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<span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apocrypha/Deuterocanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apocrypha/Deuterocanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Apocrypha/Deuterocanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apocrypha/Deuterocanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnostic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnostic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gnostic religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gnostic_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gnostic religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gnostic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catharism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catharism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Catharism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catharism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Sufism_and_mysticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sufism_and_mysticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In Sufism and mysticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sufism_and_mysticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamist_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamist_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Islamist movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamist_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Mandaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manichaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manichaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Manichaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manichaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tengrism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tengrism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Tengrism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tengrism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yazidism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yazidism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Yazidism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yazidism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devil_in_moral_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devil_in_moral_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Devil in moral philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Devil_in_moral_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Devil in moral philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Devil_in_moral_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spinoza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spinoza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Spinoza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spinoza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Kant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_belief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_belief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Contemporary belief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_belief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Devil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%AB%E1%89%A6%E1%88%8E%E1%88%B5" title="ዲያቦሎስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዲያቦሎስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شيطان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيطان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%90%DC%95%DC%90" title="ܫܐܕܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܐܕܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia%C3%B1u" title="Diañu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Diañu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supaya" title="Supaya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Supaya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="শয়তান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শয়তান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Д’ябал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Д’ябал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyablo" title="Diyablo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Diyablo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Дявол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дявол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deifi" title="Deifi – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Deifi" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90avo" title="Đavo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Đavo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaoul" title="Diaoul – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Diaoul" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diable" title="Diable – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diable" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%BB" title="Явăл – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Явăл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8E%C3%A1bel" title="Ďábel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ďábel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafol" title="Diafol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diafol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dj%C3%A6vel" title="Djævel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Djævel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شيطان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شيطان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teufel" title="Teufel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Teufel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurat" title="Kurat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kurat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Διάβολος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάβολος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A0vul" title="Diàvul – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Diàvul" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Идемевсь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Идемевсь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablo" title="Diablo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diablo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablo" title="Diablo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diablo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deabrua" title="Deabrua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Deabrua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_(%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C)" title="شیطان (کلی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیطان (کلی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djevulin" title="Djevulin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Djevulin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diable" title="Diable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabo" title="Diabo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Diabo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="શેતાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શેતાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌳𐌹𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌿𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌳𐌹𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌿𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%85%EB%A7%88" title="악마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="악마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B7" title="Հրեշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրեշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrag" title="Vrag – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vrag" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablo" title="Diablo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Diablo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iblis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabolo" title="Diabolo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Diabolo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diavolo" title="Diavolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diavolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9tan" title="Sétan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sétan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ದೆವ್ವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೆವ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Жын – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyowl" title="Dyowl – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dyowl" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibilisi" title="Ibilisi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ibilisi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyab" title="Dyab – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dyab" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabolus" title="Diabolus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Diabolus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velns" title="Velns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Velns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4iwel" title="Däiwel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däiwel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velnias" title="Velnias – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Velnias" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diavol" title="Diavol – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Diavol" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%83%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Ѓавол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ѓавол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devoly" title="Devoly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Devoly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ეშმაკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეშმაკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duivel" title="Duivel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duivel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%AA%E9%AD%94" title="悪魔 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="悪魔" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riavolo" title="Riavolo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Riavolo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djevel" title="Djevel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Djevel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djevelen" title="Djevelen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Djevelen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dgi%C3%A2bl%27ye" title="Dgiâbl'ye – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Dgiâbl'ye" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shayton" title="Shayton – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shayton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_(%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AE)" title="ਸ਼ੈਤਾਨ (ਆਮ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੈਤਾਨ (ਆਮ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaule" title="Diaule – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Diaule" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabe%C5%82" title="Diabeł – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Diabeł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabo" title="Diabo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diabo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diavol" title="Diavol – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Diavol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqra" title="Saqra – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Saqra" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Дьявол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дьявол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Адьарай – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Адьарай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deil" title="Deil – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Deil" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djalli" title="Djalli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Djalli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A0vulu" title="Diàvulu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Diàvulu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil" title="Devil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Devil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabol_(n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstvo)" title="Diabol (náboženstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Diabol (náboženstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8A" title="Дїаволъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Дїаволъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaydaan" title="Shaydaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shaydaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ђаво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ђаво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90avo" title="Đavo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Đavo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9tan" title="Sétan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sétan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dj%C3%A4vulen" title="Djävulen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Djävulen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="มาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Диявол – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Диявол" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81c_ma" title="Ác ma – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ác ma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A5le" title="Diåle – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Diåle" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E9%AC%BC" title="魔鬼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="魔鬼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E9%AC%BC" title="魔鬼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="魔鬼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biesos" title="Biesos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Biesos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E9%AC%BC" title="魔鬼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="魔鬼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Devilish" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Devil_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Devil (disambiguation)">Devil (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:022_devil_representation.