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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Predecessor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predecessor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Predecessor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predecessor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Executive_Bureau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Executive_Bureau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>The Executive Bureau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Executive_Bureau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_statutory_commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_statutory_commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>A statutory commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_statutory_commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_the_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_the_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Creation of the Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_the_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Membership expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_1986_EDSA_People_Power_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_1986_EDSA_People_Power_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>After the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_1986_EDSA_People_Power_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007_impeachment_complaint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007_impeachment_complaint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>2007 impeachment complaint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007_impeachment_complaint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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id="toc-ZTE_broadband_contract_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hello_Garci_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hello_Garci_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hello Garci scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hello_Garci_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mega_Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mega_Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mega Pacific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mega_Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Website_hacking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Website_hacking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Website hacking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Website_hacking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_National_Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_National_Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>2022 National Elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_National_Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Threat_of_jailing_critics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threat_of_jailing_critics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Threat of jailing critics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threat_of_jailing_critics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_Alice_Guo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_Alice_Guo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Election of Alice Guo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_Alice_Guo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Philippine independent constitutional commission</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki 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10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Commission on Elections<br /><i>Komisyon sa Halalan</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Commission_on_Elections_(COMELEC).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Commission_on_Elections_%28COMELEC%29.svg/220px-Commission_on_Elections_%28COMELEC%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Commission_on_Elections_%28COMELEC%29.svg/330px-Commission_on_Elections_%28COMELEC%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Commission_on_Elections_%28COMELEC%29.svg/440px-Commission_on_Elections_%28COMELEC%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Official seal</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_Del_Gobernador_(Intramuros,_Manila;_07-22-2020)_wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Palacio_Del_Gobernador_%28Intramuros%2C_Manila%3B_07-22-2020%29_wiki.jpg/220px-Palacio_Del_Gobernador_%28Intramuros%2C_Manila%3B_07-22-2020%29_wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Palacio_Del_Gobernador_%28Intramuros%2C_Manila%3B_07-22-2020%29_wiki.jpg/330px-Palacio_Del_Gobernador_%28Intramuros%2C_Manila%3B_07-22-2020%29_wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Palacio_Del_Gobernador_%28Intramuros%2C_Manila%3B_07-22-2020%29_wiki.jpg/440px-Palacio_Del_Gobernador_%28Intramuros%2C_Manila%3B_07-22-2020%29_wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Palacio_del_Gobernador" title="Palacio del Gobernador">Palacio del Gobernador</a>, head office</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">COMELEC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Department of Interior</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">August 22, 1940<span class="noprint">; 84 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1940-08-22</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palacio_del_Gobernador" title="Palacio del Gobernador">Palacio del Gobernador</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>General Luna Street corner Andres Soriano Jr. Avenue, <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 chairperson, 6 commissioners</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairperson</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Erwin_M._Garcia" class="mw-redirect" title="George Erwin M. Garcia">George Erwin M. Garcia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Budget </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₱14.6</span> billion (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-GAAFY2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAAFY2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comelec.gov.ph">www<wbr />.comelec<wbr />.gov<wbr />.ph</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines" title="Constitutional reform in the Philippines">Charter Change</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_laws" title="List of Philippine laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal 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Philippines">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="19th Congress of the Philippines">19th Congress</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Senate of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Romualdez" title="Martin Romualdez">Martin Romualdez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a>)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Congressional districts of the Philippines">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Party-list representation</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Parliament" title="Bangsamoro Parliament">Bangsamoro Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlalawigan" title="Sangguniang Panlalawigan">Provincial boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlungsod" title="Sangguniang Panlungsod">City councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Bayan" title="Sangguniang Bayan">Municipal councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Barangay" title="Sangguniang Barangay">Barangay councils</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief Justice of the Philippines">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gesmundo" title="Alexander Gesmundo">Alexander Gesmundo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Tax_Appeals" title="Court of Tax Appeals">Court of Tax Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandiganbayan" title="Sandiganbayan">Sandiganbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_the_Philippines" title="Ombudsman of the Philippines">Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarungang_Pambarangay" title="Katarungang Pambarangay">Barangay justice</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Commission#Philippines" title="Constitutional Commission">Constitutional commissions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Commission_(Philippines)" title="Civil Service Commission (Philippines)">Civil Service Commission</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Barua-Yap" title="Marilyn Barua-Yap">Marilyn Barua-Yap</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Audit_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Audit (Philippines)">Commission on Audit</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_Cordoba" title="Gamaliel Cordoba">Gamaliel Cordoba</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commission on Elections</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/George_Garcia" title="George Garcia">George Garcia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>General <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election" title="2019 Philippine general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election" title="2025 Philippine general