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Mysteries Remain Frozen in our Celestial Backyard | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera
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flex-shrink-0" role="main"> <div class="px-0 px-sm-3 col-lg-10 mx-auto text-start"> <header> <h1>Mysteries Remain Frozen in our Celestial Backyard</h1> </header> <article class="mb-5"> <p><figure class="img-polaroid"><img alt="title image" src="/ckeditor_assets/pictures/1178/content_FIG6d_FIpost.png" /> <figcaption>Traversability conditions and landing site assessment map for the lunar south polar region. The percentage of time that the surface will be illuminated and visible to the Earth is modeled for the expected Artemis timeframe (July 9, 2024 - June 11, 2025) at 500 m/pixel. Ideal conditions for surface activities (<10° slope and >45% sunlight (SUN) and Earth (E) line-of-sight) are indicated by light yellow. Areas indicative of potential water ice on the surface are shown in light pink.</figcaption> </figure> </p> <p><p>Humankind is <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/artemis-iii">headed back to the Moon</a>, and this time, interest is focused on the <a href="https://bit.ly/42DJhpq">south-polar region</a>. Here the interior of many craters and topographic depressions never see sunlight. These permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) are so <a href="https://bit.ly/3Cs1tYM">cold</a> (down to -415° F or -248° C!) that frozen volatiles, <a href="https://moon.nasa.gov/inside-and-out/composition/water-and-ices/">such as water</a>, can be trapped for hundreds of millions of years. If large frozen water deposits exist within the PSRs, they are a valuable resource for cislunar space exploration.</p> <p>Even with direct evidence of water ice and other volatiles in one permanently shadowed crater, Cabeus, and the variety of data available from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) peering into PSRs, there is still uncertainty about how much water is present, what other frozen resources exist, and the exact locations and depths of the frozen materials. However, identifying locations of water ice is only part of the puzzle: scientists and engineers must find relatively flat landing sites, have plenty of sunlight for power, and are in line-of-sight communication with Earth.</p> <p>To help guide future orbital and landed missions searching for polar volatiles, the LROC science team looked at ten datasets from eight instruments and came up with a relative valuation of resource potential for larger PSRs. However, many PSRs are not easily accessible by a rover (in-situ exploration) and do not have ideal illumination and Earth communication.</p> <p>PSRs with suitable exploration conditions for measurements of in-situ frozen materials were also identified by our study. However, choosing the best landing sites for future missions requires additional observations in PSRs to clarify where water ice is located - both on the surface and buried in the subsurface - and how much of it will be usable. </p> <figure class="img-polaroid"><img alt="resource ranking" src="/ckeditor_assets/pictures/1176/content_FIG4_FIpost.png" /> <figcaption>The overall resource potential of frozen materials in lunar PSRs. North (left) and south (right) pole PSR volatile ranking thematic maps overlaying <a href="https://www.diviner.ucla.edu/">Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment</a> annual maximum bolometric temperature. Blue PSRs have remote sensing measurements consistent with the presence of water ice. In contrast, orange PSRs are inconsistent with water ice or have a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), inhibiting the interpretation of water ice. PSRs in green have observations of volatiles that are inconsistent between datasets or show a limited potential area consistent with water ice.</figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="http://shadowcam.sese.asu.edu/">ShadowCam</a>, which launched in August 2022, is now mapping PSRs at a scale of 2 meters. ShadowCam is 200 times more sensitive than the camera it is modeled after (the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Narrow Angle Camera (NAC)). </p> <p>This improved imaging of the surfaces inside PSRs will enable scientists to search for landforms that may indicate volatile deposits and map obstacles like boulders and craters, reducing travel risk for future landers and rovers. Comparing ShadowCam images of the surface with data from instruments that probe the subsurface will help us interpret water ice locations more precisely. </p> <figure class="img-polaroid"><img alt="shoemaker" src="/ckeditor_assets/pictures/1177/content_FIG2_FIpost.png" /> <figcaption>Long exposure NAC mosaic of a portion of the Shoemaker crater PSR. No albedo patterns indicative of ice, frost, or lag deposits were found here or in any other PSR craters. Lobate landforms in a few PSRs (seen here on crater walls, marked by arrows) may indicate downslope creep processes in an ice-rich regolith. However, this interpretation is highly speculative, and higher-resolution images are required to test this hypothesis [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].