> to avenge his defeat. However, he was forced to move towards Punjab to crush a <a href="/wiki/Khokhar" title="Khokhar">Khokhar</a> rebellion whom he <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jhelum_(1206)" title="Battle of Jhelum (1206)">defeated and massacred</a> in large number. On his way back, Muhammad of Ghor was assassinated near the Indus on March 15, 1206.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968165_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968165-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Muhammad Ghori in 1206, a confused struggle then ensued among the remaining Ghūrid leaders and the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmians</a>. The Khwarezmians under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad II of Khwarazm">Ala al-Din Muhammad</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghor">Ghor</a> in 1206, and finally <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> in 1215, completing the takeover of the western part of the Ghūrid empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Sicker103_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sicker103-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ghurid capital was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, recognizing Khwarazmian rule on north and central <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. The Ghurids continued their rule on much of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Sisitan</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and south of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the Ghūrids' empire was short-lived, Muhammad of Ghor's conquests strengthened the foundations of Muslim rule in India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <p>The Ghurids positioned themselves as defenders of <a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">Sunnism</a>. They had good relations with the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, who urged them to repel the advances of the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Kwarizmians</a> into western Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their conquests in India were also presented as a battle between the armies of Islam (<i>lashkar-i Islam</i>) and the armies of the unbelievers (<i>lashkar-i kuffar</i>), and gave them great prestige in the Islamic world as defenders of the orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jam_afghan_architecture_brick_decor_ghor_province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jam_afghan_architecture_brick_decor_ghor_province.jpg/220px-Jam_afghan_architecture_brick_decor_ghor_province.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jam_afghan_architecture_brick_decor_ghor_province.jpg/330px-Jam_afghan_architecture_brick_decor_ghor_province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jam_afghan_architecture_brick_decor_ghor_province.jpg/440px-Jam_afghan_architecture_brick_decor_ghor_province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption>Ornamental bands on the <a href="/wiki/Minaret_of_Jam" title="Minaret of Jam">Minaret of Jam</a>, bearing the <a href="/wiki/Sura_19" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura 19">19th Sura</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Koran" class="mw-redirect" title="Koran">Koran</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ghurids were great patrons of <a href="/wiki/Persian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian culture">Persian culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">literature</a> and lay the basis for a <a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianized</a> state in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most of the literature produced during the Ghurid era has been lost. They also transferred <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Persian architecture</a> to India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblyAsher1994242–250_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblyAsher1994242–250-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a> (died 1325), the Indians learned Persian because of the influence of the "Ghurids and Turks."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuer202130_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuer202130-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notion of Persian kingship served as the basis for the imperial formation, political and cultural unity of the Ghurids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuer202112_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuer202112-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Out of the Ghurid state grew the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> which established the Persian language as the official court language of the region – a status it retained until the late <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal era</a> in the 19th century. </p><p>There was a strong Turkic presence among the Ghurids, since Turk slave-soldiers formed the vanguard of the Ghurid armies.<sup id="cite_ref-BA41_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA41-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was intense amalgamation between these various ethnic groups: "a notable admixture of Tajik, Persian, Turkish and indigenous Afghan ethnicities therefore characterized the Shansabanis".<sup id="cite_ref-BA41_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BA41-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least until the end of the 13th century when they ruled the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> in India, the Turks in the Ghurid realm maintained their ethnical characteristics, continuing to use Turkish as their main language, rather than Persian, and persisting in their rude and bellicose ways as "men of the sword", in opposition to the Persian "men of the pen".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201948–49_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201948–49-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheheltan-chisht.-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The two mausoleums of Chisht (the western was built in 1167)"><img alt="The two mausoleums of Chisht (the western was built in 1167)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cheheltan-chisht.-2.jpg/120px-Cheheltan-chisht.-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cheheltan-chisht.-2.jpg/180px-Cheheltan-chisht.-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cheheltan-chisht.-2.jpg/240px-Cheheltan-chisht.-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="638" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The two <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleums</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chisht" class="mw-redirect" title="Chisht">Chisht</a> (the western was built in 1167)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheheltan-chisht.-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The eastern mausoleum of Chisht (built in 1194)"><img alt="The eastern mausoleum of Chisht (built in 1194)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cheheltan-chisht.-1.jpg/120px-Cheheltan-chisht.-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cheheltan-chisht.-1.jpg/180px-Cheheltan-chisht.-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cheheltan-chisht.-1.jpg/240px-Cheheltan-chisht.-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="638" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The eastern mausoleum of Chisht (built in 1194)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah-i_Mashhad-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of the Shah-i Mashhad madrasa (built in 1176)"><img alt="Ruins of the Shah-i Mashhad madrasa (built in 1176)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shah-i_Mashhad-1.jpg/120px-Shah-i_Mashhad-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shah-i_Mashhad-1.jpg/180px-Shah-i_Mashhad-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shah-i_Mashhad-1.jpg/240px-Shah-i_Mashhad-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of the <i>Shah-i Mashhad</i> <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a> (built in 1176)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghurid_arch_of_Qala-e-Bost.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghurid arch in Qala-e-Bost"><img alt="Ghurid arch in Qala-e-Bost" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ghurid_arch_of_Qala-e-Bost.jpg/120px-Ghurid_arch_of_Qala-e-Bost.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ghurid_arch_of_Qala-e-Bost.jpg/180px-Ghurid_arch_of_Qala-e-Bost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ghurid_arch_of_Qala-e-Bost.jpg/240px-Ghurid_arch_of_Qala-e-Bost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="569" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ghurid arch in <a href="/wiki/Qala-e-Bost" class="mw-redirect" title="Qala-e-Bost">Qala-e-Bost</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Herat._Brick_iwan_with_remains_of_Ghurid_inscriptions._1200-1201_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Mosque of Herat: Ghurid entrance (iwan) with remains of Ghurid inscriptions. 1200–1201 CE.[99]"><img alt="Great Mosque of Herat: Ghurid entrance (iwan) with remains of Ghurid inscriptions. 1200–1201 CE.[99]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Great_Mosque_of_Herat._Brick_iwan_with_remains_of_Ghurid_inscriptions._1200-1201_CE.jpg/115px-Great_Mosque_of_Herat._Brick_iwan_with_remains_of_Ghurid_inscriptions._1200-1201_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Great_Mosque_of_Herat._Brick_iwan_with_remains_of_Ghurid_inscriptions._1200-1201_CE.jpg/172px-Great_Mosque_of_Herat._Brick_iwan_with_remains_of_Ghurid_inscriptions._1200-1201_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Great_Mosque_of_Herat._Brick_iwan_with_remains_of_Ghurid_inscriptions._1200-1201_CE.jpg/229px-Great_Mosque_of_Herat._Brick_iwan_with_remains_of_Ghurid_inscriptions._1200-1201_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1313" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Herat" title="Great Mosque of Herat">Great Mosque of Herat</a>: Ghurid entrance (<i><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwan</a></i>) with remains of Ghurid inscriptions. 1200–1201 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friday_Mosque_keyhole_arch_(Ghaznavid_style).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friday Mosque keyhole arch (Ghaznavid style)"><img alt="Friday Mosque keyhole arch (Ghaznavid style)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Friday_Mosque_keyhole_arch_%28Ghaznavid_style%29.jpg/93px-Friday_Mosque_keyhole_arch_%28Ghaznavid_style%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Friday_Mosque_keyhole_arch_%28Ghaznavid_style%29.jpg/139px-Friday_Mosque_keyhole_arch_%28Ghaznavid_style%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Friday_Mosque_keyhole_arch_%28Ghaznavid_style%29.jpg/185px-Friday_Mosque_keyhole_arch_%28Ghaznavid_style%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="2366" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Friday Mosque keyhole arch (Ghaznavid style)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friday_Mosque,_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum,_interior_of_portal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, interior of portal"><img alt="Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, interior of portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_interior_of_portal.jpg/94px-Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_interior_of_portal.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_interior_of_portal.jpg/140px-Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_interior_of_portal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_interior_of_portal.jpg/187px-Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_interior_of_portal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="2374" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad">Ghiyath al-Din</a> mausoleum, interior of portal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friday_Mosque,_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum,_kufic_inscriptions.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, kufic inscriptions"><img alt="Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, kufic inscriptions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_kufic_inscriptions.jpg/119px-Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_kufic_inscriptions.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_kufic_inscriptions.jpg/179px-Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_kufic_inscriptions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_kufic_inscriptions.jpg/239px-Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_kufic_inscriptions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, kufic inscriptions</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friday_Mosque,_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum,_naskhi_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, naskhi inscription"><img alt="Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, naskhi inscription" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_naskhi_inscription.jpg/120px-Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_naskhi_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_naskhi_inscription.jpg/180px-Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_naskhi_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_naskhi_inscription.jpg/240px-Friday_Mosque%2C_Ghiyath_al-Din_mausoleum%2C_naskhi_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3036" data-file-height="1424" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, naskhi inscription</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metalwork_of_the_Ghurid_period">Metalwork of the Ghurid period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ewer_in_the_name_of_Mahmud_b._Muhammad_al-Harawi_Khurasan,_Herat,_dated_A.H._Sha%27ban_577_(December_10,_1181-January_7,_1182).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ewer_in_the_name_of_Mahmud_b._Muhammad_al-Harawi_Khurasan%2C_Herat%2C_dated_A.H._Sha%27ban_577_%28December_10%2C_1181-January_7%2C_1182%29.jpg/220px-Ewer_in_the_name_of_Mahmud_b._Muhammad_al-Harawi_Khurasan%2C_Herat%2C_dated_A.H._Sha%27ban_577_%28December_10%2C_1181-January_7%2C_1182%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ewer_in_the_name_of_Mahmud_b._Muhammad_al-Harawi_Khurasan%2C_Herat%2C_dated_A.H._Sha%27ban_577_%28December_10%2C_1181-January_7%2C_1182%29.jpg/330px-Ewer_in_the_name_of_Mahmud_b._Muhammad_al-Harawi_Khurasan%2C_Herat%2C_dated_A.H._Sha%27ban_577_%28December_10%2C_1181-January_7%2C_1182%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ewer_in_the_name_of_Mahmud_b._Muhammad_al-Harawi_Khurasan%2C_Herat%2C_dated_A.H._Sha%27ban_577_%28December_10%2C_1181-January_7%2C_1182%29.jpg/440px-Ewer_in_the_name_of_Mahmud_b._Muhammad_al-Harawi_Khurasan%2C_Herat%2C_dated_A.H._Sha%27ban_577_%28December_10%2C_1181-January_7%2C_1182%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="4130" /></a><figcaption>Ewer inscribed in the name of Mahmud b. Muhammad al-Harawi Khurasan, at <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, and dated A.H. Sha'ban 577 (December 10, 1181–January 7, 1182). <a href="/wiki/Georgian_National_Museum" title="Georgian National Museum">Georgian National Museum</a>. Exhibit <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Court_and_Cosmos:_The_Great_Age_of_the_Seljuqs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs">"<i>Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs</i>"</a> (2016), <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SRC_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRC-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>An important metalwork school was located in <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> during the Ghurid period, following the conquest of the Seljuk city by the Ghurids in 1175.