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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak_of_the_Congo_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Outbreak of the Congo Crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_of_the_Congo_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visit_to_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visit_to_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Visit to the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visit_to_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_at_re-consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_at_re-consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Attempts at re-consolidation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_at_re-consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dismissal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dismissal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Dismissal </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dismissal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dismissal subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dismissal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kasa-Vubu's_revocation_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasa-Vubu's_revocation_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Kasa-Vubu's revocation order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasa-Vubu's_revocation_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobutu's_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobutu's_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Mobutu's coup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobutu's_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UN_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 UN response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_days_and_assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_days_and_assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Final days and assassination </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Final_days_and_assassination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Final days and assassination subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Final_days_and_assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Announcement_of_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Announcement_of_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Announcement of death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Announcement_of_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_involvement_in_his_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_involvement_in_his_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Foreign involvement in his execution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_involvement_in_his_execution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign involvement in his execution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_involvement_in_his_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgian_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgian_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Belgian involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgian_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 United States involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Church_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Church Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._government_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._government_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 U.S. government documents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._government_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 United Kingdom involvement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repatriation_of_his_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repatriation_of_his_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Repatriation of his remains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repatriation_of_his_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Political ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Political impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martyrdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martyrdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Martyrdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martyrdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration_and_official_tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration_and_official_tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Commemoration and official tributes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration_and_official_tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Patrice Lumumba</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" > 94 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="باتريس لومومبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باتريس لومومبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patris_Lumumba" title="Patris Lumumba – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Patris Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="پاتریک لومومبا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاتریک لومومبا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE" title="পাত্রিস লুমুম্বা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাত্রিস লুমুম্বা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Патрыс Лумумба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Патрыс Лумумба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Патрис Лумумба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патрис Лумумба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕ་ཁྲི་རི་ཟེ་ལི་མིན་བ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕ་ཁྲི་རི་ཟེ་ལི་མིན་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1" title="Πατρίς Λουμούμπα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πατρίς Λουμούμπα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="پاتریس لومومبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاتریس لومومبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A3%A8%EB%AD%84%EB%B0%94" title="파트리스 루뭄바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파트리스 루뭄바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1" title="Պատրիս Լումումբա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պատրիս Լումումբա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="पैट्रिस लुंबा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पैट्रिस लुंबा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%94" title="פטריס לומומבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטריס לומומבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="პატრის ლუმუმბა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პატრის ლუმუმბა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Патрис Лумумба – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Патрис Лумумба" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Патрис Лумумба – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Патрис Лумумба" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricius_Lumumba" title="Patricius Lumumba – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Patricius Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriss_Lumumba" title="Patriss Lumumba – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Patriss Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patris_Lumumba" title="Patris Lumumba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Patris Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Патрис Лумумба – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Патрис Лумумба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC" title="പാട്രിസ് ലുമുംബ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാട്രിസ് ലുമുംബ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="पॅट्रिस लुमुम्बा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पॅट्रिस लुमुम्बा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="პატრის ლუმუმბა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პატრის ლუმუმბა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="باتريس لومومبا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باتريس لومومبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="پاتریس لومومبا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پاتریس لومومبا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90" title="パトリス・ルムンバ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パトリス・ルムンバ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%94%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%95%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%9B_%DF%9F%DF%8E%DF%A1%DF%8E%DF%B2%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%AB" title="ߔߊ߬ߕߙߌߛ ߟߎߡߎ߲ߓߊ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߔߊ߬ߕߙߌߛ ߟߎߡߎ߲ߓߊ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪੈਤਰਿਸ ਲਮੂੰਬਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਤਰਿਸ ਲਮੂੰਬਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="پطرس لوممبا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پطرس لوممبا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="پتریس لومومبا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پتریس لومومبا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Лумумба, Патрис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лумумба, Патрис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="پاتریس لومومبا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاتریس لومومبا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Патрис Лумумба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Патрис Лумумба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE" title="பத்திரிசு லுமும்பா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பத்திரிசு லுமும்பா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Патрис Лумумба – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Патрис Лумумба" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE" title="ప్యాట్రిస్ లుముంబా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్యాట్రిస్ లుముంబా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2" title="ปาทริส ลูมูมบา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปาทริส ลูมูมบา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Патріс Лумумба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Патріс Лумумба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="پیٹرائیس لومومبا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیٹرائیس لومومبا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E8%92%99%E5%B7%B4" title="帕特里斯·卢蒙巴 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="帕特里斯·卢蒙巴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E8%92%99%E5%B7%B4" title="帕特里斯·卢蒙巴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帕特里斯·卢蒙巴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Patrice Lumumba" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiNdebele seSewula</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q161672#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="View the content page [c]" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Congolese politician and independence leader (1925–1961)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lumumba" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lumumba_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lumumba (disambiguation)">Lumumba (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Patrice Lumumba</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrice_Lumumba,_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Patrice Lumumba in 1960" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Patrice_Lumumba%2C_1960.jpg/200px-Patrice_Lumumba%2C_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Patrice_Lumumba%2C_1960.jpg/300px-Patrice_Lumumba%2C_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Patrice_Lumumba%2C_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="609" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Lumumba in 1960</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 June 1960 – 5 September 1960<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Gizenga" title="Antoine Gizenga">Antoine Gizenga</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Il%C3%A9o" title="Joseph Iléo">Joseph Iléo</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Minister of Defence (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Minister of National Defense</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 June 1960 – 5 September 1960</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Kazadi" title="Ferdinand Kazadi">Ferdinand Kazadi</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Isaïe Tasumbu Tawosa</div> (1925-07-02)2 July 1925 <a href="/wiki/Katakokombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Katakokombe">Katakokombe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congo-Kasa%C3%AF" title="Congo-Kasaï">Congo-Kasaï</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 January 1961(1961-01-17) (aged 35) near <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabethville" class="mw-redirect" title="Élisabethville">Élisabethville</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[d]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manner of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination by firing squad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congolese_National_Movement" title="Congolese National Movement">MNC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Opango" title="Pauline Opango">Pauline Opango</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1951)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lumumba" title="François Lumumba">François Lumumba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guy-Patrice_Lumumba" title="Guy-Patrice Lumumba">Guy-Patrice Lumumba</a></li><li>Roland-Gilbert Lumumba<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeilig2015Section:_Wives,_lovers_and_children-5">[1]</a></li><li>Juliana Lumumba<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeilig2015Section:_Wives,_lovers_and_children-5">[1]</a></li><li>Marie-Christine Lumumba<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeilig2015Section:_Wives,_lovers_and_children-5">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Independence_of_Congo-Léopoldville10519" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Congolese_independence" title="Template:Congolese independence"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Congolese_independence" title="Template talk:Congolese independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Congolese_independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Congolese independence"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Independence_of_Congo-Léopoldville10519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Independence of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Congo-Léopoldville</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)_-_Commemoration_Independence_Stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Congolese stamp commemorating independence"><img alt="A Congolese stamp commemorating independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Republic_of_the_Congo_%28L%C3%A9opoldville%29_-_Commemoration_Independence_Stamp.jpg/200px-Republic_of_the_Congo_%28L%C3%A9opoldville%29_-_Commemoration_Independence_Stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Republic_of_the_Congo_%28L%C3%A9opoldville%29_-_Commemoration_Independence_Stamp.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Independence1069" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Independence</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opoldville_riots" title="Léopoldville riots">Léopoldville riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Round_Table_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Congolese Round Table Conference">Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_general_election,_1960" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Congo general election, 1960">1960 Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Independence_Speech" title="Congolese Independence Speech">Lumumba's independence speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumumba_Government" title="Lumumba Government">Lumumba Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Figures1050" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Figures</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Belgians: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens">Gaston Eyskens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium">King Baudouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_de_Schryver" class="mw-redirect" title="August de Schryver">August de Schryver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ganshof_van_der_Meersch" title="Walter Ganshof van der Meersch">Walter Ganshof van der Meersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Janssens" title="Émile Janssens">Émile Janssens</a></li></ul> Congolese: <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patrice Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kanza" title="Daniel Kanza">Daniel Kanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moise_Tshombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Moise Tshombe">Moise Tshombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kalonji" title="Albert Kalonji">Albert Kalonji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ophas_Kamitatu" title="Cléophas Kamitatu">Cléophas Kamitatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Gizenga" title="Antoine Gizenga">Antoine Gizenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bolya" title="Paul Bolya">Paul Bolya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bolikango" title="Jean Bolikango">Jean Bolikango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Il%C3%A9o" title="Joseph Iléo">Joseph Iléo</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Parties904" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Parties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_des_Bakongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance des Bakongo">ABAKO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_National_Congolais" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement National Congolais">MNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_des_associations_tribales_du_Katanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga">CONAKAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Solidaire_Africain" title="Parti Solidaire Africain">PSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_des_Bayanzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance des Bayanzi">ABAZI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_des_Ressortisants_du_Haut-Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association des Ressortisants du Haut-Congo (page does not exist)">ASSORECO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_Generale_des_Congolais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union Generale des Congolais (page does not exist)">UGECO</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Congo_Crisis1085" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_of_the_Force_Publique" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutiny of the Force Publique">Mutiny of the Force Publique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">Katanga secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">UN intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Free Republic of the Congo">Stanleyville rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rum_Punch" title="Operation Rum Punch">Operation Rum Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niemba_Ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="Niemba Ambush">Niemba Ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jadotville" title="Siege of Jadotville">Siege of Jadotville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindu_atrocity" title="Kindu atrocity">Kindu atrocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grandslam" title="Operation Grandslam">Operation Grandslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Simba Rebellion">Simba Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisangani_Mutinies" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisangani Mutinies">Kisangani Mutinies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Miscellaneous_and_cultural555" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Miscellaneous and cultural</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89volu%C3%A9" title="Évolué">Évolué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ind%C3%A9pendance_Cha_Cha" title="Indépendance Cha Cha">Indépendance Cha Cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Ronde" title="Table Ronde">Table Ronde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Africa" title="Year of Africa">Year of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> Patrice Émery Lumumba<a href="#cite_note-7">[e]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pəˈtriːs lʊˈmʊmbə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/67\/En-us-Patrice_Lumumba_from_Congo_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg\/En-us-Patrice_Lumumba_from_Congo_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Patrice Lumumba from Congo pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/En-us-Patrice_Lumumba_from_Congo_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg/En-us-Patrice_Lumumba_from_Congo_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Patrice_Lumumba_from_Congo_pronunciation_(Voice_of_America).ogg" title="File:En-us-Patrice Lumumba from Congo pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">pə-TREESS luu-MUUM-bə</a>;<a href="#cite_note-8">[3]</a> born Isaïe Tasumbu Tawosa;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulumba2019251-9">[4]</a> 2 July 1925 – 17 January 1961) was a Congolese politician and independence leader who served as the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">prime minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (then known as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo</a>) from June until September 1960, following the <a href="/wiki/1960_Belgian_Congo_general_election" title="1960 Belgian Congo general election">May 1960 election</a>. He was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Congolese_National_Movement" title="Congolese National Movement">Congolese National Movement</a> (MNC) from 1958 until his assassination in 1961. Ideologically an <a href="/wiki/African_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="African nationalist">African nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Africanist">pan-Africanist</a>, he played a significant role in the transformation of the Congo from a <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">colony of Belgium</a> into an independent republic. Shortly after Congolese independence in June 1960, a <a href="/wiki/1960_Force_Publique_mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="1960 Force Publique mutiny">mutiny</a> broke out in the army, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a>. After a coup, Lumumba attempted to escape to <a href="/wiki/Stanleyville,_Belgian_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanleyville, Belgian Congo">Stanleyville</a> to join his supporters who had established a new anti-<a href="/wiki/Joseph-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Mobutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph-Désiré Mobutu">Mobutu</a> state called the <a href="/wiki/Free_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Free Republic of the Congo">Free Republic of the Congo</a>. Lumumba was captured en route by state authorities under Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, sent to the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga</a> and, with the help of Belgian mercenaries, tortured and executed by the separatist Katangan authorities of <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Tshombe" title="Moïse Tshombe">Moïse Tshombe</a>. In 2002, Belgium formally apologised for its role in the execution, admitting "moral responsibility", and in 2022, they returned Lumumba’s tooth to his family. He is seen as a martyr for the pan-African movement. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lumumba-IISG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lumumba-IISG.jpg/250px-Lumumba-IISG.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lumumba-IISG.jpg/375px-Lumumba-IISG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Lumumba-IISG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Lumumba, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1950s</figcaption></figure> Patrice Lumumba was born on 2 July 1925 as Isaïe Tasumbu Tawosa to Julienne Wamato Lomendja and her husband, François Tolenga Otetshima, a farmer, in Onalua, in the <a href="/wiki/Katakokombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Katakokombe">Katakokombe</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Kasai_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasai region">Kasai</a> province of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanyarwunga200676-10">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeilig2015Section:_Early_years:_life_in_Onalua-11">[6]</a> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Tetela_people" title="Tetela people">Tetela</a> ethnic group, where he was referred to with the name Élias Okit'Asombo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabian199673-12">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillame199022–25-13">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanyarwunga200676,_502-14">[9]</a> His original surname means "heir of the cursed" and is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Tetela_language" title="Tetela language">Tetela</a> words okitá/okitɔ́ ('heir', 'successor')<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagendorens1975275–276-15">[10]</a> and asombó ('cursed or bewitched people who will die quickly').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagendorens1975309,_371-16">[11]</a> He had three brothers (Charles Lokolonga, Émile Kalema, and Louis Onema Pene Lumumba) and one half-brother (Jean Tolenga).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanyarwunga200676-10">[5]</a> Raised in a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> family, he was educated at a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> primary school, a Catholic missionary school, and finally the government post office training school, where he passed the one-year course with distinction. He was known for being a vocal, precocious young man, regularly pointing out the errors of his teachers in front of his peers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeilig201523-17">[12]</a> This outspoken nature would come to define his life and career. Lumumba spoke Tetela, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Lingala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tshiluba" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshiluba">Tshiluba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanyarwunga200676-10">[5]</a> Outside of his regular studies, Lumumba took an interest in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> ideals of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>. He was also fond of <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>. He wrote poetry, and many of his works had anti-imperialist themes.<a href="#cite_note-rus-18">[13]</a> He worked as a travelling beer salesman in Léopoldville and as a postal clerk in <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Stanleyville</a> for eleven years.<a href="#cite_note-Struggle-19">[14]</a> Lumumba was married three times. He married Henriette Maletaua a year after arriving in Stanleyville; they divorced in 1947. In the same year, he married Hortense Sombosia, but this relationship also fell apart. He began an affair with Pauline Kie. While he had no children with his first two wives, his relationship with Kie resulted in a son, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lumumba" title="François Lumumba">François Lumumba</a>. Though he remained close with Kie until his death, Lumumba ultimately ended their affair to marry <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Opangu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Opangu">Pauline Opangu</a> in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeilig2015Section:_Wives,_lovers_and_children-5">[1]</a> In the period following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, young leaders across Africa increasingly worked for national goals and independence from the colonial powers.<a href="#cite_note-Struggle-19">[14]</a> In 1952 he was hired to work as a personal assistant for French sociologist Pierre Clément, who was performing a study of Stanleyville.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETödt2021204-20">[15]</a> That year he also co-founded and subsequently became president of a Stanleyville chapter of the Association des Anciens élèves des pères de Scheut (ADAPÉS), an alumni association for former students at <a href="/wiki/CICM_Missionaries" title="CICM Missionaries">Scheut</a> schools, despite the fact that he had never attended one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETödt2021209-21">[16]</a> In 1955, Lumumba became regional head of the Cercles of Stanleyville and joined the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Belgium)" title="Liberal Party (Belgium)">Liberal Party of Belgium</a>. He edited and distributed party literature. Between 1956 and 1957 he wrote his autobiography (which was published posthumously in 1962).<a href="#cite_note-22">[17]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] After a study tour in Belgium in 1956, he was arrested on charges of embezzlement of $2500<a href="#cite_note-Struggle-19">[14]</a> from the post office. He was convicted and sentenced one year later to 12 months' imprisonment and a fine.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-6">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_MNC">Leader of the MNC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Leader of the MNC">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_National_Congolais" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement National Congolais">Mouvement National Congolais</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrice_Lumumba_in_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Patrice_Lumumba_in_1958.jpg/250px-Patrice_Lumumba_in_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Patrice_Lumumba_in_1958.jpg/330px-Patrice_Lumumba_in_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Patrice_Lumumba_in_1958.jpg/500px-Patrice_Lumumba_in_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption>Lumumba in 1958</figcaption></figure> After his release, Lumumba helped found the <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_National_Congolais" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement National Congolais">Mouvement National Congolais</a> (MNC) party in 1958 and quickly became the organisation's leader.<a href="#cite_note-rus-18">[13]</a> The MNC, unlike other Congolese parties developing at the time, did not draw on a particular ethnic base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbs199179-23">[18]</a> It promoted a platform that included independence, gradual <a href="/wiki/Africanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Africanisation">Africanisation</a> of the government, state-led economic development, and neutrality in foreign affairs. Lumumba had a large popular following<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbs199179-23">[18]</a> and as a result, he had more political autonomy than contemporaries who were more dependent on Belgian connections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbs199180-24">[19]</a> Lumumba was one of the delegates who represented the MNC at the <a href="/wiki/All-African_Peoples%27_Conference" title="All-African Peoples' Conference">All-African Peoples' Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, Ghana, in December 1958. At this international conference, hosted by Ghanaian president <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>, Lumumba further solidified his <a href="/wiki/Pan-African" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-African">pan-Africanist</a> credentials. Nkrumah was personally impressed by Lumumba's intelligence and ability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerardKuklick201558-25">[20]</a> In 1959, the MNC split into the majority MNC-L, led by Lumumba, and the more radical and federalist MNC-K. In late October 1959, Lumumba, as leader of the MNC, was arrested for inciting an anti-colonial riot in Stanleyville during which 30 people were killed. He was sentenced to six months in prison. The trial's start date of 18 January 1960 was the first day of the <a href="/wiki/Congolese_Round_Table_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Congolese Round Table Conference">Congolese Round Table Conference</a> in Brussels, intended to make a plan for the future of the Congo. Despite Lumumba's imprisonment, the MNC won a convincing majority in the December local elections in the Congo. As a result of strong pressure from delegates upset by Lumumba's trial, he was released and allowed to attend the Brussels conference.