</figcaption> </figure> <p> </p> <p>Read the LROC Team paper, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114874" target="_blank">Resource Potential of Lunar Permanently Shadowed Regions</a>.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Read more about water ice in PSRs:</strong><br /> <a href="https://www.lroc.asu.edu/posts/989">Searching for Ice at the Moon's Poles</a><br /> <a href="http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/979">Casting Light on Permanently Shadowed Regions</a></p> <p><strong>More about ideal polar exploration conditions:</strong><br /> <a href="https://www.lroc.asu.edu/posts/1247">Traversing the Shackleton de Gerlache Ridge</a><br /> <a href="https://www.lroc.asu.edu/posts/1105">Islands in the Dark</a><br /> <a href="http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/993">On the Rim!</a><br /> <a href="http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/937">Lunar Exploration: Planning The Next Steps</a><br /> <a href="http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/271">South Pole Illumination Map</a><br /> <a href="http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/789">Five Years Later: Revisiting an Old Friend</a></p> <p><strong>LROC Educational Activities:</strong><br /> <a href="https://www.lroc.asu.edu/educators/activities">The Mystery of Lunar Water</a><br /> <a href="https://www.lroc.asu.edu/posts/1179">Rovers and Mission Planning: New LROC Activity Guides!</a></p> </p> <div class="text-center p-2 mx-5"> <p>Published by <a href="/images?author_id=84">Holly Brown</a> on <span class="text-nowrap">13 June 2023</span></p> </div> <hr class="my-5 hr-paragraph"> <div class="row row-cols-1 row-cols-sm-2 px-3 px-md-0"> <div class="col tags py-2 px-0 px-md-3 align-self-center text-start d-flex gap-1"> <a class="card-link d-flex gap-2 align-items-center" href="/image_tags/Permanently%20Shadowed%20Regions"> <span>Permanently Shadowed Regions</span><i class="fas fa-tag text-primary"></i> </a> <a class="card-link d-flex gap-2 align-items-center" href="/image_tags/Polar%20Regions"> <span>Polar Regions</span><i class="fas fa-tag text-primary"></i> </a> </div> <div class="col social px-0 px-md-3 align-self-center text-start text-sm-end d-flex justify-content-end"> <a target="_blank" class="card-link d-inline-flex gap-2 align-items-center" href="//www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.lroc.asu.edu/images/1255"> <i class="fab fa-facebook"></i> </a> <a target="_blank" class="card-link d-inline-flex gap-2 align-items-center" href="//twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.lroc.asu.edu/images/1255"> <i class="fab fa-twitter"></i> </a> <a target="_blank" class="card-link d-inline-flex gap-2 align-items-center" href="//www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.lroc.asu.edu/images/1255"> <i class="fab fa-reddit"></i> </a> </div> </div> </article> </div> </main> <footer class="footer mt-auto"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4 pb-5 py-md-2"> <span class="footer-brand mb-2"><img class="footer-img" src="/assets/LROC_patch_alpha-bcddde05a14e141c980aa2f2525ba78b826a15843a289bf9fa543709e488e018.png" />LROC</span> <p> Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera<br> Science Operations Center<br> Phoenix, Arizona </p> </div> <div class="col-md-4 pb-5 py-md-2"> <h4>Moon friends</h4> <a target="_blank" class="d-block" href="https://moon.nasa.gov/">NASA Moon</a> <a target="_blank" class="d-block" href="https://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> <a target="_blank" class="d-block" href="https://www.shadowcam.asu.edu/">ShadowCam</a> <a target="_blank" class="d-block" href="https://www.intuitivemachines.com/">Intuitive Machines</a> <a target="_blank" class="d-block" href="https://sese.asu.edu/">ASU School of Earth and Space Exploration</a> <a target="_blank" class="d-block" href="https://ser.sese.asu.edu/">Space Exploration Resources</a> <a target="_blank" class="d-block" href="https://apollo.sese.asu.edu/">Apollo Image Archive</a> <a target="_blank" class="d-block" href="https://tothemoon.ser.asu.edu">March to the Moon Image Archive</a> </div> <div class="col-md-4 pb-5 py-md-2"> <h4>Connect with us</h4> <a class="d-block" target="_blank" href="https://sese.asu.edu/community-engagement/events">ASU School of Earth and Space Exploration</a> <a class="d-block" href="/visit/exhibits">LROC Lunar Exhibits</a> <a class="d-block" href="/news_tags/Events">LROC Affiliated Events</a> <a class="d-block" href="/contact">Contact Us</a> </div> </div> <hr class="mx-3 mx-md-0 my-5"> <div class="row"> <p class="col pt-3 pt-md-0 text-gray-dark">©2025 NASA/GSFC/LROC. 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