<sup id="cite_ref-FBF_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBF-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Islamic world, <a href="/wiki/Inlay" title="Inlay">inlaid metalworking</a>, consisting of patterned silver inlays in a brass background, was first developed in the region of <a href="/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasan</a> in the 12th century, by silversmiths facing a shortage of silver.<sup id="cite_ref-Raby_2012_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raby_2012-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-12th century, <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> in particular had already gained a reputation for its high-quality inlaid metalwork, with works such as the <a href="/wiki/Bobrinski_Bucket" title="Bobrinski Bucket">Bobrinski Bucket</a> (dated inscription of 1163).<sup id="cite_ref-Raby_2012_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raby_2012-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A series of remarkable ewers is attributed to this Herat school of metalwork at the time of Ghurid rule, during the 1180–1200 period. One of them, now in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_National_Museum" title="Georgian National Museum">Georgian National Museum</a>, is marked with a poem in Persian which specifically records its manufacture in Herat in 1181–1182, and permits the attribution and dating of this group of ewers to 1180–1200 in Herat, at the time of Ghurid rule.<sup id="cite_ref-MET_Ewer_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MET_Ewer-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Met_Ghurid_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met_Ghurid-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SRC_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRC-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My ewer is the most beautiful ewer of all time. Who in this world has anything like this today? Everyone who has seen it has said it is very beautiful. No one has seen its equal, for it is unparalleled </p><p>Look at the ewer from which spirit is born. It is the water of life that flows from it. Any stream that comes from it into the hand. Creates a new pleasure every moment </p><p>Look at the ewer that is praised by everyone. It would be worthy of service to an honored person like you Every eye that sees it opens wide. And says that nothing could be better than this </p><p>This water vessel is made in <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>. Who else could product anything like it (in the world)? Although the seven stars the Planets of the celestial sphere lift their heads high, May they look favorably upon him who produces such a ewer </p><p>Mercy be on him who makes such a ewer. May he be given silver and gold for making it. May good fortune come to him and caress him in friendship. May affliction be removed and given to his enemies </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ewer in the name of Mahmud b. Muhammad al-Harawi Khurasan, Herat, dated A.H. Sha'ban 577 (December 10, 1181–January 7, 1182). Brass; raised, repousse, engraved, inlaid with copper and silver. <a href="/wiki/Georgian_National_Museum" title="Georgian National Museum">Georgian National Museum</a>, Janashia Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi (19-2008;32).<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SRC_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRC-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The practice of inlaying "required relatively few tools" and the technique spread westward, perhaps by Khurasani artisans moving to other cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Raby_2012_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raby_2012-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the turn of the 13th century, the silver-inlaid-brass technique had reached <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> under the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengid dynasty</a> (area of modern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Raby_2012_101-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raby_2012-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2></div> <table style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;">Coinage </th> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;">Titular Name(s) </th> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;">Personal Name </th> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:7%;">Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Amir</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">امیر</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Banji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amir Banji (page does not exist)">Amir Banji</a> <br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">امیر سوری</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8th-century <br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Malik</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملک</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Amir_Suri" title="Amir Suri">Amir Suri</a> <br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">امیر سوری</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9th-century – 10th-century<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Malik</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملک </span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Suri" title="Muhammad ibn Suri">Muhammad ibn Suri</a> <br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">محمد بن سوری</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10th-century – 1011<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightblue"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"><i><b>As vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid Empire">Ghaznavid Empire</a></b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightblue"> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Malik</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملک </span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abu Ali ibn Muhammad">Abu Ali ibn Muhammad</a><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ابوعلی بن محمد</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1011–1035 </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightblue"> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Malik</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملک </span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Shith" title="Abbas ibn Shith">Abbas ibn Shith</a><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">عباس بن شیث</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1035 – 1060 </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightblue"> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Malik</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملک </span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abbas" title="Muhammad ibn Abbas">Muhammad ibn Abbas</a><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">محمد بن عباس</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1060 – 1080 </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightblue"> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Malik</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملک </span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-din_Hasan" title="Qutb al-din Hasan">Qutb al-din Hasan</a><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">قطب‌ الدین حسن</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1080 – 1100 </td></tr> <tr style="background:yellow"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"><i><b>As vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="background:yellow"> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Abul-Muluk</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ابولملک</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_Husayn" title="Izz al-Din Husayn">Izz al-Din Husayn</a><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">عز الدین حسین</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1100–1146 </td></tr> <tr style="background:yellow"> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Malik</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملک </span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Suri" title="Sayf al-Din Suri">Sayf al-Din Suri</a><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سیف‌ الدین سوری</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1146–1149 </td></tr> <tr style="background:yellow"> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Malik</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملک </span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_Sam_I" title="Baha al-Din Sam I">Baha al-Din Sam I</a><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بهاء الدین سام</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1149 </td></tr> <tr style="background:yellow"> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Malik</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملک </span></small> <br /><i>Sultan al-Muazzam</i><br /> <small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سلطان المعظم</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ala_al-Din_Husayn" title="Ala al-Din Husayn">Ala al-Din Husayn</a> <br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">علاء الدین حسین</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1149–1161 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"><i><b>As independent rulers</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Malik</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملک </span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Sayf al-Din Muhammad">Sayf al-Din Muhammad</a><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سیف‌ الدین محمد</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1161–1163 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghurids_(Ghur_%26_Ghazna)._Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_558-599_AD_1163-1203._Baldat_Herat_mint._Dated_AH_599_(AD_1202-3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghurids (Ghur & Ghazna). Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad. AH 558–599 AD 1163–1203. Baldat Herat mint. Dated AH 599 (AD 1202–3)."><img alt="Ghurids (Ghur & Ghazna). Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad. AH 558–599 AD 1163–1203. Baldat Herat mint. Dated AH 599 (AD 1202–3)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ghurids_%28Ghur_%26_Ghazna%29._Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_558-599_AD_1163-1203._Baldat_Herat_mint._Dated_AH_599_%28AD_1202-3%29.jpg/100px-Ghurids_%28Ghur_%26_Ghazna%29._Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_558-599_AD_1163-1203._Baldat_Herat_mint._Dated_AH_599_%28AD_1202-3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ghurids_%28Ghur_%26_Ghazna%29._Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_558-599_AD_1163-1203._Baldat_Herat_mint._Dated_AH_599_%28AD_1202-3%29.jpg/150px-Ghurids_%28Ghur_%26_Ghazna%29._Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_558-599_AD_1163-1203._Baldat_Herat_mint._Dated_AH_599_%28AD_1202-3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ghurids_%28Ghur_%26_Ghazna%29._Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_558-599_AD_1163-1203._Baldat_Herat_mint._Dated_AH_599_%28AD_1202-3%29.jpg/200px-Ghurids_%28Ghur_%26_Ghazna%29._Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_558-599_AD_1163-1203._Baldat_Herat_mint._Dated_AH_599_%28AD_1202-3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="804" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Sultan Abul-Fateh</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سلطان ابوالفتح</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad">Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad</a><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">غیاث‌ الدین محمد</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1163–1203 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Muhammad of Ghor, AH 599–602 1171–1206 CE"><img alt="Coin of Muhammad of Ghor, AH 599–602 1171–1206 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg/100px-Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg/150px-Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg/200px-Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="770" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206._Pagoda_coin_with._Lakshmi_seated_facing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian coinage (Pagoda) of Muhammad of Ghor. Obverse: Lakshmi seated facing. Reverse: śri maha/[mi]ra mahama/da sama in Devanagari."><img alt="Indian coinage (Pagoda) of Muhammad of Ghor. Obverse: Lakshmi seated facing. Reverse: śri maha/[mi]ra mahama/da sama in Devanagari." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206._Pagoda_coin_with._Lakshmi_seated_facing.jpg/100px-Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206._Pagoda_coin_with._Lakshmi_seated_facing.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206._Pagoda_coin_with._Lakshmi_seated_facing.jpg/150px-Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206._Pagoda_coin_with._Lakshmi_seated_facing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206._Pagoda_coin_with._Lakshmi_seated_facing.jpg/200px-Mu%27izz_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Sam._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206._Pagoda_coin_with._Lakshmi_seated_facing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="417" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Sultan Shahāb-ud-din Muhammad Ghori</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سلطان شهاب‌ الدین محمد غوری </span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">معز الدین محمد</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1203–1206 </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightgreen"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"><i><b>As vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightgreen"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghiyath_al-Din_Mahmud._AH_602-609_AD_1206-1212.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud. AH 602–609 1206–1212 CE"><img alt="Coin of Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud. AH 602–609 1206–1212 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ghiyath_al-Din_Mahmud._AH_602-609_AD_1206-1212.jpg/100px-Ghiyath_al-Din_Mahmud._AH_602-609_AD_1206-1212.