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<span>Ascension</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ascension-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ascension subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ascension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Countering_the_last_major_Burmese_invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countering_the_last_major_Burmese_invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Countering the last major Burmese invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countering_the_last_major_Burmese_invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rama II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_II" title="Rama II – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rama II" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="راما الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راما الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuttha_Loetla_Naphalai" title="Phuttha Loetla Naphalai – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phuttha Loetla Naphalai" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_II" title="Рама II – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рама II" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_II." title="Rama II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rama II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai" title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_II.a" title="Rama II.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rama II.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_II" title="Rama II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rama II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%92%8B%EB%A6%87%EB%9E%80%ED%8C%94%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4" title="풋릇란팔라이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="풋릇란팔라이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88" title="बुद्ध लोएत्ल नभलै – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बुद्ध लोएत्ल नभलै" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_II" title="Rama II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rama II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai" title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="ראמה השני, מלך תאילנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ראמה השני, מלך תאילנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%A5" title="ພະບາດສົມເດັດພະພຸດທະເລີດຫຼ້ານະພາໄລ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພະບາດສົມເດັດພະພຸດທະເລີດຫຼ້ານະພາໄລ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_II_(rex_Siamensium)" title="Rama II (rex Siamensium) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rama II (rex Siamensium)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="راما التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راما التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai" title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99_%E1%81%82" title="ရာမ ၂ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရာမ ၂" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_II" title="Rama II – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rama II" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88" title="बुद्ध लोएत्ल नभलै – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बुद्ध लोएत्ल नभलै" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E2%E4%B8%96" title="ラーマ2世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラーマ2世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_II" title="Rama II – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rama II" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%99" title="ពុទ្ធលើសឡានភាល័យ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពុទ្ធលើសឡានភាល័យ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai" title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai" title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Буддха Лоетла Нафалай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буддха Лоетла Нафалай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_II" title="Rama II – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rama II" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai" title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai" title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai" title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Buddha Loetla Nabhalai" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2" title="พระบาทสมเด็จพระพุทธเลิศหล้านภาลัย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระบาทสมเด็จพระพุทธเลิศหล้านภาลัย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_II)" title="Буддха Лоетла Нафалай (Рама II) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Буддха Лоетла Нафалай (Рама II)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" title="پھرا پھوتالویتا ناپھالال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھرا پھوتالویتا ناپھالال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Siam from 1809 to 1824</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Thai king. For the science fiction novel, see <a href="/wiki/Rama_II_(novel)" title="Rama II (novel)"><i>Rama II</i> (novel)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Phutthaloetla Naphalai</li><li><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พุทธเลิศหล้านภาลัย</span></span></span></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>King Rama II</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Rama_II_of_Siam_(Naphalai)_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/King_Rama_II_of_Siam_%28Naphalai%29_Portrait.jpg/220px-King_Rama_II_of_Siam_%28Naphalai%29_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/King_Rama_II_of_Siam_%28Naphalai%29_Portrait.jpg/330px-King_Rama_II_of_Siam_%28Naphalai%29_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/King_Rama_II_of_Siam_%28Naphalai%29_Portrait.jpg/440px-King_Rama_II_of_Siam_%28Naphalai%29_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="5400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Grand Palace, Bangkok</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">King of Siam</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">7 September 1809 – <span class="nowrap">21 July 1824</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Thai_monarch" title="Coronation of the Thai monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17 September 1809</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Phutthayotfachulalok</a> (Rama I)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rama_III" title="Rama III">Nangklao</a> (Rama III)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Front_Palace" title="Front Palace">Viceroy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maha_Senanurak" title="Maha Senanurak">Maha Senanurak</a> (1809–1817)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Front_Palace" title="Front Palace">Viceroy of Siam</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">1808 – 7 September 1809</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data">Phutthayotfachulalok (Rama I)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maha_Sura_Singhanat" title="Maha Sura Singhanat">Maha Sura Singhanat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Maha Senanurak</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Chim (Itsarasunthon)<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1767-02-24</span>)</span>24 February 1767<br /><a href="/wiki/Amphawa_district" title="Amphawa district">Amphawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 July 1824<span style="display:none">(1824-07-21)</span> (aged 57)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Siam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Suriyendra" title="Sri Suriyendra">Sri Suriyendra</a> (Bunrot)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kunthon_Thipphayawadi" title="Kunthon Thipphayawadi">Kunthon Thipphayawadi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sulalai" title="Sri Sulalai">Sri Sulalai</a> (Riam)</li><li>and 55 concubines</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">34 sons and 39 daughters,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_III" title="Rama III">Nangklao</a> (Rama III)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a> (Rama IV)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Wongsa_Dhiraj_Snid" title="Wongsa Dhiraj Snid">Wongsa Dhiraj Snid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pinklao" title="Pinklao">Pinklao</a> (Chutamani)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Phutthayotfachulalok</a> (Rama I)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amarindra" title="Amarindra">Amarindra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seal</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Privy_Seal_of_King_Rama_II_(Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Privy_Seal_of_King_Rama_II_%28Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai%29.svg/125px-Privy_Seal_of_King_Rama_II_%28Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Privy_Seal_of_King_Rama_II_%28Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai%29.svg/188px-Privy_Seal_of_King_Rama_II_%28Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Privy_Seal_of_King_Rama_II_%28Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai%29.svg/250px-Privy_Seal_of_King_Rama_II_%28Buddha_Loetla_Nabhalai%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Phutthaloetla Naphalai</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (born <b>Chim</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; 24 February 1767 or 1768<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 21 July 1824), also known by his <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> <b>Rama II</b>, was the second <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">King of Siam</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a>, ruling from 1809 to 1824. In 1809, Itsarasunthon succeeded his father <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a>, the founder of the Chakri dynasty, as Loetlanaphalai the King of Siam. <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">His reign was largely peaceful</a>, devoid of major conflicts. His reign was known as the "Golden Age of Rattanakosin Literature" as Loetlanaphalai was patron to a number of poets in his court, and the King himself was a renowned poet and artist. The most notable poet in his employ was the illustrious <a href="/wiki/Sunthorn_Phu" title="Sunthorn Phu">Sunthorn Phu</a>, the author of <i><a href="/wiki/Phra_Aphai_Mani" title="Phra Aphai Mani">Phra Aphai Mani</a></i>. The rapid growth of the number of his descendants was outstanding: he is believed to have had over 240 grandchildren. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rama_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Rama_II%27s_Privy_Seal_at_Wat_Arun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/King_Rama_II%27s_Privy_Seal_at_Wat_Arun.jpg/140px-King_Rama_II%27s_Privy_Seal_at_Wat_Arun.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/King_Rama_II%27s_Privy_Seal_at_Wat_Arun.jpg/210px-King_Rama_II%27s_Privy_Seal_at_Wat_Arun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/King_Rama_II%27s_Privy_Seal_at_Wat_Arun.jpg/280px-King_Rama_II%27s_Privy_Seal_at_Wat_Arun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Privy seal of King Rama II, a <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">garuda</a> holding <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">nāgas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wat_Arun" title="Wat Arun">Wat Arun</a>, Bangkok)</figcaption></figure> <p>Chim was born in 1767 during the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amphawa_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphawa District">Amphawa District</a>, Samut Songkram. He was a son of Luang Yokkrabat of <a href="/wiki/Ratchaburi" title="Ratchaburi">Ratchaburi</a> and Nak of Samut Sakorn, as his father and mother were then known. They would later become King <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Amarindra" title="Amarindra">Amarindra</a>, respectively. </p><p>In 1767, Ayutthaya fell to <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Konbaung Dynasty">Konbaung Burmese</a> invaders. His father, Phraya Ratchaburi, joined <a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Taksin</a>'s forces to recapture the city. Under King Taksin, Chim's father rose rapidly to high rank as a military leader and was assigned with the campaigns to subjugate <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. In 1782, his father crowned himself King of Siam (later named Rama I) and Chim himself was raised to the title of <b>Prince Itsarasunthon</b> of Siam. </p><p>Itsarasunthon with his concubine <a href="/wiki/Sri_Sulalai" title="Sri Sulalai">Riam</a> (later elevated to Princess Mother Sri Sulalai by her own son), fathered Prince Tub (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ทับ</span></span> – later <a href="/wiki/Rama_III" title="Rama III">Rama III</a>) in 1787. Prince Itsarasunthon then had a secret affair with his own cousin, Princess <a href="/wiki/Sri_Suriyendra" title="Sri Suriyendra">Bunrot</a>. In 1801, Rama I then found out that Princess Bunrod had been pregnant for four months and banished her out of the palace to live with her brother. Itsarasunthon, however begged his father to forgive him and the princess was reinstated and became his consort through the negotiation by concubine <a href="/wiki/Khamwaen" title="Khamwaen">Khamwaen</a>. Unfortunately, the baby died just after its birth. With Princess Bunrot, Itsarasunthon also fathered <a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a> (1804) and <a href="/wiki/Pinklao" title="Pinklao">Pinklao</a> (1808). His another concubine namely Prang Yai, gave birth to Prince <a href="/wiki/Wongsa_Dhiraj_Snid" title="Wongsa Dhiraj Snid">Nuam</a> in 1808. </p><p>He also married his agnatic half sister, Princess <a href="/wiki/Kunthon_Thipphayawadi" title="Kunthon Thipphayawadi">Kunthon Thipphayawadi</a>. They had three sons: Prince Abhorn (1816), Prince Klang (1819), and Prince Piu (1822). Later, Prince Klang would be known as Prince Mahamala. He was granted the title of <i>Krom Khun</i> Bumraap Porapuksa, the 4th <a href="/wiki/Thai_noble_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai noble title">level of Krom ranks</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a> then elevated to <i>Krom Phraya</i> by <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a>. </p><p>Prince Itsarasunthon was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Front_Palace" title="Front Palace">Front Palace</a> as Lord of the Front Palace or <a href="/wiki/Uparaja" title="Uparaja">Uparaja</a> in 1807 to succeed his uncle <a href="/wiki/Maha_Sura_Singhanat" title="Maha Sura Singhanat">Maha Sura Singhanat</a> who had died in 1803, though he continued to stay at the Thonburi Palace. Among his many other children was Prince <a href="/wiki/Wongsa_Dhiraj_Snid" title="Wongsa Dhiraj Snid">Wongsa Dhiraj Snid</a> (born Prince Nuam), who was a royal physician for many years as well as a field commander and diplomat.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ascension">Ascension</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rama_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ascension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the eldest surviving legitimate son of Rama I, Prince Itsarasunthon succeeded to the throne when Buddha Yotfa Chulaloke died in 1809. No royal naming system was established at the time Rama II was crowned. He was later named by his son Nangklao as <b>Loetlasulalai</b> but changed to <b>Loetlanaphalai</b> by his other son Mongkut and by the <a href="/wiki/Rama_(Kings_of_Thailand)#History" title="Rama (Kings of Thailand)">Rama convention</a>, called <b>Rama II</b>. His consort, Princess Bunrod, was raised to Queen <a href="/wiki/Sri_Suriyendra" title="Sri Suriyendra">Sri Suriyendra</a>. </p><p>As soon as Loetlanaphalai ascended the throne, Prince Kshatranichit, the surviving son of Taksin, rebelled as <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretender</a> to the throne. Loetlanaphalai's son, Prince <a href="/wiki/Nangklao#Early_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Nangklao">Thap</a>, effectively crushed the rebellion, proving himself to be competent, thus gaining his father's favor. Prince Tub was raised to <a href="/wiki/Thai_royal_ranks_and_titles#Krom" title="Thai royal ranks and titles">Kromma Muen</a>, given the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>-derived name <i>Chetsadabodin</i>, and made <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Thailand)#History" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countering_the_last_major_Burmese_invasions">Countering the last major Burmese invasions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rama_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Countering the last major Burmese invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1809%E2%80%931812)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1809–1812)">Burmese–Siamese War (1809–1812)</a></div> <p>The Konbaung king <a href="/wiki/Bodawpaya" title="Bodawpaya">Bodawpaya</a>, seeing that Rama I was dead, marched an army into <a href="/wiki/Chumphon" title="Chumphon">Chumphon</a> and conquered Thalang (<a href="/wiki/Phuket_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket City">Phuket City</a>) in the same year. Loetlanaphalai sent his brother <a href="/wiki/Maha_Senanurak" title="Maha Senanurak">Maha Senanurak</a> the Front Palace to recapture Thalang, which had been razed to the ground. This "<a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1809%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1809–12)">Thalang campaign</a>" was the last invasion by the Burmese into Thai territory. </p><p>In 1820, fearing an imminent attack by the Burmese on Siam, Rama II ordered his staff to collect all information in regards to potential Burmese invading routes into Siam.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_literature">Culture and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rama_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Bangkok_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_1828_Colored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/View_of_Bangkok_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_1828_Colored.jpg/220px-View_of_Bangkok_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_1828_Colored.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/View_of_Bangkok_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_1828_Colored.jpg/330px-View_of_Bangkok_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_1828_Colored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/View_of_Bangkok_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_1828_Colored.jpg/440px-View_of_Bangkok_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_1828_Colored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5788" data-file-height="3809" /></a><figcaption>View of the city of <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> in 1828</figcaption></figure> <p>It was said that during Rama II's reign, if one could write a refined piece of poetry, then one would be able to become a royal favorite, as Loetlanaphalai himself was a poet. The reign was a cultural renaissance after the massive wars that plagued the First Reign; particularly in the fields of arts and literature. Poets employed by Rama II included <a href="/wiki/Sunthorn_Phu" title="Sunthorn Phu">Sunthorn Phu</a> the drunken writer (<i>Phra Aphai Mani</i>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narin_Dhibet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narin Dhibet (page does not exist)">Narin Dhibet</a> (<i>Nirat Narin</i>). His sons, Jessadabodindra and <a href="/wiki/Paramanuchitchinorot" title="Paramanuchitchinorot">Paramanuchitchinorot</a>, were encouraged to excel in poetry. Poramanuchit later became a <i>Sangharaj</i> (Buddhist hierophant) and was well known for his religious works. </p><p>Rama II's reign saw the reconstruction of Thai culture and royal traditions. In 1811, the grand <a href="/wiki/Thai_royal_funeral" title="Thai royal funeral">royal funeral</a> was held for King Rama I. In the same year, a <a href="/wiki/Cholera_outbreaks_and_pandemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholera outbreaks and pandemics">cholera epidemic</a> broke out in Bangkok. Loetlanaphalai ordered <i>Apat Pinat</i> or sickness-repelling ceremonies to be performed. He also established the education and the examination system of Buddhism by dividing it into nine levels. In 1817, the <a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a> festival was restored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rama_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_King_Rama_II_at_Wat_Arun.