election">2025</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Barangay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="2013 Philippine barangay elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2023 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2023</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines" title="Referendums in the Philippines">Referendums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akbayan" title="Akbayan">Akbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksyon_Demokratiko" title="Aksyon Demokratiko">Aksyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino">LDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition" title="Nationalist People's Coalition">NPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Philippines)" title="National Unity Party (Philippines)">NUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Federal_ng_Pilipinas" title="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_para_sa_Demokratikong_Reporma" title="Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma">Reporma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Demokratiko_Pilipino" title="Partido Demokratiko Pilipino">PDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Autonomous regions of the Philippines">Autonomous regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines" title="Municipalities of the Philippines">Municipalities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangays</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitios</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Puroks</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Commission on Elections</b> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Komisyon sa Halalan</i>), abbreviated as <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span></b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_commissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional commissions">constitutional commissions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Its principal role is to enforce all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">elections in the Philippines</a>. </p><p>The other two Constitutional Commissions are the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Audit_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Audit (Philippines)">Commission on Audit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Commission_(Philippines)" title="Civil Service Commission (Philippines)">Civil Service Commission</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Article IX-C, Section 2 of the <a href="/wiki/1987_Constitution_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Constitution of the Philippines">1987 Constitution of the Philippines</a>, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) shall exercise the following powers and functions:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Enforce and administer all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of an election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, and recall.</li> <li>Exercise exclusive original jurisdiction over all contests relating to the <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a>, returns, and qualifications of all elective regional, provincial, and city officials, and appellate jurisdiction over all contests involving elective municipal officials decided by trial courts of general jurisdiction, or involving elective barangay officials decided by trial courts of limited jurisdiction. Decisions, final orders, or rulings of the commission on election contests involving elective municipal and barangay offices shall be final, executory, and not appealable.</li> <li>Decide, except those involving the right to vote, all questions affecting elections, including determination of the number and location of polling places, appointment of election officials and inspectors, and registration of voters.</li> <li>Deputize, with the concurrence of the President, law enforcement agencies and instrumentalities of the Government, including the Armed Forces of the Philippines, for the exclusive purpose of ensuring free, orderly, honest, peaceful, and credible elections.</li> <li>Register, after sufficient publication, political parties, organizations, or coalitions which, in addition to other requirements, must present their platform or program of government; and accredit citizens’ arms of the Commission on Elections. Religious denominations and sects shall not be registered. Those which seek to achieve their goals through violence or unlawful means, or refuse to uphold and adhere to this Constitution, or which are supported by any foreign government shall likewise be refused registration. Financial contributions from foreign governments and their agencies to political parties, organizations, coalitions, or candidates related to elections constitute interference in national affairs, and, when accepted, shall be an additional ground for the cancellation of their registration with the commission, in addition to other penalties that may be prescribed by law.</li> <li>File, upon a verified complaint, or on its own initiative, petitions in court for inclusion or exclusion of voters; investigate and, where appropriate, prosecute cases of violations of election laws, including acts or omissions constituting election frauds, offenses, and malpractices.</li> <li>Recommend to the Congress effective measures to minimize election spending, including limitation of places where propaganda materials shall be posted, and to prevent and penalize all forms of election frauds, offenses, malpractices, and nuisance candidacies.</li> <li>Recommend to the President the removal of any officer or employee it has deputized, or the imposition of any other disciplinary action, for violation or disregard of, or disobedience to its directive, order, or decision.</li> <li>Submit to the President and the Congress a comprehensive report on the conduct of each election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, or recall.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1978_Commission_on_Elections.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1978_Commission_on_Elections.jpg/220px-1978_Commission_on_Elections.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1978_Commission_on_Elections.jpg/330px-1978_Commission_on_Elections.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1978_Commission_on_Elections.jpg/440px-1978_Commission_on_Elections.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The 1978 Commission was composed of [from left] Commissioners Flores A. Bayot, Venancio Duque, Chairman Leonardo Perez, Commissioners Domingo Pabalete and Vicente Santiago (not in the photo).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predecessor">Predecessor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Predecessor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Executive_Bureau">The Executive Bureau</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Executive Bureau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span> was created by a 1940 amendment to the 1935 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a>. Prior to the creation of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span>, supervision over the conduct of elections was vested by law in the Executive Bureau under the Department of Interior and, later directly by the same department. The secretary of interior saw to it that local authorities performed the ministerial duties assigned to them by the Election Code. He decided administrative questions concerning elections. The courts, however, exercised exclusive and final jurisdiction over questions affecting the right to vote as well as contested elections of local elective officials. Elections contests involving members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines" title="National Assembly of the Philippines">National Assembly</a> were judged solely by an electoral commission composed of three justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a> and six members of the National Assembly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_statutory_commission">A statutory commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: A statutory commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In view, however, of the close official ties between the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president</a> and the secretary of interior, there was always the danger of a partisan secretary of the interior exploiting his powers and influence to ensure the victory of his party at the polls. As a consequence, the constitution was amended in 1940 to create an independent Commission on Elections, composed of a chairman and two other members, to take over the functions of the secretary of the interior relative to the elections. but since the amendments could not be effective in time for the 1940 elections, the National Assembly, by Commonwealth Act No. 607, created a Commission on Elections, giving thereto the same powers which the Commission on Elections could have under the amended constitution. The statutory commission supervised the conduct of the December 10, 1940, local Philippine elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_the_Commission">Creation of the Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Creation of the Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constitutional amendment creating the Commission on Elections was finally approved on December 2, 1940. On June 21, 1941, Commonwealth Act No. 657 was enacted