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence_and_election_as_prime_minister">Independence and election as prime minister</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Independence and election as prime minister">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1960_Belgian_Congo_general_election" title="1960 Belgian Congo general election">1960 Belgian Congo general election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_Lumumba_Government" title="Formation of the Lumumba Government">Formation of the Lumumba Government</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Congolese_leider_Patrice_Loemoemba_in_Brussel,_Bestanddeelnr_910-9741.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/De_Congolese_leider_Patrice_Loemoemba_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-9741.jpg/240px-De_Congolese_leider_Patrice_Loemoemba_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-9741.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/De_Congolese_leider_Patrice_Loemoemba_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-9741.jpg/360px-De_Congolese_leider_Patrice_Loemoemba_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-9741.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/De_Congolese_leider_Patrice_Loemoemba_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-9741.jpg/480px-De_Congolese_leider_Patrice_Loemoemba_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-9741.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3681" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>Lumumba pictured in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Belgo-Congolese_Round_Table_Conference" title="Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference">Round Table Conference</a> with other members of the MNC-L delegation, 26 January 1960</figcaption></figure> The conference culminated on 27 January 1960 with a declaration of Congolese independence. It set 30 June 1960 as the independence date with <a href="/wiki/1960_Belgian_Congo_general_election" title="1960 Belgian Congo general election">national elections to be held from 11 to 25 May 1960</a>. The MNC won a plurality in the election. Six weeks before the date of independence, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ganshof_van_der_Meersch" title="Walter Ganshof van der Meersch">Walter Ganshof van der Meersch</a> was appointed as the Belgian Minister of African Affairs. He lived in Léopoldville, in effect becoming Belgium's de facto resident minister in the Congo, administering it jointly with Governor-general <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Cornelis" title="Hendrik Cornelis">Hendrik Cornelis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza199496-26">[21]</a> He was charged with advising <a href="/wiki/King_Baudouin" class="mw-redirect" title="King Baudouin">King Baudouin</a> on the selection of a <a href="/wiki/Formateur" title="Formateur">formateur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196574-27">[22]</a> On 8 June 1960, Ganshof flew to Brussels to meet with Baudouin. He made three suggestions for formateur: Lumumba, as the winner of the elections; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a>, the only figure with a reliable national reputation who was associated with the coalescing opposition; or some to-be-determined third individual who could unite the competing blocs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196575-28">[23]</a> Ganshof returned to the Congo on 12 June 1960. The following day he appointed Lumumba to serve as the delegate (<a href="/wiki/Informateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Informateur">informateur</a>) tasked with investigating the possibility of forming a <a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">national unity government</a> that included politicians with a wide range of views, with 16 June 1960 as his deadline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196575–76-29">[24]</a> The same day as Lumumba's appointment, the parliamentary opposition coalition, the Cartel d'Union Nationale, was announced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_63-30">[25]</a> Though Kasa-Vubu was aligned with their beliefs, he remained distanced from them. The MNC-L was also having trouble securing the allegiances of the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Solidaire_Africain" title="Parti Solidaire Africain">PSA</a>, CEREA (Centre de Regroupement Africain), and BALUBAKAT (Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196576-31">[26]</a> Initially, Lumumba was unable to establish contact with members of the cartel. Eventually several leaders were appointed to meet with him, but their positions remained entrenched. On 16 June 1960, Lumumba reported his difficulties to Ganshof, who extended the deadline and promised to act as an intermediary between the MNC-L leader and the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_74-32">[27]</a> Once Ganshof had made contact with the cartel leadership, he was impressed by their obstinacy and assurances of a strong anti-Lumumba polity. By evening, Lumumba's mission was showing even less chance of succeeding. Ganshof considered extending the role of informateur to <a href="/wiki/Cyrille_Adoula" title="Cyrille Adoula">Cyrille Adoula</a> and Kasa-Vubu, but faced increasing pressure from Belgian and moderate Congolese advisers to end Lumumba's assignment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraphs_75–78-33">[28]</a> The following day, on 17 June 1960, Ganshof declared that Lumumba had failed and terminated his mission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196576-31">[26]</a> Acting on Ganshof's advice, Baudouin then named Kasa-Vubu formateur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza199497-34">[29]</a> Lumumba responded by threatening to form his own government and present it to parliament without official approval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196576-31">[26]</a> He called a meeting at the OK Bar in Léopoldville, where he announced the creation of a "popular" government with the support of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mulele" title="Pierre Mulele">Pierre Mulele</a> of the PSA. Meanwhile, Kasa-Vubu, like Lumumba, was unable to communicate with his political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraphs_81–82-35">[30]</a> He assumed that he would secure the presidency, so he began looking for someone to serve as his prime minister. Most of the candidates he considered were friends who had foreign support similar to his own, including <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kalonji" title="Albert Kalonji">Albert Kalonji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Il%C3%A9o" title="Joseph Iléo">Joseph Iléo</a>, Cyrille Adoula, and <a href="/wiki/Justin_Bomboko" title="Justin Bomboko">Justin Bomboko</a>. Kasa-Vubu was slow to come to a final decision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza199497-34">[29]</a> On 18 June 1960, Kasa-Vubu announced that he had completed his government with all parties except the MNC-L. That afternoon <a href="/wiki/Jason_Sendwe" title="Jason Sendwe">Jason Sendwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Gizenga" title="Antoine Gizenga">Antoine Gizenga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anicet_Kashamura" title="Anicet Kashamura">Anicet Kashamura</a> announced in the presence of Lumumba that their respective parties were not committed to the government. The next day, on 19 June 1960, Ganshof summoned Kasa-Vubu and Lumumba to a meeting so they could forge a compromise. This failed when Lumumba flatly refused the position of prime minister in a Kasa-Vubu government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraphs_83–87-36">[31]</a> The following day, on 20 June 1960, the two rivals met in the presence of Adoula and diplomats from Israel and Ghana, but no agreement was reached.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraphs_83–87-36">[31]</a> Most party leaders refused to support a government that did not include Lumumba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_88-37">[32]</a> The decision to make Kasa-Vubu the formateur was a catalyst that rallied the PSA, CEREA, and BALUBAKAT to Lumumba, making it unlikely that Kasa-Vubu could form a government that would survive a vote of confidence. When the chamber met, on 21 June 1960, to select its officers, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kasongo" title="Joseph Kasongo">Joseph Kasongo</a> of the MNC-L was elected president with 74 votes (a majority), while the two vice presidencies were secured by the PSA and CEREA candidates, both of whom had the support of Lumumba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196576-31">[26]</a> With time running out before independence, Baudouin took new advice from Ganshof and appointed Lumumba as formateur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza199497-34">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Congolese_government.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/First_Congolese_government.jpg/500px-First_Congolese_government.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/First_Congolese_government.jpg/525px-First_Congolese_government.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/First_Congolese_government.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Lumumba (left centre) poses with <a href="/wiki/Lumumba_Government" title="Lumumba Government">his government</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Nation_(Kinshasa)" title="Palais de la Nation (Kinshasa)">Palais de la Nation</a> immediately following its investiture.</figcaption></figure> Once it was apparent that Lumumba's bloc controlled parliament, several members of the opposition became eager to negotiate for a coalition government in order to share power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_104-38">[33]</a> By 22 June 1960, Lumumba had a government list, but negotiations continued with <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bolikango" title="Jean Bolikango">Jean Bolikango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Delvaux" title="Albert Delvaux">Albert Delvaux</a>, and Kasa-Vubu. Lumumba reportedly offered the <a href="/wiki/ABAKO" title="ABAKO">Alliance of Bakongo (ABAKO)</a> the ministerial positions for foreign affairs and middle classes, but Kasa-Vubu instead demanded the ministry of finance, a minister of state, the secretary of state for the interior, and a written pledge of support from the MNC-L and its allies for his presidential candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_96-39">[34]</a> Kalonji was presented with the agriculture portfolio by Lumumba, which he rejected, although he was suitable due to his experience as an agricultural engineer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENzongola-Ntalaja2002104-40">[35]</a> Adoula was also offered a ministerial position, but refused to accept it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994103-41">[36]</a> By the morning of 23 June 1960, the government was, in the words of Lumumba, "practically formed". At noon, he made a counter-offer to Kasa-Vubu, who instead responded with a letter demanding the creation of a seventh province for the <a href="/wiki/Bakongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakongo">Bakongo</a>. Lumumba refused to comply and instead pledged to support Jean Bolikango in his bid for the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_110-42">[37]</a> At 14:45, Lumumba presented his proposed government before the press. Neither the ABAKO nor the <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_National_Congolais" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement National Congolais">MNC-Kalonji (MNC-K)</a> were represented among the ministers, and the only PSA members were from Gizenga's wing of the party. The Bakongo of Léopoldville were deeply upset by their exclusion from Lumumba's cabinet. They subsequently demanded the removal of the PSA-dominated provincial government and called for a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> to begin the following morning. At 16:00, Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu resumed negotiations. Kasa-Vubu eventually agreed to Lumumba's earlier offer, though Lumumba informed him that he could not give him a guarantee of support in his presidential candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_110-42">[37]</a> The resulting 37-strong <a href="/wiki/Lumumba_Government" title="Lumumba Government">Lumumba government</a> was very diverse, with its members coming from different classes, different tribes, and holding varied political beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994104-43">[38]</a> Though many had questionable loyalty to Lumumba, most did not openly contradict him out of political considerations or fear of reprisal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994258-44">[39]</a> At 22:40 on 23 June 1960, the Chamber of Deputies convened in the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Nation_(Kinshasa)" title="Palais de la Nation (Kinshasa)">Palais de la Nation</a> to vote on Lumumba's government. After Kasongo opened the session, Lumumba delivered his main speech,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994100-45">[40]</a> promising to maintain national unity, abide by the will of the people, and pursue a <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">neutralist</a> foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196578-46">[41]</a> It was warmly received by most deputies and observers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994100-45">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lumumba_waves_to_supporters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lumumba_waves_to_supporters.jpg/250px-Lumumba_waves_to_supporters.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Lumumba_waves_to_supporters.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Lumumba waving to supporters, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1960</figcaption></figure> The chamber proceeded to engage in a heated debate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994100-45">[40]</a> Though the government contained members from parties that held 120 of the 137 seats, reaching a majority was not a straightforward task. While several leaders of the opposition had been involved in the formative negotiations, their parties as a whole had not been consulted. Furthermore, some individuals were upset they had not been included in the government and sought to personally prevent its investiture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraphs_112–113-47">[42]</a> In the subsequent arguments, multiple deputies expressed dissatisfaction at the lack of representation of their respective provinces and/or parties, with several threatening secession. Among them was Kalonji, who said he would encourage people of Kasaï to refrain from participating in the central government and form their own autonomous state. One Katangese deputy objected to the same person being appointed as premier and as head of the defence portfolio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994100–102-48">[43]</a> When a vote was finally taken, only 80 of the 137 members of the chamber were present. Of these, 74 voted in favour of the government, five against, and one abstained. The 57 absences were almost all voluntary. Though the government had earned just as many votes as when Kasongo won the presidency of the chamber, the support was not congruent; members of <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ophas_Kamitatu" title="Cléophas Kamitatu">Cléophas Kamitatu</a>'s wing of the PSA had voted against the government while a few members of the PNP, PUNA, and ABAKO voted in favour of it. Overall, the vote was a disappointment for the MNC-L coalition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_117-49">[44]</a> The session was adjourned at 02:05 on 24 June 1960.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994103-41">[36]</a> The senate convened that day to vote on the government. There was another heated debate, in which Iléo and Adoula expressed their strong dissatisfaction with its composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994103-41">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/CONAKAT" title="CONAKAT">Confederation of Tribal Associations of Katanga (CONAKAT)</a> members abstained from voting. When arguments concluded, a decisive vote of approval was taken on the government: 60 voted in favour, 12 against, while eight abstained. All dissident arguments for alternative cabinets, particularly Kalonji's demand for a new administration, were rendered impotent, and the Lumumba government was officially invested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraphs_119–120-50">[45]</a> With the institution of a broad coalition, the parliamentary opposition was officially reduced to only the MNC-K and some individuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._781960paragraph_16-51">[46]</a> At the onset of his premiership, Lumumba had two main goals: to ensure that independence would bring a legitimate improvement in the quality of life for the Congolese and to unify the country as a centralised state by eliminating <a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">tribalism</a> and regionalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196579-52">[47]</a> He was worried that opposition to his government would appear rapidly and would have to be managed quickly and decisively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196579–80-53">[48]</a> To achieve the first aim, Lumumba believed that a comprehensive "<a href="/wiki/Africanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Africanisation">Africanisation</a>" of the administration, in spite of its risks, would be necessary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196580-54">[49]</a> The Belgians were opposed to such an idea, as it would create inefficiency in the Congo's bureaucracy and lead to a mass exodus of unemployed civil servants to Belgium, whom they would be unable to absorb into the government there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196583-55">[50]</a> It was too late for Lumumba to enact Africanisation before independence. Seeking another gesture that might excite the Congolese people, Lumumba proposed to the Belgian government a reduction in sentences for all prisoners and an amnesty for those serving a term of three years or less. Ganshof feared that such an action would jeopardise law and order, and he evaded taking any action until it was too late to fulfill the request. Lumumba's opinion of the Belgians was soured by this affair, which contributed to his fear that independence would not appear "real" to the average Congolese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196580-54">[49]</a> In seeking to eliminate tribalism and regionalism in the Congo, Lumumba was deeply inspired by the personality and undertakings of <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> and by Ghanaian ideas of the leadership necessary in post-colonial Africa. He worked to seek such changes through the MNC. Lumumba intended to combine it with its parliamentary allies—CEREA, the PSA, and possibly BALUBAKAT—to form one national party, and to build a following in each province. He hoped it would absorb other parties and become a unifying force for the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196580-54">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congopresse_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Congopresse_4.jpg/310px-Congopresse_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Congopresse_4.jpg/465px-Congopresse_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Congopresse_4.jpg/620px-Congopresse_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>The independence ceremony for the Congo, held on 30 June 1960, at which Lumumba delivered his <a href="/wiki/Congolese_Independence_Speech" title="Congolese Independence Speech">independence speech</a></figcaption></figure> Independence Day was celebrated on 30 June 1960 in a ceremony attended by many dignitaries, including King Baudouin of Belgium and the foreign press.<a href="#cite_note-speech-56">[51]</a> Baudouin's speech praised developments under colonialism, his reference to the "genius" of his great-granduncle <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II of Belgium</a>, glossing over <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">atrocities</a> committed during his reign over the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte20011-57">[52]</a> The King continued, "Don't compromise the future with hasty reforms, and don't replace the structures that Belgium hands over to you until you are sure you can do better. Don't be afraid to come to us. We will remain by your side, give you advice."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte20011-57">[52]</a> Lumumba, who had not been scheduled to speak, delivered <a href="/wiki/Congolese_Independence_Speech" title="Congolese Independence Speech">an impromptu speech</a> that reminded the audience that the independence of the Congo had not been granted magnanimously by Belgium:<a href="#cite_note-speech-56">[51]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">For this independence of the Congo, although being proclaimed today by agreement with Belgium, an amicable country, with which we are on equal terms, no Congolese worthy of the name will ever be able to forget that it was by fighting that it has been won, a day-to-day fight, an ardent and idealistic fight, a fight in which we were spared neither privation nor suffering, and for which we gave our strength and our blood. We are proud of this struggle, of tears, of fire, and of blood, to the depths of our being, for it was a noble and just struggle, and indispensable to put an end to the humiliating slavery which was imposed upon us by force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMwakikagile200920-58">[53]</a></blockquote> Most European journalists were shocked by the stridency of Lumumba's speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbs199181-59">[54]</a> The Western media criticised him. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine characterised his speech as a "vicious attack".<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_minister">Prime minister</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prime minister">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independence">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:275px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Every morning at seven o'clock he sat at the huge desk, embellished with the forgotten coat of arms of colonial Belgium; a golden lion in a blue shield. There the Premier first received his immediate assistants, set up the schedule for the day, went over correspondence, which he answered. Without a stop until evening he was receiving salesmen, petitioners, donors, experts, businessmen, and diplomats, the most variegated crowd that ever walked on the market ... everybody wanted to deal exclusively with Lumumba. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Prime Minister's Press Secretary Serge Michel<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichel196163-61">[56]</a></cite></div> </div> Independence Day and the three days that followed it were declared a national holiday.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam1961205-62">[57]</a> The Congolese were preoccupied by the festivities, which were conducted in relative peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196587-63">[58]</a> Meanwhile, Lumumba's office was overtaken by a flurry of activity. A diverse group of individuals, Congolese and European, some friends and relatives, hurried about their work. Some undertook specific missions on his behalf, sometimes without direct permission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994184-64">[59]</a> Numerous Congolese citizens showed up at the office at whim for various reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994185-65">[60]</a> Lumumba, for his part, was mostly preoccupied with a lengthy itinerary of receptions and ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderstraeten1993137-66">[61]</a> On 3 July Lumumba declared a general amnesty for prisoners, but it was never implemented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam1961208-67">[62]</a> The following morning he convened the Council of Ministers to discuss the unrest among the troops of the Force Publique.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994186-68">[63]</a> Many soldiers hoped that independence would result in immediate promotions and material gains, but were disappointed by Lumumba's slow pace of reform. The rank-and-file felt that the Congolese political class—particularly ministers in the new government—were enriching themselves while failing to improve the troops' situation. Many of the soldiers were also fatigued from maintaining order during the elections and participating in independence celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillame197263-69">[64]</a> The ministers decided to establish four committees to study, respectively, the reorganisation of the administration, the judiciary, and the army, and the enacting of a new statute for state employees. All were to devote special attention to ending racial discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196587–88-70">[65]</a> Parliament assembled for the first time since independence and took its first official legislative action by voting to increase the salaries of its members to FC 500,000. Lumumba, fearing the repercussions the raise would have on the budget, was among the few to object, dubbing it a "ruinous folly".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKown1969108–109-71">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001177-72">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outbreak_of_the_Congo_Crisis">Outbreak of the Congo Crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Outbreak of the Congo Crisis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrice_Lumumba_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Patrice_Lumumba_official_portrait.jpg/330px-Patrice_Lumumba_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Patrice_Lumumba_official_portrait.jpg/420px-Patrice_Lumumba_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Patrice_Lumumba_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait of Lumumba as prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo</a>, 1960</figcaption></figure> On the morning of 5 July 1960, General <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Janssens" title="Émile Janssens">Émile Janssens</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a>, in response to increasing excitement among the Congolese ranks, summoned all troops on duty at Camp Léopold II. He demanded that the army maintain its discipline and wrote "before independence = after independence" on a blackboard for emphasis. That evening the Congolese sacked the canteen in protest of Janssens. He alerted the reserve garrison of Camp Hardy, 95 miles away in <a href="/wiki/Mbanza-Ngungu" title="Mbanza-Ngungu">Thysville</a>. The officers tried to organise a convoy to send to Camp Léopold II to restore order, but the men mutinied and seized the armoury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196588-73">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">The crisis</a> which followed came to dominate the tenure of the Lumumba government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung1966334-74">[69]</a> The next day Lumumba dismissed Janssens and promoted all Congolese soldiers one grade, but mutinies spread out into the Lower Congo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2015316-75">[70]</a> Although the trouble was highly localised, the country seemed to be overrun by gangs of soldiers and looters.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The media reported that Europeans were fleeing the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevlin2007-76">[71]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In response, Lumumba announced over the radio, "Thoroughgoing reforms are planned in all sectors. My government will make every possible effort to see that our country has a different face in a few months, a few weeks." In spite of government efforts, the mutinies continued.<a href="#cite_note-washington-77">[72]</a> Mutineers in Leopoldville and Thysville surrendered only upon the personal intervention of Lumumba and President Kasa-Vubu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGondola2002118-78">[73]</a> On 8 July, Lumumba renamed the Force Publique as the "<a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_Nationale_Congolaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée Nationale Congolaise">Armée Nationale Congolaise</a>" (ANC). He Africanised the force by appointing Sergeant Major <a href="/wiki/Victor_Lundula" title="Victor Lundula">Victor Lundula</a> as general and commander-in-chief, and chose junior minister and former soldier <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Joseph Mobutu</a> as colonel and Army chief of staff. These promotions were made in spite of Lundula's inexperience and rumours about Mobutu's ties to Belgian and US intelligence services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENzongola-Ntalaja200298-79">[74]</a> All European officers in the army were replaced with Africans, with a few retained as advisers. By the next day the mutinies had spread throughout the entire country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2015316-75">[70]</a> Five Europeans, including the Italian vice-consul, were ambushed and killed by machine gun fire in <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Élisabethville</a>, and nearly the entire European population of <a href="/wiki/Kananga" title="Kananga">Luluabourg</a> barricaded itself in an office building for safety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2015317-80">[75]</a> An estimated two dozen Europeans were murdered in the mutiny.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbs199182-81">[76]</a> Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu embarked on a tour across the country to promote peace and appoint new army commanders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2015317-80">[75]</a> Belgium intervened on 10 July, dispatching 6,000 troops to the Congo, ostensibly to protect its citizens from the violence. Most Europeans went to <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga Province</a>, which possessed much of the Congo's natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-6">[2]</a> Though personally angered, Lumumba condoned the action on 11 July, provided that the Belgian forces acted only to protect their citizens, followed the direction of the Congolese armed forces, and ceased their activities once order was restored.