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Statue_of_King_Rama_II_at_Wat_Arun.JPG/220px-Statue_of_King_Rama_II_at_Wat_Arun.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Statue_of_King_Rama_II_at_Wat_Arun.JPG/330px-Statue_of_King_Rama_II_at_Wat_Arun.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Statue_of_King_Rama_II_at_Wat_Arun.JPG/440px-Statue_of_King_Rama_II_at_Wat_Arun.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Statue of King Rama II at <a href="/wiki/Wat_Arun" title="Wat Arun">Wat Arun</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#cbe; color:#000066; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa">Monarchs of <br />the <a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Rama_I_of_Siam_(Yodfa_Chulalok)_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/King_Rama_I_of_Siam_%28Yodfa_Chulalok%29_Portrait.jpg/25px-King_Rama_I_of_Siam_%28Yodfa_Chulalok%29_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/King_Rama_I_of_Siam_%28Yodfa_Chulalok%29_Portrait.jpg/38px-King_Rama_I_of_Siam_%28Yodfa_Chulalok%29_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/King_Rama_I_of_Siam_%28Yodfa_Chulalok%29_Portrait.jpg/50px-King_Rama_I_of_Siam_%28Yodfa_Chulalok%29_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3001" /></a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Phutthayotfa Chulalok</a><br /> (Rama I)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Rama_II_of_Siam_(Naphalai)_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/King_Rama_II_of_Siam_%28Naphalai%29_Portrait.jpg/25px-King_Rama_II_of_Siam_%28Naphalai%29_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/King_Rama_II_of_Siam_%28Naphalai%29_Portrait.jpg/38px-King_Rama_II_of_Siam_%28Naphalai%29_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/King_Rama_II_of_Siam_%28Naphalai%29_Portrait.jpg/50px-King_Rama_II_of_Siam_%28Naphalai%29_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="5400" /></a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phutthaloetla Naphalai</a><br /> (Rama II)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Rama_III_of_Siam_(Nangklao)_Portrait_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/King_Rama_III_of_Siam_%28Nangklao%29_Portrait_2.jpg/40px-King_Rama_III_of_Siam_%28Nangklao%29_Portrait_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/King_Rama_III_of_Siam_%28Nangklao%29_Portrait_2.jpg/60px-King_Rama_III_of_Siam_%28Nangklao%29_Portrait_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3574" data-file-height="5392" /></a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rama_III" title="Rama III">Nangklao</a><br /> (Rama III)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Rama_IV_of_Siam_(Mongkut)_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/King_Rama_IV_of_Siam_%28Mongkut%29_Portrait.jpg/40px-King_Rama_IV_of_Siam_%28Mongkut%29_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/King_Rama_IV_of_Siam_%28Mongkut%29_Portrait.jpg/60px-King_Rama_IV_of_Siam_%28Mongkut%29_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="5400" /></a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a><br /> (Rama IV)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Rama_V_of_Siam_(Chulalongkorn)_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/King_Rama_V_of_Siam_%28Chulalongkorn%29_Portrait.jpg/25px-King_Rama_V_of_Siam_%28Chulalongkorn%29_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/King_Rama_V_of_Siam_%28Chulalongkorn%29_Portrait.jpg/38px-King_Rama_V_of_Siam_%28Chulalongkorn%29_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/King_Rama_V_of_Siam_%28Chulalongkorn%29_Portrait.jpg/50px-King_Rama_V_of_Siam_%28Chulalongkorn%29_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="5400" /></a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a><br /> (Rama V)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Rama_VI_of_Siam_(Vajiravudh)_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/King_Rama_VI_of_Siam_%28Vajiravudh%29_Portrait.jpg/40px-King_Rama_VI_of_Siam_%28Vajiravudh%29_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/King_Rama_VI_of_Siam_%28Vajiravudh%29_Portrait.jpg/60px-King_Rama_VI_of_Siam_%28Vajiravudh%29_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="5400" /></a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vajiravudh" title="Vajiravudh">Vajiravudh</a><br /> (Rama VI)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Rama_VII_of_Siam_(Prajadhipok)_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/King_Rama_VII_of_Siam_%28Prajadhipok%29_Portrait.jpg/25px-King_Rama_VII_of_Siam_%28Prajadhipok%29_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/King_Rama_VII_of_Siam_%28Prajadhipok%29_Portrait.jpg/38px-King_Rama_VII_of_Siam_%28Prajadhipok%29_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/King_Rama_VII_of_Siam_%28Prajadhipok%29_Portrait.jpg/50px-King_Rama_VII_of_Siam_%28Prajadhipok%29_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="5400" /></a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prajadhipok" title="Prajadhipok">Prajadhipok</a><br /> (Rama VII)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ananda_Mahidol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ananda_Mahidol.jpg/40px-Ananda_Mahidol.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ananda_Mahidol.jpg/60px-Ananda_Mahidol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="747" /></a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol" title="Ananda Mahidol">Ananda Mahidol</a><br /> (Rama VIII)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_King_Rama_IX,_Queen_Sirikit_Convention_Center_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Portrait_of_King_Rama_IX%2C_Queen_Sirikit_Convention_Center_%28cropped%29.jpg/40px-Portrait_of_King_Rama_IX%2C_Queen_Sirikit_Convention_Center_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Portrait_of_King_Rama_IX%2C_Queen_Sirikit_Convention_Center_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Portrait_of_King_Rama_IX%2C_Queen_Sirikit_Convention_Center_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1898" data-file-height="2932" /></a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a><br /> (Rama IX)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_King_Rama_X.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Portrait_of_King_Rama_X.jpg/40px-Portrait_of_King_Rama_X.jpg" decoding="async" 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chakri_Kings" title="Template:Chakri Kings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chakri_Kings" title="Template talk:Chakri Kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chakri_Kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chakri Kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1810, the first Rattanakosin-to-China mission was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Jiaqing_Emperor" title="Jiaqing Emperor">Jiaqing Emperor</a>. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1688" title="Siamese revolution of 1688">Siamese revolution of 1688</a>, Western presence had been reduced to a small scale as the Thai Kings ceased to encourage foreign influence. This, coupled with the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, meant there was little contact between Thailand and foreigners. </p><p>However, the wars caused many subsequent changes, which were observed in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. The British interest in <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malaya</a> increased as their trade with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> increased. The Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, a Siamese vassal, gave <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> off to the British without consulting Siam in 1786, followed by the British acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Seberang_Perai" title="Seberang Perai">Seberang Perai</a>. Soon the British replaced the Dutch as the dominating naval power south of Siam. </p><p>The mission of the Portuguese governor of <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> in 1818 was the first formal Western contact in Siam since the Ayutthaya times. The British founded <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> in 1819 and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaslis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaslis (page does not exist)">Jaslis</a>, a missionary from <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a>, introduced the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> in the same year. The Portuguese established the first western <a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">consulate</a> in 1820. The first renewed formal British visit was made by <a href="/wiki/John_Crawfurd" title="John Crawfurd">John Crawfurd</a> in 1822. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rama_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1824, he died "very suddenly". It was said to be caused by <a href="/wiki/Strangury" title="Strangury">strangury</a>, but rumours were not without strong suspicions of his being poisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the succession rule then theoretically in force,<sup id="cite_ref-Wales_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wales-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the throne would go to the son of Queen <a href="/wiki/Sri_Suriyendra" title="Sri Suriyendra">Sri Suriyendra</a>, Prince <a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a>; however, his elder half-brother <a href="/wiki/Rama_III#Succession" title="Rama III">Chetsadabodin succeeded</a> the same day. Though only the son of a concubine, he had served their father in putting down a revolt and then as <i><a href="/wiki/Kromma_Tha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kromma Tha">Kromma Tha</a></i> (Ministry of Trade and Foreign Relations.) The elder brother's experience counted for more than the theoretical claim of the much younger and inexperienced brother, who nevertheless did succeed his elder brother much later, and sired many sons but raised none of their mothers to the rank of queen, thus technically none of his sons had claim to the throne over their half-uncle whose mother was a Rama II's principal consort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rama_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Rama II</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. Thongkham, Phraya Rajanikul</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. Thongdi, Phra Akson Sunthonsat</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">King Phutthayotfa Chulalok, Rama I of Rattanakosin</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. Yok</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>King Phutthaloetla Naphalai, Rama II of Rattanakosin</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. Phorn na Bangxang</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. Thong na Bangxang</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. Chi</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Amarindra" title="Amarindra">Nak na Bangxang</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. Ploi</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. Princess Rupsirisobhak Mahanagnari</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. Thi</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rama_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">พุทธเลิศหล้านภาลัย</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ฉิม</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rama_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBakerPhongphaichit2009" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Chris; Phongphaichit, Phasuk (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TEdueeBj1H0C&q=Nangklao+children"><i>A History of Thailand</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521767682" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521767682"><bdi>978-0521767682</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Thailand&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0521767682&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Phongphaichit%2C+Phasuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTEdueeBj1H0C%26q%3DNangklao%2Bchildren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rama-II">"Rama II"</a>. <i>britannica.com/</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com%2F&rft.atitle=Rama+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRama-II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harper_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harper, Tim, Amrith, Sunil G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c1d_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">"Histories of Health in Southeast Asia"</a> pp. 23-26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorman_G._Owen2005" class="citation book cs1">Norman G. Owen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_R5IwRJBhkEC"><i>The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a> Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9971-69-328-3" title="Special:BookSources/9971-69-328-3"><bdi>9971-69-328-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+Of+Modern+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=National+University+of+Singapore+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9971-69-328-3&rft.au=Norman+G.+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_R5IwRJBhkEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSunait_Chutintaranond1992" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sunait_Chutintaranond" title="Sunait Chutintaranond">Sunait Chutintaranond</a> (March 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1992/03/JSS_080_1l_SunaitChutintaranond_ImageOfBurmeseEnemy.pdf">"The Image of the Burmese Enemy in Thai Perceptions and Historical Writings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>thesiamsociety.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University" title="Chulalongkorn University">Chulalongkorn University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315011955/https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1992/03/JSS_080_1l_SunaitChutintaranond_ImageOfBurmeseEnemy.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thesiamsociety.org&rft.atitle=The+Image+of+the+Burmese+Enemy+in+Thai+Perceptions+and+Historical+Writings&rft.date=1992-03&rft.au=Sunait+Chutintaranond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesiamsociety.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F1992%2F03%2FJSS_080_1l_SunaitChutintaranond_ImageOfBurmeseEnemy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1837" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Roberts_(diplomat)" title="Edmund Roberts (diplomat)">Roberts, Edmund</a> (1837) [First published in 1837]. "Chapter XIX―History of Siam". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/embassytoeaster00unkngoog"><i>Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832-3-4</i></a>. Harper & brothers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/embassytoeaster00unkngoog/page/n306">300</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2012</span>. <q>stranguary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XIX%E2%80%95History+of+Siam&rft.btitle=Embassy+to+the+Eastern+courts+of+Cochin-China%2C+Siam%2C+and+Muscat+%3A+in+the+U.+S.+sloop-of-war+Peacock+...+during+the+years+1832-3-4&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Harper+%26+brothers&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fembassytoeaster00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wales-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wales_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWales2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Geoffrey_Quaritch_Wales" title="Horace Geoffrey Quaritch Wales">Wales, H. G. Quaritch</a> (14 April 2005) [First published in 1931]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siamesestatecere030661mbp">"Pt. III, Ch. VI, 1. Succession"</a>. <i>Siamese state ceremonies</i>. London: Bernard Quaritch. p. 67<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2012</span>. <q>The Succession to the Throne of Siam is, in theory, regulated by the law of A.D. 1360....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pt.+III%2C+Ch.+VI%2C+1.+Succession&rft.btitle=Siamese+state+ceremonies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Bernard+Quaritch&rft.date=2005-04-14&rft.aulast=Wales&rft.aufirst=H.+G.+Quaritch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsiamesestatecere030661mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rama_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_the_most_children" title="List of people with the most children">List of people with the most children</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rama_II" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rama II">Rama II</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Phutthaloetla Naphalai (Rama II)</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">House of Chakri</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 24 February 1767</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 21 July 1824</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Phutthayotfa Chulalok</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">King of Rattanakosin</a> </b><br />7 September 1809 – 21 July 1824 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rama_III" title="Rama III">Nangklao</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Maha_Sura_Singhanat" title="Maha Sura Singhanat">Maha Sura Singhanat</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Front_Palace" title="Front Palace">Viceroy of Rattanakosin</a> </b><br />1808 – 7 September 1809 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maha_Senanurak" title="Maha Senanurak">Maha Senanurak</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Thailand" title="Template:Monarchs of Thailand"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Thailand" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Thailand"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Thailand675" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Monarchs of Thailand</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_monarchs%27_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai monarchs' family tree">Thai monarchs' family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Lanna_dynasties" title="Family tree of Lanna dynasties">Lan Na monarchs' family tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ngoenyang" title="Ngoenyang">Ngoenyang</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lan_Na_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lan Na Kingdom">Lan Na</a><br /><span style="font-size:90%;">(638–1775)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Lao dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawachangkarat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawachangkarat (page does not exist)">Lawachangkarat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81" class="extiw" title="th:ปู่เจ้าลาวจก">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chueang" title="Chueang">Chueang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrai" title="Mangrai">Mangrai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mangrai_dynasty" title="Mangrai dynasty">Mangrai dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangrai" title="Mangrai">Mangrai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaiyasongkhram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaiyasongkhram (page does not exist)">Chaiyasongkhram</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" class="extiw" title="th:พญาไชยสงคราม">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saenphu" title="Saenphu">Saenphu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khamfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khamfu (page does not exist)">Khamfu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B9" class="extiw" title="th:พญาคำฟู">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phayu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phayu (page does not exist)">Phayu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9" class="extiw" title="th:พญาผายู">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kue_Na" title="Kue Na">Kue Na</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saenmueangma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saenmueangma (page does not exist)">Saenmueangma</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" class="extiw" title="th:พญาแสนเมืองมา">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samfangkaen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samfangkaen (page does not