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</button> <ul id="toc-Design_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_audio_workstations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_audio_workstations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Digital audio workstations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_audio_workstations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_studios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_studios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Project studios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_studios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isolation_booth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolation_booth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Isolation booth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolation_booth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1890s_to_1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1890s_to_1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>1890s to 1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1890s_to_1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s_to_1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s_to_1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>1930s to 1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s_to_1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Halls_and_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halls_and_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Halls and churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halls_and_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technologies_and_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technologies_and_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Technologies and techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technologies_and_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-track_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-track_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Multi-track recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-track_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_studios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_studios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Radio studios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_studios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Recording studio</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudiu_de_grabaci%C3%B3n" title="Estudiu de grabación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estudiu de grabación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99syazma_studiyas%C4%B1" title="Səsyazma studiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səsyazma studiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudi_de_gravaci%C3%B3" title="Estudi de gravació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estudi de gravació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahr%C3%A1vac%C3%AD_studio" title="Nahrávací studio – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nahrávací studio" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pladestudie" title="Pladestudie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pladestudie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonstudio" title="Tonstudio – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tonstudio" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudio_de_grabaci%C3%B3n" title="Estudio de grabación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estudio de grabación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonregistrejo" title="Sonregistrejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sonregistrejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabazio-estudio" title="Grabazio-estudio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grabazio-estudio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B7" title="استودیو ضبط – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استودیو ضبط" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_d%27enregistrement" title="Studio d'enregistrement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Studio d'enregistrement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudio_de_gravaci%C3%B3n" title="Estudio de gravación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estudio de gravación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EC%9D%8C%EC%8B%A4" title="녹음실 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="녹음실" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_rekaman" title="Studio rekaman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Studio rekaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_di_registrazione" title="Studio di registrazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Studio di registrazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אולפן הקלטות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אולפן הקלטות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Дыбысжазба студиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дыбысжазба студиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_ya_kurekodia" title="Studio ya kurekodia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Studio ya kurekodia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangst%C3%BAdi%C3%B3" title="Hangstúdió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hangstúdió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geluidsstudio" title="Geluidsstudio – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geluidsstudio" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%B2%E9%9F%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AA" title="録音スタジオ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="録音スタジオ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikkstudio" title="Musikkstudio – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Musikkstudio" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_nagraniowe" title="Studio nagraniowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Studio nagraniowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%BAdio_de_grava%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Estúdio de gravação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estúdio de gravação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_de_%C3%AEnregistrare" title="Studio de înregistrare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Studio de înregistrare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Студия звукозаписи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Студия звукозаписи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92" title="පටිගත කිරීමේ මැදිරි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පටිගත කිරීමේ මැදිරි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Recording studio" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahr%C3%A1vacie_%C5%A1t%C3%BAdio" title="Nahrávacie štúdio – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nahrávacie štúdio" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzi%C4%8Dki_studio" title="Muzički studio – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Muzički studio" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84%C3%A4nitysstudio" title="Äänitysstudio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Äänitysstudio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspelningsstudio" title="Inspelningsstudio – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Inspelningsstudio" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B" title="రికార్డింగ్ స్టూడియో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రికార్డింగ్ స్టూడియో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay%C4%B1t_st%C3%BCdyosu" title="Kayıt stüdyosu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kayıt stüdyosu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83" title="Студія звукозапису – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Студія звукозапису" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B2ng_thu" title="Phòng thu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phòng