Martian atmospheric hydrogen and deuterium: Seasonal changes and paradigm for escape to space

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new collection</label> </li> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"> <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="controls-wrapper"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label> <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"> <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="xb1T2oudPjt7Yqc91ux5k6jnhXHaCGwRa4bSFYVXa9KDafyyDQHmK2ItgN3bN6ms"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="xb1T2oudPjt7Yqc91ux5k6jnhXHaCGwRa4bSFYVXa9KDafyyDQHmK2ItgN3bN6ms"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="xb1T2oudPjt7Yqc91ux5k6jnhXHaCGwRa4bSFYVXa9KDafyyDQHmK2ItgN3bN6ms"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="xb1T2oudPjt7Yqc91ux5k6jnhXHaCGwRa4bSFYVXa9KDafyyDQHmK2ItgN3bN6ms"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="39058782"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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<span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2024 Jul 26. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Martian atmospheric hydrogen and deuterium: Seasonal changes and paradigm for escape to space </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Clarke+JT&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="John T Clarke">John T Clarke</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mayyasi+M&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Majd Mayyasi">Majd Mayyasi</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Bhattacharyya+D&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Dolon Bhattacharyya">Dolon Bhattacharyya</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chaufray+JY&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jean-Yves Chaufray">Jean-Yves Chaufray</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LATMOS, CNRS UVS/UPS/SU, Guyancourt, France." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Schneider+N&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Nicolas Schneider">Nicolas Schneider</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Jakosky+B&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Bruce Jakosky">Bruce Jakosky</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Yelle+R&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Roger Yelle">Roger Yelle</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Montmessin+F&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Franck Montmessin">Franck Montmessin</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LATMOS, CNRS UVS/UPS/SU, Guyancourt, France." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chaffin+M&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Michael Chaffin">Michael Chaffin</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA." 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Boulder, CO, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Jain+S&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sonal Jain">Sonal Jain</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Bertaux+JL&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jean-Loup Bertaux">Jean-Loup Bertaux</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LATMOS, CNRS UVS/UPS/SU, Guyancourt, 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Greenbelt, MD, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-9" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 9 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Benna+M&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Mehdi Benna">Mehdi Benna</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore County, MD, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-10" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 10 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Elrod+M&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Meredith Elrod">Meredith Elrod</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of 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USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-3" id="full-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> LATMOS, CNRS UVS/UPS/SU, Guyancourt, France.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-4" id="full-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-5" id="full-view-affiliation-5" ><sup class="key">5</sup> Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-6" id="full-view-affiliation-6" ><sup class="key">6</sup> California State University, San Bernadino, CA, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-7" id="full-view-affiliation-7" ><sup class="key">7</sup> CPI Inc., Arlington, VA, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-8" id="full-view-affiliation-8" ><sup class="key">8</sup> Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-9" id="full-view-affiliation-9" ><sup class="key">9</sup> NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-10" id="full-view-affiliation-10" ><sup class="key">10</sup> University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore County, MD, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-11" id="full-view-affiliation-11" ><sup class="key">11</sup> University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">39058782</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC11277398&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11277398/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC11277398 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1126/sciadv.adm7499&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adm7499" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1126/sciadv.adm7499 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> <div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading"> <h1 class="heading-title"> Martian atmospheric hydrogen and deuterium: Seasonal changes and paradigm for escape to space </h1> <div class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">John T Clarke</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> Sci Adv<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <time 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class="cit">2024 Jul 26;10(30):eadm7499.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adm7499. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2024 Jul 26. </span> </div> <div class="expanded-authors" id="short-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="authors"> <h3 class="title"> Authors </h3> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Clarke+JT&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="John T Clarke">John T Clarke</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mayyasi+M&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Majd Mayyasi">Majd Mayyasi</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Bhattacharyya+D&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Dolon Bhattacharyya">Dolon Bhattacharyya</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chaufray+JY&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jean-Yves Chaufray">Jean-Yves Chaufray</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LATMOS, CNRS UVS/UPS/SU, Guyancourt, France." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Schneider+N&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Nicolas Schneider">Nicolas Schneider</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Jakosky+B&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Bruce Jakosky">Bruce Jakosky</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Yelle+R&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Roger Yelle">Roger Yelle</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Montmessin+F&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Franck Montmessin">Franck Montmessin</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LATMOS, CNRS UVS/UPS/SU, Guyancourt, France." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chaffin+M&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Michael Chaffin">Michael Chaffin</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Curry+S&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Shannon Curry">Shannon Curry</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 5 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Deighan+J&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Justin Deighan">Justin Deighan</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Jain+S&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sonal Jain">Sonal Jain</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Bertaux+JL&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jean-Loup Bertaux">Jean-Loup Bertaux</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LATMOS, CNRS UVS/UPS/SU, Guyancourt, France." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cangi+E&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Eryn Cangi">Eryn Cangi</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Crismani+M&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Matteo Crismani">Matteo Crismani</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="California State University, San Bernadino, CA, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-6" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 6 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Evans+S&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Scott Evans">Scott Evans</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="CPI Inc., Arlington, VA, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Gupta+S&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sumedha Gupta">Sumedha Gupta</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Lefevre+F&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Franck Lefevre">Franck Lefevre</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LATMOS, CNRS UVS/UPS/SU, Guyancourt, France." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Holsclaw+G&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Greg Holsclaw">Greg Holsclaw</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Lo+D&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Daniel Lo">Daniel Lo</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=McClintock+W&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="William McClintock">William McClintock</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Stevens+M&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Michael Stevens">Michael Stevens</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 8 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Stewart+I&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ian Stewart">Ian Stewart</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Stone+S&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Shane Stone">Shane Stone</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-9" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 9 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mahaffy+P&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Paul Mahaffy">Paul Mahaffy</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-9" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 9 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Benna+M&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Mehdi Benna">Mehdi Benna</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore County, MD, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-10" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 10 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Elrod+M&cauthor_id=39058782" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Meredith Elrod">Meredith Elrod</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-11" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 11 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2" id="short-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> LASP, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3" id="short-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> LATMOS, CNRS UVS/UPS/SU, Guyancourt, France.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4" id="short-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5" id="short-view-affiliation-5" ><sup class="key">5</sup> Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-6" id="short-view-affiliation-6" ><sup class="key">6</sup> California State University, San Bernadino, CA, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-7" id="short-view-affiliation-7" ><sup class="key">7</sup> CPI Inc., Arlington, VA, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-8" id="short-view-affiliation-8" ><sup class="key">8</sup> Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-9" id="short-view-affiliation-9" ><sup class="key">9</sup> NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-10" id="short-view-affiliation-10" ><sup class="key">10</sup> University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore County, MD, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-11" id="short-view-affiliation-11" ><sup class="key">11</sup> University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">39058782</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC11277398&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11277398/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC11277398 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1126/sciadv.adm7499&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adm7499" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1126/sciadv.adm7499 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/39058782/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/39058782/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> Mars' water history is fundamental to understanding Earth-like planet evolution. Water escapes to space as atoms, and hydrogen atoms escape faster than deuterium giving an increase in the residual D/H ratio. The present ratio reflects the total water Mars has lost. Observations with the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) spacecraft provide atomic densities and escape rates for H and D. Large increases near perihelion observed each martian year are consistent with a strong upwelling of water vapor. Short-term changes require processes in addition to thermal escape, likely from atmospheric dynamics and superthermal atoms. Including escape from hot atoms, both H and D escape rapidly, and the escape fluxes are limited by resupply from the lower atmosphere. In this paradigm for the escape of water, the D/H ratio of the escaping atoms and the enhancement in water are determined by upwelling water vapor and atmospheric dynamics rather than by the specific details of atomic escape. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="fig-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c498/11277398/dc4e386cbd9c/sciadv.adm7499-f1.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="756" data-image-height="555" data-image-alt="Fig. 1." data-pmc-id="PMC11277398" data-figure-id="F1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c498/11277398/79eee6c53d46/sciadv.adm7499-f1.gif" alt="Fig. 1." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="756"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="555"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 1.. Martian upper atmospheric H and… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 1.. Martian upper atmospheric H and D densities and escape fluxes at the exobase… </p> </strong> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 1.. Martian upper atmospheric H and D densities and escape fluxes at the exobase and SZA = 0 with Mars solar longitude <i>L</i><sub>S</sub> measured over several MY. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>A</b> and <b>B</b>) Derived values for hydrogen; (<b>C</b> and <b>D</b>) derived values for deuterium. The MY 33 to 35 values are from MAVEN data, and for deuterium, they are upper limits except near perihelion (only detected values are plotted). These values are all for observations of the martian sunlit disc, and the periods of observation are listed in the Supplementary Materials. AH indicates the time of Mars aphelion, and PH indicates perihelion.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="fig-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c498/11277398/9fb1a7002e2d/sciadv.adm7499-f2.