exist)">Samfangkaen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99" class="extiw" title="th:พญาสามฝั่งแกน">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilokkarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilokkarat">Tilokkarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotchiangrai" title="Yotchiangrai">Yotchiangrai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaeo_(king)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaeo (king) (page does not exist)">Mueangkaeo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7" class="extiw" title="th:พญาแก้ว">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mueangketklao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mueangketklao (page does not exist)">Mueangketklao</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" class="extiw" title="th:พญาพระเมืองเกษเกล้า">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saikham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saikham (page does not exist)">Saikham</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3" class="extiw" title="th:ท้าวซายคำ">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiraprapha" title="Chiraprapha">Chiraprapha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setthathirath" title="Setthathirath">Chaiyachettha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekuti" title="Mekuti">Mekuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisutthithewi" title="Wisutthithewi">Wisutthithewi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chet_Ton_dynasty" title="Chet Ton dynasty">Chet Ton dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawila" title="Kawila">Kawila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thammalangka" title="Thammalangka">Thammalangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamfan" title="Khamfan">Khamfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phutthawong" title="Phutthawong">Phutthawong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahotaraprathet" title="Mahotaraprathet">Mahotaraprathet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawilorot_Suriyawong" title="Kawilorot Suriyawong">Kawilorot Suriyawong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inthawichayanon" title="Inthawichayanon">Inthawichayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intavaroros_Suriyavongse" title="Intavaroros Suriyavongse">Intavaroros Suriyavongse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaew_Nawarat" title="Kaew Nawarat">Kaew Nawarat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Singhanavati" title="Singhanavati">Singhanavati Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-size:90%;">(757–1188)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Singhanavati_dynasty20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Singhanavati dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phangkharat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phangkharat (page does not exist)">Phangkharat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A" class="extiw" title="th:พระเจ้าพังคราช">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thukkhita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thukkhita (page does not exist)">Thukkhita</a><span class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0" class="extiw" title="th:พระเจ้าทุกขิตะ">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrom" title="Phrom">Phrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaiyasiri" title="Chaiyasiri">Chaiyasiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-size:90%;">(1238–1438)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phra_Ruang_dynasty18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Phra Ruang dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Si_Inthrathit" title="Si Inthrathit">Si Inthrathit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Mueang" title="Ban Mueang">Ban Mueang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loe_Thai" title="Loe Thai">Loe Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngua_Nam_Thum" title="Ngua Nam Thum">Ngua Nam Thum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Thammaracha_I" title="Maha Thammaracha I">Maha Thammaracha I (Li Thai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Thammaracha_II" title="Maha Thammaracha II">Maha Thammaracha II (Lue Thai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Thammaracha_III" title="Maha Thammaracha III">Maha Thammaracha III (Sai Lue Thai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Thammaracha_IV" title="Maha Thammaracha IV">Maha Thammaracha IV (Borommapan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-size:90%;">(1351–1767)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Uthong dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthong" title="Uthong">Ramathibodi I (Uthong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesuan_(king_of_Ayutthaya)" title="Ramesuan (king of Ayutthaya)">Ramesuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramrachathirat" title="Ramrachathirat">Ramrachathirat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Suphannaphum dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borommarachathirat_I" title="Borommarachathirat I">Borommarachathirat I (Pha Ngua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong_Lan" title="Thong Lan">Thong Lan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intharacha_(king_of_Ayutthaya)" title="Intharacha (king of Ayutthaya)">Intharachathirat (Nakhon In)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borommarachathirat_II" title="Borommarachathirat II">Borommarachathirat II (Sam Phraya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borommatrailokkanat" title="Borommatrailokkanat">Borommatrailokkanat (Ramesuan II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borommarachathirat_III" title="Borommarachathirat III">Borommarachathirat III (Borommaracha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramathibodi_II" title="Ramathibodi II">Ramathibodi II (Chetthathirat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borommarachathirat_IV" title="Borommarachathirat IV">Borommarachathirat IV (Athittayawong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratsadathirat" title="Ratsadathirat">Ratsadathirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairachathirat" title="Chairachathirat">Chairachathirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotfa" title="Yotfa">Yotfa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Worawongsathirat" title="Worawongsathirat">Worawongsathirat (Bunsi)</a></i> <span style="font-size:90%;">(disputed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Chakkraphat" title="Maha Chakkraphat">Maha Chakkraphat (Thianracha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinthrathirat" title="Mahinthrathirat">Mahinthrathirat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Sukhothai dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Thammaracha_(king_of_Ayutthaya)" title="Maha Thammaracha (king of Ayutthaya)">Sanphet I (Maha Thammarachathirat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naresuan" title="Naresuan">Sanphet II (Naresuan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekathotsarot" title="Ekathotsarot">Sanphet III (Ekathotsarot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_Saowaphak" title="Si Saowaphak">Sanphet IV (Si Saowaphak)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtham" title="Songtham">Borommaracha I (Songtham)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetthathirat" title="Chetthathirat">Borommaracha II (Chetthathirat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athittayawong" title="Athittayawong">Athittayawong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Prasat Thong dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasat_Thong" title="Prasat Thong">Sanphet V (Prasat Thong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_(king_of_Ayutthaya)" title="Chai (king of Ayutthaya)">Sanphet VI (Chai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_Suthammaracha" title="Si Suthammaracha">Sanphet VII (Si Suthammaracha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narai" title="Narai">Ramathibodi III (Narai)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Ban Phlu Luang dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phetracha" title="Phetracha">Phetracha (Mahaburut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyenthrathibodi" title="Suriyenthrathibodi">Sanphet VIII (Suriyenthrathibodi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sa" title="Thai Sa">Sanphet IX (Thai Sa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borommakot" title="Borommakot">Maha Thammarachathirat II (Borommakot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthumphon" title="Uthumphon">Maha Thammarachathirat III (Uthumphon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekkathat" title="Ekkathat">Borommaracha III (Ekkathat)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-size:90%;">(1767–1782)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Thonburi_dynasty16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;">Thonburi dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Borommaracha IV (Taksin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><br /><span style="font-size:90%;">(1782–present)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chakri_dynasty18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:white; color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;;width:11em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I (Phutthayotfa Chulalok)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rama II (Phutthaloetla Naphalai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_III" title="Rama III">Rama III (Nangklao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Rama IV (Mongkut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Rama V (Chulalongkorn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajiravudh" title="Vajiravudh">Rama VI (Vajiravudh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajadhipok" title="Prajadhipok">Rama VII (Prajadhipok)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol" title="Ananda Mahidol">Rama VIII (Ananda Mahidol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Rama IX (Bhumibol Aduyadej)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Rama X (Vajiralongkorn)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:white; color:black; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F0DC82, inset -2px -2px 0 #F0DC82;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_monarchs" title="List of Thai monarchs">List of Thai monarchs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rattanakosin_Period_(1782–1932)173" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EEDC82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rattanakosin" title="Template:Rattanakosin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rattanakosin" title="Template talk:Rattanakosin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rattanakosin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rattanakosin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rattanakosin_Period_(1782–1932)173" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Rattanakosin Period (1782–1932)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background:#CCCCFF;">Monarchs</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#CCCCFF;">Individuals</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#CCCCFF;">Key events</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:33.3%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Kings</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Phutthayotfa Chulalok</a> (Rama I)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phutthaloetla Naphalai</a> (Rama II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_III" title="Rama III">Nangklao</a> (Rama III)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a> (Rama IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a> (Rama V)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajiravudh" title="Vajiravudh">Vajiravudh</a> (Rama VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajadhipok" title="Prajadhipok">Prajadhipok</a> (Rama VII)</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Front_Palace" title="Front Palace">Viceroys</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Sura_Singhanat" title="Maha Sura Singhanat">Maha Sura Singhanat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Itsarasunthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Senanurak" title="Maha Senanurak">Maha Senanurak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakdiphonlasep" title="Sakdiphonlasep">Sakdiphonlasep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinklao" title="Pinklao">Pinklao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichaichan" title="Wichaichan">Wichaichan</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rear_Palace" title="Rear Palace">Deputy Viceroy</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anurak_Devesh" title="Anurak Devesh">Anurak Devesh</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Thailand" title="Crown Prince of Thailand">Crown Prince</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajirunhis" title="Vajirunhis">Vajirunhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajiravudh" title="Vajiravudh">Vajiravudh</a></li></ul> <p><b>Hereditary Prince</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakrabongse_Bhuvanath" title="Chakrabongse Bhuvanath">Chakrabongse Bhuvanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asdang_Dejavudh" title="Asdang Dejavudh">Asdang Dejavudh</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33.3%;"><div> <p><b>Royalty</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajirananavarorasa" title="Vajirananavarorasa">Vajirananavarorasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhanurangsi_Savangwongse" title="Bhanurangsi Savangwongse">Bhanurangsi Savangwongse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devawongse_Varoprakarn" class="mw-redirect" title="Devawongse Varoprakarn">Devawongse Varoprakarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damrong_Rajanubhab" title="Damrong Rajanubhab">Damrong Rajanubhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narisara_Nuwattiwong" title="Narisara Nuwattiwong">Narisara Nuwattiwong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashemsri_Subhayok" title="Kashemsri Subhayok">Kashemsri Subhayok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Mongkol" title="Jayanta Mongkol">Jayanta Mongkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakrabongse_Bhuvanath" title="Chakrabongse Bhuvanath">Chakrabongse Bhuvanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paribatra_Sukhumbandhu" title="Paribatra Sukhumbandhu">Paribatra Sukhumbandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitiyakara_Voralaksana" title="Kitiyakara Voralaksana">Kitiyakara Voralaksana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirapravati_Voradej" title="Chirapravati Voradej">Chirapravati Voradej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhakara_Kiartivongse" title="Abhakara Kiartivongse">Abhakara Kiartivongse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purachatra_Jayakara" title="Purachatra Jayakara">Purachatra Jayakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugala_Dighambara" title="Yugala Dighambara">Yugala Dighambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wongsa_Dhiraj_Snid" title="Wongsa Dhiraj Snid">Wongsa Dhiraj Snid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangsit_Prayurasakdi" title="Rangsit Prayurasakdi">Rangsit Prayurasakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahidol_Adulyadej" title="Mahidol Adulyadej">Mahidol Adulyadej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_State_of_Siam" title="Supreme Council of State of Siam">Supreme Council of State of Siam</a></li></ul> <p><b>Siamese</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thao_Thep_Krasattri_and_Thao_Si_Sunthon" title="Thao Thep Krasattri and Thao Si Sunthon">Thao Thep Krasattri and Thao Si Sunthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunthorn_Phu" title="Sunthorn Phu">Sunthorn Phu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodindecha" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodindecha">Bodindecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayurawongse" title="Prayurawongse">Prayurawongse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somdet_Chaophraya_Borom_Maha_Sri_Suriwongse" title="Somdet Chaophraya Borom Maha Sri Suriwongse">Sri Suriwongse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaophraya_Surasakmontri" title="Chaophraya Surasakmontri">Surasakmontri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khana_Ratsadon" title="Khana Ratsadon">Khana Ratsadon</a></li></ul> <p><b>Foreigners</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Eng" title="Ang Eng">Ang Eng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Nguyễn Ánh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Beach_Bradley" title="Dan Beach Bradley">Dan Beach Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Pallegoix" title="Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix">Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Leonowens" title="Anna Leonowens">Anna Leonowens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowring" title="John Bowring">John Bowring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Rolin-Jaequemyns" title="Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns">Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Pavie" title="Auguste Pavie">Auguste Pavie</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33.3%;"><div> <p><b>Key events</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangkok" title="History of Bangkok">Foundation of Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%E1%BA%A1ch_G%E1%BA%A7m-Xo%C3%A0i_M%C3%BAt" title="Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút">Tây Sơn–Siam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1785%E2%80%931786)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1785–1786)">Nine Armies' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha_Din_Daeng_campaign" title="Tha Din Daeng campaign">Tha Din Daeng campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1792%E2%80%931794)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1792–1794)">Tavoy expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1797%E2%80%931798)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1797–1798)">Burmese Invasions of Chiangmai (1797)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1802%E2%80%931805)#Burmese_invasion_of_Chiang_Mai_(1802)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805)">(1802)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1802%E2%80%931805)#Siamese_invasion_of_Chiang_Saen_(1804)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805)">Capture of Chiangsaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1809%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1809–12)">Burmese Invasion of Thalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1811%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian rebellion (1811–12)">Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crawfurd#Mission_to_Siam_and_Cochin_China" title="John Crawfurd">Crawfurd Mission to Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burney_Treaty" title="Burney Treaty">Burney Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_rebellion_(1826%E2%80%9328)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao rebellion (1826–28)">Lao rebellion (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Insurgency_(1831%E2%80%931832)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedah Insurgency (1831–1832) (page does not exist)">Kedah Insurgency (1831–1832)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1831%E2%80%931834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)">Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce" title="Siamese–American Treaty of Amity and Commerce">Siamese–American Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedah_Insurgency_(1838%E2%80%931839)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedah Insurgency (1838–1839) (page does not exist)">Kedah Insurgency (1838–1839)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelantanese_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelantanese Civil War (page does not exist)">Kelantanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1841%E2%80%931845)" title="Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)">Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1849%E2%80%931855)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1849–1855)">Kengtung expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowring_Treaty" title="Bowring