thu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%95%E9%9F%B3%E5%AE%A4" title="录音室 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Facility for sound recording</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AugustRecordingSonJarochoWikiLearning020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/AugustRecordingSonJarochoWikiLearning020.jpg/220px-AugustRecordingSonJarochoWikiLearning020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/AugustRecordingSonJarochoWikiLearning020.jpg/330px-AugustRecordingSonJarochoWikiLearning020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/AugustRecordingSonJarochoWikiLearning020.jpg/440px-AugustRecordingSonJarochoWikiLearning020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Control room at the <a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education,_Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City">Tec de Monterrey, Mexico City Campus</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>recording studio</b> is a specialized facility for <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">recording</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_mixing" title="Audio mixing">mixing</a> of instrumental or vocal musical performances, spoken words, and other sounds. They range in size from a small in-home <a href="/wiki/Project_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Project studio">project studio</a> large enough to record a single singer-guitarist, to a large building with space for a full orchestra of 100 or more musicians. Ideally, both the <a href="/wiki/Studio_recording" title="Studio recording">recording</a> and monitoring (listening and mixing) spaces are specially designed by an <a href="/wiki/Acoustician" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustician">acoustician</a> or <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">audio engineer</a> to achieve optimum acoustic properties (acoustic isolation or diffusion or absorption of reflected sound <a href="/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation">reverberation</a> that could otherwise interfere with the sound heard by the listener). </p><p>Recording studios may be used to record singers, instrumental musicians (e.g., electric guitar, piano, saxophone, or ensembles such as orchestras), <a href="/wiki/Voice-over" title="Voice-over">voice-over</a> artists for advertisements or <a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dialogue replacement</a> in film, television, or animation, <a href="/wiki/Foley_(filmmaking)" title="Foley (filmmaking)">Foley</a>, or to record their accompanying musical soundtracks. The typical recording studio consists of a room called the "studio" or "live room" equipped with <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphones</a> and mic stands, where instrumentalists and vocalists perform; and the "<a href="/wiki/Control_room" title="Control room">control room</a>", where audio engineers, sometimes with record producers, as well, operate <a href="/wiki/Professional_audio" title="Professional audio">professional audio</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">mixing consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a>, or computers with specialized software suites to <a href="/wiki/Audio_mixing" title="Audio mixing">mix</a>, manipulate (e.g., by adjusting the equalization and adding effects) and route the sound for <a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">analog</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a>. The engineers and producers listen to the live music and the recorded "tracks" on high-quality <a href="/wiki/Studio_monitor" title="Studio monitor">monitor speakers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a>. </p><p>Often, there will be smaller rooms called <i>isolation booths</i> to accommodate loud instruments such as drums or electric guitar amplifiers and speakers, to keep these sounds from being audible to the microphones that are capturing the sounds from other instruments or voices, or to provide "drier" rooms for recording vocals or quieter acoustic instruments such as an acoustic guitar or a <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a>. Major recording studios typically have a range of large, heavy, and hard-to-transport instruments and music equipment in the studio, such as a <a href="/wiki/Grand_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand piano">grand piano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">electric piano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drums</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_equipment">Design and equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design and equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Recording_studio" title="Special:EditPage/Recording studio">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout">Layout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Control-room2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Control-room2.jpg/300px-Control-room2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Control-room2.jpg/450px-Control-room2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Control-room2.jpg/600px-Control-room2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Engineers and producers watch a trumpet player from a window in the control room during a recording session.</figcaption></figure> <p>Recording studios generally consist of three or more rooms: </p> <ul><li>The <i>live room</i> of the studio is where instrumentalists play their instruments, with their playing picked up by microphones and, for electric and electronic instruments, by connecting the instruments' outputs or <a href="/wiki/DI_unit" title="DI unit">DI unit</a> outputs to the mixing board as well as a place where vocalists may perform;<sup id="cite_ref-Watkinson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watkinson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="#Isolation_booth"><i>Isolation booths</i></a>, or sound enclosures are either enclosed or partially enclosed areas built out of boxes or partitions or are completely separate small sound-insulated rooms with doors, designed for certain instrumentalists (or their loud speaker stacks). Vocal booths are similarly designed rooms for singers. In both types of rooms, there are typically windows so the performers can see other band members and other studio staff, as singers, bandleaders and musicians often give or receive <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">visual cues</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Watkinson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watkinson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>control room, or production/recording room</i>, is where the <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">audio engineers</a> and record producers mix the mic and instrument signals with a <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">mixing console</a>. From here, they can record the singing and playing onto tape (until the 1980s and early 1990s) or hard disc (1990s and following decades) and listen to the recordings and tracks with monitor speakers or headphones and manipulate the tracks by adjusting the mixing console settings and by using <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Watkinson_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watkinson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <i>machine room</i>, where noisier equipment, such as racks of fan-cooled computers and <a href="/wiki/Power_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Power amplifier">power amplifiers</a>, is kept to prevent the noise from interfering with the recording or listening processes.