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A winged male humanoid devil holds a naked woman as she touches her breast." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/022_devil_representation.JPG/170px-022_devil_representation.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/022_devil_representation.JPG/255px-022_devil_representation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/022_devil_representation.JPG/340px-022_devil_representation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="2319" /></a><figcaption>Statue of the devil in "the <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDmuidzinavi%C4%8Dius_Museum" title="Žmuidzinavičius Museum">Devil Museum</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Kaunas,_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaunas, Lithuania">Kaunas, Lithuania</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_tenture_de_lApocalypse_(Angers)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/La_tenture_de_lApocalypse_%28Angers%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-La_tenture_de_lApocalypse_%28Angers%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/La_tenture_de_lApocalypse_%28Angers%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-La_tenture_de_lApocalypse_%28Angers%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/La_tenture_de_lApocalypse_%28Angers%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-La_tenture_de_lApocalypse_%28Angers%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> (the dragon; on the left) gives to the beast of the sea (on the right) power represented by a <a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">sceptre</a> in a detail of panel III.40 of the medieval French <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_Tapestry" title="Apocalypse Tapestry">Apocalypse Tapestry</a>, produced between 1377 and 1382.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devils-from-Rila-monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Devils-from-Rila-monastery.jpg/170px-Devils-from-Rila-monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Devils-from-Rila-monastery.jpg/255px-Devils-from-Rila-monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Devils-from-Rila-monastery.jpg/340px-Devils-from-Rila-monastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="1647" /></a><figcaption>A fresco detail from the <a href="/wiki/Rila_Monastery" title="Rila Monastery">Rila Monastery</a>, in which demons are depicted as having grotesque faces and bodies</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>devil</b> is the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myth" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:myth">mythical</a> <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> as it is conceived in various cultures and religious traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is seen as the objectification of a hostile and destructive force.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Burton_Russell" title="Jeffrey Burton Russell">Jeffrey Burton Russell</a> states that the different conceptions of the devil can be summed up as 1) a principle of evil independent from <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, 2) an aspect of God, 3) a created being turning evil (a <i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angel</a></i>) or 4) a symbol of human evil.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p><p>Each tradition, culture, and religion with a devil in its mythos offers a different lens on manifestations of evil.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of these perspectives intertwines with theology, mythology, psychiatry, art, and literature, developing independently within each of the traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occurs historically in many contexts and cultures, and is given many different names—<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> (Judaism), <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> (Christianity), <a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a> (Judeo-Christian), <a href="/wiki/Mephistopheles" title="Mephistopheles">Mephistopheles</a> (German), <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a> (Islam)—and attributes: it is portrayed as blue, black, or red; it is portrayed as having horns on its head, and without horns, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-Arp,_Robert_2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arp,_Robert_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The Modern English word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/devil" class="extiw" title="wikt:devil">devil</a></i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/devel" class="extiw" title="wikt:devel">devel</a></i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deofol" class="extiw" title="wikt:deofol">dēofol</a></i>, that in turn represents an early Germanic borrowing of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diabolus" class="extiw" title="wikt:diabolus">diabolus</a></i>. This in turn was borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:διάβολος">διάβολος</a></span></span> <i>diábolos</i>, "slanderer",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">διαβάλλειν</span></span> <i>diabállein</i>, "to slander" from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:διά">διά</a> <i>diá</i>, "across, through" and βάλλειν <i>bállein</i>, "to hurl", probably akin to the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>gurate</i>, "he lifts up".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <p>In his book <i>The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Burton_Russell" title="Jeffrey Burton Russell">Jeffrey Burton Russell</a> discusses various meanings and difficulties that are encountered when using the term <i>devil</i>. He does not claim to define the word in a general sense, but he describes the limited use that he intends for the word in his book—limited in order to "minimize this difficulty" and "for the sake of clarity". In this book Russell uses the word <i>devil</i> as "the <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> found in a variety of cultures", as opposed to the word <i><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></i>, which he reserves specifically for the figure in the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Introduction to his book <i>Satan: A Biography</i>, Henry Ansgar Kelly discusses various considerations and meanings that he has encountered in using terms such as <i>devil</i> and <i>Satan</i>, etc. While not offering a general definition, he describes that in his book "whenever <i>diabolos</i> is used as the proper name of Satan", he signals it by using "small caps".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> has a variety of definitions for the meaning of "devil", supported by a range of citations: "Devil" may refer to Satan, the supreme spirit of evil, or one of Satan's emissaries or demons that populate Hell, or to one of the spirits that possess a demoniac person; "devil" may refer to one of the "malignant deities" feared and worshiped by "heathen people", a demon, a malignant being of superhuman powers; figuratively "devil" may be applied to a wicked person, or playfully to a rogue or rascal, or in empathy often accompanied by the word "poor" to a person—"poor devil".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h2></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, a malevolent, superhuman entity such as a <i>devil</i> or <i>satan</i> is not believed to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these terms do appear in the Baháʼí writings, where they are used as metaphors for the lower nature of man. Human beings are seen to have <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, and are thus able to turn towards God and develop spiritual qualities or turn away from God and become immersed in their self-centered desires. Individuals who follow the temptations of the self and do not develop spiritual virtues are often described in the Baháʼí writings with the word <i>satanic</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baháʼí writings also state that the devil is a metaphor for the "insistent self" or "lower self", which is a self-serving inclination within each individual. Those who follow their lower nature are also described as followers of "the Evil One".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil in Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Satan#Christianity" title="Satan">Satan § Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg/220px-Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg/330px-Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg/440px-Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3732" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fallen_Angel_(painting)" title="The Fallen Angel (painting)">The Fallen Angel</a></i> (1847) by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Cabanel" title="Alexandre Cabanel">Alexandre Cabanel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the devil or <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> is a fallen angel who is the primary opponent of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Christians also considered the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Greek deities</a> to be devils.<sup id="cite_ref-Arp,_Robert_2014_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arp,_Robert_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christianity describes Satan as a <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angel</a> who terrorizes the world through evil,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is opposed to <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and shall be condemned, together with the fallen angels who follow him, to eternal fire at the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mainstream <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the devil is usually referred to as <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. This is because Christian beliefs in Satan are inspired directly by the dominant view of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> (recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Enoch_(ancestor_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch (ancestor of Noah)">Enochian books</a>), as expressed/practiced by <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, and with some minor variations. Some modern Christians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> consider the devil to be an <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a> who, along with one-third of the angelic host (the demons), rebelled against God and has consequently been condemned to the <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake of Fire">Lake of Fire</a>. He is described<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (April 2016)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as hating all humanity (or more accurately all creation), opposing God, spreading lies and wreaking havoc on their souls. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Backer_Judgment_(detail).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Backer_Judgment_%28detail%29.JPG/220px-Backer_Judgment_%28detail%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Backer_Judgment_%28detail%29.JPG/330px-Backer_Judgment_%28detail%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Backer_Judgment_%28detail%29.JPG/440px-Backer_Judgment_%28detail%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Horns of a <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">ram</a>, goat's fur and ears, nose and canines of a <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pig</a>; a typical depiction of the devil in <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a>. The goat, ram and pig are consistently associated with the devil.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detail of a 16th-century painting by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_de_Backer" title="Jacob de Backer">Jacob de Backer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, the devil is identified as "the dragon" and "the old serpent" in the Book of Revelation,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as "the prince of this world" in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience" in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Epistle to the Ephesians</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the god of this world" in <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a> 4:4.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also identified as the tempter of the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satan is traditionally identified as the <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (Bible)">serpent</a> who convinced <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a> to eat the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">forbidden fruit</a>; thus, Satan has often been depicted as a serpent. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a> is originally the name of a <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistine</a> god (more specifically a certain type of <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>, from <i>Ba‘al Zebûb</i>, lit. "Lord of Flies") but is also used in the New Testament as a synonym for the devil.