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ghiyath_al-Din_Mahmud._AH_602-609_AD_1206-1212.jpg/150px-Ghiyath_al-Din_Mahmud._AH_602-609_AD_1206-1212.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ghiyath_al-Din_Mahmud._AH_602-609_AD_1206-1212.jpg/200px-Ghiyath_al-Din_Mahmud._AH_602-609_AD_1206-1212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="796" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Sultan</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سلطان</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Mahmud" title="Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud">Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud</a> <br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">غیاث‌ الدین محمود</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1206–1212 </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightgreen"> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Sultan</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سلطان</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_Sam_III" title="Baha al-Din Sam III">Baha al-Din Sam III</a> <br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بهاء الدین سام</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1212–1213 </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightgreen"> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Sultan</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سلطان</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ala_al-Din_Atsiz" title="Ala al-Din Atsiz">Ala al-Din Atsiz</a> <br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">علاء الدین دراست</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1213–1214 </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightgreen"> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Sultan</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سلطان</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Zia_al-Din_Ali" title="Zia al-Din Ali">Ala al-Din Ali</a> <br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">علاء الدین علی</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1214–1215 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian</a> conquest </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bamiyan_Branch">Bamiyan Branch</h3></div> <table style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;">Coinage </th> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;">Titular Name(s) </th> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;">Personal Name </th> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:7%;">Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"><i><b>As independent rulers</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Malik</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملک </span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_Masud" title="Fakhr al-Din Masud">Fakhr al-Din Masud</a><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">فخرالدین مسعود</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1152–1163 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghurids_(Bamiyan)._Shams_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_558-588_AD_1163-1192.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghurids (Bamiyan). Shams al-Din Muhammad. AH 558–588 AD 1163–1192."><img alt="Ghurids (Bamiyan). Shams al-Din Muhammad. AH 558–588 AD 1163–1192." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ghurids_%28Bamiyan%29._Shams_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_558-588_AD_1163-1192.jpg/100px-Ghurids_%28Bamiyan%29._Shams_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_558-588_AD_1163-1192.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ghurids_%28Bamiyan%29._Shams_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_558-588_AD_1163-1192.jpg/150px-Ghurids_%28Bamiyan%29._Shams_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_558-588_AD_1163-1192.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ghurids_%28Bamiyan%29._Shams_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_558-588_AD_1163-1192.jpg/200px-Ghurids_%28Bamiyan%29._Shams_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_558-588_AD_1163-1192.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="407" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Malik</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملک </span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Masud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Masud (page does not exist)">Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Masud</a><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">شمس‌ الدین محمد بن مسعود</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1163–1192 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Malik</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملک </span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbas_ibn_Muhammad_Ghuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbas ibn Muhammad Ghuri (page does not exist)">Abbas ibn Muhammad</a><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">عباس بن محمد</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1192 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghurids_(Bamiyan)._Baha%27_al-Din_Sam._AH_588-602_AD_1192-1206._Wakhsh_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghurids (Bamiyan). Baha' al-Din Sam. AH 588–602 AD 1192–1206. Wakhsh mint."><img alt="Ghurids (Bamiyan). Baha' al-Din Sam. AH 588–602 AD 1192–1206. Wakhsh mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ghurids_%28Bamiyan%29._Baha%27_al-Din_Sam._AH_588-602_AD_1192-1206._Wakhsh_mint.jpg/100px-Ghurids_%28Bamiyan%29._Baha%27_al-Din_Sam._AH_588-602_AD_1192-1206._Wakhsh_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ghurids_%28Bamiyan%29._Baha%27_al-Din_Sam._AH_588-602_AD_1192-1206._Wakhsh_mint.jpg/150px-Ghurids_%28Bamiyan%29._Baha%27_al-Din_Sam._AH_588-602_AD_1192-1206._Wakhsh_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ghurids_%28Bamiyan%29._Baha%27_al-Din_Sam._AH_588-602_AD_1192-1206._Wakhsh_mint.jpg/200px-Ghurids_%28Bamiyan%29._Baha%27_al-Din_Sam._AH_588-602_AD_1192-1206._Wakhsh_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="409" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Malik</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملک </span></small><br /><i>Abul-Mu'ayyid</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ابوالمؤید</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_Sam_II" title="Baha al-Din Sam II">Baha al-Din Sam II</a><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بهاء الدین سام</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1192–1206 </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightgreen"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"><i><b>As vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightgreen"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jalal_al-Din_Ali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Jalal_al-Din_Ali."><img alt="Coin of Jalal_al-Din_Ali." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jalal_al-Din_Ali.jpg/100px-Jalal_al-Din_Ali.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jalal_al-Din_Ali.jpg/150px-Jalal_al-Din_Ali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jalal_al-Din_Ali.jpg/200px-Jalal_al-Din_Ali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Malik</i><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ملک </span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Ali" title="Jalal al-Din Ali">Jalal al-Din Ali</a><br /><small><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جلال‌ الدین علی</span></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1206–1215 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian</a> conquest </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><i>Green shaded row signifies Ghurid vassalage under the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a>.</i></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ghurid_family_tree">Ghurid family tree</h2></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%">Ghurid dynasty family tree </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Amir_Suri" title="Amir Suri">Amir Suri</a><br />(9th-century-10th-century)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Suri" title="Muhammad ibn Suri">Muhammad ibn Suri</a><br />(10th-century-1011)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abu Ali ibn Muhammad">Abu Ali ibn Muhammad</a><br />(1011–1035)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shith_ibn_Muhammad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shith ibn Muhammad (page does not exist)">Shith ibn Muhammad</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Shith" title="Abbas ibn Shith">Abbas ibn Shith</a><br />(1035–1060)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abbas" title="Muhammad ibn Abbas">Muhammad ibn Abbas</a><br />(1060–1080)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-din_Hasan" title="Qutb al-din Hasan">Qutb al-din Hasan</a><br />(1080–1100)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_Husayn" title="Izz al-Din Husayn">Izz al-Din Husayn</a><br />(1100–1146)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Suri" title="Sayf al-Din Suri">Sayf al-Din Suri</a><br />(1146–1149)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuja_al-Din_Muhammad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuja al-Din Muhammad (page does not exist)">Shuja al-Din Muhammad</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qutb_al-Din_Muhammad_(Ghurid_ruler)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qutb al-Din Muhammad (Ghurid ruler) (page does not exist)">Qutb al-Din Muhammad</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_Sam_I" title="Baha al-Din Sam I">Baha al-Din Sam I</a><br />(1149)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_Muhammad_Kharnak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasir al-Din Muhammad Kharnak (page does not exist)">Nasir al-Din Muhammad Kharnak</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ala_al-Din_Husayn" title="Ala al-Din Husayn">Ala al-Din Husayn</a><br />(1149–1161)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_Masud" title="Fakhr al-Din Masud">Fakhr al-Din Masud</a><br />(1152–1163)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Zia_al-Din_Ali" title="Zia al-Din Ali">Ala al-Din Ali</a><br />(1214–1215)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad">Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad</a><br />(1163–1202)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a><br />(1202–1206)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Masud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Masud (page does not exist)">Shams al-Din Muhammad</a><br />(1163–1192)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Sayf al-Din Muhammad">Sayf al-Din Muhammad</a><br />(1149–1157)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ala_al-Din_Atsiz" title="Ala al-Din Atsiz">Ala al-Din Atsiz</a><br />(1213–1214)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abbas ibn Muhammad">Abbas ibn Muhammad</a><br />(1192)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_Sam_II" title="Baha al-Din Sam II">Baha al-Din Sam II</a><br />(1192–1206)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Mahmud" title="Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud">Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud</a><br />(1206–1212)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" 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style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Ali" title="Jalal al-Din Ali">Jalal al-Din Ali</a><br />(1206–1215)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ala_al-Din_Muhammad_(Ghurid)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ala al-Din Muhammad (Ghurid) (page does not exist)">Ala al-Din Muhammad</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_Sam_III" title="Baha al-Din Sam III">Baha al-Din Sam III</a><br />(1212–1213)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Ghurid_dynasty" title="List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty">List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Schwartzberg" title="Joseph E. Schwartzberg">Schwartzberg, Joseph E.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185"><i>A Historical Atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Oxford University Press, Digital South Asia Library. p. 147, Map "g".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.pages=147%2C+Map+%22g%22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Digital+South+Asia+Library&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201938-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201938_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201938_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2019">Eaton 2019</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1998" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C.E. (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA432"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia</i></a>. UNESCO. pp. 432–433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103467-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=432-433&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103467-1&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D18eABeokpjEC%26pg%3DPA432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2018p._26,_Figure_I:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2018p._26,_Figure_I:2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2018">Thomas 2018</a>, p. 26, Figure I:2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KS_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2015" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Karl J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA37"><i>An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History</i></a>. Routledge. p. 37, Map 16.2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47681-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47681-8"><bdi>978-1-317-47681-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+and+Survey+of+South+Asian+History&rft.pages=37%2C+Map+16.2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47681-8&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Karl+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqdzCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA185"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia</i></a>. UNESCO. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103467-1</bdi></a>. <q>In 1201 Ghurid troops entered Khurasan and captured Nishapur, Merv, Sarakhs and Tus, reaching as far as Gurgan and Bistam. Kuhistan, a stronghold of the Ismailis, was plundered and all Khurasan was brought temporarily under Ghurid control</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103467-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D18eABeokpjEC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001b_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth2001b">Bosworth 2001b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THC-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THC_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ml75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237"><i>Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections</i></a>. Brill. 