Treaty">Bowring Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siamese_Mission_to_the_United_Kingdom_(1857)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siamese Mission to the United Kingdom (1857) (page does not exist)">Siamese Mission to the United Kingdom (1857)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siamese_Mission_to_France_(1861)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siamese Mission to France (1861) (page does not exist)">Siamese Mission to France (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Palace_Crisis" title="Front Palace Crisis">Front Palace Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haw_wars" title="Haw wars">Haw wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Franco-Siamese_crisis" title="1893 Franco-Siamese crisis">1893 Franco-Siamese crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paknam_incident" title="Paknam incident">Paknam incident</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_Rebellion_of_Phrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shan Rebellion of Phrae (page does not exist)">Shan Rebellion of Phrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Man%27s_Rebellion" title="Holy Man's Rebellion">Holy Man's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909" title="Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909">Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Revolt_of_1912" title="Palace Revolt of 1912">Palace Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_Expeditionary_Forces" title="Siamese Expeditionary Forces">Siamese Expeditionary Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Palace_Law_of_Succession" title="1924 Palace Law of Succession">1924 Palace Law of Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese revolution of 1932</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>← <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782)</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">History of Thailand (1932–1973)</a> →</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viceroys_of_the_Chakri_dynasty284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Front_Palace_of_the_Chakri_dynasty" title="Template:Front Palace of the Chakri dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Front_Palace_of_the_Chakri_dynasty" title="Template talk:Front Palace of the Chakri dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Front_Palace_of_the_Chakri_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Front Palace of the Chakri dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viceroys_of_the_Chakri_dynasty284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Front_Palace" title="Front Palace">Viceroys</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">First Reign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Sura_Singhanat" title="Maha Sura Singhanat">Maha Sura Singhanat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Itsarasunthon</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(later succeeded as King Rama II)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anurak_Devesh" title="Anurak Devesh">Anurak Devesh</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Rear_Palace" title="Rear Palace">Deputy Viceroy</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_House_of_Chakri.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Emblem_of_the_House_of_Chakri.svg/90px-Emblem_of_the_House_of_Chakri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Emblem_of_the_House_of_Chakri.svg/135px-Emblem_of_the_House_of_Chakri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Emblem_of_the_House_of_Chakri.svg/180px-Emblem_of_the_House_of_Chakri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="734" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Reign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Senanurak" title="Maha Senanurak">Maha Senanurak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rama_III" title="Rama III">Third Reign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakdiphonlasep" title="Sakdiphonlasep">Sakdiphonlasep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Fourth Reign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinklao" title="Pinklao">Pinklao</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(did not become king but was given the styles and titles of a king)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Fifth Reign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wichaichan" title="Wichaichan">Wichaichan</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(title abolished after his death)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">In 1885, the title was replaced with the <b><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince of Siam">Crown Prince of Siam</a></b></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thai_princes753" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thai_princes" title="Template:Thai princes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Thai_princes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Thai princes (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thai_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thai princes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thai_princes753" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thai princes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>The generations are numbered from the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a> from 1782</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chim</a>** (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/20px-King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span>)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Senanurak" title="Maha Senanurak">Chui</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakdiphonlasep" title="Sakdiphonlasep">Arunothai</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramanuchitchinorot" title="Paramanuchitchinorot">Wasukri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grandsons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavares_Variyalongkorn" title="Pavares Variyalongkorn">Pavares Variyalongkorn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brothers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Sura_Singhanat" title="Maha Sura Singhanat">Bunma</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nephews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anurak_Devesh" title="Anurak Devesh">Thong-In</a>***</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krom_Luang_Thepharirak" title="Krom Luang Thepharirak">Tan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_of_the_Princes_of_Siam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Standard_of_the_Princes_of_Siam.svg/120px-Standard_of_the_Princes_of_Siam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Standard_of_the_Princes_of_Siam.svg/250px-Standard_of_the_Princes_of_Siam.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_Royalty%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Male_Royalty%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/100px-Male_Royalty%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Male_Royalty%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/150px-Male_Royalty%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Male_Royalty%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/200px-Male_Royalty%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rama II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/20px-King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span>)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinklao" title="Pinklao">Chutamani</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_III" title="Rama III">Thap</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/20px-King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span>)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wongsa_Dhiraj_Snid" title="Wongsa Dhiraj Snid">Nuam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grandsons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wichaichan" title="Wichaichan">Yodyingyot</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great-grandsons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidyalongkorn" title="Bidyalongkorn">Rajani Chamcharas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great-great-grandsons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhisadej_Rajani" title="Bhisadej Rajani">Bhisadej Rajani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rama_III" title="Rama III">Rama III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Grandsons9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grandsons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisdang" title="Prisdang">Prisdang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Rama IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/20px-King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span>)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturonrasmi" title="Chaturonrasmi">Chaturonrasmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhanurangsi_Savangwongse" title="Bhanurangsi Savangwongse">Bhanurangsi Savangwongse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narisara_Nuwattiwong" title="Narisara Nuwattiwong">Chit Charoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashemsanta_Sobhaga" title="Kashemsanta Sobhaga">Kasemsan Sophak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajirananavarorasa" title="Vajirananavarorasa">Manusyanaga Manob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daksinavat" title="Daksinavat">Daksinavat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nares_Varariddhi" title="Nares Varariddhi">Nares Varariddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagananga_Yukala" title="Gagananga Yukala">Gagananga Yukala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashemsri_Subhayok" title="Kashemsri Subhayok">Kashemsri Subhayok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srisiddhi_Thongjaya" title="Srisiddhi Thongjaya">Srisiddhi Thongjaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakan_Ananta_Norajaya" title="Unakan Ananta Norajaya">Unakan Ananta Norajaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devawongse_Varoprakar" title="Devawongse Varoprakar">Devan Udayavongse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svasti_Sobhana" title="Svasti Sobhana">Svasti Sobhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narathip_Praphanphong" title="Narathip