reorganizing the Commission on Elections as a constitutional entity. The members of the statutory commission continued as members of the constitutional commission. </p><p>The chairman and members of the commission had a fixed term of nine years each – a member being replaced every three years except in the first commission. They could be removed from office only by <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a>. They were provided with fixed salaries which could neither be increased nor diminished during their term of office. These were safeguards to ensure the independence of the commission. </p><p>The administrative control of elections exercised by the secretary of interior was transferred to the Commission on Elections. The commission was vested with the exclusive charge of enforcing and administering all laws relative to elections and power to decide all questions affecting elections, except those involving the right to vote, which were left to final judicial determination. The courts and electoral tribunals retained their original powers over election contests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership_expansion">Membership expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Membership expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1973 Constitution enlarged the membership of the commission from three to nine members but reduced their term of office from nine years to seven years. As in the 1935 Constitution, the chairman and commissioners have staggered terms of office and could be removed from office only by impeachment. </p><p>First to serve in the Commission on Elections under the 1973 Constitution were former Senator <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Perez_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo Perez (politician)">Leonardo B. Perez</a>, as chairman, and Venacio S. Duque, Flores A. Bayot, Jose M. Mendoza, Fernando R. Veloso, Lininding Pangandaman, Venancio L. Yaneza and Casimiro R. Madarang Jr. as commissioners. Commissioner Pangandaman, the first Muslim commissioner of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span>, was appointed ambassador by President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> even before the expiration of his term. His unexpired term was taken over by Commissioner Hashim R. Abubakar. </p><p>On May 17, 1980, Chairman Perez (who was later appointed minister on political affairs by President Marcos) and Commissioners Duque and Bayot, after completing their seven-years term, retired. Commissioner Santiago succeeded Perez, and the following were appointed commissioners: Domingo C. Pabalete; Victorino A. Savellano; Jaime C. Opinion; Noli Sagadraca; Romeo Firme: Luis Lardizabal and Ide C. Tillah. With Commissioner Lardizabal the membership of the commission was thus increased to eight, one short of the full complement of nine. </p><p>Upon the retirement of Commissioners Firme, Tillah and Lardizabal on May 17, 1983, the Commission on Elections was composed of only five members. On March 21, 1983, two new members were appointed by President Marcos, namely: Froilan Bacungan and Ramon H. Felipe Jr. With the retirement of Chairman Santiago and Commissioners Pabalete and Sagadraca on May 17, 1984, Savellano was appointed chairman. Three new members were appointed on July 27, 1985, namely: Commissioners Quirino A. Marquinez, Mangontawar Guro and Mario D. Ortiz. On January 31, 1986, Commissioners Ruben C. Agpalo and Jaime Layosa were appointed to finally complete the required membership of nine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_1986_EDSA_People_Power_Revolution">After the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the tumultuous February 7, 1986 <a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">snap elections</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a>, Chairman Savellano and all the commissioners of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span> tendered their courtesy resignations which, except those of Commissioners Bacungan and Felipe, were accepted by President <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon C. Aquino</a>. </p><p>On April 11, 1986, Commissioner Felipe was appointed acting chairman. On July 23, 1986, he took his oath of office as permanent chairman, together with Commissioners Leopoldo Africa, <a href="/wiki/Haydee_Yorac" title="Haydee Yorac">Haydee Yorac</a>, Andres Flores, Anacleto Badoy, and Dario Rama as members of the "new" Commission on Elections. On February 15, 1988, <a href="/wiki/Hilario_G._Davide_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Hilario G. Davide Jr.">Hilario G. Davide Jr.</a> was appointed chairman, with Alfredo E. Abueg Jr., Haydee B. Yorac, Leopoldo L. Africa, Andres R. Flores, Dario C. Rama and Magdara B. Dimaampao as commissioners. Commissioner Haydee B. Yorac was appointed as acting chairman when Hilario G. Davide Jr. was appointed chairman of the Presidential Fact Finding Commission in December 1989, pursuant to Administrative Order No. 146. On June 6, 1991 <a href="/wiki/Christian_Monsod" title="Christian Monsod">Christian Monsod</a> was appointed by President Aquino as chairman of the commission to serve the unexpired term of Davide. </p><p>When Monsod retired on February 15, 1995, President <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a> appointed Court of Appeals Justice <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_P._Pardo" title="Bernardo P. Pardo">Bernardo Pardo</a> as chairman of the commission. Pardo's term was cut short when he was appointed by President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> as associate justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a> in October 1998. Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Luzviminda_Tancangco" title="Luzviminda Tancangco">Luzviminda Tancangco</a> was appointed acting chairman of the commission. </p><p>On January 11, 1999, President Estrada appointed <a href="/wiki/Sandiganbayan" title="Sandiganbayan">Sandiganbayan</a> Justice <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Demetriou" title="Harriet Demetriou">Harriet Demetriou</a> as chairman of the commission. After the events of January 17 to 20, 2001 that led to the ouster and resignation of President Estrada from power, Demetriou tendered her courtesy resignation which was accepted by President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a>. </p><p>On February 19, 2001, President Arroyo appointed Justice <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Benipayo" title="Alfredo Benipayo">Alfredo Benipayo</a> as chairman of the commission. However, the Commission on Appointments did not confirm his appointment due to opposition of some commissioners led by Luzviminda Tancangco. On June 5, 2002, President Arroyo appointed <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Manila_Development_Authority" title="Metropolitan Manila Development Authority">Metropolitan Manila Development Authority</a> chairman and former <a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Abalos" title="Benjamin Abalos">Benjamin S. Abalos Sr.</a> to replace Benipayo. On January 26, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> appointed former Supreme Court associate justice Jose Melo, 77, to replace Chair Abalos.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Opposition (<a href="/wiki/Koalisyon_ng_Nagkakaisang_Pilipino" title="Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino">Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino</a>) opposed Melo's appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Melo needed to be confirmed by the Commission on Appointments (CA), so Commissioner Romeo A. Brawner was appointed ad interim acting chairman on February 2, 2008, and stayed as chairman until Melo was confirmed by the CA. On March 25, 2008, former Supreme Court justice Jose Melo was sworn in as new chairman of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span> by acting chair <a href="/wiki/Romeo_A._Brawner" title="Romeo A. Brawner">Romeo A. Brawner</a>. Melo's ad interim appointment (Congress was not in session) was sent by Malacañang to the Commission on Appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 29, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Romeo_A._Brawner" title="Romeo A. Brawner">Romeo A. Brawner</a> died from a massive <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>. Brawner, appointed to the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span> to replace the controversial Virgilio Garcillano, was supposed to end his term on February 2, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a>, on July 2, 2008, appointed former acting judge (Br. 74, RTC, <a href="/wiki/Malabon" title="Malabon">Malabon</a>) Leonardo Leonida and retired justice of the Court of Appeals Lucenito Tagle as commissioners of the Commission on Elections.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 7, 2008, President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> appointed Armando Velasco as new election commissioner, and reappointed bypassed commissioners Leonardo L. Leonida and Lucenito N. Tagle.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Ermita" title="Eduardo Ermita">Eduardo Ermita</a> stated "Velasco replaced <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span> commissioner and former Iligan City Judge Moslemen Macarambon Jr. whose appointment had been bypassed several times by the Commission on Appointments (CA)."