2020. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43736-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43736-4"><bdi>978-90-04-43736-4</bdi></a>. <q>In 1205, Bakhtīyar Khilji sacked Nudiya, the pre-eminent city of western Bengal and established an Islamic government at Laukhnauti, the capital of the predecessor Sena dynasty. On this occasion, commemorative coins were struck in gold and silver in the name of Muhammad b. Sām</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+History+and+Culture+in+India%3A+Identity%2C+Art+and+Transregional+Connections&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43736-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dml75DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuer20216-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuer20216_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuer2021">Auer 2021</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heratcapital-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heratcapital_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latrobe.academia.edu/DavidThomas/Papers/107251/Firuzkuh_the_summer_capital_of_the_Ghurids">Firuzkuh: the summer capital of the Ghurids</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406170937/http://latrobe.academia.edu/DavidThomas/Papers/107251/Firuzkuh_the_summer_capital_of_the_Ghurids">Archived</a> 6 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by David Thomas, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghazcapital-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ghazcapital_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-volume set</i>, by Jonathan Bloom, Sheila Blair, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids</i>, C.E. Bosworth, <b>Iran</b>, Vol. 6, (1968), 35;;"Like the Ghaznavids whom they supplanted, the Ghurids had their court poets, and these wrote in <b>Persian</b>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neal2015-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neal2015_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neal2015_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neal2015_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Neal2015">O'Neal 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinorsky1970" class="citation book cs1">Minorsky, Vladmir (1970). <i>Ḥudūd al-'Ālam, "The Regions of the World,"</i>. Leningrad: University Press, Oxford. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780906094037" title="Special:BookSources/9780906094037"><bdi>9780906094037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%B8%A4ud%C5%ABd+al-%27%C4%80lam%2C+%22The+Regions+of+the+World%2C%22&rft.place=Leningrad&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=University+Press%2C+Oxford&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780906094037&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=Vladmir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nizami178-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nizami178_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Ghurids</i>, K.A. Nizami, <i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia</i>, Vol.4, Part 1, ed. M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth, (Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1999), 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxfordArea-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OxfordArea_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangBaylyScheidel2020" class="citation book cs1">Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92"><i>The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977311-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977311-4"><bdi>978-0-19-977311-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+World+History+of+Empire%3A+Volume+One%3A+The+Imperial+Experience&rft.pages=92-94&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977311-4&rft.aulast=Bang&rft.aufirst=Peter+Fibiger&rft.au=Bayly%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Scheidel%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9mkLEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarisitz2017" class="citation book cs1">Barisitz, Stephan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DLPDDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA94"><i>Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia</i></a>. Springer. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51213-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51213-6"><bdi>978-3-319-51213-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+and+the+Silk+Road%3A+Economic+Rise+and+Decline+over+Several+Millennia&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-51213-6&rft.aulast=Barisitz&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDLPDDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mountstuart_Elphinstone" title="Mountstuart Elphinstone">Elphinstone, Mountstuart</a>. The History of India. Vol. 1. J. Murray, 1841. Web. 29 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAluAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA598">Link</a>: <i>"...the prevalent and apparently the correct opinion is, that both they and their subjects were Afghans. "</i> & <i>"In the time of Sultan Mahmud it was held, as has been observed, by a prince whom Ferishta calls Mohammed Soory (or Sur) Afghan."</i> pp. 598–599</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A short history of India: and of the frontier states of Afghanistan, Nipal, and Burma, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0115%2FY3022M">Wheeler, James Talboys</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609112709/http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0115%2FY3022M">Archived</a> 9 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96740/page/n105">LINK</a>): <i>"The next conqueror after Mahmud who made a name in India, was Muhammad Ghori, the Afghan."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balfour" title="Edward Balfour">Balfour, Edward</a>. The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial Industrial, and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1885. Web. 29 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3U0OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA392">Link</a>: <i>"IZ-ud-DIN Husain, the founder of the Ghori dynasty, was a native of Afghanistan. The origin of the house of Ghor has, however, been much discussed, – the prevailing opinion being that both they and their subjects were an Afghan race. "</i> p. 392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EofI-Afghanistan-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EofI-Afghanistan_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EofI-Afghanistan_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Longworth_DamesG._MorgenstierneR._Ghirshman1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">M. Longworth Dames; G. Morgenstierne; R. Ghirshman (1999). "AF<u>GH</u>ĀNISTĀN". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i> (CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0 ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. <q><i>"... there is no evidence for assuming that the inhabitants of Ghūr were originally Pashto-speaking (cf. Dames, in E I1). If we are to believe the Paṭa Khazāna (see below, iii), the legendary Amīr Karōṝ, grandson of Shansab, (8th century) was a Pashto poet, but this for various reasons is very improbable ..."</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AF%3Cu%3EGH%3C%2Fu%3E%C4%80NIST%C4%80N&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.edition=CD-ROM+Edition+v.+1.0&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV&rft.date=1999&rft.au=M.+Longworth+Dames&rft.au=G.+Morgenstierne&rft.au=R.+Ghirshman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Eaton2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Eaton" title="Richard M. Eaton">Richard Eaton</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tLXXAAAAMAAJ&q=Rajputs"><i>Essays on Islam and Indian History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565114-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565114-0"><bdi>978-0-19-565114-0</bdi></a>. <q>The dynamics of north Indian politics changed dramatically, however, when the Ghurids, a dynasty of Tajik (eastern Iranian), origin arrived from central Afghanistan towards the end of twelfth century</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Islam+and+Indian+History&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565114-0&rft.au=Richard+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtLXXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DRajputs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: <i>"... The Shansabānīs were, like the rest of the <u>Gh</u>ūrīs, of eastern Iranian Tājik stock ..."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink202078-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink202078_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWink2020">Wink 2020</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cynthia Talbot, <i>The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Chauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000</i>, (Cambridge University Press, 2016), 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2018" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92"><i>Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18074-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18074-8"><bdi>978-0-691-18074-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Translation%3A+Material+Culture+and+Medieval+%22Hindu-Muslim%22+Encounter&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18074-8&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MhJDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvari2013" class="citation book cs1">Avari, Burjor (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC&pg=PA41"><i>Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent</i></a>. Routledge. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58061-8"><bdi>978-0-415-58061-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Civilization+in+South+Asia%3A+A+History+of+Muslim+Power+and+Presence+in+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58061-8&rft.aulast=Avari&rft.aufirst=Burjor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhGHpVtQ8eKoC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvari2013" class="citation book cs1">Avari, Burjor (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC&pg=PA41"><i>Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent</i></a>. Routledge. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58061-8"><bdi>978-0-415-58061-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Civilization+in+South+Asia%3A+A+History+of+Muslim+Power+and+Presence+in+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58061-8&rft.aulast=Avari&rft.aufirst=Burjor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhGHpVtQ8eKoC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Cambridge-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Cambridge_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Cambridge_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Wink" title="André Wink">Wink, André</a> (2010). "The early expansion of Islam in India". In <a href="/wiki/David_O._Morgan" title="David O. Morgan">Morgan, David O.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Reid_(academic)" title="Anthony Reid (academic)">Reid, Anthony</a> (eds.). <i>The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 3: The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85031-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85031-5"><bdi>978-0-521-85031-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+early+expansion+of+Islam+in+India&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+Islam%2C+Volume+3%3A+The+Eastern+Islamic+World%2C+Eleventh+to+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85031-5&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Persianate-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Persianate_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2009" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&pg=PA3"><i>Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12594-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12594-7"><bdi>978-0-691-12594-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Translation%3A+Material+Culture+and+Medieval+%22Hindu-Muslim%22+Encounter&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12594-7&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLNE_li8C10C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: <i>"... There is nothing to confirm the recent surmise that the <u>Gh</u>ūids were Pa<u>sh</u>to-speaking [...] the Paṭa Khazāna "Treasury of secrets", claims to include Pa<u>sh</u>to poetry from the <u>Gh</u>ūid period, but the significance of this work has not yet been evaluated ..."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-op-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-op_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids">"Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids)"</a>. <i>iranicaonline.org</i>. <q>Ḡazna and Bost suffered frightful sackings by ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Ḥosayn, in which colleges and libraries were despoiled, and the buildings of previous sultans destroyed (Jūzjānī, pp. 343–345; Čahār maqāla, ed. Qazvīnī, p. 31), earning him the uneviable epithet of Jahānsūz (world incendiary).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica+%28Ghurids%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fghurids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001a578–583-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001a578–583_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001a578–583_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth2001a">Bosworth 2001a</a>, pp. 578–583.