<a href="#cite_note-washington-77">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGondola2002118-78">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbs199182-81">[76]</a> The same day the Belgian Navy bombarded <a href="/wiki/Matadi" title="Matadi">Matadi</a> after it had evacuated its citizens, killing 19 Congolese civilians. This greatly inflamed tensions, leading to renewed Congolese attacks on Europeans. Shortly thereafter Belgian forces moved to occupy cities throughout the country, including the capital, where they clashed with Congolese soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGondola2002118-78">[73]</a> On the whole, the Belgian intervention made the situation worse for the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbs199182-81">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga</a> declared independence under regional premier <a href="/wiki/Moise_Tshombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Moise Tshombe">Moïse Tshombe</a> on 11 July, with support from the Belgian government and mining companies such as <a href="/wiki/Union_Mini%C3%A8re_du_Haut_Katanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Minière du Haut Katanga">Union Minière</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu were denied use of Élisabethville's airstrip the following day and returned to the capital, only to be accosted by fleeing Belgians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2015318-83">[78]</a> They sent a protest of the Belgian deployment to the United Nations, requesting that they withdraw and be replaced by an international peacekeeping force. The <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_143" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 143">United Nations Security Council Resolution 143</a>, calling for immediate removal of Belgian forces and establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">United Nations Operation in the Congo</a> (ONUC). Despite the arrival of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN troops</a>, unrest continued. Lumumba requested UN troops to suppress the rebellion in Katanga, but the UN forces were not authorised to do so under their mandate. On 14 July Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu broke off diplomatic relations with Belgium. Frustrated at dealing with the West, they sent a telegram to Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, requesting that he closely monitor the situation in the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2015319-84">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visit_to_the_United_States">Visit to the United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Visit to the United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aankomst_Lumoemba_in_New_York,_Bestanddeelnr_913-2033_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aankomst_Lumoemba_in_New_York%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-2033_-_cropped.jpg/330px-Aankomst_Lumoemba_in_New_York%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-2033_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aankomst_Lumoemba_in_New_York%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-2033_-_cropped.jpg/500px-Aankomst_Lumoemba_in_New_York%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-2033_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aankomst_Lumoemba_in_New_York%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-2033_-_cropped.jpg/960px-Aankomst_Lumoemba_in_New_York%2C_Bestanddeelnr_913-2033_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2558" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>Lumumba arriving in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, 24 July 1960</figcaption></figure> Lumumba decided to travel to New York City in order to personally express the position of his government to the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994223-85">[80]</a> Shortly before his departure, he announced that he had signed an economic agreement with a U.S. businessman who had created the Congo International Management Corporation (CIMCO). According to the contract (which had yet to be ratified by parliament), CIMCO was to form a <a href="/wiki/Development_corporation" title="Development corporation">development corporation</a> to invest in and manage certain sectors of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-87">[f]</a> He also declared his approval of the second security council resolution, adding that "[Soviet] aid was no longer necessary"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965155-88">[82]</a> and announced his intention to seek technical assistance from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillame1990205-89">[83]</a> On 22 July Lumumba left the Congo for New York City.<a href="#cite_note-91">[g]</a> He and his entourage reached the United States two days later after brief stops in Accra and London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965155–156-92">[85]</a> There they rendezvoused with his UN delegation at the <a href="/wiki/InterContinental_New_York_Barclay_Hotel" title="InterContinental New York Barclay Hotel">Barclay Hotel</a> to prepare for meetings with UN officials. Lumumba was focused on discussing the withdrawal of Belgian troops and various options for technical assistance with <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994236-93">[86]</a> African diplomats were keen that the meetings would be successful; they convinced Lumumba to wait until the Congo was more stable before reaching any more major economic agreements (such as the CIMCO arrangement). Lumumba saw Hammarskjöld and other staff of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Secretariat" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Secretariat">UN Secretariat</a> over three days on 24, 25, and 26 July. Though Lumumba and Hammarskjöld were restrained towards one another, their discussions went smoothly. In a press conference, Lumumba reaffirmed his government's commitment to "positive neutralism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965156-94">[87]</a> On 27 July, Lumumba went to the American capital <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>. He met with the <a href="/wiki/US_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of State">US Secretary of State</a> and appealed for financial and technical assistance. The US government informed Lumumba that they would offer aid only through the UN. The following day he received a telegram from Gizenga detailing a clash at <a href="/wiki/Kolwezi" title="Kolwezi">Kolwezi</a> between Belgian and Congolese forces. Lumumba felt that the UN was hampering his attempts to expel the Belgian troops and defeat the Katangan rebels. On 29 July, Lumumba went to <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, the capital of Canada, to request help. The Canadians rebuffed a request for technicians and said that they would channel their assistance through the UN. Frustrated, Lumumba met with the Soviet ambassador in Ottawa and discussed a donation of military equipment. When he returned to New York the following evening, he was restrained towards the UN. The United States government's attitude had become more negative, due to reports of the rapes and violence committed by ANC soldiers, and scrutiny from Belgium.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The latter was chagrined that Lumumba had received a high-level reception in Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965157–158-95">[88]</a> The Belgian government regarded Lumumba as <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a>, anti-white, and anti-Western. Given its experience in the Congo, many other Western governments gave credence to the Belgian view.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994260-96">[89]</a> Frustrated with the UN's apparent inaction towards Katanga as he departed the US, Lumumba decided to delay his return to the Congo. He visited several African states. This was apparently done to put pressure on Hammarskjöld and, failing that, to seek guarantees of bilateral military support to suppress Katanga. Between 2 and 8 August, Lumumba toured Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Ghana, Liberia, and Togo. He was well received in each country and issued joint communiques with their respective heads of state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965165-97">[90]</a> Guinea and Ghana pledged independent military support, while the others expressed their desire to work through the United Nations to resolve the Katangan secession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965166-98">[91]</a> In Ghana, Lumumba signed a secret agreement with President Nkrumah providing for a "Union of African States". Centred in Léopoldville, it was to be a federation with a republican government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994252-99">[92]</a> They agreed to hold a summit of African states in Léopoldville between 25 and 30 August to further discuss the issue. Lumumba returned to the Congo, apparently confident that he could now depend upon African military assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965166-98">[91]</a> He also believed that he could procure African bilateral technical aid, which placed him at odds with Hammarskjöld's goal of funnelling support through ONUC. Lumumba and some ministers were wary of the UN option, as it would supply them with functionaries who would not respond directly to their authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillame1990205-89">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempts_at_re-consolidation">Attempts at re-consolidation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Attempts at re-consolidation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Kasai_in_Congo_1961.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/South_Kasai_in_Congo_1961.svg/280px-South_Kasai_in_Congo_1961.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/South_Kasai_in_Congo_1961.svg/420px-South_Kasai_in_Congo_1961.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/South_Kasai_in_Congo_1961.svg/560px-South_Kasai_in_Congo_1961.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Congo in 1961, with <a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a> highlighted in red, bordered to the south by the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:250px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The government has declared a state of emergency throughout the whole country ... Those who confuse subversive maneuvers with freedom, obstruction with democratic opposition, or their personal interest with that of the nation will soon be judged by the people. Those who are paid today by the enemies of freedom for the purpose of maintaining sedition movements across the country and thereby disturbing the social peace will be punished with the utmost energy ... </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Lumumba's statement to the press, 10 August 1960 (translated from French)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendebien196763-100">[93]</a></cite></div> </div> On 9 August, Lumumba proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> throughout the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendebien196763-100">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[h]</a> He subsequently issued several orders in an attempt to reassert his dominance on the political scene. The first outlawed the formation of associations without government sanction. A second asserted the government's right to ban publications that produced material likely to bring the administration into disrepute. On 11 August the Courrier d'Afrique printed an editorial which declared that the Congolese did not want to fall "under a second kind of slavery". The editor was summarily arrested and four days later publication of the daily ceased. Shortly afterward, the government shut down the <a href="/wiki/Belga_(news_agency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belga (news agency)">Belga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a> wire services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965189-103">[95]</a> The press restrictions garnered a wave of harsh criticism from the Belgian media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte200112-104">[96]</a> Lumumba decreed the nationalisation of local Belga offices, creating the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agence_Congolaise_de_Presse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agence Congolaise de Presse (page does not exist)">Agence Congolaise de Presse</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_congolaise_de_presse" class="extiw" title="fr:Agence congolaise de presse">fr</a>],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETambwe2004178-105">[97]</a> as a means of eliminating what he considered a centre of biased reporting, as well as creating a service through which the government's platform could be more easily communicated to the public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovender1971138-106">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[i]</a> Another order stipulated that official approval had to be obtained six days in advance of public gatherings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovender1971137-101">[94]</a> On 16 August Lumumba announced the installation of a régime militaire spécial for the duration of six months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChronologie_Internationale19609-109">[100]</a> Throughout August, Lumumba increasingly withdrew from his full cabinet and instead consulted with officials and ministers he trusted, such as <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Mpolo" title="Maurice Mpolo">Maurice Mpolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mbuyi" title="Joseph Mbuyi">Joseph Mbuyi</a>, Kashamura, Gizenga, and Antoine Kiwewa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965188-110">[101]</a> Lumumba's office was in disarray, and few members of his staff did any work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965188-110">[101]</a> His chef de cabinet, Damien Kandolo, was often absent and acted as a spy on behalf of the Belgian government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillame1990224–225-111">[102]</a> Lumumba was constantly being delivered rumours from informants and the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9" title="Sûreté">Sûreté</a>, encouraging him to grow deeply suspicious of others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965188-110">[101]</a> In an attempt to keep him informed, Serge Michel, his press secretary, enlisted the assistance of three Belgian <a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">telex</a> operators, who supplied him with copies of all outgoing journalistic dispatches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillame1990214-112">[103]</a> Lumumba immediately ordered Congolese troops to put down the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Kasai" title="Invasion of South Kasai">rebellion</a> in secessionist <a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a>, which was home to strategic rail links necessary for a campaign in Katanga. The operation was successful, but the conflict soon devolved into ethnic violence. The army became involved in massacres of <a href="/wiki/Luba_people" title="Luba people">Luba</a> civilians. The people and politicians of South Kasai held Lumumba personally responsible for the actions of the army. Kasa-Vubu publicly announced that only a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalist</a> government could bring peace and stability to the Congo. This broke his tenuous political alliance with Lumumba and tilted the political favour in the country away from Lumumba's <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGondola2002123-113">[104]</a> Ethnic tensions rose against him (especially around Leopoldville), and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, still powerful in the country, openly criticised his government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGondola2002124-114">[105]</a> Even with South Kasai subdued, the Congo lacked the necessary strength to retake Katanga. Lumumba had summoned an African conference in Leopoldville from 25 to 31 August, but no foreign heads of state appeared and no country pledged military support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2015324-115">[106]</a> Lumumba demanded once again that UN peacekeeping soldiers assist in suppressing the revolt, threatening to bring in Soviet troops if they refused. The UN subsequently denied Lumumba the use of its forces. The possibility of a direct Soviet intervention was thought increasingly likely.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dismissal">Dismissal</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dismissal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Lumumba_Government" title="Dissolution of the Lumumba Government">Dissolution of the Lumumba Government</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kasa-Vubu's_revocation_order">Kasa-Vubu's revocation order</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kasa-Vubu's revocation order">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasa-Vubu_in_Bandalungwa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kasa-Vubu_in_Bandalungwa.jpg/190px-Kasa-Vubu_in_Bandalungwa.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kasa-Vubu_in_Bandalungwa.jpg/285px-Kasa-Vubu_in_Bandalungwa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Kasa-Vubu_in_Bandalungwa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1960</figcaption></figure> President Kasa-Vubu began fearing a Lumumbist coup d'état would take place.<a href="#cite_note-117">[j]</a> On the evening of 5 September, Kasa-Vubu announced over radio that he had dismissed Lumumba and six of his ministers from the government for the massacres in South Kasai and for involving the Soviets in the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENzongola-Ntalaja2002108-118">[108]</a> Upon hearing the broadcast, Lumumba went to the national radio station, which was under UN guard. Though they had been ordered to bar Lumumba's entry, the UN troops allowed the prime minister in, as they had no specific instructions to use force against him. Lumumba denounced his dismissal over the radio as illegitimate, and in turn labelled Kasa-Vubu a traitor and declared him deposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199926–27-119">[109]</a> Kasa-Vubu had not declared the approval of any responsible ministers of his decision, making his action legally invalid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerardKuklick2015100-120">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[k]</a> Lumumba noted this in a letter to Hammarskjöld and a radio broadcast at 05:30 on 6 September. Later that day Kasa-Vubu managed to secure the countersignatures to his order of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Delvaux" title="Albert Delvaux">Albert Delvaux</a>, Minister Resident in Belgium, and <a href="/wiki/Justin_Marie_Bomboko" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Marie Bomboko">Justin Marie Bomboko</a>, Minister of Foreign Affairs. With them, he announced again his dismissal of Lumumba and six other ministers at 16:00 over Brazzaville radio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerardKuklick2015101-123">[112]</a> Lumumba and the ministers who remained loyal to him ordered the arrest of Delvaux and Bomboko for countersigning the dismissal order. The latter sought refuge in the presidential palace (which was guarded by UN peacekeepers), but early in the morning on 7 September, the former was detained and confined in the Prime Minister's residence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994292-124">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[l]</a> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies</a> convened to discuss Kasa-Vubu's dismissal order and hear Lumumba's reply. Delvaux made an unexpected appearance and took to the dais to denounce his arrest and declare his resignation from the government. He was enthusiastically applauded by the opposition. Lumumba then delivered his speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994292–293-127">[115]</a> Instead of directly attacking Kasa-Vubu ad hominem, Lumumba accused obstructionist politicians and ABAKO of using the presidency as a front for disguising their activities. He noted that Kasa-Vubu had never before offered any criticism of the government and portrayed their relationship as one of cooperation. He lambasted Delvaux and Minister of Finance <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Nkayi" title="Pascal Nkayi">Pascal Nkayi</a> for their role in the UN Geneva negotiations and for their failure to consult the rest of the government. Lumumba followed his arguments with an analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_law" title="Basic law">Loi Fondemental</a> and finished by asking Parliament to assemble a "commission of sages" to examine the Congo's troubles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillame1990399–400-128">[116]</a> The Chamber, at the suggestion of its presiding officer, voted to annul both Kasa-Vubu's and Lumumba's declarations of dismissal, 60 to 19. The following day Lumumba delivered a similar speech before the Senate, which subsequently delivered the government a vote of confidence, 49 to zero with seven abstentions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillame1990400-129">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[m]</a> According to Article 51, Parliament was granted the "exclusive privilege" to interpret the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkumu1963186-132">[119]</a> In cases of doubt and controversy, the Congolese were originally supposed to appeal constitutional questions to the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Belgium)" title="Council of State (Belgium)">Conseil d'État</a>. With the rupture of relations in July this was no longer possible, so no authoritative interpretation or mediation was available to bring a legal resolution to the dispute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung196636-133">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[n]</a> Numerous African diplomats and newly appointed ONUC head <a href="/wiki/Rajeshwar_Dayal" title="Rajeshwar Dayal">Rajeshwar Dayal</a> attempted to get the president and prime minister to reconcile their differences, but failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENzongola-Ntalaja2002108-118">[108]</a> On 13 September, the Parliament held a joint session between the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. Though several members short of a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a>, they voted to grant Lumumba emergency powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2015329-116">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobutu's_coup">Mobutu's coup</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mobutu's coup">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1960_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1960 Republic of the Congo coup d'état">1960 Republic of the Congo coup d'état</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonel_Mobutu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Colonel_Mobutu.jpg/250px-Colonel_Mobutu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Colonel_Mobutu.jpg/330px-Colonel_Mobutu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Colonel_Mobutu.jpg/500px-Colonel_Mobutu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1960</figcaption></figure> On 14 September Mobutu announced over the radio that he was launching a "<a href="/wiki/1960_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1960 Republic of the Congo coup d'état">peaceful revolution</a>" to break the political impasse and therefore neutralising the President, Lumumba's and Iléo's respective governments, and Parliament until 31 December. He stated that "<a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technicians</a>" would run the administration while the politicians sorted out their differences. In a subsequent press conference, he clarified that Congolese university graduates would be asked to form a government, and further declared that all Eastern Bloc countries should close their embassies. Lumumba was surprised by the coup<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965214-136">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[o]</a> and that evening he travelled to Camp Leopold II in search of Mobutu to try and change his mind. He spent the night there but was attacked in the morning by Luba soldiers, who blamed him for the atrocities in South Kasaï. A Ghanaian ONUC contingent managed to extricate him, but his briefcase was left behind. Some of his political opponents recovered it and published documents it supposedly contained, including letters from Nkrumah, appeals for support addressed to the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, a memorandum dated 16 September declaring the presence of Soviet troops within one week, and a letter dated 15 September from Lumumba to the provincial presidents (Tshombe excepted) entitled "Measures to be applied during the first stages of the dictatorship". Some of these papers were genuine, while others, especially the memorandum and the letter to the provincial presidents, were almost certainly forgeries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965216-138">[123]</a> Despite the coup, African diplomats still worked towards a reconciliation between Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu. According to the Ghanaians, a verbal agreement of principle concerning closer co-operation between the Head of State and the government was put into writing. Lumumba signed it, but Kasa-Vubu suddenly refused to reciprocate. The Ghanaians suspected that Belgium and the United States were responsible. Kasa-Vubu was eager to re-integrate Katanga back into the Congo through negotiation, and Tshombe had declared that he would not participate in any discussions with a government that included the "communist" Lumumba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965221–222-139">[124]</a> After consultation with Kasa-Vubu and Lumumba, Mobutu announced that he would summon a round table conference to discuss the political future of the Congo. His attempts to follow through were disrupted by Lumumba who, from his official residence, was acting as though he still held the premiership. He continued to hold meetings with members of his government, senators, deputies, and political supporters, and to issue public statements. On numerous occasions he left his residence to tour the restaurants of the capital, maintaining that he still held power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199934-140">[125]</a> Frustrated by the way he was being treated by Lumumba and facing intense political pressure, by the end of the month Mobutu was no longer encouraging reconciliation; he had aligned with Kasa-Vubu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965222-141">[126]</a> He ordered ANC units to surround Lumumba's residence, but a cordon of UN peacekeepers prevented them from making an arrest. Lumumba was confined to his home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965266-142">[127]</a> On 7 October Lumumba announced the formation of a new government that included Bolikango and Kalonji, but he later proposed that the UN supervise a national referendum that would settle the split in the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Ballance199935-143">[128]</a> On 24 November, the UN voted to recognise Mobutu's new delegates to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a>, disregarding Lumumba's original appointees. Lumumba resolved to join Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Gizenga" title="Antoine Gizenga">Antoine Gizenga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Stanleyville</a> and lead a campaign to regain power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENzongola-Ntalaja2002110-144">[129]</a> On 27 November he left the capital in a convoy of nine cars with <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Mwamba" title="Rémy Mwamba">Rémy Mwamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mulele" title="Pierre Mulele">Pierre Mulele</a>, his wife Pauline, and his youngest child. Instead of heading with all haste to the Orientale Province border—where soldiers loyal to Gizenga were waiting to receive him—Lumumba delayed by touring villages and making conversation with the locals. On 1 December Mobutu's troops caught up with his party as it crossed the <a href="/wiki/Sankuru_River" title="Sankuru River">Sankuru River</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994318–319-145">[130]</a> in Lodi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENzongola-Ntalaja2002110-144">[129]</a> Lumumba and his advisers had made it to the far side, but his wife and child were left to be captured on the bank. Fearing for their safety, Lumumba took the ferry back, against the advice of Mwamba and Mulele, who both, fearing they would never see him again, bid him farewell. Mobutu's men arrested him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994318–319-145">[130]</a> He was moved to <a href="/wiki/Ilebo" title="Ilebo">Port Francqui</a> the next day and flown back to Léopoldville.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENzongola-Ntalaja2002110-144">[129]</a> Mobutu claimed Lumumba would be tried for inciting the army to rebellion and other crimes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_response">UN response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: UN response">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a> made an appeal to Kasa-Vubu asking that Lumumba be treated according to <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> denounced Hammarskjöld and the <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a> as responsible for Lumumba's arrest and demanded his release. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> was called into session on 7 December 1960 to consider Soviet demands that the UN seek Lumumba's immediate release, the immediate restoration of Lumumba as head of the Congo government, the disarming of the forces of Mobutu, and the immediate evacuation of Belgians from the Congo. The Soviets also requested the immediate resignation of Hammarskjöld, the arrests of Mobutu and Tshombe, and the withdrawal of UN peacekeeping forces.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_1961-146">[131]</a> Hammarskjöld, answering Soviet criticism of his Congo operations, said that if the UN forces were withdrawn from the Congo, "I fear everything will crumble." The threat to the UN cause was intensified by the announcement of the withdrawal of their contingents by <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a>, Ceylon, Indonesia, Morocco, and Guinea. The pro-Lumumba resolution was defeated on 14 December 1960 by a vote of 8–2. On the same day, a Western resolution that would have given Hammarskjöld increased powers to deal with the Congo situation was vetoed by the Soviet Union. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_days_and_assassination">Final days and assassination</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Final days and assassination">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1960-12-05_Lumumba_Seized.ogg/220px--1960-12-05_Lumumba_Seized.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="95" data-mwtitle="1960-12-05_Lumumba_Seized.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1960-12-05_Lumumba_Seized.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/1960-12-05_Lumumba_Seized.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/1960-12-05_Lumumba_Seized.ogg/1960-12-05_Lumumba_Seized.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/1960-12-05_Lumumba_Seized.ogg/1960-12-05_Lumumba_Seized.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/1960-12-05_Lumumba_Seized.ogg/1960-12-05_Lumumba_Seized.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1960-12-05_Lumumba_Seized.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1960-12-05_Lumumba_Seized.