</li></ul> <p>Even though sound isolation is a key goal, the musicians, singers, audio engineers and record producers still need to be able to see each other, to see cue gestures and conducting by a bandleader. As such, the live room, isolation booths, vocal booths and control room typically have windows. </p><p>Amplified instruments, like electric guitars and digital keyboards, may be connected directly to the recording console using DI units and performance recorded in the control room. This greatly enhances the communication between the producer and engineer with the player, as studio mics, headphones and talkback are unnecessary. </p><p>Recording studios are carefully designed around the principles of <a href="/wiki/Room_acoustics" title="Room acoustics">room acoustics</a> to create a set of spaces with the acoustical properties required for recording sound with accuracy. <a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a> includes acoustical treatment and <a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">soundproofing</a> and also the consideration of the physical dimensions of the room itself to make the room respond to sound in the desired way. Acoustical treatment includes and the use of <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(acoustics)" title="Absorption (acoustics)">absorption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_diffuser" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound diffuser">diffusion</a> materials on the surfaces inside the room. To control the amount of reverberation, rooms in a recording studio may have a reconfigurable combination of reflective and non-reflective surfaces. Soundproofing provides sonic isolation between rooms and prevents sound from entering or leaving the property. A Recording studio in an urban environment must be soundproofed on its outer shell to prevent noises from the surrounding streets and roads from being picked up by microphones inside. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equipment">Equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neve_VR60_(The_Engine_Room).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Neve_VR60_%28The_Engine_Room%29.jpg/170px-Neve_VR60_%28The_Engine_Room%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Neve_VR60_%28The_Engine_Room%29.jpg/255px-Neve_VR60_%28The_Engine_Room%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Neve_VR60_%28The_Engine_Room%29.jpg/340px-Neve_VR60_%28The_Engine_Room%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Neve VR60, a multitrack mixing console. Above the console are a range of studio monitor speakers.</figcaption></figure> <p>Equipment found in a recording studio commonly includes: </p> <ul><li>A professional-grade <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">mixing console</a></li> <li>Additional small mixing consoles for adding more channels (e.g., if a drum kit needs to be miked and all of the channels of the large console are in use, an additional 16 channel mixer would enable the engineers to mix the mics for the kit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recorder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstation</a></li> <li>Computers</li> <li>A wide selection of <a href="/wiki/Microphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Microphones">microphones</a> typical for different types of instruments</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DI_unit" title="DI unit">DI unit</a> boxes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_stand" title="Microphone stand">Microphone stands</a> to enable engineers to place microphones at the desired locations in front of singers, instrumentalists or ensembles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_monitor" title="Studio monitor">Studio monitors</a> designed for listening to recorded mixes or tracks</li> <li>Studio monitoring <a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a> (typically closed-shell, to prevent sound from "leaking" out into the microphones)</li> <li>"On Air" or "Recording" lighted signs to remind other studio users to be quiet</li> <li>Outboard <a href="/wiki/Effect_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Effect unit">effect units</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Audio_level_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio level compression">compressors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation">reverbs</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">equalizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_stand" title="Music stand">Music stands</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruments">Instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Studio_A,_In_Your_Ear_Studios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Studio_A%2C_In_Your_Ear_Studios.jpg/220px-Studio_A%2C_In_Your_Ear_Studios.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Studio_A%2C_In_Your_Ear_Studios.jpg/330px-Studio_A%2C_In_Your_Ear_Studios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Studio_A%2C_In_Your_Ear_Studios.jpg/440px-Studio_A%2C_In_Your_Ear_Studios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A selection of instruments at a music studio, including a <a href="/wiki/Grand_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand piano">grand piano</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Not all music studios are equipped with musical instruments. Some smaller studios do not have instruments, and bands and artists are expected to bring their own instruments, amplifiers, and speakers. However, major recording studios often have a selection of instruments in their live room, typically instruments, amplifiers and speaker cabinets that are large, heavy, and difficult to transport (e.g., a <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a>) or infeasible (as in the case of a <a href="/wiki/Grand_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand piano">grand piano</a>) to hire for a single recording session. Having musical instruments and equipment in the studio creates additional costs for a studio, as pianos have to be tuned and instruments and associated equipment needs to be maintained. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_audio_workstations">Digital audio workstations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Digital audio workstations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Francken_in_his_studio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peter_Francken_in_his_studio.jpg/300px-Peter_Francken_in_his_studio.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Peter_Francken_in_his_studio.jpg/450px-Peter_Francken_in_his_studio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Peter_Francken_in_his_studio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Music production using a digital audio workstation (DAW) with <a href="/wiki/Multi-monitor" title="Multi-monitor">multi-monitor</a> set-up</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></div> <p>General-purpose computers rapidly assumed a large role in the recording process. With software, a powerful, good quality computer with a fast processor can replace the <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">mixing consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack recording</a> equipment, synthesizers, <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">samplers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects unit</a> (reverb, echo, compression, etc.) that a recording studio required in the 1980s and 1990s. A computer thus outfitted is called a <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstation</a>, or DAW. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Apple Macintosh</a> is used for most studio work,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> there is a breadth of software available for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. </p><p>If no <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">mixing console</a> is used and all mixing is done using only a keyboard and mouse, this is referred to as <i>mixing in the box</i> (ITB). OTB describes mixing with other hardware and not just the PC software. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_studios">Project studios</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Project studios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friend%27s_home_studio_(by_David_J).