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1991136-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1991136_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWink1991">Wink 1991</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201855-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201855_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2018">Thomas 2018</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201856-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201856_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2018">Thomas 2018</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1991138-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1991138_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1991138_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWink1991">Wink 1991</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1991136–137-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1991136–137_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWink1991">Wink 1991</a>, pp. 136–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968163-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968163_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1968">Bosworth 1968</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2022" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr Barry (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vUZpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105"><i>Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval 'Hindu-Muslim' Encounter</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3324-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3324-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-3324-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Translation%3A+Material+Culture+and+Medieval+%27Hindu-Muslim%27+Encounter&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3324-5&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvUZpEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Princeton_University_Press-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_University_Press_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_University_Press_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2022" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr Barry (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vUZpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90"><i>Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval 'Hindu-Muslim' Encounter</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3324-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3324-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-3324-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Translation%3A+Material+Culture+and+Medieval+%27Hindu-Muslim%27+Encounter&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3324-5&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvUZpEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBEI-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EBEI_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth" class="citation web cs1">Bosworth, Edmond. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids">"Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids)"</a>. <i>iranicaonline.org</i>. <q>In the west, Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn, often in concert with his brother, extended his suzerainty over the maleks of Nīmrūz or Sīstān and even over the Kermān branch of the Saljuqs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica+%28Ghurids%29&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fghurids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-XX-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-XX_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-XX_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-XX_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Ghurids</i></a>. <q>The actual fighting in Khorasan at this time was largely between the Ghurids and Tekeš's brother Solṭānšāh, who had carved out for himself personally a principality in western Khorasan, until in 586/1190. Ḡīāṯ-al–Dīn and Moʿezz-al-Dīn defeated Solṭānšāh near Marv in 588/1192, captured him, and took over his territories (Jūzjānī, I, 303–304, tr. I, pp. 246–247). When Tekeš died in 596/1200 (Ebn al-Aṯīr, Beirut, XII, pp. 156–158), Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn was able to take over most of the towns of Khorasan as far west as Besṭām in Qūmes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Ghurids&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fghurids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Ghurids</i></a>. <q>ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Ḥosayn's expansionist policies raised the Ghurids into a power of significance well beyond Ḡūr itself. Latterly, he was able to take advantage of a certain power-vacuum in the eastern Islamic world which had arisen through the decay of the Ghaznavids and the collapse of Saljuq power in Khorasan consequent on Sanjar's defeat and capture by the Ḡozz (q.v.) in 548/1153.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Ghurids&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fghurids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sanjar">"Encyclopedia Iranica, Sanjar"</a>. <i>iranicaonline.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica%2C+Sanjar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fsanjar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Habib1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Habib" title="Mohammad Habib">Mohammad Habib</a> (1992). "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ"><i>A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)</i></a>. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31870180">31870180</a>. <q>At this juncture Sultan Ghiyasuddin Ghuri died at Herat on 27 Jamadi I.A H 599 (13 March A.D 1203)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Asiatic+Environment&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India%3A+The+Delhi+Sultanat+%28A.D.+1206%E2%80%931526%29&rft.pages=44&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=The+Indian+History+Congress+%2F+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31870180&rft.au=Mohammad+Habib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_9cmAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968168-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968168_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1968">Bosworth 1968</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandra2007">Chandra 2007</a>, p. 73:"Muizzuddin led his last campaign into India in 1206 in order to deal with the Khokhar rebellion. He resorted to large-scale slaughter of the Khokhars and cowed them down. On his way back to Ghazni, he was killed by a Muslim fanatic belonging to a rival sect"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37, 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=37%2C+147&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBF-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FBF_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBF_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2018" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116"><i>Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 115–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18074-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18074-8"><bdi>978-0-691-18074-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Translation%3A+Material+Culture+and+Medieval+%22Hindu-Muslim%22+Encounter&rft.pages=115-117&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18074-8&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MhJDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoronGoenkaRobinson_(numismatist.)2001" class="citation book cs1">Goron, Stan; Goenka, J. P.; Robinson (numismatist.), Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kE8aAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Coins of the Indian Sultanates: Covering the Area of Present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-1010-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-1010-3"><bdi>978-81-215-1010-3</bdi></a>. <q>Obverse: horseman to left holding a mace, margin with date in Nagari Samvat 1262 Bhadrapada . Reverse : legend in Nagari śrīmat mahamada sāmaḥ . Issued in AD 1204</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coins+of+the+Indian+Sultanates%3A+Covering+the+Area+of+Present-day+India%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-215-1010-3&rft.aulast=Goron&rft.aufirst=Stan&rft.au=Goenka%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Robinson+%28numismatist.%29%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkE8aAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar2004">Thapar 2004</a>, pp. 421, 433–434: "The campigns saw Muhammad in control of Lahore and led to the visions of further conquests in India. An attack was launched on the Rajput kingdoms controlling the watershed and the western Ganges Plain, now beginning to be viewed as the frontier.."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2004433-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2004433_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar2004">Thapar 2004</a>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1991139–140-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1991139–140_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWink1991">Wink 1991</a>, p. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45_55-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201939–45_55-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2019">Eaton 2019</a>, pp. 39–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1991143-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1991143_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWink1991">Wink 1991</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2004434-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2004434_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2004434_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar2004">Thapar 2004</a>, p. 434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956" class="citation book cs1">Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ"><i>Chaulukyas of Gujarat</i></a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 131–132. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4413150">4413150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chaulukyas+of+Gujarat&rft.pages=131-132&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4413150&rft.au=Asoke+Kumar+Majumdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffAdAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandra2007">Chandra 2007</a>, p. 68: "In 1173, Shahabuddin, Muhammad (1173–1206 (also known as Muizzuddin Muhammad bin Sam) ascended the throne at Ghazni, while his elder brother was ruling at Ghur. Proceeding by way of the Gomal pass, Muizzuddin Muhammad conquered Multan and Uchch. In 1178, he attempted to penetrate into Gujarat by marching across the Rajputana desert. But the Gujarat ruler completely routed him in a battle near Mount Abu, and Muizzuddin Muhammad was lucky in escaping alive. He now realised the necessity of creating a suitable base in the Punjab before venturing upon the conquest of India. Accordingly he launched a campaign against the Ghaznavid possessions in the Punjab. By 1190, Muizzuddin Muhammad had conquered Peshawar, Lahore and Sialkot, and was poised fora thrust towards Delhi and the Gangetic doab"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1977129-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1977129_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1977">Bosworth 1977</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1991144-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1991144_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWink1991">Wink 1991</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001a-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001a_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth2001a">Bosworth 2001a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RME-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RME_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RME_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1993" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=ch02&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch02&brand=ucpress"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i></a>. Berkeley · Los Angeles · London: University of California Press. p. Chapter 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft.place=Berkeley+%C2%B7+Los+Angeles+%C2%B7+London&rft.pages=Chapter+1-2&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft067n99v9%26chunk.id%3Dch02%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3Dch02%26brand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_KulkeDietmar_Rothermund2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Hermann Kulke</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dietmar_Rothermund" title="Dietmar Rothermund">Dietmar Rothermund</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C"><i>A History of India</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32919-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32919-4"><bdi>978-0-415-32919-4</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The first battle of Tarain was won by the Rajput confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer. But when Muhammad of Ghur returned the following year with 10,000 archers on horseback he vanquished Prithviraj and his army</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32919-4&rft.au=Hermann+Kulke&rft.au=Dietmar+Rothermund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPVq3ykHyH4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2004434–435-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2004434–435_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar2004">Thapar 2004</a>, pp. 434–435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayapalan2001" class="citation book cs1">Jayapalan, N. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA2"><i>History of India</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1"><bdi>978-81-7156-928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distri&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-928-1&rft.aulast=Jayapalan&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6L6avTlqJNYC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jayapalan-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jayapalan_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayapalan2001" class="citation book cs1">Jayapalan, N. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA1"><i>History of India</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1"><bdi>978-81-7156-928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distri&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-928-1&rft.aulast=Jayapalan&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6L6avTlqJNYC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KN116-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KN116_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KN116_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Habib1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Habib" title="Mohammad Habib">Mohammad Habib</a> (1981). <a href="/wiki/K._A._Nizami" title="K. A. Nizami">K. A. Nizami</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99172/page/n145/mode/2up"><i>Politics And Society During The Early Medieval Period Vol. 2</i></a>. People's Publishing House. p. 116. <q>In the winter of A.D. 1194–1195 Shihabuddin once more marched into Hindustan and invaded the doab. Rai Jaichand moved forward to meet him....then description of Chandwar struggle (...) Shihabuddin captured the treasure fort of Asni and then proceeded to Benaras, 'where he converted about thousand idol-temples into house for the Musalmans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+And+Society+During+The+Early+Medieval+Period+Vol.+2&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Mohammad+Habib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.99172%2Fpage%2Fn145%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayapalan2001" class="citation book cs1">Jayapalan, N. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA2"><i>History of India</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1"><bdi>978-81-7156-928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distri&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-928-1&rft.aulast=Jayapalan&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6L6avTlqJNYC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandra2007">Chandra 2007</a>, p. 71: "In 1194, Muizzuddin returned to India. He crossed the Jamuna with 50,000 cavalry and moved towards Kanauj. A hotly contested battle between Muizzuddin and Jaichandra was fought at Chandawar near Kanauj. We are told that Jaichandra had almost carried the day when he was killed by an arrow, and his army was totally defeated. Muizzuddin now moved on to Banaras which was ravaged, a large number of temples there being destroyed"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asher11-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asher11_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asher11_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher2020" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Frederick M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11"><i>Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began</i></a>. Getty Publications. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-616-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-616-4"><bdi>978-1-60606-616-4</bdi></a>. <q>And then, in 1193, Qutb-ud-din Aibek, the military commander of Muhammad of Ghor's army, marched towards Varanasi, where he is said to have destroyed idols in a thousand temples. Sarnath very likely was among the casualties of this invasion, one all too often seen as a Muslim invasion whose primary purpose was iconoclasm. It was of course, like any premodern military invasion, intended to acquire land and wealth</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarnath%3A+A+Critical+History+of+the+Place+Where+Buddhism+Began&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-616-4&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Frederick+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJMHEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asher74-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Asher74_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher2020" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Frederick M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74"><i>Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began</i></a>. Getty Publications. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-616-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-616-4"><bdi>978-1-60606-616-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarnath%3A+A+Critical+History+of+the+Place+Where+Buddhism+Began&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-616-4&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Frederick+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJMHEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaya3-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaya3_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaya3_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayapalan2001" class="citation book cs1">Jayapalan, N. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&pg=PA3"><i>History of India</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1"><bdi>978-81-7156-928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distri&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-928-1&rft.aulast=Jayapalan&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6L6avTlqJNYC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESisirkumar_Mitra1977123–126-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESisirkumar_Mitra1977123–126_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSisirkumar_Mitra1977">Sisirkumar Mitra 1977</a>, pp. 123–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2004434,_436-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2004434,_436_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar2004">Thapar 2004</a>, pp. 434, 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2021" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Himanshu (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rAVBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6"><i>Political Thought in Indic Civilization</i></a>. Sage Publishing India. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5479-159-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5479-159-8"><bdi>978-93-5479-159-8</bdi></a>. <q>After the arrival of Islam, the universities such as Nalanda and Vikramshila were no longer existent. The destruction of Nalanda by Bakhtiyar Khalji was the last nail in this pre-Islamic Indic university, which had survived three major destructions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Thought+in+Indic+Civilization&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Sage+Publishing+India&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-93-5479-159-8&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Himanshu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrAVBEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohSingh2020" class="citation book cs1">Koh, Tommy; Singh, Hernaikh (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M5wPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91"><i>India on Our Minds: Essays by Tharman Shanmugaratnam and 50 Singaporean Friends of India</i></a>. World Scientific. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-12-2453-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-12-2453-9"><bdi>978-981-12-2453-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+on+Our+Minds%3A+Essays+by+Tharman+Shanmugaratnam+and+50+Singaporean+Friends+of+India&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-981-12-2453-9&rft.aulast=Koh&rft.aufirst=Tommy&rft.au=Singh%2C+Hernaikh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM5wPEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THCI-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THCI_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ml75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237"><i>Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections</i></a>. Brill. 2020. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43736-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43736-4"><bdi>978-90-04-43736-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+History+and+Culture+in+India%3A+Identity%2C+Art+and+Transregional+Connections&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43736-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dml75DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1973" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, R. C. (1973). <i>History of Mediaeval Bengal</i>. Calcutta: G. Bharadwaj & Co. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1031074">1031074</a>. <q>Tradition gives him credit for the conquest of Bengal but as a matter of fact he could not subjugate the greater part of Bengal ... All that Bakhtyār can justly take credit for is that by his conquest of Western and a part of Northern Bengal he laid the foundation of the Muslim State in Bengal. The historians of the 13th century never attributed the conquest of the whole of Bengal to Bakhtyār.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mediaeval+Bengal&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=G.+Bharadwaj+%26+Co.&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1031074&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1986" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1986) [First published 1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA81"><i>Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</i></a>. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Sterling Publishers. pp. 81–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0"><bdi>978-81-207-0617-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883279992">883279992</a>. <q>The Turkish arms penetrated into Bihar and Bengal, through the enterprising efforts of Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji ... he started plundering raids into Bihar and, within four or five years, occupied a large part of it ... Nadia was sacked by the Turks and a few districts of Bengal (Malda, Dinajpur, Murshidabad and Birbhum) were occupied by them ... Bathtiyar Khalji could not retain his hold over Nadia and made Lakhnauti or Gaur as his capital.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=81-82&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F883279992&rft.isbn=978-81-207-0617-0&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUk5k5AN54sC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThakur1992" class="citation book cs1">Thakur, Amrendra Kumar (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DnZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Bakhtiyar+Khalji+bengal+and+bihar"><i>India and the Afghans: A study of a neglected region, 1370–1576 A.D</i></a>. Janaki Prakashan. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185078687" title="Special:BookSources/9788185078687"><bdi>9788185078687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+the+Afghans%3A+A+study+of+a+neglected+region%2C+1370%E2%80%931576+A.D&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Janaki+Prakashan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788185078687&rft.aulast=Thakur&rft.aufirst=Amrendra+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDnZuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DBakhtiyar%2BKhalji%2Bbengal%2Band%2Bbihar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._A._Nizami1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._A._Nizami" title="K. A. Nizami">K. A. Nizami</a> (1992). "The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ"><i>A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)</i></a>. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31870180">31870180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Turkish+Sultans+of+Delhi&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India%3A+The+Delhi+Sultanat+%28A.D.+1206%E2%80%931526%29&rft.pages=201&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=The+Indian+History+Congress+%2F+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31870180&rft.au=K.+A.+Nizami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_9cmAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafzigerWalton2003" class="citation book cs1">Nafziger, George F.; Walton, Mark W. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamatwarhistor0000nafz"><i>Islam at War: A History</i></a></span>. Praeger Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamatwarhistor0000nafz/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275981013" title="Special:BookSources/9780275981013"><bdi>9780275981013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+at+War%3A+A+History&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780275981013&rft.aulast=Nafziger&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft.au=Walton%2C+Mark+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamatwarhistor0000nafz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra" title="Satish Chandra">Chandra, Satish</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA43"><i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5"><bdi>978-81-241-1064-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals-Delhi+Sultanat+%281206%E2%80%931526%29+%E2%80%93+Part+One&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1064-5&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5eFzeyjBTQC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968164-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968164_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1968">Bosworth 1968</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sicker103-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sicker103_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sicker103_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sicker103_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sicker103_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSicker2000" class="citation book cs1">Sicker, Martin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b6vOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103"><i>The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-00111-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-00111-6"><bdi>978-0-313-00111-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World+in+Ascendancy%3A+From+the+Arab+Conquests+to+the+Siege+of+Vienna&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-00111-6&rft.aulast=Sicker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db6vOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatish_Chandra2004" class="citation book cs1">Satish Chandra (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC"><i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5"><bdi>978-81-241-1064-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals-Delhi+Sultanat+%281206%E2%80%931526%29+%E2%80%93+Part+One&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1064-5&rft.au=Satish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5eFzeyjBTQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968165-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968165_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1968">Bosworth 1968</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth" class="citation web cs1">Bosworth, Edmond. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids">"Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids)"</a>. <i>iranicaonline.org</i>. <q>The Ghurids adopted the role of defenders of Sunnism. They had cordial relations with the ʿAbbasids in Baghdad, frequently exchanging embassies (Jūzjānī's father took part in one of the last, Jūzjānī, I, p. 361, tr. p. 383). Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn was admitted to al-Nāṣer's fotūwa order, and the caliph more than once urged the Ghurids to halt the advance into western Persia of the Ḵᵛārazmšāhs (Jūzjānī, I, 302, tr. I, p. 243).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica+%28Ghurids%29&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fghurids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2022" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr Barry (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vUZpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106"><i>Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval 'Hindu-Muslim' Encounter</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3324-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3324-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-3324-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Translation%3A+Material+Culture+and+Medieval+%27Hindu-Muslim%27+Encounter&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3324-5&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvUZpEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Persian Literature in the Safavid Period</i>, Z. Safa, The Cambridge history of Iran: The Timurid and Safavid periods, Vol. 6, Ed. Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart,(Cambridge University Press, 1986), 951; "<i>...Ghurids and Ghurid mamluks, all of whom established centres in India where poets and writers received ample encouragement.</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatel2017" class="citation book cs1">Patel, Alka (University of California) (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gbqKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19"><i>The Coming of the Mongols</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 19–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-383-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-383-2"><bdi>978-1-78673-383-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Mongols&rft.pages=19-25&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78673-383-2&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Alka+%28University+of+California%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgbqKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblyAsher1994242–250-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamblyAsher1994242–250_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamblyAsher1994">Hambly & Asher 1994</a>, pp. 242–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuer202130-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuer202130_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuer2021">Auer 2021</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuer202112-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuer202112_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuer2021">Auer 2021</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BA41-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BA41_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BA41_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvari2013" class="citation book cs1">Avari, Burjor (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC&pg=PA41"><i>Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent</i></a>. Routledge. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58061-8"><bdi>978-0-415-58061-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Civilization+in+South+Asia%3A+A+History+of+Muslim+Power+and+Presence+in+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58061-8&rft.aulast=Avari&rft.aufirst=Burjor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhGHpVtQ8eKoC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201948–49-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201948–49_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2019">Eaton 2019</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2022" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr Barry (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vUZpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106"><i>Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3324-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3324-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-3324-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Translation%3A+Material+Culture+and+Medieval+%22Hindu-Muslim%22+Encounter&rft.pages=105-106&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3324-5&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvUZpEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SRC-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SRC_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRC_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRC_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanbyBeyazitRugiadiPeacock2016" class="citation book cs1">Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina; Peacock, A. C. S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPrjCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155"><i>Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 155, item 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-589-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-589-4"><bdi>978-1-58839-589-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Court+and+Cosmos%3A+The+Great+Age+of+the+Seljuqs&rft.pages=155%2C+item+85&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-589-4&rft.aulast=Canby&rft.aufirst=Sheila+R.&rft.au=Beyazit%2C+Deniz&rft.au=Rugiadi%2C+Martina&rft.au=Peacock%2C+A.+C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBPrjCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raby_2012-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raby_2012_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raby_2012_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raby_2012_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raby_2012_101-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaby2012" class="citation book cs1">Raby, Julian (2012). "The Principle of Parsimony and the Problem of the 'Mosul School of Metalwork'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Porter, Venetia; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/19550/fsg_Julian%20Raby_%202012%20Mosul_watermarked.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><i>Metalwork and Material Culture in the Islamic World</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 11–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-343-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-343-6"><bdi>978-0-85773-343-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Principle+of+Parsimony+and+the+Problem+of+the+%27Mosul+School+of+Metalwork%27&rft.btitle=Metalwork+and+Material+Culture+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=11-85&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-343-6&rft.aulast=Raby&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.si.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10088%2F19550%2Ffsg_Julian%2520Raby_%25202012%2520Mosul_watermarked.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MET_Ewer-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MET_Ewer_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/450513">"Ewer"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Ewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F450513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Met_Ghurid-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Met_Ghurid_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/450513">"Ewer"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>. <q>At the time that this ewer and the group of long-necked ewers to which it relates were produced, Herat was under the control of the Ghurids, not the Seljuqs, but evidence strongly suggests that these pieces were exported to centers in Seljuq Iran and elsewhere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Ewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F450513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://64.media.tumblr.com/20d3d8b4809ab280c5f5faf156ce9155/28249581c1d7df84-7b/s1280x1920/ea99fb38d959b15d969bd2b609bdee6728afa06a.jpg">Metropolitan Museum of Art notice</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuer2021" class="citation book cs1">Auer, Blain (2021). <i>In the Mirror of Persian Kings: The Origins of Perso-Islamic Courts and Empires in India</i>. 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Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-315-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-315-2"><bdi>978-0-85224-315-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Later+Ghaznavids+%3B+Splendour+and+Decay%3A+The+Dynasty+in+Afghanistan+and+Northern+India+1040%E2%80%931186&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-85224-315-2&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbosworth-1977-later-ghaznavids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. Edmund</a> (1968). 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Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 1–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-06936-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-06936-X"><bdi>0-521-06936-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+and+Dynastic+History+of+the+Iranian+World+%28A.D.+1000%E2%80%931217%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+5%3A+The+Saljuq+and+Mongol+Periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-202&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-521-06936-X&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-history-of-iran%2Fpolitical-and-dynastic-history-of-the-iranian-world-ad-10001217%2F024AA8933D346C06170E0D72EA6D71A4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2001a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/C.E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C.E. 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Orient Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-3226-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-3226-7"><bdi>978-81-250-3226-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India%3A800%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-250-3226-7&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqHnHHwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Eaton" title="Richard M. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 157–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20093-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20093-8"><bdi>0-521-20093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ghaznavids+and+Gh%C5%ABrids&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+5%3A+The+Iranian+world&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=157-165&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-521-20093-8&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=R.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16yHq5v3QZAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamblyAsher1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Asher, Catherine B. 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London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 242–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-021-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-021-9"><bdi>978-1-56859-021-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Delhi+Sultanate&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+VII%2F3%3A+Dehq%C4%81n+I%E2%80%93Deylam%2C+John+of&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=242-250&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56859-021-9&rft.aulast=Hambly&rft.aufirst=Gavin+R.+G.&rft.au=Asher%2C+Catherine+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdelhi-sultanate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganStewart2017" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, David; Stewart, Sarah, eds. 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Oriental. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5386449">5386449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+G%C4%81ha%E1%B8%8Dav%C4%81la+Dynasty&rft.pub=Oriental&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5386449&rft.aulast=Niyogi&rft.aufirst=Roma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEJQBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neal2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">O'Neal, Michael (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_27477">"Ghūrids"</a></span>. 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Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gh%C5%ABrids&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=O%27Neal&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2F%2A-COM_27477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisirkumar_Mitra1977" class="citation book cs1">Sisirkumar Mitra (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113"><i>The Early Rulers of Khajurāho</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120819979" title="Special:BookSources/9788120819979"><bdi>9788120819979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Rulers+of+Khajur%C4%81ho&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9788120819979&rft.au=Sisirkumar+Mitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DirHN2UA_Z7gC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6cwDwAAQBAJ"><i>Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24225-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24225-8"><bdi>978-0-520-24225-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+India%3A+From+the+Origins+to+AD+1300&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24225-8&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6cwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2018" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, David (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6h2_DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire</i></a>. Sydney University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74332-542-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74332-542-1"><bdi>978-1-74332-542-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ebb+and+Flow+of+the+Gh%C5%ABrid+Empire&rft.pub=Sydney+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-74332-542-1&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6h2_DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Wink" title="André Wink">Wink, André</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: c.700–1800 CE</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108417747" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108417747"><bdi>978-1108417747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+c.700%E2%80%931800+CE&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1108417747&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPXvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Wink" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Wink">Wink, Andre</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC"><i>Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11th–13th Centuries</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004102361" title="Special:BookSources/9004102361"><bdi>9004102361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+The+Slave+Kings+and+the+Islamic+Conquest+%3A+11th%E2%80%9313th+Centuries&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9004102361&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75FlxDhZWpwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhurid+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Afghanistan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template talk:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Afghanistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Pre-Islamic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Yabghus of Tokharistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Islamic conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Central Asia">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar" title="Siege of Kandahar">Siege of Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" title="Afghan–Sikh Wars">Afghan–Sikh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqqawists" title="Saqqawists">Saqqawists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Emirate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Daoud's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Afghanistan (1992–present)">since 1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">First Islamic Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">2001 