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1960-12-05_Lumumba_Seized.ogg&lang=sr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr" label="српски / srpski ‪(sr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Universal_Newsreel" title="Universal Newsreel">Universal Newsreel</a> covering Lumumba's capture and his arrival under detention in Leopoldville on 2 December 1960 before transport to <a href="/wiki/Mbanza-Ngungu" title="Mbanza-Ngungu">Thysville</a></figcaption></figure> Lumumba was sent first on 3 December 1960 to the <a href="/wiki/Mbanza-Ngungu" title="Mbanza-Ngungu">Thysville</a> military barracks at Camp Hardy, 150 km (about 100 miles) from Léopoldville. He was accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Mpolo" title="Maurice Mpolo">Maurice Mpolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Okito" title="Joseph Okito">Joseph Okito</a>, two political associates who had planned to assist him in setting up a new government. They were fed poorly by the prison guards, as per Mobutu's orders. In Lumumba's last documented letter, he wrote to Rajeshwar Dayal: "In a word, we are living amid absolutely impossible conditions; moreover, they are against the law."<a href="#cite_note-washington-77">[72]</a> On the morning of 13 January 1961, discipline at Camp Hardy faltered. Soldiers refused to work unless they were paid; they received a total of 400,000 francs ($8,000) from the Katanga Cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-147">[132]</a> Some supported Lumumba's release, while others thought he was dangerous. Kasa-Vubu, Mobutu, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Marie_Bomboko" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Marie Bomboko">Justin Marie Bomboko</a>, and Head of Security Services <a href="/wiki/Victor_Nendaka_Bika" title="Victor Nendaka Bika">Victor Nendaka Bika</a> personally arrived at the camp and negotiated with the troops. Conflict was avoided, but it became apparent that holding a controversial prisoner in the camp was too great a risk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerardKuklick2015195-148">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Charles_d%27Aspremont_Lynden" title="Harold Charles d'Aspremont Lynden">Harold Charles d'Aspremont Lynden</a>, the last Belgian <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Colonies_(Belgium)" title="Minister of the Colonies (Belgium)">Minister of the Colonies</a>, ordered that Lumumba, Mpolo, and Okito be taken to the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGondola2002126-149">[134]</a> Lumumba was forcibly restrained on the flight to <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Elisabethville</a> on 17 January 1961.<a href="#cite_note-150">[135]</a> On arrival, his associates and he were conducted under arrest to the Brouwez House, where they were brutally beaten and tortured by Katangan officers,<a href="#cite_note-151">[136]</a> while President Tshombe and his cabinet decided what to do with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001113-152">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[139]</a> Later that night, Lumumba, Mpolo, and Okito were driven to an isolated spot where three firing squads had been assembled that were commanded by Belgian contract officer Julien Gat.<a href="#cite_note-brusselstimes_20180911-155">[140]</a> The orders to murder Lumumba were given by Katangan leaders. The last stage of the execution was personally undertaken by the Belgian contracts led by Police Commissioner Frans Verscheure.<a href="#cite_note-brusselstimes_20180911-155">[140]</a> Lumumba, Mpolo, and Okito were put up against a tree and shot one at a time. The execution is thought to have taken place on 17 January 1961, between 21:40 and 21:43 according to a later Belgian parliamentary inquiry. Tshombe, two other ministers, and four Belgian officers under the command of the Katangan authorities were present.<a href="#cite_note-brusselstimes_20180911-155">[140]</a> The bodies were thrown into a shallow grave. The following morning, on orders of Katangan Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Godefroid_Munongo" title="Godefroid Munongo">Godefroid Munongo</a>, who wanted to make the bodies disappear and prevent a burial site from being created, <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_(Belgium)" title="Gendarmerie (Belgium)">Belgian Gendarmerie</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Soete" title="Gerard Soete">Gerard Soete</a> and his team dug up and dismembered the corpses, and dissolved them in sulfuric acid while the bones were ground and scattered.<a href="#cite_note-156">[141]</a> Lumumba's assassination allowed the governments of Belgium, the U.S., and reportedly the United Kingdom, to abandon their own assassination plans. <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a>, then the head of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) supported assassinating Lumumba, reportedly as he had heard <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> wishing that Lumumba "fall into a river full of crocodiles." Eisenhower's involvement in the CIA's assassination plans remains speculative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerits20231-157">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Announcement_of_death">Announcement of death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Announcement of death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protestno_zborovanje_v_Mariboru_ob_umoru_kongovskega_predsednika_Patricea_Lumumbe_1961_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Protestno_zborovanje_v_Mariboru_ob_umoru_kongovskega_predsednika_Patricea_Lumumbe_1961_%283%29.jpg/220px-Protestno_zborovanje_v_Mariboru_ob_umoru_kongovskega_predsednika_Patricea_Lumumbe_1961_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Protestno_zborovanje_v_Mariboru_ob_umoru_kongovskega_predsednika_Patricea_Lumumbe_1961_%283%29.jpg/330px-Protestno_zborovanje_v_Mariboru_ob_umoru_kongovskega_predsednika_Patricea_Lumumbe_1961_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Protestno_zborovanje_v_Mariboru_ob_umoru_kongovskega_predsednika_Patricea_Lumumbe_1961_%283%29.jpg/440px-Protestno_zborovanje_v_Mariboru_ob_umoru_kongovskega_predsednika_Patricea_Lumumbe_1961_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>Young protesters in <a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, against the death of Lumumba, 1961</figcaption></figure> No statement was released until three weeks later, despite rumours that Lumumba was dead. Katangan Secretary of State of Information <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Samalenge" title="Lucas Samalenge">Lucas Samalenge</a> was one of the first people to reveal Lumumba's death, on 18 January. According to De Witte, Samalenge went to the bar Le Relais in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabethville" class="mw-redirect" title="Élisabethville">Élisabethville</a> and "told everyone willing to listen that Lumumba was dead and that he had kicked his corpse. He went around repeating the story until the police took him away."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001126-158">[143]</a> On 10 February, the radio announced that Lumumba and two other prisoners had escaped.<a href="#cite_note-159">[144]</a> His death was formally announced over Katangan radio on 13 February: it was alleged that he was killed by enraged villagers three days after escaping from Kolatey prison farm.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_1961-146">[131]</a> After the announcement of Lumumba's death, street protests were organised in several European countries; in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, protesters sacked the Belgian embassy and confronted the police, and in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, a crowd marched from <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Belgium,_London" title="Embassy of Belgium, London">Belgian embassy</a>, where a letter of protest was delivered and where protesters clashed with police.<a href="#cite_note-160">[145]</a> In New York City, a demonstration at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> turned violent and spilled over into the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahoney1983p._72:_"In_the_United_States,_the_news_of_Lumumba's_murder_provoked_racial_riots._During_an_address_by_Ambassador_Stevenson_before_the_Security_Council,_a_demonstration_led_by_American_blacks_began_in_the_visitors_gallery._It_quickly_turned_into_a_riot_in_which_eighteen_UN_guards,_two_newsmen,_and_two_protestors_were_injured._Outside_of_the_UN_building,_fights_between_whites_and_blacks_broke_out._A_large_protest_march_into_Times_Square_was_halted_by_mounted_police"_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahoney1983p._72:_"In_the_United_States,_the_news_of_Lumumba's_murder_provoked_racial_riots._During_an_address_by_Ambassador_Stevenson_before_the_Security_Council,_a_demonstration_led_by_American_blacks_began_in_the_visitors_gallery._It_quickly_turned_into_a_riot_in_which_eighteen_UN_guards,_two_newsmen,_and_two_protestors_were_injured._Outside_of_the_UN_building,_fights_between_whites_and_blacks_broke_out._A_large_protest_march_into_Times_Square_was_halted_by_mounted_police"-161">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_involvement_in_his_execution">Foreign involvement in his execution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign involvement in his execution">edit</a>]</div> The ongoing <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> affected both Belgium and the United States' perception of Lumumba, as they feared he was increasingly subject to communist influence due to his appeals for Soviet aid. However, according to journalist Sean Kelly, who covered the events as a correspondent for the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>, Lumumba did this not because he was a communist, but because he felt that the Soviet Union was the only power which would support his government's effort to defeat Belgian-supported separatists and rid itself of colonial influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly199329-163">[148]</a> The US was the first country from which Lumumba requested help.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly199328-164">[149]</a> Lumumba, for his part, denied being a communist, stating that he found colonialism and communism to be equally deplorable, and publicly professed his personal preference for neutrality between the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">West</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly199349-165">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgian_involvement">Belgian involvement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Belgian involvement">edit</a>]</div> On 18 January, panicked by reports that the burial of the three bodies had been observed, members of the execution team dug up the remains and moved them for reburial to a place near the border with <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>. Belgian Police Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Soete" title="Gerard Soete">Gerard Soete</a> later admitted in several accounts that he and his brother led the original exhumation. Police Commissioner Frans Verscheure also took part. On the afternoon and evening of 21 January, Commissioner Soete and his brother dug up Lumumba's corpse for a second time, cut it up with a <a href="/wiki/Hacksaw" title="Hacksaw">hacksaw</a>, and dissolved it in concentrated <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001141-166">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-usnews-167">[152]</a> In the late 20th and early 21st century, Lumumba's assassination was investigated. In a 1999 interview on Belgian television, in a program about his assassination, Soete displayed a bullet and two teeth that he claimed he had saved from Lumumba's body, which included a gold-capped tooth.<a href="#cite_note-usnews-167">[152]</a> According to the 2001 Belgian Commission investigating Lumumba's assassination: (1) Belgium wanted Lumumba arrested, (2) Belgium was not particularly concerned with Lumumba's physical well-being, and (3) although informed of the danger to Lumumba's life, Belgium did not take any action to avert his death. The report concluded that Belgium had not ordered Lumumba's execution.<a href="#cite_note-168">[153]</a> In February 2002, the Belgian government formally apologised to the Congolese people, and admitted to a "moral responsibility" and "an irrefutable portion of responsibility in the events that led to the death of Lumumba".<a href="#cite_note-169">[154]</a> Lumumba's execution was carried out by a firing squad led by Belgian mercenary Julien Gat;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001121,_123-170">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[156]</a> Katangan Police Commissioner Verscheure, who was Belgian, had overall command of the execution site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001121-172">[157]</a> The separatist Katangan regime was heavily supported by the Belgian mining conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Union_Mini%C3%A8re_du_Haut-Katanga" title="Union Minière du Haut-Katanga">Union Minière du Haut-Katanga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[158]</a> In the early 21st century, De Witte found documents challenging the idea that Belgian officers operating in Katanga only took orders from the Katangan authorities. Belgian officers were also following Belgian government policy and orders. The Belgian Minister of African Affairs <a href="/wiki/Harold_Charles_d%27Aspremont_Lynden" title="Harold Charles d'Aspremont Lynden">Count Harold d'Aspremont Lynden</a>, who had been tasked with organising Katanga's secession, on 6 October 1960 sent a cable to Katanga saying that policy from now on would be the "definitive elimination of Patrice Lumumba". Lynden had also insisted on 15 January 1961, that an imprisoned Lumumba should be sent to Katanga, which essentially would have been a death sentence.<a href="#cite_note-174">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_involvement">United States involvement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States involvement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_by_the_CIA" title="Human rights violations by the CIA">Human rights violations by the CIA</a></div> The 2001 report by the Belgian Commission describes previous U.S. and Belgian plots to kill Lumumba. Among them was a <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>-sponsored attempt to poison him. US president <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> authorised the assassination of Lumumba in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-175">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-177">[162]</a> However, the plot to poison him was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-178">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-USN-179">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[165]</a> CIA chemist <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Gottlieb" title="Sidney Gottlieb">Sidney Gottlieb</a>, a key person in the plan, devised a number of toxic materials to be used for the assassination. In September 1960, Gottlieb brought a vial of the poison to the Congo, and CIA Station Chief <a href="/wiki/Larry_Devlin" title="Larry Devlin">Larry Devlin</a> developed plans to place it on Lumumba's toothbrush or in his food.<a href="#cite_note-181">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-USN-179">[164]</a> The plot was abandoned because Devlin's agent was unable to carry out the assassination, and the replacement agent Justin O'Donnell refused to participate in an assassination plot.<a href="#cite_note-182">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[168]</a> According to Madeleine G. Kalb in her book, Congo Cables, many communications by Devlin at the time urged the elimination of Lumumba.<a href="#cite_note-184">[169]</a> Michael P. Holt writes that Devlin also helped to direct the search to capture Lumumba and also helped arrange his transfer to the separatist authorities in Katanga.<a href="#cite_note-185">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Stockwell_(CIA_officer)" title="John Stockwell (CIA officer)">John Stockwell</a>, a CIA officer in the Congo and later a CIA station chief, wrote in 1978 that the CIA base chief in Elizabethville was in direct contact with Lumumba's killers on the night he was executed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Stockwell also wrote that a CIA agent had a body in the trunk of his car that they were trying dispose of.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockwell1978105-186">[171]</a> Stockwell, who knew Devlin well, believed that Devlin knew more than anyone else about the murder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockwell197871–72,_136–137-187">[172]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">inauguration of John F. Kennedy</a> in January 1961 caused fear among Mobutu's faction, and within the CIA, that the incoming Kennedy administration would favour the imprisoned Lumumba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahoney1983pp._69–70:_"The_Kasavubu-Mobutu_regime_began_to_consider_the_Kennedy_administration_a_threat_to_its_very_survival._The_Kennedy_plan_was_seen_as_evidence_of_"a_new_and_unexpected_solidarity_with_the_Casablanca_powers_..._(the_radical_[[Non-Aligned_Movement|non-aligned]]_African_governments_that_supported_Lumumba)._The_CIA_station_in_Léopoldville_bore_much_of_the_responsibility_for_the_rupture._It_had_opposed_any_political_solution_to_the_power_struggle_and,_worse,_had_fortified_the_resolve_of_Kasavubu_and_Mobutu,_Nendaka,_and_the_rest_to_use_violence_against_others_to_save_themselves._[...]_The_effect_was_tragic:_reports_that_the_incoming_administration_planned_to_liberate_the_imprisoned_Lumumba_on_the_one_hand,_and_the_CIA's_deadly_urgings_on_the_other,_acted_like_a_closing_vice_on_the_desperate_men_in_Léopoldville"_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahoney1983pp._69–70:_"The_Kasavubu-Mobutu_regime_began_to_consider_the_Kennedy_administration_a_threat_to_its_very_survival._The_Kennedy_plan_was_seen_as_evidence_of_"a_new_and_unexpected_solidarity_with_the_Casablanca_powers_..._(the_radical_[[Non-Aligned_Movement|non-aligned]]_African_governments_that_supported_Lumumba)._The_CIA_station_in_Léopoldville_bore_much_of_the_responsibility_for_the_rupture._It_had_opposed_any_political_solution_to_the_power_struggle_and,_worse,_had_fortified_the_resolve_of_Kasavubu_and_Mobutu,_Nendaka,_and_the_rest_to_use_violence_against_others_to_save_themselves._[...]_The_effect_was_tragic:_reports_that_the_incoming_administration_planned_to_liberate_the_imprisoned_Lumumba_on_the_one_hand,_and_the_CIA's_deadly_urgings_on_the_other,_acted_like_a_closing_vice_on_the_desperate_men_in_Léopoldville"-188">[173]</a> While awaiting his presidential inauguration, Kennedy had come to believe that Lumumba should be released from custody, though not be allowed to return to power. Lumumba was killed three days before Kennedy's inauguration on 20 January, though Kennedy did not learn of the killing until 13 February.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahoney1983p._70:_"White_House_photographer_Jacques_Lowe_caught_Kennedy,_horror-struck_with_head_in_hand,_receiving_the_first_news_by_telephone_a_full_four_weeks_later_on_13_February._All_the_anguished_searching_for_a_way_around_Lumumba_had_been_for_naught._Forty-eight_hours_before_Kennedy_had_even_taken_the_presidential_oath,_Lumumba_was_already_dead"_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahoney1983p._70:_"White_House_photographer_Jacques_Lowe_caught_Kennedy,_horror-struck_with_head_in_hand,_receiving_the_first_news_by_telephone_a_full_four_weeks_later_on_13_February._All_the_anguished_searching_for_a_way_around_Lumumba_had_been_for_naught._Forty-eight_hours_before_Kennedy_had_even_taken_the_presidential_oath,_Lumumba_was_already_dead"-189">[174]</a> Kennedy was informed by United Nations ambassador <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> and according to <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lowe" title="Jacques Lowe">Jacques Lowe</a> who was with him at the time "his hand went to his head in utter despair, 'Oh, no,' I heard him groan".<a href="#cite_note-190">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Church_Committee">Church Committee</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Church Committee">edit</a>]</div> In 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a> went on record with the finding that CIA chief <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a> had ordered Lumumba's assassination as "an urgent and prime objective".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2003158-191">[176]</a> Furthermore, declassified CIA <a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">cables</a> quoted or mentioned in the Church report, and in Kalb (1982), mention two specific CIA plots to murder Lumumba: the poison plot and a shooting plot. The Committee later found that while the CIA had conspired to kill Lumumba, it was not directly involved in the murder.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-177">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._government_documents">U.S. government documents</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: U.S. government documents">edit</a>]</div> In the early 21st century, declassified documents revealed that the CIA had plotted to assassinate Lumumba. The documents indicate that the Congolese leaders who overthrew Lumumba and transferred him to the Katangan authorities, including Mobutu Sese Seko and Joseph Kasa-Vubu, received money and weapons directly from the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-USN-179">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[177]</a> The same disclosure showed that, at the time, the U.S. government believed that Lumumba was a communist, and feared him because of what it considered the threat of the Soviet Union in the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-193">[178]</a> In 2000, a newly declassified interview with Robert Johnson, who was the minutekeeper of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Security Council">U.S. National Security Council</a> at the time in question, revealed that U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> had said "something [to CIA chief <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a>] to the effect that Lumumba should be eliminated".<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-177">[162]</a> The interview from the Senate Intelligence Committee's inquiry on covert action was released in August 2000.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-177">[162]</a> In 2013, the U.S. State Department admitted that President Eisenhower discussed plans at a NSC meeting on 18 August 1960 to assassinate Lumumba.<a href="#cite_note-194">[179]</a> However, documents released in 2017 revealed that an American role in Lumumba's murder was only under consideration by the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-195">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[181]</a> CIA Chief Allan Dulles had allocated $100,000 to accomplish the act, but the plan was not carried out.<a href="#cite_note-197">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_involvement">United Kingdom involvement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United Kingdom involvement">edit</a>]</div> In June 2001, newly discovered documents by De Witte revealed that while the US and Belgium actively plotted to murder Lumumba, the British government secretly wanted him "got rid of" because they believed he posed a serious threat to British interests in the Congo, such as mining facilities in <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">Katanga</a>. <a href="/wiki/Howard_Smith_(diplomat)" title="Howard Smith (diplomat)">Howard Smith</a>, who was to become head of <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> in 1979, said, "I can see only two possible solutions to the problem. The first is the simple one of ensuring Lumumba's removal from the scene by killing him. This should solve the problem".<a href="#cite_note-198">[183]</a> In April 2013, in a letter to the <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>, British parliamentarian <a href="/wiki/David_Lea,_Baron_Lea_of_Crondall" title="David Lea, Baron Lea of Crondall">David Lea</a> reported having discussed Lumumba's death with <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Daphne_Park,_Baroness_Park_of_Monmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphne Park, Baroness Park of Monmouth">Daphne Park</a> shortly before she died in March 2010. Park had been posted to <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Leopoldville</a> at the time of Lumumba's death, and was later a semi-official spokesperson for <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[184]</a> According to Lea, when he mentioned "the uproar" surrounding Lumumba's abduction and murder, and recalled the theory that MI6 might have had "something to do with it", Park replied, "We did. I organised it."<a href="#cite_note-200">[185]</a> The BBC reported that, subsequently, "<a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Whitehall</a> sources" described the claims of MI6 involvement as "speculative".<a href="#cite_note-201">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repatriation_of_his_remains">Repatriation of his remains</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Repatriation of his remains">edit</a>]</div> On 30 June 2020, Lumumba's daughter, Juliana Lumumba, appealed directly in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Philippe</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Belgians">King of the Belgians</a>, the return of "the relics of Patrice Émery Lumumba to the ground of his ancestors", describing her father as "a hero without a grave". The letter stated: "Why, after his terrible murder, have Lumumba's remains been condemned to remain a soul forever wandering, without a grave to shelter his eternal rest?"<a href="#cite_note-202">[187]</a> On 10 September 2020, a Belgian judge ruled that Lumumba's remains – which then consisted of just a single gold-capped tooth (Gerard Soete had lost the other tooth of Lumumba between 1999 and 2020) – must be returned to his family.<a href="#cite_note-203">[188]</a> In May 2021, Congolese President <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a> announced that there would be a repatriation of the last remains of Lumumba,<a href="#cite_note-204">[189]</a> however, the handover ceremony was delayed because of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[190]</a> On 9 June 2022, during a speech in the DRC to the country's parliament, King Philippe reiterated regrets for Belgium's colonial past in its former colony, describing Belgian rule as a "regime ... of unequal relations, unjustifiable in itself, marked by paternalism, discrimination and racism" that "led to violent acts and humiliations".<a href="#cite_note-bk-206">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[193]</a> On 20 June, Lumumba's children received the remains of their father during a ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Egmont_Palace" title="Egmont Palace">Egmont Palace</a> in Brussels, where the federal prosecutor formally handed custody to the family.<a href="#cite_note-209">[194]</a> The Belgian Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_De_Croo" title="Alexander De Croo">Alexander De Croo</a>, apologised on behalf of the Belgian government for his country's role in Lumumba's assassination: "For my part, I would like to apologise here, in the presence of his family, for the way in which the Belgian government influenced the decision to end the life of the country's first prime minister."<a href="#cite_note-210">[195]</a> "A man was murdered for his political convictions, his words, his ideals", he added. Later the full-sized coffin was brought in public and draped in the Congolese flag for the Congolese and wider African diaspora of Belgium to pay their respects before the return.<a href="#cite_note-bk-206">[191]</a> A special mausoleum was built in Kinshasa to house his remains. The government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo declared three days of national mourning. The burial coincided with the 61st anniversary of his famous <a href="/wiki/Independence_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence day">independence day</a> speech. An investigation by Belgian prosecutors for "war crimes" related to Lumumba's murder is ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-211">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[197]</a> His remains were laid to rest 30 June 2022.<a href="#cite_note-213">[198]</a> On 18 November 2024, the mausoleum was vandalised and Lumumba's coffin broken, with the interior ministry saying that his tooth was safe.<a href="#cite_note-214">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_ideology">Political ideology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Political ideology">edit</a>]</div> Lumumba did not espouse a comprehensive political or economic platform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStack1964141-215">[200]</a> According to Patricia Goff, Lumumba was the first Congolese to articulate a narrative of the Congo that contradicted traditional Belgian views of <a href="/wiki/Colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation">colonisation</a>, and he highlighted the suffering of the indigenous population under European rule. Goff writes that Lumumba was alone among his contemporaries in encompassing all Congolese people in his narrative (the others confined their discussions to their respective ethnicities or regions),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoff2004129-216">[201]</a> and he offered a basis for national identity that was predicated upon having survived colonial victimisation, as well as the people's innate dignity, humanity, strength, and unity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoff2004130-217">[202]</a> Lumumba's ideal of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> included the values of <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, and the recognition of <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights" title="Fundamental rights">fundamental rights</a>. He viewed the state as a positive advocate for the <a href="/wiki/Public_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Public welfare">public welfare</a> and its intervention in Congolese society necessary to ensure equality, justice, and social harmony.<a href="#cite_note-lavdc-218">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_17_janvier_1961,_Patrice_Lumumba_mourrait,_victime_de_son_%C2%AB_r%C3%AAve_%C2%BB_pour_un_Congo_libre,_d%C3%A9mocratique_et_d%C3%A9velopp%C3%A9._(16112526649).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Le_17_janvier_1961%2C_Patrice_Lumumba_mourrait%2C_victime_de_son_%C2%AB_r%C3%AAve_%C2%BB_pour_un_Congo_libre%2C_d%C3%A9mocratique_et_d%C3%A9velopp%C3%A9._%2816112526649%29.jpg/250px-Le_17_janvier_1961%2C_Patrice_Lumumba_mourrait%2C_victime_de_son_%C2%AB_r%C3%AAve_%C2%BB_pour_un_Congo_libre%2C_d%C3%A9mocratique_et_d%C3%A9velopp%C3%A9._%2816112526649%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Le_17_janvier_1961%2C_Patrice_Lumumba_mourrait%2C_victime_de_son_%C2%AB_r%C3%AAve_%C2%BB_pour_un_Congo_libre%2C_d%C3%A9mocratique_et_d%C3%A9velopp%C3%A9._%2816112526649%29.jpg/375px-Le_17_janvier_1961%2C_Patrice_Lumumba_mourrait%2C_victime_de_son_%C2%AB_r%C3%AAve_%C2%BB_pour_un_Congo_libre%2C_d%C3%A9mocratique_et_d%C3%A9velopp%C3%A9._%2816112526649%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Le_17_janvier_1961%2C_Patrice_Lumumba_mourrait%2C_victime_de_son_%C2%AB_r%C3%AAve_%C2%BB_pour_un_Congo_libre%2C_d%C3%A9mocratique_et_d%C3%A9velopp%C3%A9._%2816112526649%29.jpg/500px-Le_17_janvier_1961%2C_Patrice_Lumumba_mourrait%2C_victime_de_son_%C2%AB_r%C3%AAve_%C2%BB_pour_un_Congo_libre%2C_d%C3%A9mocratique_et_d%C3%A9velopp%C3%A9._%2816112526649%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Lumumba in Kinshasa, erected in January 2002 after the fall of the Mobutu regime<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwer20104-219">[204]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> Full accounts of Lumumba's life and death were printed within weeks of his demise. Beginning in 1961 and continuing for several years thereafter, some biographies on him were published. Most were highly partisan. Several early works on the Congo Crisis also discussed Lumumba at length.