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Friend%27s_home_studio_%28by_David_J%29.jpg/220px-Friend%27s_home_studio_%28by_David_J%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Friend%27s_home_studio_%28by_David_J%29.jpg/330px-Friend%27s_home_studio_%28by_David_J%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Friend%27s_home_studio_%28by_David_J%29.jpg/440px-Friend%27s_home_studio_%28by_David_J%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Home studio setup</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Home_recording" title="Home recording">Home recording</a></div> <p>A small, <a href="/wiki/Home_recording" title="Home recording">personal recording studio</a> is sometimes called a <i>project studio</i> or <i>home studio</i>. Such studios often cater to the specific needs of an individual artist or are used as a non-commercial hobby. The first modern project studios came into being during the mid-1980s, with the advent of affordable <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack recording</a> devices, synthesizers and microphones. The phenomenon has flourished with falling prices of <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> equipment and accessories, as well as inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Direct_to_disk_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct to disk recording">direct to disk recording</a> products. </p><p>Recording <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drums</a> and amplified electric guitar in a home studio is challenging because they are usually the loudest instruments. Acoustic drums require sound isolation in this scenario, unlike electronic or sampled drums. Getting an authentic electric guitar amp sound including power-tube distortion requires a <a href="/wiki/Power_attenuator_(guitar)" title="Power attenuator (guitar)">power attenuator</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Isolation_cabinet_(guitar)" title="Isolation cabinet (guitar)">isolation cabinet</a>, or booth. A convenient compromise is <a href="/wiki/Amplifier_modeling" title="Amplifier modeling">amplifier modeling</a>, whether a modeling amp, preamp/processor, or software-based guitar amp simulator. Sometimes, musicians replace loud, inconvenient instruments such as drums, with keyboards, which today often provide somewhat realistic <a href="/wiki/Sample-based_synthesis" title="Sample-based synthesis">sampling</a>. </p><p>The capability of <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> introduced by <a href="/wiki/ADAT" title="ADAT">ADAT</a> and its comparatively low cost, originally introduced at $3995, were largely responsible for the rise of project studios in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today's project studios are built around software-based DAWs running on standard PC hardware. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isolation_booth">Isolation booth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Isolation booth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An isolation booth is either a partially enclosed area in the live room<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="temporarily enclosed spaces are definitely used for isolation but we need a ref that indicates these are also called ''isolation booths'' (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or a completely separate small room built adjacent to the live room that is both soundproofed to keep out external sounds and keep in the internal sounds. Like all the other recording rooms in sound industry, isolation booths designed for having a lesser amount of diffused reflections from walls to make a good-sounding room. A drummer, vocalist, or guitar speaker cabinet, along with microphones, is acoustically isolated in the isolation booth. A typical professional recording studio today has a <i>control room</i>, a large <i>live room</i>, and one or more small <i>isolation booths</i>. </p><p>All rooms are soundproofed by varying methods, including but not limited to, double-layer 5/8" sheetrock with the seams offset from layer to layer on both sides of the wall that is filled with foam, batten insulation, a double wall, which is an insulated wall built next to another insulated wall with an air gap in-between, by adding foam to the interior walls and corners, and by using two panes of thick glass with an air gap between them. The surface densities of common building materials determines the transmission loss of various frequencies through materials.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas A. Watson invented, but did not patent, the soundproof booth for use in demonstrating the telephone with Alexander Graham Bell in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are variations of the same concept, including a portable standalone isolation booth and a guitar speaker isolation cabinet. A <a href="/wiki/Gobo_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobo panel">gobo panel</a> achieves the same effect to a much more moderate extent; for example, a drum kit that is too loud in the live room or on stage can have <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylic glass">acrylic glass</a> see-through gobo panels placed around it to deflect the sound and keep it from <a href="/wiki/Spill_(audio)" title="Spill (audio)">bleeding</a> into the other microphones, allowing better independent control of each instrument channel at the <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">mixing console</a>. </p><p>In animation, vocal performances are normally recorded in individual sessions, and the actors have to imagine (with the help of the director or a reader) they are involved in dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayes_Page_176_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_Page_176-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animated films often evolve rapidly during both development and production, so keeping vocal tracks from bleeding into each other is essential to preserving the ability to fine-tune lines up to the last minute. Sometimes, if the rapport between the lead actors is strong enough and the animation studio can afford it, the producers may use a recording studio configured with multiple isolation booths in which the actors can see each another and the director. This enables the actors to react to one another in real time as if they were on a regular stage or film set. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_sound_recording" title="History of sound recording">History of sound recording</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1890s_to_1930s">1890s to 1930s <span class="anchor" id="Acoustical_recording"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1890s to 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the era of acoustical recordings (prior to the introduction of microphones, electrical recording and amplification), the earliest recording studios were very basic facilities, being essentially soundproof rooms that isolated the performers from outside noise. During this era it was not uncommon for recordings to be made in any available location, such as a local ballroom, using portable acoustic recording equipment. In this period, master recordings were made by cutting a rotating cylinder (later disc) made from wax. Performers were typically grouped around a large acoustic horn (an enlarged version of the familiar <a href="/wiki/Gramophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone">gramophone</a> horn). The acoustic energy from the voices or instruments was channeled through the horn to a diaphragm to a mechanical <a href="/wiki/Disc_cutting_lathe" title="Disc cutting lathe">cutting lathe</a>, which inscribed the signal as a modulated groove directly onto the surface of the master. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s_to_1970s">1930s to 1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1930s to 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Recording_studio" title="Special:EditPage/Recording studio">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DM_Recording_Studio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/DM_Recording_Studio.jpg/220px-DM_Recording_Studio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/DM_Recording_Studio.jpg/330px-DM_Recording_Studio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/DM_Recording_Studio.jpg/440px-DM_Recording_Studio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> Studio for Electronic Music <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1956</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Electrical recording was common by the early 1930s, and <a href="/wiki/Mastering_lathe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastering lathe">mastering lathes</a> were electrically powered, but master recordings still had to be cut into a disc, by now a lacquer, also known as an <a href="/wiki/Acetate_disc" title="Acetate disc">Acetate disc</a>. In line with the prevailing musical trends, studios in this period were primarily designed for the live recording of symphony orchestras and other large instrumental ensembles. Engineers soon found that large, reverberant spaces like concert halls created a vibrant acoustic signature as the natural reverb enhanced the sound of the recording. In this period large, acoustically <i>live</i> halls were favored, rather than the acoustically <i>dead</i> booths and studio rooms that became common after the 1960s. Because of the limits of the recording technology, which did not allow for <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack recording</a> techniques, studios of the mid-20th century were designed around the concept of grouping musicians (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm section</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">horn section</a>) and singers (e.g., a group of <a href="/wiki/Backup_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Backup singer">backup singers</a>), rather than separating them, and placing the performers and the microphones strategically to capture the complex acoustic and harmonic interplay that emerged during the performance. In the 2000s, modern <a href="/wiki/Sound_stage" title="Sound stage">sound stages</a> still sometimes use this approach for large <a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">film scoring</a> projects that use large orchestras. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Halls_and_churches">Halls and churches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Halls and churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of their superb acoustics, many of the larger studios were converted churches. Examples include <a href="/wiki/George_Martin" title="George Martin">George Martin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/AIR_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="AIR Studios">AIR Studios</a> in London, <a href="/wiki/CBS_30th_Street_Studio" title="CBS 30th Street Studio">Columbia Records 30th Street Studio</a> in New York City,<sup id="cite_ref-SIMONS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMONS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pythian_Temple_(New_York_City)" title="Pythian Temple (New York City)">Pythian Temple</a> studio in New York. </p><p>Facilities like the Columbia Records 30th Street Studio in New York and <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios" title="Abbey Road Studios">Abbey Road Studios</a> in London were renowned for their identifiable sound—which was (and still is) easily identifiable by audio professionals—and for the skill of their staff engineers. As the need to transfer audio material between different studios grew, there was an increasing demand for <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardization</a> in studio design across the recording industry, and <a href="/wiki/Westlake_Recording_Studios" title="Westlake Recording Studios">Westlake Recording Studios</a> in West Hollywood was highly influential in the 1970s in the development of standardized acoustic design.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In New York City, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> had some of the most highly respected sound recording studios, including the 30th Street Studio at 207 East 30th Street, the <a href="/wiki/CBS_Studio_Building" title="CBS Studio Building">CBS Studio Building</a> at 49 East 52nd Street, <a href="/wiki/Liederkranz_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Liederkranz Hall">Liederkranz Hall</a> at 111 East 58th Street between Park and Lexington Avenues (a building built by and formerly belonging to a German cultural and musical society, The Liederkranz Club and Society),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KAHN2001_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAHN2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of their earliest recording studios, Studio A at 799 Seventh Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMONS_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMONS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Technologies_and_techniques">Technologies and techniques</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Technologies and techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donna_Summer_1977.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Donna_Summer_1977.JPG/170px-Donna_Summer_1977.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Donna_Summer_1977.JPG/255px-Donna_Summer_1977.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Donna_Summer_1977.JPG/340px-Donna_Summer_1977.JPG 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a> wearing headphones during a recording session in 1977</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danny_Knicely_Records_With_Furnace_Mountain_Band_-_Feb_25,_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Danny Knicely records with Furnace Mountain Band" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Danny_Knicely_Records_With_Furnace_Mountain_Band_-_Feb_25%2C_2012.jpg/220px-Danny_Knicely_Records_With_Furnace_Mountain_Band_-_Feb_25%2C_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Danny_Knicely_Records_With_Furnace_Mountain_Band_-_Feb_25%2C_2012.jpg/330px-Danny_Knicely_Records_With_Furnace_Mountain_Band_-_Feb_25%2C_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Danny_Knicely_Records_With_Furnace_Mountain_Band_-_Feb_25%2C_2012.jpg/440px-Danny_Knicely_Records_With_Furnace_Mountain_Band_-_Feb_25%2C_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3583" data-file-height="2691" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Danny_Knicely" title="Danny Knicely">Danny Knicely</a> records with Furnace Mountain Band in Virginia (2012)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Recording_studio" title="Special:EditPage/Recording studio">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Electric recording studios in the mid-20th century often lacked isolation booths, <a href="/wiki/Sound_baffle" title="Sound baffle">sound baffles</a>, and sometimes even speakers. A major reason that isolation was not used was that recordings in this period were typically made as live ensemble <i>takes</i> and all the performers needed to be able to see each other and the ensemble leader while playing. The recording engineers who trained in this period learned to take advantage of the complex acoustic effects that could be created through <i>leakage</i> between different microphones and groups of instruments, and these technicians became extremely skilled at capturing the unique acoustic properties of their studios and the musicians in performance. It was not until the 1960s, with the introduction of the high-fidelity <a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a> that it became common practice for performers to use these to monitor their performance during recording and listen to playbacks. </p><p>The use of different kinds of microphones and their placement around the studio is a crucial part of the recording process, and particular brands of microphones are used by engineers for their specific audio characteristics. The smooth-toned ribbon microphones developed by the <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> company in the 1930s were crucial