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A corrupted version, "Belzeboub", appears in <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">The Divine Comedy</a></i> (<i>Inferno</i> XXXIV). </p><p>In other, non-mainstream, Christian beliefs (e.g. the beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity#Unitarians_and_Christadelphians" title="Devil in Christianity">Christadelphians</a>) the word "satan" in the Bible is not regarded as referring to a supernatural, personal being but to any 'adversary' and figuratively refers to human sin and temptation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apocrypha/Deuterocanon"><span id="Apocrypha.2FDeuterocanon"></span>Apocrypha/Deuterocanon</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a>, the devil is represented as the one who brought death into the world.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Enoch">Second Book of Enoch</a> contains references to a <a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watcher</a> called Satanael,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describing him as the prince of the <i><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Grigori</a></i> who was cast out of heaven<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an <a href="/wiki/Evil_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Evil spirit">evil spirit</a> who knew the difference between what was "righteous" and "sinful".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, Satan rules over a host of angels.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a>, who induced God to test <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">sacrifice of Isaac</a>, is identical with Satan in both name and nature.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> contains references to <a href="/wiki/Sathariel" title="Sathariel">Sathariel</a>, thought also<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2016)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be Sataniel and <a href="/wiki/Satanel" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanel">Satan'el</a>. The similar spellings mirror that of his angelic brethren <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphael (angel)">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, previous to his expulsion from Heaven.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gnostic_religions">Gnostic religions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demiurge#Gnosticism" title="Demiurge">Demiurge § Gnosticism</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion-faced_deity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lion-faced_deity.jpg/150px-Lion-faced_deity.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Lion-faced_deity.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>A lion-faced deity found on a Gnostic gem in <a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Montfaucon" title="Bernard de Montfaucon">Bernard de Montfaucon</a>'s <i>L'antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures</i> may be a depiction of the Demiurge.</figcaption></figure><p> Gnostic and Gnostic-influenced religions postulate the idea that the material world is inherently evil. The <i>One true God</i> is remote, beyond the material universe; therefore, this universe must be governed by an inferior imposter deity. This deity was identified with the deity of the Old Testament by some sects, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> accuses <a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a>, that he <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> [held that] the Old Testament was a scandal to the faithful … and … accounted for it by postulating [that Jehovah was] a secondary deity, a <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurgus</a>, who was god, in a sense, but not the supreme God; he was just, rigidly just, he had his good qualities, but he was not the good god, who was Father of Our Lord Jesus Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcion_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcion-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Arendzen" title="John Arendzen">John Arendzen</a> (1909) in the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (1913) mentions that <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> accused <a href="/wiki/Apelles_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apelles (gnostic)">Apelles</a>, the 2nd-century AD Gnostic, of considering the Inspirer of Old Testament prophecies to be not a god, but an evil angel.<sup id="cite_ref-Apelles_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apelles-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These writings commonly refer to the Creator of the material world as "a <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurgus</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Marcion_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcion-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to distinguish him from the <i>One true God</i>. Some texts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon of John</a> and <a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_the_World" title="On the Origin of the World">On the Origin of the World</a>, not only demonized the Creator God but also called him by the name of the devil in some Jewish writings, <i><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catharism">Catharism</h3></div> <p>In the 12th century in Europe the <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a>, who were rooted in <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, dealt with the problem of evil, and developed ideas of dualism and demonology. The Cathars were seen as a serious potential challenge to the Catholic church of the time. The Cathars split into two camps. The first is <i>absolute</i> dualism, which held that evil was completely separate from the good God, and that God and the devil each had power. The second camp is <i>mitigated</i> dualism, which considers <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> to be a son of God and a brother to Christ. To explain this, they used the parable of the prodigal son, with Christ as the good son, and Lucifer as the son that strayed into evilness. The Catholic Church responded to dualism in AD 1215 in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Lateran Council</a>, saying that God created everything from nothing, and the devil was good when he was created, but he made himself bad by his own free will.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Secret_Supper" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of the Secret Supper">Gospel of the Secret Supper</a></i>, Lucifer, just as in prior Gnostic systems, appears as a demiurge, who created the material world.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Azazil" title="Azazil">Azazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">Satan § Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_honored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Adam_honored.jpg/170px-Adam_honored.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Adam_honored.jpg/255px-Adam_honored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Adam_honored.jpg/340px-Adam_honored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a> (top right on the picture) refuses to prostrate before the newly created <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Islam, the principle of evil is expressed by two terms referring to the same entity:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceE_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shaitan</a></i> (meaning <i>astray</i>, <i>distant</i> or <i>devil</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a></i>. Iblis is the proper name of the devil representing the characteristics of evil.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceF_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceF-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iblis is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> narrative about the creation of humanity. When <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> created <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a>, he ordered the angels to prostrate themselves before him. Out of pride, Iblis refused and claimed to be superior to Adam.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/7?startingVerse=12">7:12</a>]</sup> Therefore, pride but also envy became a sign of "unbelief" in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceF_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceF-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, Iblis was condemned to Hell, but God granted him a request to lead humanity astray,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> knowing the righteous would resist Iblis' attempts to misguide them. In Islam, both good and evil are ultimately created by God. But since God's will is good, the evil in the world must be part of God's plan.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceG_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceG-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actually, God allowed the devil to seduce humanity. Evil and suffering are regarded as a test or a chance to prove confidence in God.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceG_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceG-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some philosophers and mystics emphasized Iblis himself as a role model of confidence in God. Because God ordered the angels to prostrate themselves, Iblis was forced to choose between God's command and God's will (not to praise someone other than God). He successfully passed the test, yet his disobedience caused his punishment and therefore suffering. However, he stays patient and is rewarded in the end.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslims hold that the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary deities</a>, became subject under <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to the judgment of God, and that those who did not submit to the law of God are <a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">devils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Iblis is often compared to the devil in <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>, Islam rejects the idea that <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> is an opponent of God and the implied struggle between God and <a href="/wiki/The_devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The devil">the devil</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Iblis might either be regarded as <i>the most monotheistic</i> or <i>the greatest sinner</i>, but remains only a creature of God. Iblis did not become an <a href="/wiki/Unbeliever" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbeliever">unbeliever</a> due to his disobedience, but because of attributing injustice to God; that is, by asserting that the command to prostrate himself before <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> was inappropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no reference to angelic revolt in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and no mention of Iblis trying to take God's throne,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Iblis's <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> could be forgiven at any time by God.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Quran, Iblis's disobedience was due to his disdain for <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humanity</a>, a narrative already occurring in early <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in Christianity, Iblis was once a pious creature of God but later cast out of Heaven due to his pride. However, to maintain God's absolute sovereignty,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam matches the line taken by Irenaeus instead of the later Christian consensus that the devil did not rebel against God but against humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceE_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, although Iblis is generally regarded as a real bodily entity,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceH_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceH-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he plays a less significant role as the personification of evil than in Christianity. Iblis is merely a tempter, notable for inciting humans into sin by <i>whispering</i> into humans minds (waswās), akin to the Jewish idea of the devil as <i><a href="/wiki/Yetzer_hara" title="Yetzer hara">yetzer hara</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceI_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceI-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, <i>Shaitan</i> refers unilaterally to forces of evil, including the devil Iblis who causes mischief.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaitan is also linked to humans' psychological nature, appearing in dreams, causing anger, or interrupting the mental preparation for prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceH_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceH-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the term <i>Shaitan</i> also refers to beings who follow the evil suggestions of Iblis. Also, the principle of <i>shaitan</i> is in many ways a symbol of spiritual impurity, representing humans' own deficits, in contrast to a "<a href="/wiki/Mumin" title="Mumin">true Muslim</a>", who is free from anger, lust and other devilish desires.