Praphanphong">Worawannakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damrong_Rajanubhab" title="Damrong Rajanubhab">Tisavarakumarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Mongkol" title="Jayanta Mongkol">Jayanta Mongkol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grandsons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birabongse_Bhanudej" title="Birabongse Bhanudej">Birabongse Bhanudej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suphayok_Kasem" title="Suphayok Kasem">Suphayok Kasem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devawongse_Varodaya" title="Devawongse Varodaya">Devawongse Varodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Waithayakon" title="Wan Waithayakon">Wan Waithayakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodhyakara_Varavarn" title="Vodhyakara Varavarn">Vodhyakara Varavarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandiyavat_Svastivatana" title="Nandiyavat Svastivatana">Nandiyavat Svastivatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivadhanajaya" title="Vivadhanajaya">Vivadhanajaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boworadet" title="Boworadet">Boworadet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhadradis_Diskul" title="Subhadradis Diskul">Subhadradis Diskul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhani_Nivat" title="Dhani Nivat">Dhani Nivat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great-grandsons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sithiporn_Kridakara" title="Sithiporn Kridakara">Sithiporn Kridakara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Rama V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajiravudh" title="Vajiravudh">Vajiravudh</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/10px-Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/20px-Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span>)^ (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/20px-King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span>)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribejrutama_Dhamrong" title="Tribejrutama Dhamrong">Tribejrutama Dhamrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakrabongse_Bhuvanath" title="Chakrabongse Bhuvanath">Chakrabongse Bhuvanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siriraj_Kakudhabhand" title="Siriraj Kakudhabhand">Siriraj Kakudhabhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asdang_Dejavudh" title="Asdang Dejavudh">Asdang Dejavudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudadhuj_Dharadilok" title="Chudadhuj Dharadilok">Chudadhuj Dharadilok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajadhipok" title="Prajadhipok">Prajadhipok Sakdidej</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/20px-King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span>)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajirunhis" title="Vajirunhis">Vajirunhis</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/10px-Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/20px-Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span>)^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommatiwongse_Varodaya" title="Sommatiwongse Varodaya">Sommatiwongse Varodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahidol_Adulyadej" title="Mahidol Adulyadej">Mahidol Adulyadej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paribatra_Sukhumbandhu" title="Paribatra Sukhumbandhu">Paribatra Sukhumbandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugala_Dighambara" title="Yugala Dighambara">Yugala Dighambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphi_Phatthanasak" title="Raphi Phatthanasak">Raphi Phatthanasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benbadhanabongse" title="Benbadhanabongse">Benbadhanabongse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitiyakara_Voralaksana" title="Kitiyakara Voralaksana">Kitiyakara Voralaksana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirapravati_Voradej" title="Chirapravati Voradej">Chirapravati Voradej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vudhijaya_Chalermlabha" title="Vudhijaya Chalermlabha">Vudhijaya Chalermlabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhakara_Kiartivongse" title="Abhakara Kiartivongse">Abhakara Kiartivongse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purachatra_Jayakara" title="Purachatra Jayakara">Purachatra Jayakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangsit_Prayurasakdi" title="Rangsit Prayurasakdi">Rangsit Prayurasakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaya_Vudhirodom" title="Samaya Vudhirodom">Samaya Vudhirodom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khajera_Chirapradidha" title="Khajera Chirapradidha">Khajera Chirapradidha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isariyabhorn" title="Isariyabhorn">Isariyabhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anusara_Siriprasadh" title="Anusara Siriprasadh">Anusara Siriprasadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urubongse_Rajasombhoj" title="Urubongse Rajasombhoj">Urubongse Rajasombhoj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grandsons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Chakrabongse" title="Chula Chakrabongse">Chula Chakrabongse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varananda_Dhavaj" title="Varananda Dhavaj">Varananda Dhavaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol" title="Ananda Mahidol">Ananda Mahidol</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/20px-King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span>)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/20px-King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span>)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumbhotbongs_Paribatra" title="Chumbhotbongs Paribatra">Chumbhotbongs Paribatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumabhinanda" title="Sukhumabhinanda">Sukhumabhinanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhanubandhu_Yugala" title="Bhanubandhu Yugala">Bhanubandhu Yugala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anusorn_Mongkolkarn" title="Anusorn Mongkolkarn">Anusorn Mongkolkarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakkhatra_Mangala" title="Nakkhatra Mangala">Nakkhatra Mangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya_Dibabha" title="Aditya Dibabha">Aditya Dibabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Purachatra" title="Prem Purachatra">Prem Purachatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great-grandsons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chatrichalerm_Yukol" title="Chatrichalerm Yukol">Chatrichalerm Yukol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vajiravudh" title="Vajiravudh">Rama VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>No Son</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prajadhipok" title="Prajadhipok">Rama VII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>No Children</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol" title="Ananda Mahidol">Rama VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>No Children</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Rama IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Son3" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Son</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Vajiralongkorn</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/10px-Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/20px-Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span>)^ (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/20px-King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span>)*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Rama X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sons4" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dipangkorn_Rasmijoti" title="Dipangkorn Rasmijoti">Dipangkorn Rasmijoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthavachara_Vivacharawongse" title="Juthavachara Vivacharawongse">Juthavachara Vivacharawongse</a><sup>X</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacharaesorn_Vivacharawongse" title="Vacharaesorn Vivacharawongse">Vacharaesorn Vivacharawongse</a><sup>X</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakriwat_Vivacharawongse" title="Chakriwat Vivacharawongse">Chakriwat Vivacharawongse</a><sup>X</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatchrawee_Vivacharawongse" title="Vatchrawee Vivacharawongse">Vatchrawee Vivacharawongse</a><sup>X</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/20px-King%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span>)* <i><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Became king</a></i></small><br /><small>** <i><a href="/wiki/Front_Palace" title="Front Palace">Appointed Viceroy</a></i></small><br /><small>*** <i><a href="/wiki/Rear_Palace" title="Rear Palace">Appointed Deputy Viceroy</a></i></small><br /><small>(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/10px-Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg/20px-Crown_Prince%27s_Standard_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span>)^ <i><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Thailand" title="Crown Prince of Thailand">Appointed Crown Prince</a></i></small><br /><small><i><sup>X</sup> was degraded from royalty</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319675#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1428" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319675#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1428" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319675#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116780281">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/79074242">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/135141/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvxwYx3g4K6RJ7xqbWdQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1027725627">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84015263">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12186391p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12186391p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0260360&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007276340605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1156030">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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