to the <i>crooning</i> style perfected by <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>, and the famous <a href="/wiki/Neumann_U_47" title="Neumann U 47">Neumann U 47</a> <a href="/wiki/Condenser_microphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Condenser microphone">condenser microphone</a> was one of the most widely used from the 1950s. This model is still widely regarded by audio professionals as one of the best microphones of its type ever made. Learning the correct placement of microphones is a major part of the training of young engineers, and many became extremely skilled in this craft. Well into the 1960s, in the classical field it was not uncommon for engineers to make high-quality orchestral recordings using only one or two microphones suspended above the orchestra. In the 1960s, engineers began experimenting with placing microphones much closer to instruments than had previously been the norm. The distinctive rasping tone of the horn sections on the <a href="/wiki/Beatles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatles">Beatles</a> recordings "<a href="/wiki/Good_Morning_Good_Morning" title="Good Morning Good Morning">Good Morning Good Morning</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Lady_Madonna" title="Lady Madonna">Lady Madonna</a>" were achieved by having the saxophone players position their instruments so that microphones were virtually inside the mouth of the horn.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The unique sonic characteristics of the major studios imparted a special character to many of the most famous popular recordings of the 1950s and 1960s, and the recording companies jealously guarded these facilities. According to sound historian David Simons, after Columbia took over the 30th Street Studios in the late 1940s and <a href="/wiki/A%26R" class="mw-redirect" title="A&R">A&R</a> manager <a href="/wiki/Mitch_Miller" title="Mitch Miller">Mitch Miller</a> had tweaked it to perfection, Miller issued a standing order that the drapes and other fittings were not to be touched, and the cleaners had specific orders never to mop the bare wooden floor for fear it might alter the acoustic properties of the hall. There were several other features of studios in this period that contributed to their unique sonic signatures. </p><p>As well as the inherent sound of the large recording rooms, many of the best studios incorporated specially-designed <a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber" title="Echo chamber">echo chambers</a>, purpose-built rooms which were often built beneath the main studio. These were typically long, low rectangular spaces constructed from hard, sound-reflective materials like concrete, fitted with a loudspeaker at one end and one or more microphones at the other. During a recording session, a signal from one or more of the microphones in the studio could be routed to the loudspeaker in the echo chamber; the sound from the speaker reverberated through the chamber and the enhanced signal was picked up by the microphone at the other end. This echo-enhanced signal, which was often used to <i>sweeten</i> the sound of vocals, could then be blended in with the primary signal from the microphone in the studio and mixed into the track as the master recording was being made. </p><p>Special equipment was another notable feature of the <i>classic</i> recording studio. The biggest studios were owned and operated by large media companies like RCA, Columbia and EMI, who typically had their own electronics research and development divisions that designed and built custom-made recording equipment and mixing consoles for their studios. Likewise, the smaller independent studios were often owned by skilled electronics engineers who designed and built their own desks and other equipment. A good example of this is <a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_Studios" title="Gold Star Studios">Gold Star Studios</a> in Los Angeles, the site of many famous American pop recordings of the 1960s. Co-owner David S. Gold built the studio's main mixing desk and many additional pieces of equipment and he also designed the studio's unique trapezoidal echo chambers. </p><p>During the 1950s and 1960s, the sound of pop recordings was further defined by the introduction of proprietary sound processing devices such as equalizers and compressors, which were manufactured by specialist electronics companies. One of the best known of these was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pultec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pultec (page does not exist)">Pultec</a> equalizer which was used by almost all the major commercial studios of the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multi-track_recording">Multi-track recording</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Multi-track recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Multi-track_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-track recording">multi-track recording</a>, it became possible to record instruments and singers separately and at different times on different tracks on tape. In the mid-20th century, recordings were <a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">analog</a>, made on <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>-inch or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-inch <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a>, or, more rarely, on 35 mm <a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">magnetic film</a>, with <a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording" title="History of multitrack recording">multitrack recording</a> reaching 8 tracks in the 1950s, 16 in 1968, and 32 in the 1970s. The commonest such tape is the 2-inch analog, capable of containing up to 24 individual tracks. Throughout the 1960s many pop classics were still recorded live in a single take. In the 1970s the large recording companies began to adopt multi-track recording and the emphasis shifted to isolation and sound-proofing, with treatments like echo and reverberation added separately during the mixing process, rather than being blended in during the recording. Generally, after an audio mix is set up on a 24-track tape machine, the tracks are played back together, mixed and sent to a different machine, which records the combined signals (called <i>printing</i>) to a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-inch two-track stereo tape, called a <i>master</i>. </p><p>Before digital recording, the total number of available tracks onto which one could record was measured in multiples of 24, based on the number of 24-track tape machines being used. Most recording studios now use digital recording equipment, which limits the number of available tracks only on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">mixing console</a>'s or computer hardware interface's capacity and the ability of the hardware to cope with processing demands. Analog tape machines are still used in some cases for their unique sonic characteristics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_studios">Radio studios</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Radio studios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ridge_Radio_Studio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ridge_Radio_Studio.jpg/220px-Ridge_Radio_Studio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ridge_Radio_Studio.jpg/330px-Ridge_Radio_Studio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ridge_Radio_Studio.jpg/440px-Ridge_Radio_Studio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>The studio at Ridge Radio in <a href="/wiki/Caterham" title="Caterham">Caterham</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Radio studios</b> are very similar to recording studios, particularly in the case of production studios which are not normally used <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">on-air</a>, such as studios where interviews are taped for later broadcast. This type of studio would normally have all of the same equipment that any other audio recording studio would have, particularly