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBustin2001178-220">[205]</a> In the years after his death, misconceptions of Lumumba persisted by both his supporters and his critics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe1968592-221">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[p]</a> Serious study of him faded over the following decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBustin2001178-220">[205]</a> Academic discussion of his legacy was largely limited until the later stages of Mobutu's rule in the Congo;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwer20104-219">[204]</a> Mobutu's opening of the country to multi-party politics beginning in 1990 revived interest in Lumumba's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBustin2001178-220">[205]</a> Belgian literature in the decades following the Congo Crisis portrayed him as incompetent, demagogic, aggressive, ungrateful, undiplomatic, and communist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlommaertVerschueren199116–17-223">[207]</a> Most Africanists of the 20th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Willame" title="Jean-Claude Willame">Jean-Claude Willame</a>, viewed Lumumba as an intransigent, unrealistic idealist without any tangible programme who distanced himself from his contemporaries and alienated the Western world with radical anti-colonial rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001174-224">[208]</a> They saw him as greatly responsible for the political crisis that resulted in his downfall. A handful of other writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, shared the belief that Lumumba's goals were unattainable in 1960 but nevertheless viewed him as a martyr of Congolese independence at the hands of certain Western interests and the victim of events over which he had little control. According to sociologist De Witte, both of these perspectives overstate the political weaknesses and isolation of Lumumba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001174-224">[208]</a> A conventional narrative of Lumumba's premiership and downfall eventually emerged; he was an uncompromising radical who provoked his own murder by angering domestic separatists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickner2011341–342-225">[209]</a> Within Belgium, the popular narrative of his death implicated the involvement of some Belgian individuals, but stressed that they were acting "under orders" of African figures and that the Belgian government was uninvolved. Some Belgian circles peddled the notion that the United States—particularly the Central Intelligence Agency—had arranged the killing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBustin2001180–181-226">[210]</a> This narrative was challenged by De Witte's 2001 work, The Assassination of Patrice Lumumba, which provided evidence that the Belgian government—with the complicity of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the UN—was largely responsible for his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickner2011341–342-225">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBustin2001181–182-227">[211]</a> Media discussion of Lumumba, spurred by the release of the book as well as a feature film in 2000, <a href="/wiki/Lumumba_(film)" title="Lumumba (film)">Lumumba</a>, became significantly more positive afterwards. A new narrative subsequently emerged, holding Western espionage at fault for Lumumba's death, and emphasising the threat his charismatic appeal posed to Western interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickner2011342–343-228">[212]</a> Lumumba's role in the Congolese independence movement is well-documented, and he is typically recognised as its most important and influential leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECovington-Ward201273-229">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[q]</a> His exploits are usually celebrated as the work of him as an individual and not that of a larger movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001175-231">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_impact">Political impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Political impact">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:275px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Despite his brief political career and tragic death—or perhaps because of them—Lumumba entered history through the front door: he became both a flag and a symbol. He lived as a free man, and an independent thinker. Everything he wrote, said and did was the product of someone who knew his vocation to be that of a liberator, and he represents for the Congo what <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a> does for Cuba, <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a> for Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a> for Ghana, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Tse-tung" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao Tse-tung">Mao Tse-tung</a> for China, and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> for Russia. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kanza" title="Thomas Kanza">Thomas Kanza</a>, friend and colleague of Lumumba, 1972<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza199410-232">[215]</a></cite></div> </div> Due to his relatively short career in government, quick removal from power, and controversial death, a consensus has not been reached on Lumumba's political legacy. His downfall was detrimental to African nationalist movements, and he is generally remembered primarily for his assassination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001175-231">[214]</a> Numerous American historians have cited his death as a major contributing factor to the radicalisation of the <a href="/wiki/American_civil_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American civil rights movement">American civil rights movement</a> in the 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickner201117-233">[216]</a> and many African-American activist organisations and publications used public comment on his death to express their ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDworkin2017231–232-234">[217]</a> Popular memory of Lumumba has often discarded his politics and reduced him to a symbol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwer20106-235">[218]</a> Within the Congo, Lumumba is primarily portrayed as a symbol of national unity, while abroad he is usually cast as a Pan-Africanist and anticolonial revolutionary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groof2020386-236">[219]</a> The ideological legacy of Lumumba is known as Lumumbisme (French for Lumumbism). Rather than a complex doctrine, it is usually framed as a set of fundamental principles consisting of <a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">nonalignment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_progressivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progressivism">social progressivism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStack1964142-237">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobutism" title="Mobutism">Mobutism</a> built off of these principles.<a href="#cite_note-lavdc-218">[203]</a> Congolese university students—who had up until independence held little respect for Lumumba—embraced Lumumbisme after his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaville2019S22-238">[221]</a> According to political scientist <a href="/wiki/Georges_Nzongola-Ntalaja" title="Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja">Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja</a>, Lumumba's "greatest legacy ... for the Congo is the ideal of national unity". Nzongola-Ntalaja further posited that, as a result of Lumumba's high praise of the independence movement and his work to end the Katangese secession, "the people of the Congo are likely to remain steadfast in their defense of national unity and territorial integrity, come hell or high water."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENzongola-Ntalaja20148:_The_Political_Legacy_of_Patrice_Lumumba-239">[222]</a> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Ali Mazrui</a> wrote, "It looks as if the memory of Lumumba may contribute more to the 'oneness' of the Congolese than anything Lumumba himself actually did while he was still alive."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazrui196852-240">[223]</a> Following the suppression of the rebellions of 1964 and 1965, most Lumumbist ideology was confined to isolated groups of intellectuals who faced repression under <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Zaire_(1965–1997)" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mobutu's regime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewsiewicki199954-241">[224]</a> By 1966 there was little popular devotion to him outside of the political elite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groof2020381-242">[225]</a> Centres of Lumumba's popularity in his lifetime underwent a gradual decline in fidelity to his person and ideas. According to Africanist <a href="/wiki/Bogumil_Jewsiewicki" title="Bogumil Jewsiewicki">Bogumil Jewsiewicki</a>, by 1999 "the only faithful surviving Lumumbist nucleus is located in Sankuru and Maniema, and its loyalty is questionable (more ethnical, regional, and sentimental than ideological and political)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewsiewicki199954-241">[224]</a> Lumumba's image was unpopular in southern Kasai for years after his death, as many Baluba remained aware of the military campaign he ordered in August 1960 that resulted in violent atrocities against their people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlorunsola1972260-243">[226]</a> At least a dozen Congolese political parties have claimed to bear Lumumba's political and spiritual heritage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwer20104-219">[204]</a> Despite this, few entities have attempted or succeeded in incorporating his ideas into a comprehensible political program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001175-231">[214]</a> Most of these parties have enjoyed little electoral support, though Gizenga's <a href="/wiki/Unified_Lumumbist_Party" title="Unified Lumumbist Party">Parti Lumumbiste Unifié</a> was represented in the Congolese coalition government formed under President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a> in 2006. Aside from student groups, Lumumbist ideals play only a minor role in current Congolese politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaville2019S31-244">[227]</a> Congolese presidents Mobutu, <a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a>, and Joseph Kabila all claimed to inherit Lumumba's legacy and paid tribute to him early on in their tenures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groof2020386–387-245">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martyrdom">Martyrdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Martyrdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:275px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> [O]ne thing is clear: while he lived he was essentially a factional hero rather than a national one. But after his death the myth of Lumumba was rapidly nationalized. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Ali Mazrui</a>, 1968<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazrui196851-246">[229]</a></cite></div> </div> The circumstances of Lumumba's death have led him to often be portrayed as a martyr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groof2020380,_386-247">[230]</a> While his demise led to an outburst of mass <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (political)">demonstrations</a> abroad and quick creation of a martyr image internationally, the immediate reaction to his death in the Congo was not as uniform. <a href="/wiki/Tetela_people" title="Tetela people">Tetela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songye_people" title="Songye people">Songye</a>, and Luba-Katanga peoples created folks songs of mourning for him, but these were groups which had been involved in political alliances with him and, at the time, Lumumba was unpopular in large segments of the Congolese populace, particularly in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Kongo_Central" title="Kongo Central">Bas-Congo</a>, Katanga, and South Kasai. Some of his actions and the portrayal of him as a communist by his detractors had also generated disaffection in the army, civil service, labour unions, and the Catholic Church. Lumumba's reputation as a martyr in the <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">collective memory</a> of the Congolese was only cemented later, partly due to the initiatives of Mobutu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groof2020380-248">[231]</a> In Congolese collective memory, it is perceived that Lumumba was killed through Western machinations because he defended the Congo's <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Goede2015587-249">[232]</a> The killing is viewed in the context of the memory as a symbolic moment in which the Congo lost its dignity in the international realm and the ability to determine its future, which has since been controlled by the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Goede2015587–588-250">[233]</a> Lumumba's determination to pursue his goals is extrapolated upon the Congolese people as their own; securing the Congo's dignity and self-determination would thus ensure their "redemption" from victimisation by Western powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Goede2015589-251">[234]</a> Historian David Van Reybrouck wrote, "In no time Lumumba became a martyr of decolonisation ... He owed this status more to the horrible end of his life than to his political successes."<a href="#cite_note-252">[235]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Michela_Wrong" title="Michela Wrong">Michela Wrong</a> remarked that "He really did become a hero after his death, in a way that one has to wonder if he would have been such a hero if he had remained and run the country and faced all the problems that running a country as big as Congo would have inevitably brought."<a href="#cite_note-253">[236]</a> Drama scholar Peit Defraeya wrote, "Lumumba as a dead martyr has become a more compelling figure in liberationist discourse than the controversial live politician."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groof2020227–228-254">[237]</a> Historian Pedro Monaville wrote that "his globally iconic status was not commensurate with his more complex legacy in [the] Congo."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaville2019S33-255">[238]</a> Cooptation of Lumumba's legacy by Congolese presidents and state media has generated doubts in the Congolese public about his reputation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groof2020386–387-245">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration_and_official_tributes">Commemoration and official tributes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Commemoration and official tributes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2576_stamp_(The_Struggle_for_the_Liberation_of_Africa._Lumumba_(_1925-1961_),_premier_of_Congo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2576_stamp_%28The_Struggle_for_the_Liberation_of_Africa._Lumumba_%28_1925-1961_%29%2C_premier_of_Congo%29.jpg/250px-The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2576_stamp_%28The_Struggle_for_the_Liberation_of_Africa._Lumumba_%28_1925-1961_%29%2C_premier_of_Congo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2576_stamp_%28The_Struggle_for_the_Liberation_of_Africa._Lumumba_%28_1925-1961_%29%2C_premier_of_Congo%29.jpg/270px-The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2576_stamp_%28The_Struggle_for_the_Liberation_of_Africa._Lumumba_%28_1925-1961_%29%2C_premier_of_Congo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2576_stamp_%28The_Struggle_for_the_Liberation_of_Africa._Lumumba_%28_1925-1961_%29%2C_premier_of_Congo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> commemorative stamp, 1961</figcaption></figure> In 1961 Adoula became Prime Minister of the Congo. Shortly after assuming office he went to Stanleyville and laid a wreath of flowers at an impromptu monument established for Lumumba. After Tshombe became Prime Minister in 1964, he also went to Stanleyville and did the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazrui196851-246">[229]</a> On 30 June 1966, Mobutu rehabilitated Lumumba's image and proclaimed him a "national hero".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groof2020381,_384-256">[239]</a> He declared a series of other measures meant to commemorate Lumumba, though few of these were ever executed aside from the release of a banknote with his visage the subsequent year. This banknote was the only paper money during Mobutu's rule that bore the face of a leader other than the incumbent president. In following years state mention of Lumumba declined and Mobutu's regime viewed unofficial tributes to him with suspicion. Following Laurent-Désiré Kabila's seizure of power in the 1990s, a new line of Congolese francs was issued bearing Lumumba's image.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groof2020381,_384-256">[239]</a> In January 2003, Joseph Kabila, who succeeded his father as president, inaugurated a statue of Lumumba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groof2020386-236">[219]</a> In Guinea, Lumumba was featured on a coin and two regular banknotes despite not having any national ties to the country. This was an unprecedented occurrence in the modern history of national currency, as images of foreigners are normally reserved only for specially-released commemorative money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groof2020382-257">[240]</a> As of 2020, Lumumba has been featured on 16 different postage stamps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groof2020382-257">[240]</a> Many streets and public squares around the world have been named after him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groof2020408–409-258">[241]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Friendship_University_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples' Friendship University of Russia">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (then Peoples' Friendship University of the USSR) was renamed "Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University" in 1961. It was renamed again in 1992<a href="#cite_note-259">[242]</a> and back in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-260">[243]</a> In 2013, the planned community of <a href="/wiki/Lumumbaville" title="Lumumbaville">Lumumbaville</a> was named after him.<a href="#cite_note-261">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Lumumba is viewed as one of the "fathers of independence" of the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-262">[245]</a> The image of Lumumba appears frequently in social media and is often used as a rallying cry in demonstrations of social defiance.<a href="#cite_note-263">[246]</a> His figure is prevalent in art and literature, mostly outside of the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwer20104-219">[204]</a> He was referenced by numerous African-American writers of the American civil rights movement, especially in their works of the post-civil rights era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickner2011352-264">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a> declared him "the greatest black man who ever walked the African continent".<a href="#cite_note-265">[248]</a> Among the most prominent works featuring him are <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a>'s 1966 play, <a href="/wiki/Une_saison_au_Congo" title="Une saison au Congo">Une saison au Congo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Peck" title="Raoul Peck">Raoul Peck</a>'s 1992 documentary and 2000 feature film, <a href="/wiki/Lumumba,_la_mort_d%27un_proph%C3%A8te" title="Lumumba, la mort d'un prophète">Lumumba, la mort d'un prophète</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lumumba_(film)" title="Lumumba (film)">Lumumba</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwer20104-219">[204]</a> There is an Italian 1968 feature film <a href="/wiki/Black_Jesus_(film)" title="Black Jesus (film)">'Seduto alla sua destra'</a> (lit. 'Sitting to his right') by <a href="/wiki/Valerio_Zurlini" title="Valerio Zurlini">Valerio Zurlini</a>, where the last days of the character Maurice Lalubi (played by <a href="/wiki/Woody_Strode" title="Woody Strode">Woody Strode</a>), based upon Patrice Lumumba, are presented as the Passion of Christ. This movie was included in the <a href="/wiki/1968_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1968 Cannes Film Festival">1968 Cannes Film Festival</a>, which was cancelled due to the events of <a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-266">[249]</a> Numerous songs and plays have been dedicated to Lumumba. Many praise his character, contrasting it with the alleged irresponsible and undisciplined nature of the Congolese people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewsiewicki199956-267">[250]</a> Congolese musicians <a href="/wiki/Franco_Luambo" title="Franco Luambo">Franco Luambo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabasele" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Kabasele">Joseph Kabasele</a> both wrote songs in tribute to Lumumba shortly after his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2021393-268">[251]</a> Other musical works mentioning him include "Lumumba" by <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Makeba" title="Miriam Makeba">Miriam Makeba</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Done_Too_Soon" title="Done Too Soon">Done Too Soon</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Diamond" title="Neil Diamond">Neil Diamond</a> and "Waltz for Lumumba" by the <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Davis_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencer Davis Group">Spencer Davis Group</a>. His name is also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rap</a> music; <a href="/wiki/Arrested_Development_(group)" title="Arrested Development (group)">Arrested Development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nas" title="Nas">Nas</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Banner" title="David Banner">David Banner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Thought" title="Black Thought">Black Thought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damso" title="Damso">Damso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baloji_(rapper)" title="Baloji (rapper)">Baloji</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9dine_(rapper)" title="Médine (rapper)">Médine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sammus" title="Sammus">Sammus</a> and many others have mentioned him in their work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuskensGoddeeris2020298–327-269">[252]</a> In popular painting he is often paired with notions of sacrifice and redemption,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfrican_Studies_Review200581-270">[253]</a> even being portrayed as a <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">messiah</a>, with his downfall being <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">his passion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Goede2015588-271">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tshibumba_Kanda-Matulu" title="Tshibumba Kanda-Matulu">Tshibumba Kanda-Matulu</a> painted a series chronicling Lumumba's life and career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Groof2020339-272">[255]</a> Lumumba is relatively absent from Congolese writing, and he is often portrayed with only subtle or ambiguous references.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwer20105-273">[256]</a> Congolese authors <a href="/wiki/Sony_Lab%27ou_Tansi" title="Sony Lab'ou Tansi">Sony Lab'ou Tansi</a>'s and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvain_Bemba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylvain Bemba (page does not exist)">Sylvain Bemba</a>'s fictional Parentheses of Blood and Léopolis, respectively, both feature characters with strong similarities to Lumumba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1996155–156-274">[257]</a> In written tributes to Mobutu, Lumumba is usually portrayed as an adviser to the former. Writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Djungu-Simba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Djungu-Simba (page does not exist)">Charles Djungu-Simba</a> observed, "Lumumba is rather considered as a vestige of the past, albeit an illustrious past".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouwer20105-273">[256]</a> His surname is often used to identify <a href="/wiki/Lumumba_(drink)" title="Lumumba (drink)">a long drink</a> of hot or cold chocolate and rum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhmerHindermann201532-275">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Though Lumumba was dismissed from his post on 5 September 1960 by President Kasa-Vubu, Parliament continued to recognise his authority. Lumumba rivaled his replacement, Iléo, over control of the government until a coup d'état on 14 September definitively suspended the parliamentary system and removed both from power. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> As Commissioner-General for National Defence. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Now <a href="/wiki/Sankuru" title="Sankuru">Sankuru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Now <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a>, Democratic Republic of the Congo </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Alternatively found as Patrice Hemery Lumumba.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-6">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Kanza later said, "[Lumumba] didn't care ... as long as an American presented this contract. People like us tried to tell him not to sign. He signed and in his mind it was something very good for the Congo."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson_Center201153-86">[81]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> When Lumumba left the Congo Parliament went into recess. Upon his return, he recommended that the body remain in recess for three months so that its members could go on study tours. Parliament did not reconvene until September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung1966362-90">[84]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> According to Govender, "Lumumba had always been reluctant to declare a state of emergency, but with the intensification of hostile acts against his regime by Congolese plotters and their Western friends, he felt that a state of emergency would help his poorly equipped security forces and administration to act more effectively against the trouble-makers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovender1971137-101">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Govender wrote that with the exception of the Belga case, "Lumumba took no steps against [foreign correspondents]. He allowed them complete freedom of movement and the right to express their opinions."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovender1971137–138-107">[99]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> There is sufficient evidence to suggest that Lumumba was growing impatient with the Parliamentary system and was seeking alternatives to achieve his agenda. At the same time, he did not begin to plan for a coup until he grew suspicious of his opponents' intentions to depose him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2015329-116">[107]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Article 22 of the Loi Fondamentale read, "The President names and revokes the Prime Minister." There was no elaboration on the point, and nowhere else in the document were the nature or limits of the power explained, including whether or not parliamentary approval was necessary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung196635-121">[111]</a> However, it was stipulated that any action undertaken by the President had to be countersigned by a minister responsible to Parliament. This provision was interpreted to extend to Kasa-Vubu's order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerardKuklick2015100-120">[110]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Lumumba denied having authorised the arrests and issued an apology before the Chamber.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillame1990398-125">[114]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> According to de Witte, the vote was tallied as 41 to two<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte200122-130">[118]</a> with six abstentions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> De Witte described Kasa-Vubu's dismissal order as "clearly not constitutional" and labelled the invoked Article 22 as a "totally obsolete" provision which could only be resolved "by a law or revision of the constitution, passed by a parliament with confidence in Lumumba." <a href="/wiki/Evan_Luard" title="Evan Luard">Evan Luard</a> wrote, "Of Kasa-Vubu's move [...] it can reasonably be said that by the way he used his power without referring to Parliament amounted to an abuse of the constitution".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte200122-130">[118]</a> Gerard and Kuklick noted that in August 1960 Baudouin, operating within the confines of the extremely similar Belgian Constitution, had asked Prime Minister Eyskens to resign, but that Eyskens, having a solid parliamentary majority, refused and retained his office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerardKuklick201599–100-134">[121]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Various sources state Mobutu's action was encouraged and supported by Belgium and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns1965214-136">[122]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Russell_Warren_Howe" title="Russell Warren Howe">Russell Warren Howe</a> listed multiple popular "illusions" about Lumumba in 1968: "Lumumba was a radical revolutionary (his admirers' view) or a member of a Moscow- and Nkrumah-inspired conspiracy (his critics' image); he had broad national support and an electoral majority (his admirers); he sought to oust Western finance and socialize the economy (his critics); he was more 'African', less 'European' than his rival Kasa-Vubu (his admirers); he is a living force in Congolese politics, the father of Congolese nationalism (his admirers again)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe1968592-221">[206]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Anthropologist Yolanda Covington-Ward wrote that, though Lumumba was "privileged in the historical literature on nationalism in the Congo", Kasa-Vubu and ABAKO were actually the primary "driving force" behind the independence movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECovington-Ward201273-229">[213]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeilig2015Section:_Wives,_lovers_and_children-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeilig2015Section:_Wives,_lovers_and_children_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeilig2015Section:_Wives,_lovers_and_children_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeilig2015Section:_Wives,_lovers_and_children_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeilig2015Section:_Wives,_lovers_and_children_5-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFZeilig2015">Zeilig 2015</a>, Section: Wives, lovers and children. </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_6-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/351310">Patrice Lumumba</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lumumba">"Lumumba"</a>. Collins English Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016233127/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lumumba">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lumumba&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Flumumba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulumba2019251-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulumba2019251_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulumba2019">Mulumba 2019</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanyarwunga200676-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanyarwunga200676_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanyarwunga200676_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanyarwunga200676_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKanyarwunga2006">Kanyarwunga 2006</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeilig2015Section:_Early_years:_life_in_Onalua-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeilig2015Section:_Early_years:_life_in_Onalua_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZeilig2015">Zeilig 2015</a>, Section: Early years: life in Onalua. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabian199673-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabian199673_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFabian1996">Fabian 1996</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillame199022–25-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillame199022–25_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillame1990">Willame 1990</a>, pp. 22–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanyarwunga200676,_502-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanyarwunga200676,_502_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKanyarwunga2006">Kanyarwunga 2006</a>, pp. 76, 502. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagendorens1975275–276-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagendorens1975275–276_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHagendorens1975">Hagendorens 1975</a>, pp. 275–276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagendorens1975309,_371-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagendorens1975309,_371_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHagendorens1975">Hagendorens 1975</a>, pp. 309, 371. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeilig201523-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeilig201523_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZeilig2015">Zeilig 2015</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-rus-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rus_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rus_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.sci.pfu.edu.ru/asemenov/LUMUMBA/Lumumba.htm">"Patrice Lumumba"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Friendship_University_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples' Friendship University of Russia">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</a>. Retrieved 21 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patrice+Lumumba&rft.pub=Peoples%27+Friendship+University+of+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.sci.pfu.edu.ru%2Fasemenov%2FLUMUMBA%2FLumumba.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Struggle-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Struggle_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Struggle_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Struggle_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Struggle Filled Lumumba's Life, From Tribal Days to Prominence". The New York Times. 14 February 1961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Struggle+Filled+Lumumba%27s+Life%2C+From+Tribal+Days+to+Prominence&rft.date=1961-02-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETödt2021204-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETödt2021204_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTödt2021">Tödt 2021</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETödt2021209-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETödt2021209_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTödt2021">Tödt 2021</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2017" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, James Stacey (13 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato-unbound.org/2017/10/13/james-stacey-taylor/foreign-rule-colonial-fictions">"Foreign Rule and Colonial Fictions"</a>. Cato Unbound. 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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza199496-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanza199496_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKanza1994">Kanza 1994</a>, pp. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196574-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196574_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196575-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196575_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196575–76-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196575–76_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, pp. 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_63-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_63_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCRISP_no._701960">CRISP no. 70 1960</a>, paragraph 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196576-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196576_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196576_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196576_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoskyns196576_31-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoskyns1965">Hoskyns 1965</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_74-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_74_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCRISP_no._701960">CRISP no. 70 1960</a>, paragraph 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraphs_75–78-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraphs_75–78_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCRISP_no._701960">CRISP no. 70 1960</a>, paragraphs 75–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza199497-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanza199497_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanza199497_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanza199497_34-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKanza1994">Kanza 1994</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraphs_81–82-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraphs_81–82_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCRISP_no._701960">CRISP no. 70 1960</a>, paragraphs 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraphs_83–87-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraphs_83–87_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraphs_83–87_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCRISP_no._701960">CRISP no. 70 1960</a>, paragraphs 83–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_88-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_88_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCRISP_no._701960">CRISP no. 70 1960</a>, paragraph 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_104-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_104_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCRISP_no._701960">CRISP no. 70 1960</a>, paragraph 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_96-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_96_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCRISP_no._701960">CRISP no. 70 1960</a>, paragraph 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENzongola-Ntalaja2002104-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENzongola-Ntalaja2002104_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNzongola-Ntalaja2002">Nzongola-Ntalaja 2002</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994103-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanza1994103_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanza1994103_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanza1994103_41-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKanza1994">Kanza 1994</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_110-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_110_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRISP_no._701960paragraph_110_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCRISP_no._701960">CRISP no. 70 1960</a>, paragraph 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994104-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanza1994104_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKanza1994">Kanza 1994</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanza1994258-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanza1994258_44-0">^</a> <a 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BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1961%3A+Ex-Congo+PM+declared+dead&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Ffebruary%2F13%2Fnewsid_2541000%2F2541053.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Katanga's Communique on the Killing of Lumumba". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 14 February 1961. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/115317883">115317883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Katanga%27s+Communique+on+the+Killing+of+Lumumba&rft.date=1961-02-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerardKuklick2015195-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerardKuklick2015195_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerardKuklick2015">Gerard & Kuklick 2015</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGondola2002126-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGondola2002126_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGondola2002">Gondola 2002</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/audio_video/programmes/correspondent/transcripts/974745.txt">"Correspondent:Who Killed Lumumba-Transcript"</a>. BBC. 21 October 2000. Retrieved 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Correspondent%3AWho+Killed+Lumumba-Transcript&rft.date=2000-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fstatic%2Faudio_video%2Fprogrammes%2Fcorrespondent%2Ftranscripts%2F974745.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> 00.35.38–00.35.49. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrados2006" class="citation book cs1">Prados, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JokJ7K3b5fMC&q=%22Patrice+Lumumba%22+katanga+tortured&pg=PA278">Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566638234" title="Special:BookSources/9781566638234"><bdi>9781566638234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safe+for+Democracy%3A+The+Secret+Wars+of+the+CIA&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781566638234&rft.aulast=Prados&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJokJ7K3b5fMC%26q%3D%2522Patrice%2BLumumba%2522%2Bkatanga%2Btortured%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001113-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001113_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Witte2001">De Witte 2001</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/13/newsid_2541000/2541053.stm">"BBC On This Day – 13 – 1961: Ex-Congo PM declared dead"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a>. Retrieved 23 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Online&rft.atitle=BBC+On+This+Day+%E2%80%93+13+%E2%80%93+1961%3A+Ex-Congo+PM+declared+dead&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Ffebruary%2F13%2Fnewsid_2541000%2F2541053.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-43160052.html">"Erschlagen im Busch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiegel Online">Spiegel Online</a> (in German). 22 June 1961. 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Retrieved 17 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brussels+Times&rft.atitle=Facing+the+truths+of+Belgium%27s+colonial+past%3A+The+unresolved+case+of+Patrice+Lumumba%27s+death&rft.date=2018-09-11&rft.aulast=Vanderstappen&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brusselstimes.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F50661%2Ffacing-the-truths-of-belgium-s-colonial-past-the-unresolved-case-of-patrice-lumumba-s-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKinzer2013" class="citation book cs1">Kinzer, Stephen (2013). The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War. New York: Times Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brothers%3A+John+Foster+Dulles%2C+Allen+Dulles%2C+and+Their+Secret+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kinzer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerits20231-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerits20231_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerits2023">Gerits 2023</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001126-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001126_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Witte2001">De Witte 2001</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHofmann1961" class="citation news cs1">Hofmann, Paul (February 1961). "New York Times". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/115365584">115365584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+York+Times&rft.date=1961-02&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/19/newsid_2748000/2748931.stm">"1961: Lumumba rally clashes with UK police"</a>. BBC News. 19 February 2001. Retrieved 17 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1961%3A+Lumumba+rally+clashes+with+UK+police&rft.date=2001-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Ffebruary%2F19%2Fnewsid_2748000%2F2748931.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahoney1983p._72:_"In_the_United_States,_the_news_of_Lumumba's_murder_provoked_racial_riots._During_an_address_by_Ambassador_Stevenson_before_the_Security_Council,_a_demonstration_led_by_American_blacks_began_in_the_visitors_gallery._It_quickly_turned_into_a_riot_in_which_eighteen_UN_guards,_two_newsmen,_and_two_protestors_were_injured._Outside_of_the_UN_building,_fights_between_whites_and_blacks_broke_out._A_large_protest_march_into_Times_Square_was_halted_by_mounted_police"-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahoney1983p._72:_"In_the_United_States,_the_news_of_Lumumba's_murder_provoked_racial_riots._During_an_address_by_Ambassador_Stevenson_before_the_Security_Council,_a_demonstration_led_by_American_blacks_began_in_the_visitors_gallery._It_quickly_turned_into_a_riot_in_which_eighteen_UN_guards,_two_newsmen,_and_two_protestors_were_injured._Outside_of_the_UN_building,_fights_between_whites_and_blacks_broke_out._A_large_protest_march_into_Times_Square_was_halted_by_mounted_police"_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahoney1983">Mahoney 1983</a>, p. 72: "In the United States, the news of Lumumba's murder provoked racial riots. During an address by Ambassador Stevenson before the Security Council, a demonstration led by American blacks began in the visitors gallery. It quickly turned into a riot in which eighteen UN guards, two newsmen, and two protestors were injured. Outside of the UN building, fights between whites and blacks broke out. A large protest march into Times Square was halted by mounted police". </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUPI1961" class="citation news cs1">UPI (16 February 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kKgzAAAAIBAJ&pg=4519,3193749&hl=en">"Screaming Demonstrators Riot in United Nations Security Council"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Report+Reproves+Belgium+in+Lumumba%27s+Death&rft.date=2001-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9800E4DF123BF934A25752C1A9679C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/06/world/world-briefing-europe-belgium-apology-for-lumumba-killing.html">"World Briefing | Europe: Belgium: Apology For Lumumba Killing"</a>. The New York Times. Agence France-Presse. 6 February 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 22 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=World+Briefing+%7C+Europe%3A+Belgium%3A+Apology+For+Lumumba+Killing&rft.date=2002-02-06&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F02%2F06%2Fworld%2Fworld-briefing-europe-belgium-apology-for-lumumba-killing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001121,_123-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001121,_123_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Witte2001">De Witte 2001</a>, pp. 121, 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHollington2007" class="citation book cs1">Hollington, Kris (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I8LHU4f_hkQC&pg=PA50">Wolves, Jackals and Foxes: The Assassins Who Changed History</a>. True Crime. pp. 50–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37899-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37899-8"><bdi>978-0-312-37899-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wolves%2C+Jackals+and+Foxes%3A+The+Assassins+Who+Changed+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=True+Crime&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-37899-8&rft.aulast=Hollington&rft.aufirst=Kris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI8LHU4f_hkQC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001121-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Witte2001121_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Witte2001">De Witte 2001</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunshi2020" class="citation news cs1">Munshi, Neil (13 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/a17b87ec-207d-4aa7-a839-8e17153bcf51">"Belgium's reckoning with a brutal history in Congo"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/a17b87ec-207d-4aa7-a839-8e17153bcf51">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Belgium%27s+reckoning+with+a+brutal+history+in+Congo&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft.aulast=Munshi&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fa17b87ec-207d-4aa7-a839-8e17153bcf51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/audio_video/programmes/correspondent/transcripts/974745.txt">"Correspondent:Who Killed Lumumba-Transcript"</a>. BBC. 21 October 2000. Retrieved 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Correspondent%3AWho+Killed+Lumumba-Transcript&rft.date=2000-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fstatic%2Faudio_video%2Fprogrammes%2Fcorrespondent%2Ftranscripts%2F974745.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> 00.36.57. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNwaubani2001" class="citation journal cs1">Nwaubani, Ebere (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3180775">"Eisenhower, Nkrumah and the Congo Crisis"</a>. Journal of Contemporary History. 36 (4). Sage Publications, Inc.: 611. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200940103600403">10.1177/002200940103600403</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3180775">3180775</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159492904">159492904</a>. <q>A US Senate report issued in 1975 held that 'The chain of events and testimony is strong enough to permit a reasonable inference that the plot to assassinate Lumumba was authorized by President Eisenhower.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Eisenhower%2C+Nkrumah+and+the+Congo+Crisis&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=611&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159492904%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3180775%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200940103600403&rft.aulast=Nwaubani&rft.aufirst=Ebere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3180775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompkins2008" class="citation news cs1">Thompkins, Gwen (10 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90263366">"Years After His Murder, Congo Leader Stirs Emotion"</a>. NPR. <q>CIA records show President Dwight D. Eisenhower believed Lumumba was a Soviet sympathizer and authorized a failed CIA operation to kill him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Years+After+His+Murder%2C+Congo+Leader+Stirs+Emotion&rft.date=2008-05-10&rft.aulast=Thompkins&rft.aufirst=Gwen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D90263366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_177-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_177-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKettle2000" class="citation news cs1">Kettle, Martin (10 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4049783,00.html">"President 'ordered murder' of Congo leader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=President+%27ordered+murder%27+of+Congo+leader&rft.date=2000-08-10&rft.aulast=Kettle&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2FArchive%2FArticle%2F0%2C4273%2C4049783%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/02/magazine/the-cia-and-lumumba.html">"The C.I.A. and Lumumba"</a>. The New York Times Magazine. 2 August 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+C.I.A.+and+Lumumba&rft.date=1981-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F08%2F02%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-cia-and-lumumba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USN-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USN_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USN_179-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USN_179-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/usnews/doubleissue/mysteries/patrice.htm">"A killing in Congo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_News" class="mw-redirect" title="US News">US News</a>. 24 July 2000. Retrieved 18 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+News&rft.atitle=A+killing+in+Congo&rft.date=2000-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fusnews%2Fdoubleissue%2Fmysteries%2Fpatrice.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLardner2000" class="citation news cs1">Lardner, George (8 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/08/08/did-ike-authorize-a-murder/62252bba-24ea-4290-a316-69bf647c0a94/">"Did Ike Authorize a Murder?"</a>. The Washington Post. <q>The CIA acted as though the president had given the go-ahead, sending one of its scientists to the Congo in September 1960 with a vial of deadly poison that could be injected into something Lumumba might eat. ... The poison, however, was never used, and CIA operatives were unable to get to Lumumba before he was eventually captured by Congolese rivals and killed ....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Did+Ike+Authorize+a+Murder%3F&rft.date=2000-08-08&rft.aulast=Lardner&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F2000%2F08%2F08%2Fdid-ike-authorize-a-murder%2F62252bba-24ea-4290-a316-69bf647c0a94%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB222/top06.pdf">6) Plan to poison Congo leader Patrice Lumumba (p. 464)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_jewels_(CIA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family jewels (CIA)">Family jewels CIA documents</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> website </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v23/d30">"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XXIII, Congo, 1960–1968 – Office of the Historian"</a>. history.state.gov. Document 30. Retrieved 4 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%2C+1964%E2%80%931968%2C+Volume+XXIII%2C+Congo%2C+1960%E2%80%931968+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Historian&rft.pages=Document+30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1964-68v23%2Fd30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maryferrell.org/php/pseudodb.php?id=MULRONEY_MICHAEL">"Pseudonym: Mulroney, Michael"</a>. www.maryferrell.org. Retrieved 4 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maryferrell.org&rft.atitle=Pseudonym%3A+Mulroney%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maryferrell.org%2Fphp%2Fpseudodb.php%3Fid%3DMULRONEY_MICHAEL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKalb1982" class="citation book cs1">Kalb, Madeleine G. (1982). The Congo Cables: The Cold War in Africa—from Eisenhower to Kennedy. Macmillan. pp. 53, 101, 129–133, 149–152, 158–159, 184–185, 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-560620-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-560620-3"><bdi>978-0-02-560620-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo+Cables%3A+The+Cold+War+in+Africa%E2%80%94from+Eisenhower+to+Kennedy&rft.pages=53%2C+101%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E133%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E152%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E159%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E185%2C+195&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-02-560620-3&rft.aulast=Kalb&rft.aufirst=Madeleine+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Hoyt, Michael P. (2000). Captive in the Congo: A Consul's Return to the Heart of Darkness. Naval Institute Press. p. 158. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-323-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-323-7">978-1-55750-323-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockwell1978105-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockwell1978105_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStockwell1978">Stockwell 1978</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockwell197871–72,_136–137-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockwell197871–72,_136–137_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStockwell1978">Stockwell 1978</a>, pp. 71–72, 136–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahoney1983pp._69–70:_"The_Kasavubu-Mobutu_regime_began_to_consider_the_Kennedy_administration_a_threat_to_its_very_survival._The_Kennedy_plan_was_seen_as_evidence_of_"a_new_and_unexpected_solidarity_with_the_Casablanca_powers_..._(the_radical_[[Non-Aligned_Movement|non-aligned]]_African_governments_that_supported_Lumumba)._The_CIA_station_in_Léopoldville_bore_much_of_the_responsibility_for_the_rupture._It_had_opposed_any_political_solution_to_the_power_struggle_and,_worse,_had_fortified_the_resolve_of_Kasavubu_and_Mobutu,_Nendaka,_and_the_rest_to_use_violence_against_others_to_save_themselves._[...]_The_effect_was_tragic:_reports_that_the_incoming_administration_planned_to_liberate_the_imprisoned_Lumumba_on_the_one_hand,_and_the_CIA's_deadly_urgings_on_the_other,_acted_like_a_closing_vice_on_the_desperate_men_in_Léopoldville"-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahoney1983pp._69–70:_"The_Kasavubu-Mobutu_regime_began_to_consider_the_Kennedy_administration_a_threat_to_its_very_survival._The_Kennedy_plan_was_seen_as_evidence_of_"a_new_and_unexpected_solidarity_with_the_Casablanca_powers_..._(the_radical_[[Non-Aligned_Movement|non-aligned]]_African_governments_that_supported_Lumumba)._The_CIA_station_in_Léopoldville_bore_much_of_the_responsibility_for_the_rupture._It_had_opposed_any_political_solution_to_the_power_struggle_and,_worse,_had_fortified_the_resolve_of_Kasavubu_and_Mobutu,_Nendaka,_and_the_rest_to_use_violence_against_others_to_save_themselves._[...]_The_effect_was_tragic:_reports_that_the_incoming_administration_planned_to_liberate_the_imprisoned_Lumumba_on_the_one_hand,_and_the_CIA's_deadly_urgings_on_the_other,_acted_like_a_closing_vice_on_the_desperate_men_in_Léopoldville"_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahoney1983">Mahoney 1983</a>, pp. 69–70: "The Kasavubu-Mobutu regime began to consider the Kennedy administration a threat to its very survival. The Kennedy plan was seen as evidence of "a new and unexpected solidarity with the Casablanca powers ... (the radical <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-aligned</a> African governments that supported Lumumba). The CIA station in Léopoldville bore much of the responsibility for the rupture. It had opposed any political solution to the power struggle and, worse, had fortified the resolve of Kasavubu and Mobutu, Nendaka, and the rest to use violence against others to save themselves. [...] The effect was tragic: reports that the incoming administration planned to liberate the imprisoned Lumumba on the one hand, and the CIA's deadly urgings on the other, acted like a closing vice on the desperate men in Léopoldville". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahoney1983p._70:_"White_House_photographer_Jacques_Lowe_caught_Kennedy,_horror-struck_with_head_in_hand,_receiving_the_first_news_by_telephone_a_full_four_weeks_later_on_13_February._All_the_anguished_searching_for_a_way_around_Lumumba_had_been_for_naught._Forty-eight_hours_before_Kennedy_had_even_taken_the_presidential_oath,_Lumumba_was_already_dead"-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahoney1983p._70:_"White_House_photographer_Jacques_Lowe_caught_Kennedy,_horror-struck_with_head_in_hand,_receiving_the_first_news_by_telephone_a_full_four_weeks_later_on_13_February._All_the_anguished_searching_for_a_way_around_Lumumba_had_been_for_naught._Forty-eight_hours_before_Kennedy_had_even_taken_the_presidential_oath,_Lumumba_was_already_dead"_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahoney1983">Mahoney 1983</a>, p. 70: "White House photographer Jacques Lowe caught Kennedy, horror-struck with head in hand, receiving the first news by telephone a full four weeks later on 13 February. All the anguished searching for a way around Lumumba had been for naught. Forty-eight hours before Kennedy had even taken the presidential oath, Lumumba was already dead". </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDhaliwal2013" class="citation news cs1">Dhaliwal, Rhanjit (27 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/photography-blog/2013/sep/27/john-f-kennedy-jacques-lowe-photography">"Jacques Lowe: the JFK photographer who lost his life's work on 9/11"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jacques+Lowe%3A+the+JFK+photographer+who+lost+his+life%27s+work+on+9%2F11&rft.date=2013-09-27&rft.aulast=Dhaliwal&rft.aufirst=Rhanjit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2Fphotography-blog%2F2013%2Fsep%2F27%2Fjohn-f-kennedy-jacques-lowe-photography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2003158-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum2003158_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlum2003">Blum 2003</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Stephen Weissman, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.udel.edu/globalagenda/2003/student/readings/CIAlumumba.html">Opening the Secret Files on Lumumba's Murder</a>", Washington Post, 21 July 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Blaine Harden, Africa: Dispatches from a Fragile Continent, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v23/d1">"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XXIII, Congo, 1960–1968 – Office of the Historian"</a>. history.state.gov. Retrieved 17 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%2C+1964%E2%80%931968%2C+Volume+XXIII%2C+Congo%2C+1960%E2%80%931968+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1964-68v23%2Fd1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/docid-32112745.pdf">"JFK Assassination System Identification Form"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 17 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Government+releases+classified+JFK+assassination+documents+%E2%80%93+as+it+happened&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft.aulast=Yuhas&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2Flive%2F2017%2Foct%2F26%2Fjfk-files-released-assassination-documents-conspiracy-theories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2007" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss, Herbert F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/252471">"Review 'Inside the CIA: Congo in the 1980s', of book by Larry Devlin. Chief of Station, 'Congo: A Memoir of 1960–67'. New York: Public Affairs"</a>. 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The Guardian. Brussels. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 18 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Files+show+UK+backed+murder+plot&rft.date=2001-06-28&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2001%2Fjun%2F28%2Fianblack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Ben Quinn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/02/mi6-patrice-lumumba-assassination">"MI6 'arranged Cold War killing' of Congo prime minister"</a>, The Guardian, 1 April 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n07/letters">"Letters"</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>, 11 April 2013, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22006446">"MI6 and the death of Patrice Lumumba"</a>, BBC News, 2 April 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.demorgen.be/nieuws/tand-van-lumumba-wordt-in-2021-naar-congo-gerepatrieerd~b8bd0079/">"Tand van Lumumba wordt in 2021 naar Congo gerepatrieerd"</a>. <a href="/wiki/De_Morgen" title="De Morgen">De Morgen</a>. 14 December 2020. 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Vol. 48. New Brunswick: African Studies Association. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1555-2462">1555-2462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Studies+Review&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=African+Studies+Association&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1555-2462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNiUOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlommaertVerschueren1991" class="citation book cs1">Blommaert, Jan; Verschueren, Jef, eds. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SbtHAAAAQBAJ">The Pragmatics of International and Intercultural Communication</a>. Vol. 3. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027285966" title="Special:BookSources/9789027285966"><bdi>9789027285966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pragmatics+of+International+and+Intercultural+Communication&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789027285966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSbtHAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlum2003" class="citation book cs1">Blum, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/13/130AEF1531746AAD6AC03EF59F91E1A1_Killing_Hope_Blum_William.pdf">Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions since World War II</a> (PDF). 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Leuven: <a href="/wiki/Leuven_University_Press" title="Leuven University Press">Leuven University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789462701748" title="Special:BookSources/9789462701748"><bdi>9789462701748</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lumumba+in+the+Arts&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789462701748&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV-XJDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlumumba%2Bin%2Bthe%2Barts%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDworkin2017" class="citation book cs1">Dworkin, Ira (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TyDADgAAQBAJ">Congo Love Song: African American Culture and the Crisis of the Colonial State</a>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469632728" title="Special:BookSources/9781469632728"><bdi>9781469632728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congo+Love+Song%3A+African+American+Culture+and+the+Crisis+of+the+Colonial+State&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781469632728&rft.aulast=Dworkin&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTyDADgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhmerHindermann2015" class="citation book cs1">Ehmer, Kersten; Hindermann, Beate (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NcuFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">The School of Sophisticated Drinking: An Intoxicating History of Seven Spirits</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greystone_Books" title="Greystone Books">Greystone Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781771641197" title="Special:BookSources/9781771641197"><bdi>9781771641197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+School+of+Sophisticated+Drinking%3A+An+Intoxicating+History+of+Seven+Spirits&rft.pub=Greystone+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781771641197&rft.aulast=Ehmer&rft.aufirst=Kersten&rft.au=Hindermann%2C+Beate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNcuFCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFabian1996" class="citation book cs1">Fabian, Johannes (1996). 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Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520203761" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520203761"><bdi>978-0520203761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+the+Present%3A+Painting+and+Popular+History+in+Zaire&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0520203761&rft.aulast=Fabian&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGendebien1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gendebien, Paul-Henry (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wcojjt8ZkKMC">L'intervention des Nations Unies au Congo. 1960-1964</a> (in French) (reprint ed.). Boston: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783111504698" title="Special:BookSources/9783111504698"><bdi>9783111504698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27intervention+des+Nations+Unies+au+Congo.+1960-1964&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9783111504698&rft.aulast=Gendebien&rft.aufirst=Paul-Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWcojjt8ZkKMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerardKuklick2015" class="citation book cs1">Gerard, Emmanuel; <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Kuklick" title="Bruce Kuklick">Kuklick, Bruce</a> (2015). Death in the Congo: Murdering Patrice Lumumba. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72527-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72527-0"><bdi>978-0-674-72527-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+the+Congo%3A+Murdering+Patrice+Lumumba&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72527-0&rft.aulast=Gerard&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft.au=Kuklick%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerits2023" class="citation book cs1">Gerits, Frank (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1344378312">The Ideological Scramble for Africa: How the Pursuit of Anticolonial Modernity Shaped a Postcolonial Order, 1945–1966</a>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6792-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6792-0"><bdi>978-1-5017-6792-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1344378312">1344378312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ideological+Scramble+for+Africa%3A+How+the+Pursuit+of+Anticolonial+Modernity+Shaped+a+Postcolonial+Order%2C+1945%E2%80%931966&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1344378312&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-6792-0&rft.aulast=Gerits&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1344378312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibbs1991" class="citation book cs1">Gibbs, David N. 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University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226290713" title="Special:BookSources/9780226290713"><bdi>9780226290713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Third+World+Intervention%3A+Mines%2C+Money%2C+and+U.S.+Policy+in+the+Congo+Crisis&rft.series=American+Politics+and+Political+Economy&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991-11-01&rft.isbn=9780226290713&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNgN64EXv8mgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Goede2015" class="citation journal cs1">De Goede, Meike J. (December 2015). "'Mundele, it is because of you' History, Identity and the Meaning of Democracy in the Congo". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 53 (4): 583–609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X15000786">10.1017/S0022278X15000786</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232343835">232343835</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1729455898">1729455898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Mundele%2C+it+is+because+of+you%27+History%2C+Identity+and+the+Meaning+of+Democracy+in+the+Congo&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E583-%3C%2Fspan%3E609&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X15000786&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232343835%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=De+Goede&rft.aufirst=Meike+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevlin2007" class="citation book cs1">Devlin, Larry (2007). 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Purdue University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/809633177">809633177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Patrice+Lumumba+and+the+Black+Freedom+Movement&rft.inst=Purdue+University&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F809633177&rft.aulast=Hickner&rft.aufirst=Jamie+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqdtopen.proquest.com%2Fdoc%2F1015379170.html%3FFMT%3DAI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoskyns1965" class="citation book cs1">Hoskyns, Catherine (1965). The Congo Since Independence: January 1960 – December 1961. 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Council on Foreign Relations: 584–598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20039326">10.2307/20039326</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20039326">20039326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Man+and+Myth+in+Political+Africa&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E584-%3C%2Fspan%3E598&rft.date=1968-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20039326&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20039326%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Russell+Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuskensGoddeeris2020" class="citation book cs1">Huskens, Gert; Goddeeris, Idesbald (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V-XJDwAAQBAJ&q=lumumba+in+the+arts&pg=PA298">"Lumumba in the Hood: The Legacy of Patrice Lumumba in Rap Music since 1990"</a>. In De Groof, Matthias (ed.). Lumumba in the Arts. Leuven: <a href="/wiki/Leuven_University_Press" title="Leuven University Press">Leuven University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789462701748" title="Special:BookSources/9789462701748"><bdi>9789462701748</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lumumba+in+the+Hood%3A+The+Legacy+of+Patrice+Lumumba+in+Rap+Music+since+1990&rft.btitle=Lumumba+in+the+Arts&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789462701748&rft.aulast=Huskens&rft.aufirst=Gert&rft.au=Goddeeris%2C+Idesbald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV-XJDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlumumba%2Bin%2Bthe%2Barts%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJewsiewicki1999" class="citation book cs1">Jewsiewicki, Bogumil (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RCBIAQAAIAAJ">A Congo chronicle: Patrice Lumumba in urban art</a> (ill. ed.). New York: Museum for African Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780945802259" title="Special:BookSources/9780945802259"><bdi>9780945802259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Congo+chronicle%3A+Patrice+Lumumba+in+urban+art&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=ill.&rft.pub=Museum+for+African+Art&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780945802259&rft.aulast=Jewsiewicki&rft.aufirst=Bogumil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRCBIAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKanyarwunga2006" class="citation book cs1">Kanyarwunga, Jean I N (2006). République démocratique du Congo : Les générations condamnées : Déliquescence d'une société précapitaliste. Paris: Publibook. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782748333435" title="Special:BookSources/9782748333435"><bdi>9782748333435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9publique+d%C3%A9mocratique+du+Congo+%3A+Les+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rations+condamn%C3%A9es+%3A+D%C3%A9liquescence+d%27une+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+pr%C3%A9capitaliste&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Publibook&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9782748333435&rft.aulast=Kanyarwunga&rft.aufirst=Jean+I+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKanza1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kanza" title="Thomas Kanza">Kanza, Thomas R.</a> (1994). The Rise and Fall of Patrice Lumumba: Conflict in the Congo (expanded ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Vermont" title="Rochester, Vermont">Rochester</a>, Vermont: Schenkman Books, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87073-901-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87073-901-9"><bdi>978-0-87073-901-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Patrice+Lumumba%3A+Conflict+in+the+Congo&rft.place=Rochester%2C+Vermont&rft.edition=expanded&rft.pub=Schenkman+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87073-901-9&rft.aulast=Kanza&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelly1993" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Sean (1993). America's tyrant: the CIA and Mobutu in Zaire; how the United States put Mobuto into power, protected him from his enemies. Washington, DC: The American University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-879383-17-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-879383-17-3"><bdi>978-1-879383-17-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+tyrant%3A+the+CIA+and+Mobutu+in+Zaire%3B+how+the+United+States+put+Mobuto+into+power%2C+protected+him+from+his+enemies&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=The+American+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-879383-17-3&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCRISP_no._701960" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"La formation du premier gouvernement congolais". Courrier Hebdomadaire du CRISP (in French). 70 (24). Brussels: Centre de recherche et d'information socio-politiques: 1–22. 1960. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fcris.070.0001">10.3917/cris.070.0001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Courrier+Hebdomadaire+du+CRISP&rft.atitle=La+formation+du+premier+gouvernement+congolais&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fcris.070.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCRISP_no._781960" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Le développement des oppositions au Congo". 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503341-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503341-0"><bdi>978-0-19-503341-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JFK%3A+Ordeal+in+Africa&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503341-0&rft.aulast=Mahoney&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin2011" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Meredith (2011). The state of Africa : a history of the continent since independence. Public Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85720-388-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85720-388-5"><bdi>978-0-85720-388-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857651296">857651296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+state+of+Africa+%3A+a+history+of+the+continent+since+independence&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F857651296&rft.isbn=978-0-85720-388-5&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazrui1968" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Mazrui, Ali A.</a> (March 1968). "Thoughts on Assassination in Africa". Political Science Quarterly. 83 (1): 40–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2147402">10.2307/2147402</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2147402">2147402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Thoughts+on+Assassination+in+Africa&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=1968-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2147402&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2147402%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mazrui&rft.aufirst=Ali+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKown1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_McKown" title="Robin McKown">McKown, Robin</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lumumbamckown">Lumumba: A Biography</a>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385077767" title="Special:BookSources/9780385077767"><bdi>9780385077767</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/977145530">977145530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lumumba%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F977145530&rft.isbn=9780385077767&rft.aulast=McKown&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flumumbamckown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMerriam1961" class="citation book cs1">Merriam, Alan P. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110664">Congo: Background of Conflict</a>. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/424186">424186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congo%3A+Background+of+Conflict&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F424186&rft.aulast=Merriam&rft.aufirst=Alan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.110664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichel1961" class="citation book cs1">Michel, Serge (18 May 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA367974">Patrice Lumumba</a>. Arlington, VA: United States Joint Publication Research Service. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/946681617">946681617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrice+Lumumba&rft.place=Arlington%2C+VA&rft.pub=United+States+Joint+Publication+Research+Service&rft.date=1961-05-18&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F946681617&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDTIC_ADA367974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonaville2019" class="citation journal cs1">Monaville, Pedro (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000197201800089X">"The political life of the dead Lumumba: Cold War histories and the Congolese student left"</a>. Africa. 89 (Supplement S1): S15 – S39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000197201800089X">10.1017/S000197201800089X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa&rft.atitle=The+political+life+of+the+dead+Lumumba%3A+Cold+War+histories+and+the+Congolese+student+left&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=Supplement+S1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES15+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES39%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS000197201800089X&rft.aulast=Monaville&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS000197201800089X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMulumba2019" class="citation book cs1">Mulumba, Joséphine T. (2019). Dakubu, Kropp; Asante, Maria (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ABHEAAAQBAJ&dq=Isa%C3%AFe+Tasumbu+Tawosa&pg=PA251">African Visionaries</a>. African Books Collective. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9988308841" title="Special:BookSources/978-9988308841"><bdi>978-9988308841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Visionaries&rft.pub=African+Books+Collective&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-9988308841&rft.aulast=Mulumba&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9phine+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ABHEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DIsa%25C3%25AFe%2BTasumbu%2BTawosa%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMwakikagile2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Mwakikagile" title="Godfrey Mwakikagile">Mwakikagile, Godfrey</a> (2009). Africa 1960–1970: Chronicle and Analysis (1st ed.). New Africa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9987-16-007-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9987-16-007-5"><bdi>978-9987-16-007-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+1960%E2%80%931970%3A+Chronicle+and+Analysis&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=New+Africa+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9987-16-007-5&rft.aulast=Mwakikagile&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNzongola-Ntalaja2002" class="citation book cs1">Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqWIvIAe2h4C">The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History</a>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-053-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-053-5"><bdi>978-1-84277-053-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo+from+Leopold+to+Kabila%3A+A+People%27s+History&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-053-5&rft.aulast=Nzongola-Ntalaja&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqqWIvIAe2h4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNzongola-Ntalaja2014" class="citation book cs1">Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2DGBAAAQBAJ">Patrice Lumumba</a> (ill., reprint ed.). Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821445068" title="Special:BookSources/9780821445068"><bdi>9780821445068</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrice+Lumumba&rft.edition=ill.%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780821445068&rft.aulast=Nzongola-Ntalaja&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX2DGBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Ballance1999" class="citation book cs1">O'Ballance, Edgar (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vfCADAAAQBAJ">The Congo-Zaire Experience, 1960–98</a> (ill. ed.). Springer. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230286481" title="Special:BookSources/9780230286481"><bdi>9780230286481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo-Zaire+Experience%2C+1960%E2%80%9398&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.edition=ill.&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780230286481&rft.aulast=O%27Ballance&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvfCADAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOkumu1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Aggrey_Jalang%27o_Okumu" title="Washington Aggrey Jalang'o Okumu">Okumu, Washington</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSZzAAAAMAAJ">Lumumba's Congo: Roots of Conflict</a>. New York: Ivan Obolensky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780839210627" title="Special:BookSources/9780839210627"><bdi>9780839210627</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/574268813">574268813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lumumba%27s+Congo%3A+Roots+of+Conflict&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ivan+Obolensky&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F574268813&rft.isbn=9780839210627&rft.aulast=Okumu&rft.aufirst=Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHSZzAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlorunsola1972" class="citation book cs1">Olorunsola, Victor A. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNVBAAAAIAAJ">The Politics of Cultural Sub-nationalism in Africa</a>. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/915692187">915692187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Cultural+Sub-nationalism+in+Africa&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F915692187&rft.aulast=Olorunsola&rft.aufirst=Victor+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZNVBAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOthen2015" class="citation book cs1">Othen, Christopher (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d3MTDQAAQBAJ">Katanga 1960–63: Mercenaries, Spies and the African Nation that Waged War on the World</a> (ill. ed.). Stroud: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750965804" title="Special:BookSources/9780750965804"><bdi>9780750965804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Katanga+1960%E2%80%9363%3A+Mercenaries%2C+Spies+and+the+African+Nation+that+Waged+War+on+the+World&rft.place=Stroud&rft.edition=ill.&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780750965804&rft.aulast=Othen&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd3MTDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReid2023" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Stuart A. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=niGlEAAAQBAJ">The Lumumba Plot: The Secret History of the CIA and a Cold War Assassination</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781524748814" title="Special:BookSources/9781524748814"><bdi>9781524748814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lumumba+Plot%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA+and+a+Cold+War+Assassination&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781524748814&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Stuart+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DniGlEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStack1964" class="citation journal cs1">Stack, James (11 July 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://disa.ukzn.ac.za/sites/default/files/pdf_files/nav3n6.jul64_12.pdf">"The Legacy of "Lumumbisme""</a> (PDF). 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London: 141–142. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0142-9345">0142-9345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+African&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+%22Lumumbisme%22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=1964-07-11&rft.issn=0142-9345&rft.aulast=Stack&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdisa.ukzn.ac.za%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf_files%2Fnav3n6.jul64_12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStockwell1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Stockwell_(CIA_officer)" title="John Stockwell (CIA officer)">Stockwell, John</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofenemie00stoc">In search of enemies: a CIA story</a>. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393057058" title="Special:BookSources/9780393057058"><bdi>9780393057058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035702780">1035702780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+search+of+enemies%3A+a+CIA+story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035702780&rft.isbn=9780393057058&rft.aulast=Stockwell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofenemie00stoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTambwe2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tambwe, Eddie (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hw4WAQAAIAAJ">Recherches sur l'écrit au Congo-Kinshasa: essai de bibliologie</a> (in French). l'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782747560160" title="Special:BookSources/9782747560160"><bdi>9782747560160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recherches+sur+l%27%C3%A9crit+au+Congo-Kinshasa%3A+essai+de+bibliologie&rft.pub=l%27Harmattan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9782747560160&rft.aulast=Tambwe&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhw4WAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1996" class="citation thesis cs1">Thomas, Dominic Richard David (1996). New writings for new times: Nationalism in Congolese literature (PhD). Yale University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/82544441">82544441</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/304305511">304305511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=New+writings+for+new+times%3A+Nationalism+in+Congolese+literature&rft.inst=Yale+University&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F82544441&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Dominic+Richard+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTödt2021" class="citation book cs1">Tödt, Daniel (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQVGEAAAQBAJ">The Lumumba Generation: African Bourgeoisie and Colonial Distinction in the Belgian Congo</a>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110709308" title="Special:BookSources/9783110709308"><bdi>9783110709308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lumumba+Generation%3A+African+Bourgeoisie+and+Colonial+Distinction+in+the+Belgian+Congo&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9783110709308&rft.aulast=T%C3%B6dt&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQVGEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner2007" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Thomas (2007). The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality (2nd ed.). London: Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-688-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-688-9"><bdi>978-1-84277-688-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo+Wars%3A+Conflict%2C+Myth%2C+and+Reality&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-688-9&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVanderstraeten1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vanderstraeten, Louis-François (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MwMUAQAAMAAJ">De la Force publique à l'Armée nationale congolaise: histoire d'une mutinerie, juillet 1960</a> (in French) (reprint ed.). Brussels: Académie royale de Belgique. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782803101047" title="Special:BookSources/9782803101047"><bdi>9782803101047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+Force+publique+%C3%A0+l%27Arm%C3%A9e+nationale+congolaise%3A+histoire+d%27une+mutinerie%2C+juillet+1960&rft.place=Brussels&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Acad%C3%A9mie+royale+de+Belgique&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9782803101047&rft.aulast=Vanderstraeten&rft.aufirst=Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMwMUAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillame1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Willame" title="Jean-Claude Willame">Willame, Jean-Claude</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iOSjXDdkrooC">Patrice Lumumba: la crise congolaise revisitée</a> (in French). Paris: Éditions Karthala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782865372706" title="Special:BookSources/9782865372706"><bdi>9782865372706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrice+Lumumba%3A+la+crise+congolaise+revisit%C3%A9e&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Karthala&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9782865372706&rft.aulast=Willame&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiOSjXDdkrooC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillame1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Willame" title="Jean-Claude Willame">Willame, Jean-Claude</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patrimonialismpo0000will">Patrimonialism and Political Change in the Congo</a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0793-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0793-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-0793-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrimonialism+and+Political+Change+in+the+Congo&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0793-0&rft.aulast=Willame&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatrimonialismpo0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Susan (2021). White Malice : The CIA and the Covert Recolonization of Africa. New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-6829-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-6829-1"><bdi>978-1-5417-6829-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Malice+%3A+The+CIA+and+the+Covert+Recolonization+of+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5417-6829-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson_Center2011" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/uploads/documents/The%20Congo%20Crisis%2C%201960-1961.pdf">The Congo Crisis, 1960–1961: A Critical Oral History Conference</a> (PDF), Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a>, 28 November 2011, retrieved 9 September 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo+Crisis%2C+1960%E2%80%931961%3A+A+Critical+Oral+History+Conference&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2Fuploads%2Fdocuments%2FThe%2520Congo%2520Crisis%252C%25201960-1961.