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Muslim culture, devils are believed to be hermaphrodite creatures created from hell-fire, with one male and one female thigh, and able to procreate without a mate. It is generally believed that devils can harm the souls of humans through their whisperings. While whisperings tempt humans to sin, the devils might enter the <a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">hearth</a> (<i>qalb</i>) of an individual. If the devils take over the soul of a person, this would render them aggressive or insane.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In extreme cases, the alterings of the soul are believed to have effect on the body, matching its spiritual qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Sufism_and_mysticism">In Sufism and mysticism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></div> <p>In contrast to Occidental philosophy, the Sufi idea of seeing "Many as One" and considering the creation in its essence as the Absolute, leads to the idea of the dissolution of any dualism between the ego substance and the "external" substantial objects. The rebellion against God, mentioned in the Quran, takes place on the level of the <a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">psyche</a> that must be trained and disciplined for its union with the <a href="/wiki/Ruh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruh">spirit</a> that is pure. Since psyche drives the body, <i>flesh</i> is not the obstacle to humans but rather an unawareness that allows the impulsive forces to cause rebellion against God on the level of the psyche. Yet it is not a dualism between body, psyche and spirit, since the spirit embraces both psyche and corporeal aspects of humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the world is held to be the mirror in which God's attributes are reflected, participation in worldly affairs is not necessarily seen as opposed to God.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceI_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceI-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The devil activates the selfish desires of the psyche, leading the human astray from the Divine.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it is the <i><a href="/wiki/I_(pronoun)" title="I (pronoun)">I</a></i> that is regarded as evil, and both Iblis and <a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible"><i>Pharao</i></a> are present as symbols for uttering "I" in ones own behavior. Therefore, it is recommended to use the term <i>I</i> as little as possible. It is only God who has the right to say "I", since it is only God who is self-subsistent. Uttering "I" is therefore a way to compare oneself to God, regarded as <i><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamist_movements">Islamist movements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Taghut</a></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafi</a> strands emphasize a <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualistic</a> worldview between believers and unbelievers,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unbelievers are considered to be under the domain of the Devil and are the enemies of the faithful. The former are credited with tempting the latter to sin and away from God's path. The Devil will ultimately be defeated by the power of God, but remains until then a serious threat for the believer.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notion of a substantial reality of evil (or a form of dualism between God and the Devil) has no precedence in the Quran or earlier Muslim traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither in the writings of ibn Sina, Ghazali, nor ibn Taimiyya, has evil any positive existence, but is described as the absence of good. Accordingly, infidelity among humans, civilizations, and empires are not described evil or devilish in Classical Islamic sources.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in stark contrast to Islamists, such as <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>, who justifies his violence against the infidels by contrary assertions.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in classical <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a>, devils (<i>shayāṭīn</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a> are responsible for ritual impurity, many Salafis substitute local demons by an omnipresent threat through the Devil himself.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only through remembrance of God and ritual purity, the devil can be kept away.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the Devil becomes an increasinly powerful entity who is believed to interfer with both personal and political life.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, many Salafis blame the Devil for <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">emancipation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Satan#Judaism" title="Satan">Satan § Judaism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, the god in pre-exilic <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, created both good and evil, as stated in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 45:7: "I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and create evil: I the Lord do all these things." The devil does not exist in Jewish scriptures. However, the influence of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> introduced evil as a separate principle into the Jewish belief system, which gradually externalized the opposition until the Hebrew term <i>satan</i> developed into a specific type of supernatural entity, changing the monistic view of Judaism into a dualistic one.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> rejected<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2018)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the <a href="/wiki/Enoch_(ancestor_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch (ancestor of Noah)">Enochian books</a> (written during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> under <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> influence), which depicted the devil as an independent force of evil besides God.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic period</a>, references to <a href="/wiki/Satan#Judaism" title="Satan">Satan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> are thought<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be <a href="/wiki/Allegorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegorical">allegorical</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness (Mandaeism)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandaean mythology">Mandaean mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a> fell apart from the <a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a> and became the queen of the <a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a>, also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GR_Saadi_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR_Saadi-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_2002_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is considered evil and a liar, sorcerer and seductress.<sup id="cite_ref-GB_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GB-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 541">: 541 </span></sup>She gives birth to <a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)" title="Ur (Mandaeism)">Ur</a>, also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a>. He is portrayed as a large, ferocious dragon or snake and is considered the king of the World of Darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together they rule the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> and create the <a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">seven planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">twelve zodiac constellations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also found in the underworld is <a href="/wiki/Krun" title="Krun">Krun</a>, the greatest of the five Mandaean Lords of the underworld. He dwells in the lowest depths of creation and his epithet is the 'mountain of flesh'.<sup id="cite_ref-Drower_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drower-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 251">: 251 </span></sup> Prominent infernal beings found in the World of Darkness include <i><a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">lilith</a></i>, <i>nalai</i> (<a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a>), <i>niuli</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">hobgoblin</a>), <i>latabi</i> (devil), <i>gadalta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghost</a>), <i>satani</i> (<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>) and various other demons and evil spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GR_Saadi_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR_Saadi-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_darkness_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of darkness (Manichaeism)">Prince of darkness (Manichaeism)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, God and the devil are two unrelated principles. God created <i>good</i> and inhabits the realm of light, while the devil (also called the <i>prince of darkness</i><sup id="cite_ref-Mani2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mani3_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani3-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) created evil and inhabits the kingdom of darkness. The contemporary world came into existence, when the kingdom of darkness assaulted the kingdom of light and mingled with the spiritual world.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end, the devil and his followers will be sealed forever and the kingdom of light and the kingdom of darkness will continue to co-exist eternally, never to commingle again.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hegemonius" title="Hegemonius">Hegemonius</a> (4th century CE) accuses that the Persian prophet <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a>, founder of the Manichaean sect in the 3rd century CE, identified Jehovah as "the devil god which created the world"<sup id="cite_ref-Mani1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and said that "he who spoke with Moses, the Jews, and the priests … is the [Prince] of Darkness, … not the god of truth."<sup id="cite_ref-Mani2_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mani3_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani3-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tengrism">Tengrism</h2></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengristic</a> myths of central Asia, <i><a href="/wiki/Erlik" title="Erlik">Erlik</a></i> refers to a devil-like figure as the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Tamag" title="Tamag">Tamag</a> (Hell), who was also the first human. According to one narrative, Erlik and God swam together over the primordial waters. When God was about to create the Earth, he sent Erlik to dive into the waters and collect some mud. Erlik hid some inside his mouth to later create his own world. But when God commanded the Earth to expand, Erlik got troubled by the mud in his mouth. God aided Erlik to spit it out. The mud carried by Erlik gave place to the unpleasant areas of the world. Because of his sin, he was assigned to evil. In another variant, the creator-god is identified with <a href="/wiki/Ulgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulgen">Ulgen</a>. Again, Erlik appears to be the first human. He desired to create a human just as Ulgen did, thereupon Ulgen reacted by punishing Erlik, casting him into the Underworld where he becomes its ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Tengrism, there is no death, meaning that, when life comes to an end, it is merely a transition into the invisible world. As the ruler of Hell, Erlik enslaves the souls, who are damned to Hell. Further, he lurks on the souls of those humans living on Earth by causing death, disease and illnesses. At the time of birth, Erlik sends a <a href="/wiki/Kormos" title="Kormos">Kormos</a> to seize the soul of the newborn, following him for the rest of his life in an attempt to seize his soul by hampering, misguiding, and injuring him. When Erlik succeeds in destroying a human's body, the Kormos sent by Erlik will try take him down into the Underworld. However a good soul will be brought to Paradise by a <i>Yayutshi</i> sent by Ulgen.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some shamans also made sacrifices to Erlik, for gaining a higher rank in the Underworld, if they should be damned to Hell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yazidism">Yazidism</h2></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a> there is no entity that represents evil in opposition to God; such <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualism</a> is rejected by Yazidis,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and evil is regarded as nonexistent.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yazidis adhere to strict monism and are prohibited from uttering the word "devil" and from speaking of anything related to <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualistic cosmology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Namah,_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035183.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035183.jpg/220px-Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035183.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035183.jpg/330px-Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035183.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035183.jpg/440px-Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035183.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="3947" /></a><figcaption>Ahriman Div being slain during a scene from the <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> probably introduced the first idea of the devil; a principle of evil independently existing apart from God.