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="695" data-image-height="1056" data-image-alt="Fig. 2." data-pmc-id="PMC11277398" data-figure-id="F2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c498/11277398/0870876c87b4/sciadv.adm7499-f2.gif" alt="Fig. 2." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="695"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1056"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 2.. Density and escape ratios of… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 2.. Density and escape ratios of deuterium to hydrogen in the upper Martian atmosphere. </p> </strong> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 2.. Density and escape ratios of deuterium to hydrogen in the upper Martian atmosphere. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>A</b>) D/H density ratio at 200 km at the subsolar point with solar longitude from the measured density values and a fit to temperature values measured with MAVEN NGIMS. The D/H value in martian water is ~0.001 for comparison (dashed line). (<b>B</b>) The global D/H ratio of the escaping atoms calculated for thermal (Jeans) escape versus solar longitude assuming the variations in density and temperature with SZA given in the text. The values are uniformly much lower than the ratio of D/H in martian water (~0.001) and the ratio of atoms in the upper atmosphere while also variable with seasonal changes. AH indicates the time of Mars aphelion, and PH indicates perihelion.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="fig-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c498/11277398/f4e7c6c2783b/sciadv.adm7499-f3.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="697" data-image-height="525" data-image-alt="Fig. 3." data-pmc-id="PMC11277398" data-figure-id="F3"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c498/11277398/a375c70ae436/sciadv.adm7499-f3.gif" alt="Fig. 3." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="697"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="525"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 3.. D/H fractionation factor calculated for… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 3.. D/H fractionation factor calculated for two cases. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Bottom dataset is for thermal (Jeans)… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 3.. D/H fractionation factor calculated for two cases. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Bottom dataset is for thermal (Jeans) escape alone, and top dataset includes 2% hot atoms at a temperature of 600 K. The need for superthermal atoms is discussed in the text, and this plot shows the large changes in fractionation factor when hot atoms are included.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="fig-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c498/11277398/8c34b714f44f/sciadv.adm7499-f4.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="696" data-image-height="508" data-image-alt="Fig. 4." data-pmc-id="PMC11277398" data-figure-id="F4"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c498/11277398/fd4129bc3e9c/sciadv.adm7499-f4.gif" alt="Fig. 4." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="696"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="508"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 4.. Altitude profiles of temperature and… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 4.. Altitude profiles of temperature and CO <sub> 2 </sub> , H, and D densities. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Densities are in… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 4.. Altitude profiles of temperature and CO<sub>2</sub>, H, and D densities. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Densities are in number per cubic centimeter, and temperatures are in Kelvin for one MAVEN orbit in MY 34 near <i>L</i><sub>S</sub> of 270 under the assumption of eddy and molecular diffusion at all altitudes.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="4" data-label-slug="fig-5"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c498/11277398/05fb568d7a07/sciadv.adm7499-f5.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-4" role="button" data-image-width="695" data-image-height="1051" data-image-alt="Fig. 5." data-pmc-id="PMC11277398" data-figure-id="F5"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-4" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c498/11277398/aaac92517e6a/sciadv.adm7499-f5.gif" alt="Fig. 5." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="695"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1051"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 5.. Number of scatterings with altitude… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 5.. Number of scatterings with altitude for the H and D Lyman-α emissions. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 5.. Number of scatterings with altitude for the H and D Lyman-α emissions. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">The values for (<b>A</b>) hydrogen and (<b>B</b>) deuterium are from the RT models assuming the model atmospheric profile in Fig. 4 and the observed brightnesses from the corresponding observation. The emissions that are observed are the integrated columns of photons down to ~80 km altitude.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="5" data-label-slug="fig-6"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c498/11277398/e81826b4fc36/sciadv.adm7499-f6.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-5" role="button" data-image-width="695" data-image-height="1077" data-image-alt="Fig. 6." data-pmc-id="PMC11277398" data-figure-id="F6"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-5" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/c498/11277398/c298423d746e/sciadv.adm7499-f6.gif" alt="Fig. 6." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="695"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1077"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 6.. Escape fluxes of H and… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 6.. Escape fluxes of H and D atoms by the Jeans process at Mars… </p> </strong> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 6.. Escape fluxes of H and D atoms by the Jeans process at Mars versus temperature. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">The values for (<b>A</b>) hydrogen and (<b>B</b>) deuterium assume a Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution. At the Martian exobase, atoms that exceed the escape speed of 4.87 km/s may be lost into space depending on their trajectory. The D escape flux is much smaller than for H in part due to lower density but mainly due to the heavier mass.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-dialog-caption"> <div class="figure-caption-link-container"> <a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a> </div> <div class="figure-caption-center" data-expand-title="click to show full caption" data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption"> </div> <button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn" aria-label="show full caption" data-expand-text="show full caption" data-collapse-text="hide full caption">  </button> </div> </div> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/34904892/" ref="article_id=34904892&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="34904892" data-ga-label=""> Planning Implications Related to Sterilization-Sensitive Science Investigations Associated with Mars Sample Return (MSR). </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Velbel MA, Cockell CS, Glavin DP, Marty B, Regberg AB, Smith AL, Tosca NJ, Wadhwa M, Kminek G, Meyer MA, Beaty DW, Carrier BL, Haltigin T, Hays LE, Agee CB, Busemann H, Cavalazzi B, Debaille V, Grady MM, Hauber E, Hutzler A, McCubbin FM, Pratt LM, Smith CL, Summons RE, Swindle TD, Tait KT, Udry A, Usui T, Westall F, Zorzano MP.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Velbel MA, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Astrobiology. 2022 Jun;22(S1):S112-S164. doi: 10.1089/AST.2021.0113. 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