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007_impeachment_complaint">2007 impeachment complaint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2007 impeachment complaint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 27, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a> Vice Governor Rolex Suplico filed a 69-page impeachment complaint (3:00 p.m.) against COMELEC chairman <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Abalos" title="Benjamin Abalos">Benjamin Abalos Sr.</a> before the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives of the Philippines</a> regarding the <a href="/wiki/NBN%E2%80%93ZTE_deal_corruption_scandal" title="NBN–ZTE deal corruption scandal">ZTE national broadband network (NBN) deal</a>. It was endorsed by Representatives <a href="/wiki/TG_Guingona" title="TG Guingona">Teofisto Guingona III</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bukidnon" title="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Casi%C3%B1o" title="Teodoro Casiño">Teodoro Casiño</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Muna" title="Bayan Muna">Bayan Muna</a> (People First), and <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a> Representative <a href="/wiki/Beng_Climaco" title="Beng Climaco">Ma. Isabelle Climaco</a>. <a href="/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit">Affidavits</a> of <a href="/wiki/Romulo_Neri" title="Romulo Neri">Romulo Neri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jose_de_Venecia_III" title="Jose de Venecia III">Jose de Venecia III</a> supported the complaint.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 1, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span> chairman Benjamin Abalos Sr. faced with an impending impeachment case, resigned in a press conference. The COMELEC appointed <a href="/wiki/Resurreccion_Borra" title="Resurreccion Borra">Resurreccion Z. Borra</a> as acting chairman. Abalos stated: "I'm resigning... effective immediately." "However," Abalos added during the news conference, "let not my detractors feast on this declaration. I'm not admitting guilt for any wrongdoing."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An impeachment complaint against <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span> chairman Abalos was formally filed before the House of Representatives after Neri, former chief of the <a href="/wiki/National_Economic_and_Development_Authority" title="National Economic and Development Authority">National Economic Development Authority</a> (NEDA), accused Abalos of attempting to bribe him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The commission proper is the policy-making body composed of the chairman and six commissioners who must be <a href="/wiki/Philippine_nationality_law" title="Philippine nationality law">natural-born citizens of the Philippines</a>; at least thirty-five years of age at the time of their appointment; holders of a college degree, with a majority of them, including the chairman, members of the Philippine Bar who have been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten years; and must not have been a candidate for any elective position in the immediate preceding elections.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chairman and the commissioners are appointed by the president, with the consent of the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Appointments" title="Commission on Appointments">Commission on Appointments</a> and hold office for seven years, without reappointment. Since 1987, the terms start and end on February 2. Among the first appointees in 1987, three members served for seven years (ended in 1994), two others served for five years (ended in 1992), and two others served for three years (ended in 1989). </p><p>The chairman acts as the presiding officer and chief executive officer of the commission. Assisting the commission are an executive director and deputies, 17 regional election directors, provincial election supervisors and election officers in cities and municipalities. The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">COMELEC</span> has more than 15,000 employees. </p><p>The commissioners exercise <a href="/wiki/Quasi-legislative_capacity" title="Quasi-legislative capacity">quasi-legislative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quasi-judicial_body" title="Quasi-judicial body">quasi-judicial</a> functions either <i>en banc</i> or in division. They also perform such other functions as may be assigned by the commission or the chairman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_composition">Current composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Current composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="background-color:#FDFDFD;text-align:center;font-size:90%;border:1pt solid grey;"> <caption>Current composition </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1">Position </th> <th>Line </th> <th>Picture </th> <th>Name </th> <th colspan="1">Tenure started </th> <th>Tenure scheduled to end </th> <th>Appointed by </th></tr> <tr> <td>Chairman </td> <td>1st</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chairman_Garcia_2_(updated).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chairman_Garcia_2_%28updated%29.jpg/100px-Chairman_Garcia_2_%28updated%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chairman_Garcia_2_%28updated%29.jpg/150px-Chairman_Garcia_2_%28updated%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Chairman_Garcia_2_%28updated%29.jpg/200px-Chairman_Garcia_2_%28updated%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Garcia" title="George Garcia">George Erwin Garcia</a></td> <td>July 22, 2022</td> <td>February 2, 2029</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commissioner </td> <td>1st</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Nelson J. Celis</td> <td>August 11, 2022</td> <td>February 2, 2029</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commissioner </td> <td>1st</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Ernesto Ferdinand P. Maceda Jr.</td> <td>October 6, 2022</td> <td>February 2, 2029</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commissioner </td> <td>2nd</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comm._Atty._Inting,_COMELEC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Comm._Atty._Inting%2C_COMELEC.png/100px-Comm._Atty._Inting%2C_COMELEC.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Comm._Atty._Inting%2C_COMELEC.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></td> <td>Socorro B. Inting</td> <td>April 17, 2018</td> <td>February 2, 2025</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commissioner </td> <td>2nd</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comm._Atty._Casquejo,_COMELEC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Comm._Atty._Casquejo%2C_COMELEC.png/100px-Comm._Atty._Casquejo%2C_COMELEC.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Comm._Atty._Casquejo%2C_COMELEC.png 1.5x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="187" /></a></span></td> <td>Marlon S. Casquejo</td> <td>June 19, 2018</td> <td>February 2, 2025</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commissioner </td> <td>3rd</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comm._Atty._Ferolino,_COMELEC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Comm._Atty._Ferolino%2C_COMELEC.png/100px-Comm._Atty._Ferolino%2C_COMELEC.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Comm._Atty._Ferolino%2C_COMELEC.png 1.5x" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></td> <td>Aimee Ferolino-Ampoloquio</td> <td>November 24, 2020</td> <td>February 2, 2027</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commissioner </td> <td>3rd</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comm._Atty._Bulay,_COMELEC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Comm._Atty._Bulay%2C_COMELEC.png/100px-Comm._Atty._Bulay%2C_COMELEC.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Comm._Atty._Bulay%2C_COMELEC.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="186" /></a></span></td> <td>Rey E. Bulay</td> <td>November 11, 2021</td> <td>February 2, 2027</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_members">Former members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Former members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1935 constitution, the commission was composed of three members, with one chairman and two commissioners, each having nine-year terms with no reappointments. Among the first three members appointed, the first had a nine-year term, the second had a six-year term, and the last had a three-year term, all starting in the commission's reorganization on June 21, 1941, via Commonwealth Act No. 657. </p><p>Starting with the 1973 constitution, the commission was composed of nine members, with one chairman and eight commissioners, each having seven-year terms with no reappointments. Among the first nine members appointed, the first three had seven-year terms, the next three had five-year terms, and the last three had three-year terms, all starting in 1973. The commission never reached its full complement of nine members during the operation of the 1973 constitution until January 1986, a few weeks before the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Chairmen </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Chairman<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Term began </th> <th>Term ended </th> <th>Appointed by </th> <th>Electoral exercises oversaw </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Concepcion" title="Pedro Concepcion">Pedro Concepcion</a> </td> <td>September 1, 1940 </td> <td>May 11, 1941 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> </td> <td>none </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jose Vito </td> <td>May 13, 1941 </td> <td>May 7, 1947 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_general_election" title="1941 Philippine general election">1941 election</a>, <a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_general_election" title="1946 Philippine general election">1946 election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Trade_Act" title="Bell Trade Act">1947 plebiscite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vicente de Vera </td> <td>May 9, 1947 </td> <td>April 10, 1951<sup id="cite_ref-died_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-died-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_general_election" title="1949 Philippine general election">1949 election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Imperial" title="Domingo Imperial">Domingo Imperial</a> </td> <td>August 14, 1951 </td> <td>March 31, 1958<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_general_election" title="1953 Philippine general election">1953 election</a>, <a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_general_election" title="1957 Philippine general election">1957 election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jose Carag </td> <td>May 19, 1958 </td> <td>June 20, 1959 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" title="Carlos P. Garcia">Carlos P. Garcia</a> </td> <td>none </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sixto Brillantes Sr. </td> <td>June 20, 1959 </td> <td>May 12, 1960 </td> <td>none </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gaudencio Garcia </td> <td>May 12, 1960 </td> <td>June 20, 1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_general_election" title="1961 Philippine general election">1961 election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Juan Borra </td> <td>August 2, 1962 </td> <td>June 20, 1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_general_election" title="1965 Philippine general election">1965 election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manuel Arranz </td> <td>October 18, 1968 </td> <td>June 2, 1969<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1967_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1967 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1967 plebiscite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Ferrer" title="Jaime Ferrer">Jaime Ferrer</a> </td> <td>June 10, 1969 </td> <td>May 28, 1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_general_election" title="1969 Philippine general election">1969 election</a>, <a href="/wiki/1970_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">1970 constitutional convention election</a>, <a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">January 1973 plebiscite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Perez_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo Perez (politician)">Leonardo Perez</a> </td> <td>May 29, 1973 </td> <td>May 17, 1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_martial_law_referendum" title="1973 Philippine martial law referendum">July 1973 referendum</a>, <a href="/wiki/1975_Philippine_executive_and_legislative_powers_referendum" title="1975 Philippine executive and legislative powers referendum">1975 referendum</a>, <a href="/wiki/1976_Philippine_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Philippine constitutional referendum">1976 referendum</a>, <a href="/wiki/1977_Philippine_presidential_referendum" title="1977 Philippine presidential referendum">1977 referendum</a>, <a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary election">1978 election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vicente Santiago Jr. </td> <td>May 17, 1980 </td> <td>May 17, 1985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1981 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1981 plebiscite</a>, <a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">1981 election and referendum</a>, <a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1984 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1984 plebiscite</a>, <a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1984 Philippine parliamentary election">1984 election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Victorino Savellano </td> <td>May 20, 1985 </td> <td>March 24, 1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">1986 election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ramon Felipe Jr. </td> <td>July 11, 1986 </td> <td>February 3, 1988 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1987 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1987 plebiscite</a>, <a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1987 Philippine legislative election">1987 election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hilario_Davide_Jr." title="Hilario Davide Jr.">Hilario Davide Jr.</a> </td> <td>February 15, 1988 </td> <td>January 12, 1990<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1988_Philippine_local_elections" title="1988 Philippine local elections">1988 local elections</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Monsod" title="Christian Monsod">Christian Monsod</a> </td> <td>June 6, 1991 </td> <td>February 15, 1995<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_general_election" title="1992 Philippine general election">1992 election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_P._Pardo" title="Bernardo P. Pardo">Bernardo P. Pardo</a> </td> <td>February 17, 1995 </td> <td>October 7, 1998<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_general_election" title="1995 Philippine general election">1995 election</a>, <a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_general_election" title="1998 Philippine general election">1998 election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Demetriou" title="Harriet Demetriou">Harriet Demetriou</a> </td> <td>January 11, 1999 </td> <td>January 21, 2001<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> </td> <td>none </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Benipayo" title="Alfredo Benipayo">Alfredo Benipayo</a> </td> <td>February 15, 2001 </td> <td>June 5, 2002<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2001_Philippine_general_election" title="2001 Philippine general election">2001 election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Abalos" title="Benjamin Abalos">Benjamin Abalos</a> </td> <td>June 17, 2002 </td> <td>October 1, 2007<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_general_election" title="2004 Philippine general election">2004 election</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_general_election" title="2007 Philippine general election">2007 election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jose_Melo" title="Jose Melo">Jose Melo</a> </td> <td>March 25, 2008 </td> <td>January 15, 2011<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_general_election" title="2010 Philippine general election">2010 election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sixto_Brillantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixto Brillantes">Sixto Brillantes</a> </td> <td>January 17, 2011 </td> <td>February 2, 2015 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_general_election" title="2013 Philippine general election">2013 election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andres_Bautista" title="Andres Bautista">Andres Bautista</a> </td> <td>April 28, 2015 </td> <td>October 23, 2017<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_general_election" title="2016 Philippine general election">2016 election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_Abas" title="Sheriff Abas">Sheriff Abas</a> </td> <td>May 23, 2018 </td> <td>February 2, 2022 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election" title="2019 Philippine general election">2019 election</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saidamen_Pangarungan" title="Saidamen Pangarungan">Saidamen Pangarungan</a> </td> <td>March 8, 2022 </td> <td>June 1, 2022<sup id="cite_ref-bypassed_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bypassed-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022 election</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Commissioners </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Commissioner<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Term began </th> <th>Term ended </th> <th>Appointed by </th></tr> <tr> <td>Jose C. Abreu </td> <td>September 1, 1940 </td> <td>October 11, 1944<sup id="cite_ref-died_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-died-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rufino Luna </td> <td>September 1, 1940 </td> <td>July 12, 1945 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Enage" title="Francisco Enage">Francisco Enage</a> </td> <td>July 12, 1945 </td> <td>November 9, 1949 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vicente de Vera </td> <td>July 12, 1945 </td> <td>April 8, 1951 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leopoldo Rovira </td> <td>May 22, 1947 </td> <td>September 10, 1954 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rodrigo Perez Jr. </td> <td>December 8, 1949 </td> <td>June 21, 1956 