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell99_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell99-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Zoroastrianism, good and evil derive from two ultimately opposed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The force of good is called <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> and the "destructive spirit" in the <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan language</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> equivalent is <a href="/wiki/Ahriman" title="Ahriman">Ahriman</a>. They are in eternal struggle and neither is all-powerful, especially Angra Mainyu is limited to space and time: in the end of time, he will be finally defeated. While Ahura Mazda creates what is good, Angra Mainyu is responsible for every evil and suffering in the world, such as toads and scorpions.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell99_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell99-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iranian Zoroastrians also considered the <a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daeva</a> as devil creature, because of this in the <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>, it is mentioned as both Ahriman <a href="/wiki/Div_(mythology)" title="Div (mythology)">Div</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اهریمن دیو</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Ahriman Div</i></span>) as a devil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Devil_in_moral_philosophy">Devil in moral philosophy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spinoza">Spinoza</h3></div> <p>A non-published manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinoza</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics</a></i> contained a chapter (Chapter XXI) on the devil, where Spinoza examined whether the devil may exist or not. He defines the devil as an entity which is contrary to God.<sup id="cite_ref-Spinoza-1985_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinoza-1985-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 46">: 46 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spinoza-2007_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinoza-2007-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 150">: 150 </span></sup> However, if the devil is the opposite of God, the devil would consist of Nothingness, which does not exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Spinoza-1985_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinoza-1985-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 145">: 145 </span></sup> </p><p>In a paper called <i>On Devils</i>, he writes that we can a priori find out that such a thing cannot exist. Because the duration of a thing results in its degree of perfection, and the more essence a thing possess the more lasting it is, and since the devil has no perfection at all, it is impossible for the devil to be an existing thing.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 72">: 72 </span></sup> Evil or immoral behaviour in humans, such as anger, hate, envy, and all things for which the devil is blamed for could be explained without the proposal of a devil.<sup id="cite_ref-Spinoza-1985_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinoza-1985-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 145">: 145 </span></sup> Thus, the devil does not have any <a href="/wiki/Explanatory_power" title="Explanatory power">explanatory power</a> and should be dismissed (<a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a>). </p><p>Regarding evil through free choice, Spinoza asks how it can be that Adam would have chosen sin over his own well-being. Theology traditionally responds to this by asserting it is the devil who tempts humans into sin, but who would have tempted the devil? According to Spinoza, a rational being, such as the devil must have been, could not choose his own damnation.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The devil must have known his sin would lead to doom, thus the devil was not knowing, or the devil did not know his sin will lead to doom, thus the devil would not have been a rational being. Spinoza deducts a strict <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">moral agency</a> as a free choice, cannot exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Spinoza-1985_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinoza-1985-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 150">: 150 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kant">Kant</h3></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Religion_Within_the_Limits_of_Reason_Alone" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone">Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> uses the devil as the personification of maximum moral reprehensibility. Deviating from the common Christian idea, Kant does not locate the morally reprehensible in sensual urges. Since evil has to be <a href="/wiki/Intelligibility_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligibility (philosophy)">intelligible</a>, only when the sensual is consciously placed above the moral obligation can something be regarded as morally evil. Thus, to be evil, the devil must be able to comprehend morality but consciously reject it, and, as a <i>spiritual being</i> (<a href="/wiki/Geist" title="Geist">Geistwesen</a>), having no relation to any form of sensual pleasure. It is necessarily required for the devil to be a spiritual being because if the devil were also a sensual being, it would be possible that the devil does evil to satisfy lower sensual desires, and does not act from the mind alone. The devil acts against morals, not to satisfy sensual lust, but solely for the sake of evil. As such, the devil is unselfish, for he does not benefit from his evil deeds. </p><p>However, Kant denies that a human being could ever be completely devilish. Kant admits that there are devilish vices (ingratitude, envy, and malicious joy), i.e., vices that do not bring any personal advantage, but a person can never be completely a devil. In his <i>Lecture on Moral Philosophy</i> (1774/75) Kant gives an example of a tulip seller who was in possession of a rare tulip, but when he learned that another seller had the same tulip, he bought it from him and then destroyed it instead of keeping it for himself. If he had acted according to his sensual urges, the seller would have kept the tulip for himself to make a profit, but not have destroyed it. Nevertheless, the destruction of the tulip cannot be completely absolved from sensual impulses, since a sensual joy or relief still accompanies the destruction of the tulip and therefore cannot be thought of solely as a violation of morality.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 156-173">: 156-173 </span></sup> </p><p>Kant further argues that a (spiritual) devil would be a contradiction. If the devil would be defined by doing evil, the devil had no free choice in the first place. But if the devil had no free-choice, the devil could not have been held accountable for his actions, since he had no free will but was only following his nature.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2></div> <p>Honorifics or styles of address used to indicate devil-figures. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Ash-<a href="/wiki/Shaytan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaytan">Shaytan</a> "Satan", the attributive Arabic term referring to the devil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a>, Ahriman: "malign spirit", "unholy spirit"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><i>Der Leibhaftige [Teufel]</i> (German): "[the devil] in the flesh, corporeal"<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Diabolus, Diabolos</i> (Greek: Διάβολος)</li> <li>The Evil One</li> <li>The Father of Lies (John 8:44), in contrast to Jesus ("I am the truth").</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a>, name of the devil in Islam</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Lord of the Underworld</a> / Lord of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> / Lord of this world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> / the Morning Star (Greek and Roman): the bringer of light, illuminator; the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, often portrayed as Satan's name in Christianity</li> <li>Kölski (Iceland)<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephistopheles" title="Mephistopheles">Mephistopheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Scratch" title="Old Scratch">Old Scratch</a>, the Stranger, <a href="/wiki/Christian_teaching_about_the_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian teaching about the Devil">Old Nick</a>: a colloquialism for the devil, as indicated by the name of the character in the short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Devil_and_Tom_Walker" title="The Devil and Tom Walker">The Devil and Tom Walker</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_darkness_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of darkness (Manichaeism)">Prince of darkness</a>, the devil in Manichaeism</li> <li>Ruprecht (German form of <a href="/wiki/Robert" title="Robert">Robert</a>), a common name for the Devil in Germany (see <a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht (Knight Robert)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> / the Adversary, Accuser, Prosecutor; in Christianity, the devil</li> <li>(The ancient/old/crooked/coiling) <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (Bible)">Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voland" class="mw-redirect" title="Voland">Voland</a> (fictional character in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_belief">Contemporary belief</h2></div> <p>Opinion polls show that belief in the devil in Western countries is more common in the United States ... </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Belief in the devil in 1982<sup id="cite_ref-devil-oldridge-2012-90_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devil-oldridge-2012-90-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>U.S.</th> <th>U.K.</th> <th>France </th></tr> <tr> <td>Percentage</td> <td>~60</td> <td>21</td> <td>17 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>where it is more common among the religious, regular church goers, political conservatives, and the older and less well educated,<sup id="cite_ref-BRENAN-Gallup-belief_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRENAN-Gallup-belief-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ... but has declined in recent decades. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Belief in the devil in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year surveyed</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2000</th> <th>2016</th> <th>2023 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Percentage believing</td> <td>68</td> <td>70</td> <td>70</td> <td>61</td> <td>58 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil in popular culture">Devil in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Tyrolean area also <i>Tuifl</i><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-physical_entity" title="Non-physical entity">Non-physical entity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic Satanism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> all polling done in May of that year<sup id="cite_ref-Gallup.religion_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallup.religion-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell, <i>The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity</i>, Cornell University Press 1987 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3">978-0-801-49409-3</a>, pp. 11 and 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell, <i>The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity</i>, Cornell University Press 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3">978-0-801-49409-3</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1990" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1990). <i>Mephistopheles: The Devil in the Modern World</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9718-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9718-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-9718-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mephistopheles%3A+The+Devil+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9718-6&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell, <i>The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity</i>, Cornell University Press 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3">978-0-801-49409-3</a>, pp. 41–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell, <i>The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity</i>, Cornell University Press 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3">978-0-801-49409-3</a>, pp. 44 and 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arp,_Robert_2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arp,_Robert_2014_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arp,_Robert_2014_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arp, Robert. <i>The Devil and Philosophy: The Nature of His Game</i>. Open Court, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9880-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9880-0">978-0-8126-9880-0</a>. pp. 30–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceD-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell, <i>The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity</i>, Cornell University Press. 