if it is at a large station, or at a combined facility that houses a station group, but is also designed for groups of people to work collaboratively in a live-to-air situation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broadcast studios also use many of the same principles such as sound isolation, with adaptations suited to the live on-air nature of their use. Such equipment would commonly include a <a href="/wiki/Telephone_hybrid" title="Telephone hybrid">telephone hybrid</a> for putting <a href="/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">telephone calls</a> on the air, a <a href="/wiki/POTS_codec" title="POTS codec">POTS codec</a> for receiving <a href="/wiki/Remote_broadcast" title="Remote broadcast">remote broadcasts</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dead_air" title="Dead air">dead air</a> <a href="/wiki/Alarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Alarm">alarm</a> for detecting unexpected <a href="/wiki/Silence" title="Silence">silence</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">broadcast delay</a> for dropping anything from coughs to <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">profanity</a>. In the U.S., stations <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">licensed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) also must have an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a> decoder (typically in the studio), and in the case of full-power stations, an encoder that can interrupt programming on all channels which a station transmits to broadcast urgent warnings. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Computers</a> are used for playing <a href="/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">ads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jingle" title="Jingle">jingles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_bumper" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial bumper">bumpers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soundbite" class="mw-redirect" title="Soundbite">soundbites</a>, phone calls, <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound effects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic report">traffic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather reports</a>, and now are able to perform full <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_automation" title="Broadcast automation">broadcast automation</a> when no staff are present. <a href="/wiki/Digital_mixing_console" title="Digital mixing console">Digital mixing consoles</a> can be interconnected via <a href="/wiki/Audio_over_Ethernet" title="Audio over Ethernet">audio over Ethernet</a>. Network connections allow <a href="/wiki/Remote_access_service" title="Remote access service">remote access</a>, so that DJs can do shows from a home studio via the Internet. Additional outside audio connections are required for the <a href="/wiki/Studio/transmitter_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio/transmitter link">studio/transmitter link</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">over-the-air</a> stations, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dishes</a> for sending and receiving shows, and for <a href="/wiki/Webcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Webcasting">webcasting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Podcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Podcasting">podcasting</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Partitions can be set up in a variety of ways, whether to achieve complete or partial separation. Isolation booths set up with partitions are usually temporary and can be taken apart, then used other ways for different sessions.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_recording" title="Remote recording">Remote recording</a> - mobile control room truck for on-location recording</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_studio" title="Film studio">Film studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_software" title="List of music software">List of music software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-amp" title="Re-amp">Re-amp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_studio_as_an_instrument" title="Recording studio as an instrument">Recording studio as an instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkback_(recording)" title="Talkback (recording)">Talkback (recording)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Watkinson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watkinson_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watkinson_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watkinson_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWatkinson2015" class="citation web cs1">Watkinson, David (12 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acousticalsolutions.com/studio-acoustics-treat-recording-and-live-rooms/">"Studio Acoustics: Treat Recording and Live Rooms"</a>. <i>Acoustical Solutions</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Acoustical+Solutions&rft.atitle=Studio+Acoustics%3A+Treat+Recording+and+Live+Rooms&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft.aulast=Watkinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facousticalsolutions.com%2Fstudio-acoustics-treat-recording-and-live-rooms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+studio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Petersen, "In Memoriam: Keith Barr 1949–2010", Mix Magazine Online, Aug 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100829053857/http://mixonline.com/news/keith_barr_obit_2508/index1.html">"In Memoriam-Keith Barr 1949-2010"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mixonline.com/news/keith_barr_obit_2508/index1.html">the original</a> on 29 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Memoriam-Keith+Barr+1949-2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmixonline.com%2Fnews%2Fkeith_barr_obit_2508%2Findex1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+studio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber,_David_Miles2005" class="citation book cs1">Huber, David Miles (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernrecordingt01hube/page/74/mode/2up"><i>Modern Recording Techniques</i></a></span>. Elsevier Inc. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780240806259" title="Special:BookSources/9780240806259"><bdi>9780240806259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Recording+Techniques&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Elsevier+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780240806259&rft.au=Huber%2C+David+Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernrecordingt01hube%2Fpage%2F74%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+studio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson,_T.A.2017" class="citation book cs1">Watson, T.A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FZQrDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Birth and Babyhood of the Telephone</i></a>. Library of Alexandria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781465616609" title="Special:BookSources/9781465616609"><bdi>9781465616609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+and+Babyhood+of+the+Telephone&rft.pub=Library+of+Alexandria&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781465616609&rft.au=Watson%2C+T.