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gaudencio Garcia </td> <td>May 18, 1955 </td> <td>June 20, 1962<sup id="cite_ref-chairman_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chairman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay" title="Ramon Magsaysay">Ramon Magsaysay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sixto Brillantes Sr. </td> <td>December 20, 1956 </td> <td>June 20, 1965 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genaro Visarra </td> <td>May 12, 1960 </td> <td>November 10, 1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" title="Carlos P. Garcia">Carlos P. Garcia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cesar Miraflor </td> <td>November 11, 1962 </td> <td>June 20, 1971 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gregorio Santayana </td> <td>June 26, 1965 </td> <td>May 31, 1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Francisco Ortega </td> <td>December 25, 1966 </td> <td>March 20, 1967<sup id="cite_ref-died_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-died-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="26"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manuel Arranz </td> <td>August 27, 1967 </td> <td>June 2, 1969<sup id="cite_ref-chairman_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chairman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jaime N. Ferrer </td> <td>May 23, 1969 </td> <td>May 28, 1973<sup id="cite_ref-chairman_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chairman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lino M. Patajo </td> <td>June 16, 1969 </td> <td>May 31, 1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jose M. Mendoza </td> <td>September 6, 1971 </td> <td>May 17, 1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liningding Pangandaman </td> <td>May 29, 1973 </td> <td>November 15, 1973<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flores A. Bayot </td> <td>May 30, 1973 </td> <td>May 17, 1980 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Venancio R. Yaneza </td> <td>May 30, 1973 </td> <td>May 17, 1980 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Casimiro R. Madarang Jr. </td> <td>May 30, 1973 </td> <td>May 17, 1980 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fernando R. Veloso </td> <td>May 30, 1973 </td> <td>May 17, 1980 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Venancio S. Duque </td> <td>June 1, 1973 </td> <td>May 17, 1980 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Domingo C. Pabalate </td> <td>May 17, 1978 </td> <td>May 17, 1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vicente M. Santiago Jr. </td> <td>May 17, 1978 </td> <td>May 17, 1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Victorino A. Savellano </td> <td>May 17, 1980 </td> <td>May 17, 1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jaime C. Opinion </td> <td>May 17, 1980 </td> <td>May 17, 1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Noli M. Sagadraca </td> <td>May 17, 1980 </td> <td>May 17, 1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romeo N. Firme </td> <td>May 17, 1980 </td> <td>May 17, 1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ide C. Tillah </td> <td>May 17, 1980 </td> <td>May 17, 1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luis L. Lardizabal </td> <td>May 17, 1980 </td> <td>May 17, 1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Froilan M. Bacungan </td> <td>March 21, 1984 </td> <td>May 17, 1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ramon H. Felipe Jr. </td> <td>March 21, 1984 </td> <td>May 17, 1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mario D. Ortiz </td> <td>July 30, 1985 </td> <td>July 23, 1986<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mangontawar B. Guro </td> <td>July 30, 1985 </td> <td>April 11, 1986<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quirino A. Marquinez </td> <td>August 1, 1985 </td> <td>July 23, 1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ruben Agpalo </td> <td>January 2, 1986 </td> <td>July 23, 1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jaime J. Layosa </td> <td>January 29, 1986 </td> <td>July 23, 1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leopoldo L. Africa </td> <td>June 14, 1986 </td> <td>February 15, 1991<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="12"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haydee_Yorac" title="Haydee Yorac">Haydee Yorac</a><sup id="cite_ref-acting_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acting-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>July 15, 1986 </td> <td>February 11, 1993<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dario C. Rama </td> <td>July 16, 1986 </td> <td>February 15, 1993<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anacleto D. Badoy Jr. </td> <td>July 16, 1986 </td> <td>February 3, 1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Andres R. Flores </td> <td>July 17, 1986 </td> <td>February 15, 1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tomas V. dela Cruz </td> <td>December 11, 1986 </td> <td>September 3, 1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alfredo E. Abueg Jr. </td> <td>December 16, 1987 </td> <td>January 20, 1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magdara B. Dimaampao </td> <td>February 15, 1988 </td> <td>February 15, 1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Froilan M. Bacungan </td> <td>February 15, 1988 </td> <td>January 12, 1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Regalado_Maambong" title="Regalado Maambong">Regalado Maambong</a> </td> <td>June 6, 1991 </td> <td>February 15, 1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vicente B. de Lima </td> <td>February 7, 1992 </td> <td>November 4, 1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Remedios S. Fernando </td> <td>February 14, 1992 </td> <td>February 14, 1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Graduacion R. Claravall </td> <td>April 12, 1993 </td> <td>June 14, 1996 </td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manolo B. Gorospe </td> <td>April 14, 1993 </td> <td>February 14, 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Julio F. Desamito </td> <td>January 3, 1995 </td> <td>February 15, 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Teresita D. Flores </td> <td>February 17, 1995 </td> <td>February 15, 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japal M. Guiani </td> <td>March 29, 1996 </td> <td>February 15, 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amado M. Calderon </td> <td>February 16, 1998 </td> <td>June 30, 1998<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Evalyn I. Fetalino </td> <td>February 16, 1998 </td> <td>June 30, 1998<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luzviminda_Tancangco" title="Luzviminda Tancangco">Luzviminda Tancangco</a><sup id="cite_ref-acting_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acting-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>August 5, 1998 </td> <td>February 2, 2004<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abdul Gani Marohombsar </td> <td>September 7, 1998 </td> <td>June 3, 1999<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ralph C. Lantion </td> <td>January 6, 2000 </td> <td>February 2, 2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rufino S. Javier </td> <td>April 4, 2000 </td> <td>February 2, 2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mehol K. Sadain </td> <td>July 17, 2000 </td> <td>February 2, 2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Resurreccion_Borra" title="Resurreccion Borra">Resurreccion Borra</a><sup id="cite_ref-acting_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acting-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>February 15, 2001 </td> <td>February 2, 2008 </td> <td rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Florentino A. Tuason Jr. </td> <td>February 20, 2001 </td> <td>February 2, 2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Garcillano" title="Virgilio Garcillano">Virgilio Garcillano</a> </td> <td>February 12, 2004 </td> <td>June 10, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manuel A. Barcellona Jr. </td> <td>February 12, 2004 </td> <td>June 10, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romeo_A._Brawner" title="Romeo A. Brawner">Romeo A. Brawner</a> Sr.