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3">978-0-801-49409-3</a>. p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddia%2Fbolos">διάβολος</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/devil">"Definition of DEVIL"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+DEVIL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdevil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Burton_Russell1987" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey Burton Russell (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D2-Na937xRYC"><i>The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 11, 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9409-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9409-5"><bdi>0-8014-9409-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%3A+Perceptions+of+Evil+from+Antiquity+to+Primitive+Christianity&rft.pages=11%2C+34&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8014-9409-5&rft.au=Jeffrey+Burton+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD2-Na937xRYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2006" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Henry Ansgar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gPIpQg0lRbMC&pg=PA12"><i>Satan: A Biography</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60402-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60402-4"><bdi>978-0-521-60402-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satan%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60402-4&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Henry+Ansgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgPIpQg0lRbMC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craige, W. A.; Onions, C. T. A. "Devil". <i>A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles: Introduction, Supplement, and Bibliography</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (1933) pp. 283–284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/304">"satan"</a>. <i>A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith</i>. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/304">304</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1"><bdi>1-85168-184-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=satan&rft.btitle=A+concise+encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85168-184-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope0000smit%2Fpage%2F304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahá'u'lláhBaháʼuʼlláh1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a>; Baháʼuʼlláh (1994) [1873–92]. "Tablet of the World". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/TB/tb-8.html#pg87"><i>Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas</i></a>. Wilmette, Illinois, US: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87743-174-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87743-174-4"><bdi>0-87743-174-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tablet+of+the+World&rft.btitle=Tablets+of+Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h+Revealed+After+the+Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas&rft.place=Wilmette%2C+Illinois%2C+US&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87743-174-4&rft.au=Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h&rft.au=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%CA%BCll%C3%A1h&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.bahai.org%2Fen%2Ft%2Fb%2FTB%2Ftb-8.html%23pg87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoghi Effendi quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornby1983" class="citation book cs1">Hornby, Helen (1983). Hornby, Helen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/hornby_lights_guidance_2&chapter=4#n1738"><i>Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File</i></a>. Baháʼí Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India. p. 513. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85091-46-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-85091-46-3"><bdi>81-85091-46-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lights+of+Guidance%3A+A+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Reference+File&rft.pages=513&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust%2C+New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=81-85091-46-3&rft.aulast=Hornby&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fhornby_lights_guidance_2%26chapter%3D4%23n1738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeming2005" class="citation book cs1">Leeming, David (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000leem"><i>The Oxford Companion to World Mythology</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press (US). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515669-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515669-0"><bdi>978-0-19-515669-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+Mythology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515669-0&rft.aulast=Leeming&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont0000leem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell, <i>The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity</i>, Cornell University Press 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3">978-0-801-49409-3</a>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/devil">"Definition of DEVIL"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+DEVIL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdevil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritscher2004" class="citation book cs1">Fritscher, Jack (2004). <i>Popular Witchcraft: Straight from the Witch's Mouth</i>. Popular Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-20304-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-20304-2"><bdi>0-299-20304-2</bdi></a>. <q>The pig, goat, ram—all of these creatures are consistently associated with the Devil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Witchcraft%3A+Straight+from+the+Witch%27s+Mouth&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Popular+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-299-20304-2&rft.aulast=Fritscher&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">12:9, 20:2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">12:31, 14:30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2:2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%202:2&version=nrsv">2 Corinthians 2:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_4" title="Matthew 4">Matthew 4</a>:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 12:24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/devil.htm">"Do you Believe in a Devil? Bible Teaching on Temptation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529141551/http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/devil.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+you+Believe+in+a+Devil%3F+Bible+Teaching+on+Temptation.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christadelphia.org%2Fpamphlet%2Fdevil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"But by the envy of the devil, death came into the world" – Book of Wisdom II. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/2_Enoch" title="2 Enoch">2 Enoch</a> 18:3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"And I threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless" – <a href="/wiki/2_Enoch" title="2 Enoch">2 Enoch</a> 29:4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The devil is the evil spirit of the lower places, as a fugitive he made Sotona from the heavens as his name was Satanail, thus he became different from the angels, but his nature did not change his intelligence as far as his understanding of righteous and sinful things" – <a href="/wiki/2_Enoch" title="2 Enoch">2 Enoch</a> 31:4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Isaiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom of Isaiah">Martyrdom of Isaiah</a></i>, 2:2; <i><a href="/wiki/Vita_Ad%C3%A6_et_Ev%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Vita Adæ et Evæ">Vita Adæ et Evæ</a></i>, 16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, xvii. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcion-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marcion_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcion_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Marcionites"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Marcionites">"Marcionites" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marcionites&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apelles-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apelles_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Gnosticism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Gnosticism">"Gnosticism" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gnosticism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birger A. Pearson <i>Gnosticism Judaism Egyptian</i> Fortress Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0434-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0434-0">978-1-4514-0434-0</a> p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rouner, Leroy (1983). <i>The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 166. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22748-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22748-7">978-0-664-22748-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell, <i>Lucifer: The Devil in the Middle Ages</i>, Cornell University Press 1986 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49429-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49429-1">978-0-801-49429-1</a>, pp. 187–188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer <i>The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition</i> Shambhala Publications 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-834-82414-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-834-82414-0">978-0-834-82414-0</a> p. 764</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane Dammen McAuliffe <i>Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān</i> Brill 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14764-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14764-5">978-90-04-14764-5</a> p. 526</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceE-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell, <i>Lucifer: The Devil in the Middle Ages</i>, Cornell University Press 1986 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49429-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49429-1">978-0-801-49429-1</a>, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin W. McCraw, Robert Arp <i>Philosophical Approaches to the Devil</i> Routledge 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39221-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39221-7">978-1-317-39221-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceF-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceF_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceF_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerald D. Gort, Henry Jansen, Hendrik M. Vroom <i>Probing the Depths of Evil and Good: Multireligious Views and Case Studies</i> Rodopi 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2231-7">978-90-420-2231-7</a> p. 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/17?startingVerse=62">17:62</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceG-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceG_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceG_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerald D. Gort, Henry Jansen, Hendrik M. Vroom <i>Probing the Depths of Evil and Good: Multireligious Views and Case Studies</i> Rodopi 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2231-7">978-90-420-2231-7</a> p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerald D. Gort, Henry Jansen, Hendrik M. Vroom <i>Probing the Depths of Evil and Good: Multireligious Views and Case Studies</i> Rodopi 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2231-7">978-90-420-2231-7</a> pp. 254–255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell, <i>The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity</i>, Cornell University Press 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3">978-0-801-49409-3</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharpe, Elizabeth Marie <i>Into the realm of smokeless fire: (Qur'an 55:14): A critical translation of al-Damiri's article on the jinn from "Hayat al-Hayawan al-Kubra</i> 1953 The University of Arizona download date: 15/03/2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Zein2009" class="citation book cs1">El-Zein, Amira (2009). <i>Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn</i>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815650706" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815650706"><bdi>978-0815650706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Arabs%2C+and+Intelligent+World+of+the+Jinn&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0815650706&rft.aulast=El-Zein&rft.aufirst=Amira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicchio2008" class="citation book cs1">Vicchio, Stephen J. (2008). <i>Biblical Figures in the Islamic Faith</i>. Eugene, Oregon: <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock" title="Wipf and Stock">Wipf and Stock</a>. pp. 175–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1556353048" title="Special:BookSources/978-1556353048"><bdi>978-1556353048</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Figures+in+the+Islamic+Faith&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=175-185&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1556353048&rft.aulast=Vicchio&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadiAhmadi1998" class="citation book cs1">Ahmadi, Nader; Ahmadi, Fereshtah (1998). <i>Iranian Islam: The Concept of the Individual</i>. Berlin, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Axel_Springer" title="Axel Springer">Axel Springer</a>. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37349-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37349-5"><bdi>978-0-230-37349-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+Islam%3A+The+Concept+of+the+Individual&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Axel+Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-230-37349-5&rft.aulast=Ahmadi&rft.aufirst=Nader&rft.au=Ahmadi%2C+Fereshtah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoutmanKadariPoorthuisTohar2016" class="citation book cs1">Houtman, Alberdina; Kadari, Tamar; Poorthuis, Marcel; Tohar, Vered (2016). <i>Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception</i>. Leiden, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-33481-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-33481-6"><bdi>978-9-004-33481-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Stories+in+Transformation%3A+Conflict%2C+Revision+and+Reception&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Germany&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9-004-33481-6&rft.aulast=Houtman&rft.aufirst=Alberdina&rft.au=Kadari%2C+Tamar&rft.au=Poorthuis%2C+Marcel&rft.au=Tohar%2C+Vered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amira El-Zein <i>Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn</i> Syracuse University Press 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5070-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5070-6">978-0-8156-5070-6</a> p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell, <i>The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity</i>, Cornell University Press, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3">978-0-801-49409-3</a>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceH-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceH_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceH_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cenap Çakmak <i>Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes]</i> ABC-CLIO 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-610-69217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-610-69217-5">978-1-610-69217-5</a> p. 1399</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceI-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceI_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceI_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fereshteh Ahmadi, Nader Ahmadi <i>Iranian Islam: The Concept of the Individual</i> Springer 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37349-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37349-5">978-0-230-37349-5</a> p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nils G. Holm, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9unBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">The Human Symbolic Construction of Reality: A Psycho-Phenomenological Study</a></i>, LIT Verlag Münster, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90526-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90526-0">978-3-643-90526-0</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/shaitan">"Shaitan, Islamic Mythology"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. Retrieved 23 June 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Gauvain, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ6gL2iwhy8C&pg=PA74">Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God</a></i>, Routledge, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-1356-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-1356-0">978-0-7103-1356-0</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bullard, A. (2022). Spiritual and Mental Health Crisis in Globalizing Senegal: A History of Transcultural Psychiatry. US: Taylor & Francis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, Mark. Java, Indonesia and Islam. Deutschland, Springer Netherlands, 2010. p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fereshteh Ahmadi, Nader Ahmadi <i>Iranian Islam: The Concept of the Individual</i> Springer 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37349-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37349-5">978-0-230-37349-5</a> p. 81-82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John O'Kane, Bernd Radtke, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BsrbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">The Concept of Sainthood in Early Islamic Mysticism: Two Works by Al-Hakim Al-Tirmidhi – An Annotated Translation with Introduction</a></i>, Routledge, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79309-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79309-7">978-1-136-79309-7</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter J. Awn, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D4D3S2iwnUQC&pg=PA93">Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblis in Sufi Psychology</a></i>, BRILL, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06906-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06906-0">978-90-04-06906-0</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorsten Gerald Schneiders, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cKkWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA392">Salafismus in Deutschland: Ursprünge und Gefahren einer islamisch-fundamentalistischen Bewegung</a></i>, transcript Verlag 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8394-2711-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8394-2711-8">978-3-8394-2711-8</a>, p. 392 (German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Gauvain, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ6gL2iwhy8C&pg=PA74">Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God</a></i>, Routledge, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-1356-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-1356-0">978-0-7103-1356-0</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leezenberg, Michiel. "Evil: A comparative overview." The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Evil (2019): 360-380. p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leezenberg, Michiel. "Evil: A comparative overview." The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Evil (2019): 360-380. p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leezenberg, Michiel. "Evil: A comparative overview." The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Evil (2019): 360-380. p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Gauvain, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ6gL2iwhy8C&pg=PA68">Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God</a></i>, Routledge, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-1356-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-1356-0">978-0-7103-1356-0</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Gauvain, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ6gL2iwhy8C&pg=PA69">Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God</a></i>, Routledge, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-1356-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-1356-0">978-0-7103-1356-0</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kiefer, Jörg Hüttermann, Bacem Dziri, Rauf Ceylan, Viktoria Roth, Fabian Srowig, Andreas Zick <i>"Lasset uns in shaʼa Allah ein Plan machen": Fallgestützte Analyse der Radikalisierung einer WhatsApp-Gruppe</i> Springer-Verlag 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-17950-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-658-17950-2">978-3-658-17950-2</a> p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janusz Biene, Christopher Daase, Julian Junk, Harald Müller <i>Salafismus und Dschihadismus in Deutschland: Ursachen, Dynamiken, Handlungsempfehlungen</i> Campus Verlag 2016 9783593506371 p. 177 (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell, <i>The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity</i>, Cornell University Press 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3">978-0-801-49409-3</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, David R. (2004). <i>Enochic Judaism. London: T&T Clark International.</i> pp. 2–4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-7089-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-7089-0">0-8264-7089-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell, <i>The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity</i>, Cornell University Press 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3">978-0-801-49409-3</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR_Saadi-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GR_Saadi_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GR_Saadi_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-SaadiAl-Saadi2019" class="citation book cs1">Al-Saadi, Qais Mughashghash; Al-Saadi, Hamed Mughashghash (2019). "Glossary". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.de/Ginza-Rabba-English-Translation-Drabsha/dp/B00A3GO458"><i>Ginza Rabba: The Great Treasure. An equivalent translation of the Mandaean Holy Book</i></a> (2 ed.). Drabsha.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft.btitle=Ginza+Rabba%3A+The+Great+Treasure.+An+equivalent+translation+of+the+Mandaean+Holy+Book&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Drabsha&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Al-Saadi&rft.aufirst=Qais+Mughashghash&rft.au=Al-Saadi%2C+Hamed+Mughashghash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.de%2FGinza-Rabba-English-Translation-Drabsha%2Fdp%2FB00A3GO458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldihisi2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Aldihisi, Sabah (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444088/"><i>The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba</i></a> (PhD). University College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+story+of+creation+in+the+Mandaean+holy+book+in+the+Ginza+Rba&rft.inst=University+College+London&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Aldihisi&rft.aufirst=Sabah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1444088%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley_2002-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2002" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). <i>The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515385-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515385-5"><bdi>0-19-515385-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65198443">65198443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans%3A+ancient+texts+and+modern+people&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65198443&rft.isbn=0-19-515385-5&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GB-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GB_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deutsch, Nathniel (2003). Mandaean Literature. In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnstoneMeyer2003" class="citation book cs1">Barnstone, Willis; Meyer, Marvin (2003). <i>The Gnostic Bible</i>. Boston & London: Shambhala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Bible&rft.place=Boston+%26+London&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Barnstone&rft.aufirst=Willis&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drower-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drower_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower1937" class="citation book cs1">Drower, E.S. (1937). <i>The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans+of+Iraq+and+Iran&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=E.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mani2-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mani2_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani2_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Acta Archelai</i> of Hegemonius, Chapter XII, c. AD 350, quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/%7Eiranian/Manicheism/Manicheism_II_Texts.pdf"><i>Translated Texts</i></a> of Manicheism, compiled by Prods Oktor Skjærvø, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mani3-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mani3_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani3_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">History of the <i>Acta Archelai</i> explained in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/%7Eiranian/Manicheism/Manicheism_I_Intro.pdf"><i>Introduction</i></a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer <i>The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition</i> Shambhala Publications 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-834-82414-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-834-82414-0">978-0-834-82414-0</a> p. 596</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer <i>The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition</i> Shambhala Publications 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-834-82414-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-834-82414-0">978-0-834-82414-0</a> p. 598</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mani1-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mani1_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themystica.org/mystica/articles/m/manichaenism.html"><i>Manichaeism</i></a> by Alan G. Hefner in <i>The Mystica</i>, undated</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mircea Eliade <i>History of Religious Ideas, Volume 3: From Muhammad to the Age of Reforms</i> University of Chicago Press, 31 December 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14772-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14772-7">978-0-226-14772-7</a> p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Adams Leeming <i>A Dictionary of Creation Myths</i> Oxford University Press 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510275-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510275-8">978-0-19-510275-8</a> p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plantagenet Publishing <i>The Cambridge Medieval History Series volumes 1–5</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birgül Açikyildiz <i>The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion</i> I.B. Tauris 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-72061-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-72061-0">978-0-857-72061-0</a> p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wadie Jwaideh <i>The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development</i> Syracuse University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-815-63093-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-815-63093-7">978-0-815-63093-7</a> p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florin Curta, Andrew Holt <i>Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]</i> ABC-CLIO 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-610-69566-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-610-69566-4">978-1-610-69566-4</a> p. 513</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell99-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russell99_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell99_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell, <i>The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity</i>, Cornell University Press 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-49409-3">978-0-801-49409-3</a>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John R. Hinnells <i>The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration</i> OUP Oxford 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-191-51350-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-191-51350-3">978-0-191-51350-3</a> p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spinoza-1985-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spinoza-1985_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spinoza-1985_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spinoza-1985_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spinoza-1985_94-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">, B. d., Spinoza, B. (1985). <i>The Collected Works of Spinoza, Volume I.