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFZQrDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+studio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes_Page_176-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hayes_Page_176_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayesWebster2013" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Derek; Webster, Chris (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4z0qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA176"><i>Acting and Performance for Animation</i></a>. New York and London: Focal Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136135989" title="Special:BookSources/9781136135989"><bdi>9781136135989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acting+and+Performance+for+Animation&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136135989&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Webster%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4z0qBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+studio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMONS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIMONS_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIMONS_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2004" class="citation book cs1">Simons, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEmmAK1qjbYC"><i>Studio Stories – How the Great New York Records Were Made</i></a>. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781617745164" title="Special:BookSources/9781617745164"><bdi>9781617745164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studio+Stories+%E2%80%93+How+the+Great+New+York+Records+Were+Made&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781617745164&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEmmAK1qjbYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+studio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewell2003" class="citation book cs1">Newell, Philip (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AKVQ7Ywz3DYC&pg=PA315"><i>Recording Studio Design</i></a>. Focal Press. pp. 315–316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51917-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-51917-5"><bdi>0-240-51917-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recording+Studio+Design&rft.pages=315-316&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-240-51917-5&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAKVQ7Ywz3DYC%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+studio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liederkranznycity.org/history.asp">"History of The Liederkranz of the City of New York"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727031333/http://www.liederkranznycity.org/history.asp">Archived</a> 27 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – The Liederkranz of the City of New York website. The Liederkranz Club put up a building in 1881 at 111–119 East 58th Street, east of Park Avenue.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KAHN2001-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KAHN2001_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Kahn" title="Ashley Kahn">Kahn, Ashley</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QArFwi9buUC"><i>Kind of Blue: The Making of the Miles Davis Masterpiece</i></a>, Da Capo Press, 2001. Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QArFwi9buUC&q=liederkranz+hall&pg=PA75">p.75</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahern, S (ed), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allenandunwin.com/default.aspx?page=94&book=9781742372075">Making Radio</a>, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2011. Studio Chapter</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cogan, Jim; Clark, William. <i>Temples of Sound: Inside the Great Recording Studios</i>. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2003.</li> <li>Horning, Susan Schmidt. <i>Chasing Sound: Technology, Culture, and the Art of Studio Recording from Edison to the LP</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ramone" title="Phil Ramone">Ramone, Phil</a>; Granata, Charles L. <i>Making Records: The Scenes Behind the Music</i>. New York: Hyperion, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_studio&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recordinghistory.org/">The History of Sound Recording Technology</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_production" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_production" title="Template:Music production"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_production" title="Template talk:Music production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_production" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music production"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_filter" title="Audio filter">Audio filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastering_(audio)" title="Mastering (audio)">Audio mastering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)" title="Audio mixing (recorded music)">Audio mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_distance" title="Critical distance">Critical distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_loop" title="Effects loop">Effects loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talk_box" title="Talk box">Talk box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal" title="Wah-wah pedal">Wah-wah pedal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_(acoustics)" title="Diffusion (acoustics)">Diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdubbing" title="Overdubbing">Overdubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_recording" title="Ping-pong recording">Ping-ponging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_in/out" title="Punch in/out">Punch in/out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_loop" title="Tape loop">Tape loop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">Signal <br /> processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_time_stretching_and_pitch_scaling" title="Audio time stretching and pitch scaling">Pitch shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">Chorus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">Compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)" title="Delay (audio effect)">Delay effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Send_tape_echo_echo_delay" title="Send tape echo echo delay">STEED</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_tracking" title="Double tracking">Double tracking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automatic_double_tracking" title="Automatic double tracking">ADT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducking" title="Ducking">Ducking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exciter_(effect)" title="Exciter (effect)">Exciter effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanging" title="Flanging">Flanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_effect" title="Octave effect">Octave effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_gate" title="Noise gate">Noise gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaser_(effect)" title="Phaser (effect)">Phaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumping_(audio)" title="Pumping (audio)">Pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_echo" title="Reverse echo">Reverse echo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Practices</li><li><br />aesthetics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overproduction_(music)" title="Overproduction (music)">Overproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_studio_as_an_instrument" title="Recording studio as an instrument">Recording studio as an instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenochrony" title="Xenochrony">Xenochrony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Roles</li><li><br /> professions</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandleader" title="Bandleader">Bandleader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter#Music" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriters in music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestrator">Orchestrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Backup singer">Backup singer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Click_track" title="Click track">Click track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)" title="Interpolation (popular music)">Interpolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness_war" title="Loudness war">Loudness war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medley_(music)" title="Medley (music)">Medley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" 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