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Second Islamic Emirate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_topic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">European influence</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Graveyard_of_empires" title="Graveyard of empires">Graveyard of empires</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan" title="War in Afghanistan">Wars in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Afghanistan" title="Subdivisions of Afghanistan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Borders of Afghanistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Afghanistan" title="Climate change in Afghanistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of earthquakes in Afghanistan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan" title="Environmental issues in Afghanistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Afghanistan" title="Extreme points of Afghanistan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of volcanoes in Afghanistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Afghanistan" title="Wildlife of Afghanistan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Afghanistan" title="Health in Afghanistan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Persian (Dari)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="1964 Constitution of Afghanistan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of Afghanistan">Deputy Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_provincial_governors_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current provincial governors in Afghanistan">Current provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Foreign relations of Afghanistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Court of Afghanistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Afghanistan" title="Chief Justice of Afghanistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghani (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Afghanistan" title="Communications in Afghanistan">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Energy in Afghanistan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Afghanistan" title="Mining in Afghanistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Afghanistan" title="Taxation in Afghanistan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Afghanistan" title="Tourism in Afghanistan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Afghanistan" title="Transport in Afghanistan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Afghanistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali (Pashtun life)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Afghanistan" title="Poetry of Afghanistan">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_rugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War rugs">War rugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Afghanistan" title="Bibliography of Afghanistan">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afghanistan" title="Category:Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Central_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Asian_history" title="Template talk:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran_topics" title="Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran_topics" title="Template talk:Iran topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Prehistory"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">3400–539 BC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes <span class="nowrap">culture (3400–2000 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite <span class="nowrap">civilization (3100–2700 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite <span class="nowrap">dynasties (2700–540 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian <span class="nowrap">Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi <span class="nowrap">(c.2300–675 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites <span class="nowrap">(c.1595–c.1155 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Mannai (10th–7th century BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian <span class="nowrap">Empire (911–609 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu <span class="nowrap">(860 BC–590 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median <span class="nowrap">Empire (678–549 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian <span class="nowrap">Kingdom (652–625 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian <span class="nowrap">Empire (626–539 BC)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">550 BC–AD 224</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid <span class="nowrap">Empire (550–330 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene <span class="nowrap">(c.323 BC–AD 226)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid <span class="nowrap">Empire (312–63 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">Frataraka <span class="nowrap">(c.295–220 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian <span class="nowrap">Empire (247 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of <span class="nowrap">Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">AD 224–651</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian <span class="nowrap">Empire (AD 224–651)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and<br />early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">632–1090</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (632–661)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (661–750)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (750–1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (819–999)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (821–873)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (864–928)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (861–1003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (931–1090)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (934–1062)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">977–1432</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (977–1186)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghurid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1011–1215)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk <span class="nowrap">Empire (1037–1194)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1077–1231)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids <span class="nowrap">(1135/36-1225)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1244–1381)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate"><span class="nowrap">Ilkhanate (1256–1335)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1314–1393)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1335–1432)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1338–1357)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1370–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1370–1507)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1374–1468)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1378–1508)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1501–1736)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1736–1796)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand <span class="nowrap">Dynasty (1751–1794)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar <span class="nowrap">Empire (1789–1925)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the <span class="nowrap">Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1925–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1925–1979)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute" title="Shatt al-Arab dispute">Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election">1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian <span class="nowrap">revolution (1979)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a></span><br />1979–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran"><span class="nowrap">History (1979–)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy <span class="nowrap">siege (1980)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq <span class="nowrap">War (1980–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)" title="Interim Government of Iran (1981)">Interim Government of Iran (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655 <span class="nowrap">shootdown (1988)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">PJAK conflict (2004–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war (2011–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against the Islamic State">International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States withdrawal (2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 Iranian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians" title="List of ancient Persians">Ancient Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy in classical Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran" title="History of electricity in Iran">Electric history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran" title="List of years in Iran">Years in Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran" title="List of largest cities of Iran">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran">twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran" title="List of earthquakes in Iran">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Iranian Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran" title="List of islands of Iran">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran" title="List of mountains in Iran">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 presidential</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrens%27_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrens' Rights in Iran">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_judicial_system_of_Iran" title="History of the judicial system of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_Iran" title="Cyberwarfare and Iran">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_and_terrorism_in_Iran" title="Assassination and terrorism in Iran">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsorship allegations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Women's rights movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly (or Council) of Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Iran" title="Local councils of Iran">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials" title="List of Iranian officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Iran_governors-general" title="List of current Iran governors-general">Provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad (charitable trust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight_from_Iran" title="Human capital flight from Iran">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automotive industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran" title="Child labour in Iran">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">International oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Iran and the World Trade Organization">Iran and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Main economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy of the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower and complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital in Iran">Venture capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran#Technology_start-ups" title="Communications in Iran">Technology start-ups</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Sectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_production_in_Iran" title="Fruit production in Iran">fruit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Health care</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Telecommunications and IT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">TCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iran" title="List of airlines of Iran">airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRISL_Group" title="IRISL Group">shipping</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned<br />companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization" title="Defense Industries Organization">Defense Industries Organization (DIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone" title="Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone">Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island Free Trade Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_research_centers" title="List of Iranian research centers">Research centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iran" title="Category:Society of Iran">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian (Farsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">abroad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran" title="Ethnic minorities in Iran">Ethnic minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí Faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">higher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars">scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran" title="List of universities in Iran">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">architects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">modern / contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Calendars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Persian New Year (<i>Nowruz</i>)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Persian_antiquities_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Persian antiquities dispute">Chicago Persian antiquities dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranians" title="List of Iranians">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iran" title="Mass media in Iran">Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_news_agencies" title="List of Iranian news agencies">news agencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Students News Agency">student</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran" title="List of newspapers in Iran">newspapers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Jewels" title="Iranian National Jewels">National Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national symbols of Iran">National symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">Imperial Anthem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_in_Iran" title="Opium in Iran">Opium consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Iran" title="Scouting in Iran">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Football_in_Iran" title="Football in Iran">football</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Rap and hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Traditional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Tehrangeles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran" title="Category:Iran">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199443#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199443#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199443#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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