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Witte2001" class="citation book cs1">De Witte, Ludo (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/assassinationofl00witt">The Assassination of Lumumba</a>. Translated by Wright, Ann; Fenby, Renée. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-618-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-618-6"><bdi>978-1-85984-618-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1028192223">1028192223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assassination+of+Lumumba&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1028192223&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-618-6&rft.aulast=De+Witte&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fassassinationofl00witt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung2015" class="citation book cs1">Young, Crawford (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F0LWCgAAQBAJ">Politics in Congo: Decolonization and Independence</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400878574" title="Special:BookSources/9781400878574"><bdi>9781400878574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+Congo%3A+Decolonization+and+Independence&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400878574&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Crawford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF0LWCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._Crawford_Young" title="M. Crawford Young">Young, Crawford</a> (1966). "Post-Independence Politics in the Congo". Transition (26). Indiana University Press: 34–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2934325">10.2307/2934325</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2934325">2934325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transition&rft.atitle=Post-Independence+Politics+in+the+Congo&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2934325&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2934325%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Crawford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZeilig2015" class="citation book cs1">Zeilig, Leo (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVcrDwAAQBAJ">Lumumba: Africa's Lost Leader</a> (2nd ed.). London: Haus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1908323941" title="Special:BookSources/978-1908323941"><bdi>978-1908323941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lumumba%3A+Africa%27s+Lost+Leader&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1908323941&rft.aulast=Zeilig&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVcrDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrice+Lumumba" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Chotiner" title="Isaac Chotiner">Chotiner, Isaac</a>, "A Dangerous Man: Why Congo's independence leader Patrice Lumumba had to die" (review of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_A._Reid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuart A. Reid (page does not exist)">Stuart A. Reid</a>, The Lumumba Plot: The Secret History of the CIA and a Cold War Assassination, Knopf, 2023), <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, 6 November 2023, pp. 67–70.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Patrice Lumumba at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" class="extiw" title="c:Patrice Lumumba">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" class="extiw" title="q:Patrice Lumumba">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161672" class="extiw" title="d:Q161672">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/lumumba/index.htm">Speeches and writings by and about Patrice Lumumba</a>, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/">the Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2011/1/21/patrice_lumumba_50_years_later_remembering">Patrice Lumumba: 50 Years Later, Remembering the U.S.-Backed Assassination</a> – video report by <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africawithin.com/lumumba/patrice_lumumba.htm">Africa Within</a>. A rich source of information on Lumumba, including a reprint of Stephen R. Weissman's 21 July 2002 article from the Washington Post.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1805546.stm">BBC</a> Lumumba apology: Congo's mixed feelings.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/usnews/doubleissue/mysteries/patrice.htm">Mysteries of History</a> Lumumba assassination.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTnNS-Ty4rU">Lumumba and the Congo</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> Documentary of Lumumba's life and work in the Congo.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/13/newsid_2541000/2541053.stm">BBC</a> An "On this day" text. It features an audio clip of a BBC correspondent on Lumumba's death.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2020/06/patrice-lumumba-belgium-republic-of-congo-independence">English translation</a> of Lumumba's speech at the 1960 independence day ceremony</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.africamuseum.be/agents/people/178">Patrice Lumumba</a>, Royal Museum for Central Africa</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Position created on independence from Belgium</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> 24 June – 5 September 1960 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Il%C3%A9o" title="Joseph Iléo">Joseph Iléo</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(list)599" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template:Prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(list)599" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo</a> (1960–1971)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patrice Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Il%C3%A9o" title="Joseph Iléo">Joseph Iléo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ndele" title="Albert Ndele">Albert Ndele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Bomboko" title="Justin Bomboko">Justin Bomboko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Gizenga" title="Antoine Gizenga">Antoine Gizenga</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Il%C3%A9o" title="Joseph Iléo">Joseph Iléo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrille_Adoula" title="Cyrille Adoula">Cyrille Adoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Tshombe" title="Moïse Tshombe">Moïse Tshombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_Kimba" title="Évariste Kimba">Évariste Kimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onard_Mulamba" title="Léonard Mulamba">Léonard Mulamba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Republic of Zaire</a> (1971–1997)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mpinga_Kasenda" title="Mpinga Kasenda">Mpinga Kasenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bo-Boliko_Lokonga" title="André Bo-Boliko Lokonga">Bo-Boliko Lokonga Mihambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Nguza_Karl-i-Bond" title="Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond">Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Singa_Udjuu" title="N'Singa Udjuu">N'singa Udjuu Ongwabeki Untubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Kengo_wa_Dondo" title="Léon Kengo wa Dondo">Léon Kengo wa Dondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabi_Mulumba" title="Mabi Mulumba">Mabi Mulumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Fontaine_Sambwa" title="Jules Fontaine Sambwa">Sambwa Pida Nbagui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Kengo_wa_Dondo" title="Léon Kengo wa Dondo">Léon Kengo wa Dondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_Bululu" title="Lunda Bululu">Lunda Bululu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulumba_Lukoji" title="Mulumba Lukoji">Mulumba Lukoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tshisekedi" title="Étienne Tshisekedi">Étienne Tshisekedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardin_Mungul_Diaka" title="Bernardin Mungul Diaka">Bernardin Mungul Diaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Nguza_Karl-i-Bond" title="Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond">Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tshisekedi" title="Étienne Tshisekedi">Étienne Tshisekedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustin_Birindwa" title="Faustin Birindwa">Faustin Birindwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Kengo_wa_Dondo" title="Léon Kengo wa Dondo">Léon Kengo wa Dondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tshisekedi" title="Étienne Tshisekedi">Étienne Tshisekedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likulia_Bolongo" title="Likulia Bolongo">Likulia Bolongo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (1997–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Gizenga" title="Antoine Gizenga">Antoine Gizenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Muzito" title="Adolphe Muzito">Adolphe Muzito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Alphonse_Koyagialo" title="Louis Alphonse Koyagialo">Louis Alphonse Koyagialo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matata_Ponyo_Mapon" title="Matata Ponyo Mapon">Matata Ponyo Mapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samy_Badibanga" title="Samy Badibanga">Samy Badibanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Tshibala" title="Bruno Tshibala">Bruno Tshibala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_Ilunga" title="Sylvestre Ilunga">Sylvestre Ilunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_Lukonde" title="Sama Lukonde">Sama Lukonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Suminwa" title="Judith Suminwa">Judith Suminwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>‡ Prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Free Republic of the Congo">Free Republic of the Congo</a>, in rebellion at <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Stanleyville</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li>* Acting prime minister</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lumumba_Government22" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lumumba_Government" title="Template:Lumumba Government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lumumba_Government" title="Template talk:Lumumba Government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lumumba_Government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lumumba Government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lumumba_Government22" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lumumba_Government" title="Lumumba Government">Lumumba Government</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Ministers957" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ministers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Minister of Defence (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Minister of National Defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patrice Lumumba</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="27" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/First_Congolese_government.jpg/250px-First_Congolese_government.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/First_Congolese_government.jpg/500px-First_Congolese_government.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="316" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deputy Prime Minister</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Gizenga" title="Antoine Gizenga">Antoine Gizenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Bomboko" title="Justin Bomboko">Justin Bomboko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of External Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bisukiro" title="Marcel Bisukiro">Marcel Bisukiro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister Resident in Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Delvaux" title="Albert Delvaux">Albert Delvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Ministry of Justice (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Minister of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Mwamba" title="Rémy Mwamba">Rémy Mwamba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister-Delegate to the United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kanza" title="Thomas Kanza">Thomas Kanza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Security_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Ministry of the Interior and Security (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Minister of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Gbenye" title="Christophe Gbenye">Christophe Gbenye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Minister of Finance (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Minister of Finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Nkayi" title="Pascal Nkayi">Pascal Nkayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of Economic Coordination and Planning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alo%C3%AFs_Kabangi" title="Aloïs Kabangi">Aloïs Kabangi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of Public Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Ilunga" title="Alphonse Ilunga">Alphonse Ilunga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lutula" title="Joseph Lutula">Joseph Lutula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Songolo" title="Alphonse Songolo">Alphonse Songolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of Economic Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Yav" title="Joseph Yav">Joseph Yav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of Labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Masena" title="Joseph Masena">Joseph Masena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of Public Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_Kamanga" title="Grégoire Kamanga">Grégoire Kamanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of Mines and Power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Rudahindwa" title="Edmond Rudahindwa">Edmond Rudahindwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of Social Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Ngwenza" title="Antoine Ngwenza">Antoine Ngwenza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of Information and Cultural Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anicet_Kashamura" title="Anicet Kashamura">Anicet Kashamura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of Youth and Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Mpolo" title="Maurice Mpolo">Maurice Mpolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of the Middle Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mbuyi" title="Joseph Mbuyi">Joseph Mbuyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of National Education and Fine Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mulele" title="Pierre Mulele">Pierre Mulele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of Land Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Mahamba" title="Alexandre Mahamba">Alexandre Mahamba</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Grenfell" title="Georges Grenfell">Georges Grenfell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kisolokele" title="Charles Kisolokele">Charles Kisolokele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bolya" title="Paul Bolya">Paul Bolya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ngenge" title="André Ngenge">André Ngenge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Secretaries_of_State407" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Secretaries of State</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State to the Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Joseph-Désiré Mobutu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State to the Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lumbala" title="Jacques Lumbala">Jacques Lumbala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for External Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Kiwewa" title="Antoine Kiwewa">Antoine Kiwewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tshibangu" title="André Tshibangu">André Tshibangu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Liongo" title="Maximilien Liongo">Maximilien Liongo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mandi" title="André Mandi">André Mandi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for the Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Batshikama" title="Raphael Batshikama">Raphael Batshikama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Defence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Nyembo" title="Albert Nyembo">Albert Nyembo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Information and Cultural Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Roger_Bolamba" title="Antoine-Roger Bolamba">Antoine-Roger Bolamba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Economic Coordination and Planning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Nguvulu" title="Alphonse Nguvulu">Alphonse Nguvulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan-Africanism673" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Template:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-Africanism" title="Template talk:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Africanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-Africanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-Africanism673" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">Anti-Western sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankarism" title="Sankarism">Sankarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhuru Movement">Uhuru Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikism" title="Zikism">Zikism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_century" title="African century">African century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Ujamaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanists" title="Category:Pan-Africanists">Proponents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Akumu" title="Dennis Akumu">Dennis Akumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Amílcar Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Comissiong" title="David Comissiong">David Comissiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin">Anténor Firmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alieu_Ebrima_Cham_Joof" title="Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof">Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patrice Lumumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochola_Ogaye_Mak%27Anyengo" title="Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo">Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mboya" title="Tom Mboya">Tom Mboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdias_do_Nascimento" title="Abdias do Nascimento">Abdias do Nascimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nyathi_Pokela" title="John Nyathi Pokela">John Nyathi Pokela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" title="Ahmed Sékou Touré">Ahmed Sékou Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Sobukwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._T._A._Wallace-Johnson" title="I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson">I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marimba_Ani" title="Marimba Ani">Marimba Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilmot_Blyden" title="Edward Wilmot Blyden">Edward Wilmot Blyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henrik_Clarke" title="John Henrik Clarke">John Henrik Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany">Martin R. Delany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Cheikh Anta Diop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Ashwood_Garvey" title="Amy Ashwood Garvey">Amy Ashwood Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Jackson_(writer)" title="John G. Jackson (writer)">John G. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Leonard Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Ben-Jochannan" title="Yosef Ben-Jochannan">Yosef Ben-Jochannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Maulana Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Kinloch" title="Alice Kinloch">Alice Kinloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Mafeje" title="Archie Mafeje">Archie Mafeje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Ali Mazrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephania_Mothopeng" title="Zephania Mothopeng">Zephania Mothopeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">George Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motsoko_Pheko" title="Motsoko Pheko">Motsoko Pheko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoko_Rashidi" title="Runoko Rashidi">Runoko Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Robinson" title="Randall Robinson">Randall Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Walter Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_Spear" title="Burning Spear">Burning Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Laye_Thiaw" title="Issa Laye Thiaw">Issa Laye Thiaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Frances Cress Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sylvester_Williams" title="Henry Sylvester Williams">Henry Sylvester Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_N._Wilson" title="Amos N. Wilson">Amos N. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omali_Yeshitela" title="Omali Yeshitela">Omali Yeshitela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanist_organizations" title="Category:Pan-Africanist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Educational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_Academy" title="African Leadership Academy">African Leadership Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Leadership_University" title="African Leadership University">African Leadership University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Unification_Front" title="African Unification Front">African Unification Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="All-African People's Revolutionary Party">All-African People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Trade_Union_Federation" title="All-African Trade Union Federation">All-African Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Entente" title="Conseil de l'Entente">Conseil de l'Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_People%27s_Party" title="Convention People's Party">Convention People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pan-African_Conference" title="First Pan-African Conference">First Pan-African Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_African_Service_Bureau" title="International African Service Bureau">International African Service Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Trade_Union_Unity" title="Organisation of African Trade Union Unity">Organisation of African Trade Union Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_African_Association" title="Pan African Association">Pan African Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Freedom_Movement_for_East_and_Central_Africa" title="Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa">Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Congress" title="Pan-African Congress">Pan-African Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_and_Social_League_of_the_Great_Sahara_Tribes" title="Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes">Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain" title="Rassemblement Démocratique Africain">Rassemblement Démocratique Africain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Star_of_Africa" title="Black Star of Africa">Black Star of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Marron_Inconnu" title="Le Marron Inconnu">Le Marron Inconnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah">Lion of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_colours" title="Pan-African colours">Pan-African colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_flag" title="Pan-African flag">Pan-African flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Ethnic groups of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">Conflicts in Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">African-American leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_Peoples%27_Conference" title="All-African Peoples' Conference">All-African Peoples' Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Africa" title="Year of Africa">Year of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pan-Africanism" title="Category:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Africa category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/17px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pan-Africanism" title="Portal:Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/15px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/23px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118575295">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79053648">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12963694s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12963694s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00523980">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV085381">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35315983">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2007390677&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a 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style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/908914">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118575295.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118575295">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027618110">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580384">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dg0n5g">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&oldid=1280713055">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Lumumba&oldid=1280713055</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1925_births" title="Category:1925 births">1925 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1961_deaths" title="Category:1961 deaths">1961 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1961_murders_in_Africa" 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[\"CITEREFDougherty1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDworkin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDörries2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhmerHindermann2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabian1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGendebien1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerardKuklick2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerits2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbs1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoff2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGondola2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovender1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHagendorens1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmann1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollington2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoskyns1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuskensGoddeeris2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewsiewicki1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalb1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanyarwunga2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanza1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKayembe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKettle2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinzer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLardner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahoney1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazrui1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKown1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerriam1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichel1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonaville2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulumba2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunshi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMwakikagile2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller-Jung2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNwaubani2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNzongola-Ntalaja2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNzongola-Ntalaja2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Ballance1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkumu1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlorunsola1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsabu-Kle2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOthen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrados2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStack1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStockwell1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTambwe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompkins2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTödt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUPI1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanderstappen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanderstraeten1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillame1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillame1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson_Center2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXBreitman,_George1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuhas2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeilig2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Avoid wrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 21,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Congolese independence\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Lumumba, Patrice\"] = 1,\n [\"DRCongoPMs\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 17,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 1,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 5,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 24,\n [\"Lumumba Government\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pan-Africanism\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 4,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 4,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Registration required\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 246,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","19.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","16.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","220","12.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","12.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","5.5"],["type","60","3.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","3.3"],["(for generator)","60","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","2.2"],["[others]","340","18.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b4fff7949-5smfd","timestamp":"20250326151210","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Patrice Lumumba","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patrice_Lumumba","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q161672","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q161672","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-15T23:03:45Z","dateModified":"2025-03-16T01:15:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7b\/Patrice_Lumumba%2C_1960.jpg","headline":"Congolese politician and independence leader (1925\u20131961)"}</script> </body> </html>