<sup id="cite_ref-acting_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acting-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>September 18, 2005 </td> <td>May 29, 2008<sup id="cite_ref-died_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-died-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rene V. Sarmiento </td> <td>April 7, 2006 </td> <td>February 2, 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nicodemo T. Ferrer </td> <td>June 15, 2006 </td> <td>February 2, 2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moslemen T. Macarambon </td> <td>November 5, 2007 </td> <td>October 10, 2008<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leonardo L. Leonida </td> <td>July 2, 2008 </td> <td>February 11, 2011<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lucenito N. Tagle </td> <td>July 3, 2008 </td> <td>February 2, 2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Armando C. Velasco </td> <td>July 3, 2008 </td> <td>February 2, 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elias R. Yusoph </td> <td>July 24, 2009 </td> <td>February 2, 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gregorio Y. Larrazabal </td> <td>October 15, 2009 </td> <td>February 2, 2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Christian Robert S. Lim </td> <td>April 7, 2011 </td> <td>February 2, 2018 </td> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Augusto C. Lagman </td> <td>June 3, 2011 </td> <td>April 16, 2012<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grace_Padaca" title="Grace Padaca">Grace Padaca</a> </td> <td>October 8, 2012 </td> <td>June 11, 2014<sup id="cite_ref-resigned_20-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luie Tito F. Guia </td> <td>April 15, 2013 </td> <td>February 2, 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Al Parreño </td> <td>April 15, 2013 </td> <td>February 2, 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arthur D. Lim </td> <td>July 25, 2014 </td> <td>February 2, 2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sheriff M. Abas </td> <td>April 28, 2015 </td> <td>May 23, 2018<sup id="cite_ref-chairman_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chairman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rowena_Guanzon" title="Rowena Guanzon">Rowena Guanzon</a> </td> <td>April 28, 2015 </td> <td>February 2, 2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Kho_Jr." title="Antonio Kho Jr.">Antonio Kho Jr.</a> </td> <td>July 11, 2018 </td> <td>February 2, 2022 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Garcia" title="George Garcia">George Garcia</a> </td> <td>March 8, 2022 </td> <td>June 1, 2022<sup id="cite_ref-bypassed_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bypassed-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Torrefranca-Neri" title="Aimee Torrefranca-Neri">Aimee Torrefranca-Neri</a> </td> <td>March 8, 2022 </td> <td>June 1, 2022<sup id="cite_ref-bypassed_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bypassed-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-died-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-died_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-died_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-died_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-died_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Died in office</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-resigned-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resigned_20-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Resigned mid-term, or was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Appointments" title="Commission on Appointments">Commission on Appointments</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bypassed-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bypassed_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bypassed_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bypassed_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Resigned mid-term, bypassed or was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Appointments" title="Commission on Appointments">Commission on Appointments</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chairman-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chairman_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chairman_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chairman_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chairman_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Subsequently appointed as chairman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acting-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acting_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acting_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acting_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acting_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Concurrently served as acting chairman</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_and_incidents">Issues and incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Issues and incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ZTE_broadband_contract_controversy">ZTE broadband contract controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: ZTE broadband contract controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2007, Nueva Vizcaya Rep. <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Padilla_(politician)" title="Carlos Padilla (politician)">Carlos Padilla</a> delivered a privilege speech alleging that Comelec chairman Benjamin Abalos brokered for the national broadband network (NBN) project. Padilla claimed that Abalos met with officials of the Chinese firm <a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE Corp.</a>, which got the US$329 million contract for the broadband project. </p><p>Abalos denied brokering for the National Broadband Network project despite admitting he knew some officials in ZTE Corp. He admitted making four trips to China and playing golf there. He also admitted that ZTE officials, who he said were his golf buddies, hosted and paid for the trips. </p><p>Jose de Venecia III, son of House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Jose_de_Venecia_Jr." title="Jose de Venecia Jr.">Jose de Venecia Jr.</a>, alleged that Abalos offered him US$10 million to withdraw his proposal on the NBN project. De Venecia is a majority shareholder of Amsterdam Holdings Inc., a company that submitted an unsolicited proposal on the NBN project. De Venecia also claimed that Abalos asked for money from the ZTE Corp. officials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hello_Garci_scandal">Hello Garci scandal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hello Garci scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hello_Garci_scandal" title="Hello Garci scandal">Hello Garci scandal</a></div> <p>Abalos was mentioned in the "Hello Garci" tape, which refers to the alleged wiretapped conversations where vote rigging in the 2004 elections was discussed by, among others, a woman presumed to be President Gloria Arroyo and a man presumed to be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span> Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Garcillano" title="Virgilio Garcillano">Virgilio Garcillano</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mega_Pacific">Mega Pacific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mega Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abalos was the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span> chair when the election body approved a P1.3-billion contract with the Mega Pacific Consortium for the purchase of automated counting machines, which the Supreme Court in January 2004 declared as void because of "clear violation of law and jurisprudence" and "reckless disregard of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span>'s own bidding rules and procedure." </p><p>On January 21, 2004, Senator <a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Pimentel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Aquilino Pimentel Jr.">Aquilino Pimentel Jr.</a> filed criminal and administrative charges before the <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_the_Philippines" title="Ombudsman of the Philippines">Ombudsman</a> against Abalos and other commissioners in connection with the deal. Abalos described the charges as a "demolition job." </p><p>Pimentel accused Abalos and the other commissioners of committing an act of impropriety when they and their wives traveled to Seoul, South Korea to visit the plant of the maker of the counting machines a few months before the bidding for the contract started. Pimentel said he received information that the Korean company paid for the plane tickets and hotel accommodations for the trip. </p><p>However, Abalos claimed that the expenses for the trip were paid for out of the P1 million he won in a golf tournament in <a href="/wiki/Wack_Wack_Golf_and_Country_Club" title="Wack Wack Golf and Country Club">Wack Wack Golf and Country Club</a>. </p><p>On September 27, 2006, the Ombudsman, in a resolution, absolved all respondents involved in the Mega Pacific controversy of all administrative and criminal liabilities "for lack of probable cause." It also reversed its June 28 resolution which contained factual findings that can be used by the House of Representatives to initiate impeachment proceedings against <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span> Commissioner Resureccion Borra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Website_hacking">Website hacking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Website hacking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_data_breach" title="Commission on Elections data breach">Commission on Elections data breach</a></div><p>Just six weeks before the <a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_general_election" title="2016 Philippine general election">2016 Philippine general election</a>, the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span> website was hacked by a group called "<a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (group)">Anonymous Philippines</a>" on the night of March 27, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anonymous Philippines asked the poll body to implement security on Precinct Count Optical Scanners (PCOS)—automated voting machines.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another group calling itself <i><a href="/wiki/LulzSec" title="LulzSec">LulzSec</a> Pilipinas</i>, claimed to have hacked <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span>'s website, and posted its database on their Facebook account shortly after <i>Anonymous Philippines</i> compromised <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span>'s website.