</i> Vereinigtes Königreich: Princeton University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spinoza-2007-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spinoza-2007_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jarrett, C. (2007). Spinoza: A Guide for the Perplexed. Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guthrie, S. L. (2018). Gods of this World: A Philosophical Discussion and Defense of Christian Demonology. US: Pickwick Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polka, B. (2007). Between Philosophy and Religion, Vol. II: Spinoza, the Bible, and Modernity. Ukraine: Lexington Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hendrik Klinge: Die moralische Stufenleiter: Kant über Teufel, Menschen, Engel und Gott. Walter de Gruyter, 2018, ISBN 978-3-11-057620-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formosa, Paul. "Kant on the limits of human evil." <i>Journal of Philosophical Research</i> 34 (2009): 189–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimm, <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Deutsches Wörterbuch">Deutsches Wörterbuch</a></i> s.v. "leibhaftig": "gern in bezug auf den teufel: <i>dasz er kein mensch möchte sein, sondern ein leibhaftiger teufel.</i> volksbuch von dr. <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a> […] <i>der auch blosz der leibhaftige heiszt, so in Tirol.</i> Fromm. 6, 445; <i>wenn ich dén sehe, wäre es mir immer, der leibhaftige wäre da und wolle mich nehmen</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jeremias_Gotthelf" title="Jeremias Gotthelf">J. Gotthelf</a> Uli d. pächter (1870) 345 <i></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207014220/http://www.visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=4793">"Vísindavefurinn: How many words are there in Icelandic for the devil?"</a>. Visindavefur.hi.is. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=4793">the original</a> on 7 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=V%C3%ADsindavefurinn%3A+How+many+words+are+there+in+Icelandic+for+the+devil%3F&rft.pub=Visindavefur.hi.is&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisindavefur.hi.is%2Fsvar.asp%3Fid%3D4793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-devil-oldridge-2012-90-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-devil-oldridge-2012-90_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldridge2012" class="citation book cs1">Oldridge, Darren (2012). <i>The Devil, a Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 90–91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%2C+a+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Oldridge&rft.aufirst=Darren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRENAN-Gallup-belief-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BRENAN-Gallup-belief_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBRENAN2023" class="citation web cs1">BRENAN, MEGAN (20 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/508886/belief-five-spiritual-entities-edges-down-new-lows.aspx">"Belief in Five Spiritual Entities Edges Down to New Lows"</a>. <i>Gallup</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup&rft.atitle=Belief+in+Five+Spiritual+Entities+Edges+Down+to+New+Lows&rft.date=2023-07-20&rft.aulast=BRENAN&rft.aufirst=MEGAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F508886%2Fbelief-five-spiritual-entities-edges-down-new-lows.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallup.religion-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gallup.religion_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/religion.aspx">"Religion"</a>. <i>Gallup</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup&rft.atitle=Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F1690%2Freligion.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://derstandard.at/2000068141869/Krampus-Gezaehmter-Teufel-mit-grotesker-Maennlichkeit">Krampus: Gezähmter Teufel mit grotesker Männlichkeit</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Der_Standard" title="Der Standard">Der Standard</a> from 5 December 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kleinezeitung.at/steiermark/5327375/KrampusLaeufe_Wo-heut-der-Teufel-los-ist">Wo heut der Teufel los ist</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kleine_Zeitung" title="Kleine Zeitung">Kleine Zeitung</a> from 25 November 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religion.orf.at/stories/2811496/">Krampusläufe: Tradition trifft Tourismus</a>, in <a href="/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)" title="ORF (broadcaster)">ORF</a> from 4 December 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://derstandard.at/2000069058111/Ein-schiacher-Krampen-hat-immer-Saison">Ein schiacher Krampen hat immer Saison</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Der_Standard" title="Der Standard">Der Standard</a> from 5 December 2017</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Devil" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Devil"><i>Devil</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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title="q:Special:Search/Devil">Devil</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kent, William Henry (1908). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Devil"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Devil">"Devil" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Devil&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarvie1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Garvie, Alfred Ernest (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Devil"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Devil">"Devil" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). pp. 121–123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Devil&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=121-123&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Garvie&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04764a.htm">Entry</a> from the New Advent <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1093498/jewish/Can-You-Sell-Your-Soul-to-the-Devil.htm">Can you sell your soul to the Devil?</a> A Jewish view on the Devil</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #c21d03; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satan" title="Template:Satan"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satan" title="Template talk:Satan"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satan"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Satan</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #c21d03; color:white;;width:1%">In the Bible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Sower" title="Parable of the Sower">Parable of the Sower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Strong_Man" title="Parable of the Strong Man">Parable of the Strong Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Tares" title="Parable of the Tares">Parable of the Tares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">The Sheep and the Goats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg/150px-Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg/225px-Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg/300px-Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="2787" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #c21d03; color:white;;width:1%">Deuterocanonical works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_Adam_and_Eve_with_Satan" title="Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan">Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="Life of Adam and Eve">Life of Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questions_of_Bartholomew" title="Questions of Bartholomew">Questions of Bartholomew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #c21d03; color:white;;width:1%">Other names & related figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahriman" title="Ahriman">Ahriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet">Baphomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel%27s_cherub_in_Eden" title="Ezekiel's cherub in Eden">Ezekiel's cherub in Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></li> <li>His Infernal Majesty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a></li> <li>Mr. S</li> <li>Old Scratch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temeluchus" title="Temeluchus">Temeluchus</a></li> <li>The Adversary</li> <li>The Big D</li> <li>The Father of Lies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_darkness_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of darkness (Manichaeism)">The Dark Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">The Devil</a></li> <li>The Evil One</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Darkness_(Satan)" title="Prince of Darkness (Satan)">The Prince of Darkness</a></li> <li>The Wicked One</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yetzer_hara" title="Yetzer hara">Yetzer Hara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #c21d03; color:white;;width:1%">In literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Goethe's Faust">Goethe's Faust</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Faust,_Part_One" title="Faust, Part One">Faust, Part One</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faust,_Part_Two" title="Faust, Part Two">Faust, Part Two</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Satan" title="Dante's Satan">Dante's Satan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Faust" title="Johann Georg Faust">Johann Georg Faust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephistopheles" title="Mephistopheles">Mephistopheles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Regained" title="Paradise Regained">Paradise Regained</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Heaven_and_Hell" title="The Marriage of Heaven and Hell">The Marriage of Heaven and Hell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(play)" title="Doctor Faustus (play)">The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Summoner%27s_Tale" title="The Summoner's Tale">The Summoner's Tale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #c21d03; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#ffffff">Satanism</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After_School_Satan" title="After School Satan">After School Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mass" title="Black Mass">Black Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cutter_v._Wilkinson" title="Cutter v. Wilkinson">Cutter v. Wilkinson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Satanic_Church" title="First Satanic Church">First Satanic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_and_lesser_magic" title="Greater and lesser magic">Greater and lesser magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotto_(Satanism)" title="Grotto (Satanism)">Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Satan" title="Hail Satan">Hail Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_of_Satan" class="mw-redirect" title="Joy of Satan">Joy of Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladists" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladists">Palladists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satan_Speaks!" title="Satan Speaks!">Satan Speaks!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satan_Takes_a_Holiday" title="Satan Takes a Holiday">Satan Takes a Holiday</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil_of_Baphomet" title="Sigil of Baphomet">Sigil of Baphomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Black_Light" title="Temple of the Black Light">Temple of the Black Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic Satanism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Notebook" title="The Devil's Notebook">The Devil's Notebook</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_infernal_names" title="The infernal names">The infernal names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_of_Saint-S%C3%A9caire" title="The Mass of Saint-Sécaire">The Mass of Saint-Sécaire</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Bible" title="The Satanic Bible">The Satanic Bible</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Rituals" title="The Satanic Rituals">The Satanic Rituals</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple" title="The Satanic Temple">The Satanic Temple</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Witch" title="The Satanic Witch">The Satanic Witch</a></i></li></ul> 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