<sup id="cite_ref-lulz_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lulz-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These exploits exposed voter data and the vulnerability of both voter registration data and the functionality of their website.<sup id="cite_ref-lulz_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lulz-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LulzSec posts 3 mirror links on their Facebook account that can be downloaded.<sup id="cite_ref-lulz_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lulz-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident was considered the biggest private leak data in the Philippine history and leaving millions of registered voters at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sensitive information, which included the full name, complete address, and passport number of at least 55–70 million Filipino registered voters, was leaked publicly on a website called <i>wehaveyourdata</i>, allegedly created by hacker <i>LulzSec Philippines</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anyone who had access to this website could type the first name, surname, and middle name of the compromised registered voters on the search bar provided and the sensitive information would be revealed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The website was taken down by the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">NBI</a> on April 22.<sup id="cite_ref-wehave_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wehave-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> COMELEC spokesperson James Jimenez warned the public not to use the website, warning this could be a <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> site.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 21, COMELEC apologized for the privacy attacks by the hackers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_National_Elections">2022 National Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2022 National Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Threat_of_jailing_critics">Threat of jailing critics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Threat of jailing critics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> On April 23, 2022, a few weeks before the <a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022 Philippine general election</a>, COMELEC commissioner Rey Bulay threatened with arrest individuals who would publicly state that COMELEC was biased towards a certain candidate or might be involved in election fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p><i>“Iyon pong nagko-comment ng public opinion na ang Comelec ay may sina-side-an, may kinakampihan, at mandadaya, ako po ay nagwawarning sa inyo, we will not hesitate to call upon the AFP na sa panahong ito ay nasa ilalim ng control ng Comelec para patulan at ipahuli at ipakulong kayo,”</i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>“To those issuing public opinion that Comelec is biased or that it would cause election fraud, I am warning you that we would not hesitate to call upon the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which is now under Comelec control, to round you up and have you jailed” </p><p> - Commissioner Rey Bulay said during a press briefing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The statement was made allegedly in support of a different statement by COMELEC Commissioner Socorro Inting who in turn was commenting on a statement released by supporters of then presidential candidate and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice-president</a> <a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Leni Robredo</a> who called for COMELEC to remain nonpartisan for the sake of the elections. Commissioner Inting commented that it was simply unnecessary to call on the COMELEC to hold a “nonpartisan” election.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commissioner also noted how such statements are liable to cast doubt on the legitimacy of the commission and by extension the elections themselves. Local news agency <a href="/wiki/Rappler" title="Rappler">Rappler</a> noted that it was unclear why Commissioner Inting took offense to this statement released by the supporters of Leni Robredo, which simply reminded the commission to hold fair and safe elections.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several lawmakers and concerned groups slammed the statement by the Comelec.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detained <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Leila_de_Lima" title="Leila de Lima">Leila de Lima</a> called the threat by Commissioner Bulay "uncalled for and illegal".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She noted that the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Force of the Philippines</a> are only allowed to arrest individuals during times of lawless violence while under orders from the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Commander-in-Chief</a>. She noted that while COMELEC has expansive powers during an election season, this "does not include the power to use the AFP in stifling criticisms and suppressing free speech”.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a separate statement, House Assistant Minority Leader and <a href="/wiki/Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines">party-list</a> Rep. <a href="/wiki/France_Castro" title="France Castro">France L. Castro</a> called on COMELEC to withdraw its statement, calling the commission hypersensitive to criticisms thrown at it by the populace.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The representative stated that citizens are well within their rights to call for "orderly, peaceful and credible elections”.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the backlash, Commissioner Bulay commented that his statement was only a warning, and that he was only reminding people to follow the law.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_Alice_Guo">Election of Alice Guo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Election of Alice Guo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of the Comelec was put into scrutiny in 2024 when <a href="/wiki/Alice_Guo" title="Alice Guo">Alice Guo</a> was elected as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Bamban" title="Bamban">Bamban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a> in the 2022 election. Guo is alleged to be a Chinese citizen in the Senate inquiry, consequentially putting the validity of her election as mayor. Comelec was questioned on why Guo's candidacy was not disputed at the time with the election body stating it cannot on its own or <i>motu proprio</i> question the eligibility of candidates. Someone else has to file a formal petition.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comelec opened its own investigation in July 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guo was removed from office by the Ombudsman over her links to illicit activities of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Offshore_Gaming_Operators" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Offshore Gaming Operators">Philippine Offshore Gaming Operators</a> (POGOs).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same still applies for the 2025 election, even if Guo did sought reelection.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversy also led to the Comelec to decide to publish online all the certificate of candidacies of aspirants for the 2025 election.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Electoral_Tribunal" title="Presidential Electoral Tribunal">Presidential Electoral Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Electoral_Tribunal" title="Senate Electoral Tribunal">Senate Electoral Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_Electoral_Tribunal" title="House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal">House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GAAFY2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GAAFY2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/GAA/GAA2021/TechGAA2021/COMELEC/COMELEC.pdf">https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/GAA/GAA2021/TechGAA2021/COMELEC/COMELEC.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017130309/https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/GAA/GAA2021/TechGAA2021/COMELEC/COMELEC.pdf">Archived</a> October 17, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comelec.gov.ph/">home page of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">COMELEC</span> website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119010802/https://www.comelec.gov.ph/">Archived</a> November 19, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed January 28, 2016, consistently uses the all upper case abbreviation of "COMELEC" rather than "Comelec"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article IX-C, Section 2, 1987 Constitution of the Philippines</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marichu Villanueva <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asianjournalusa.com/melo-named-new-comelec-chairman-p3958-67.htm">Melo named new <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span> chairman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120428184916/http://asianjournalusa.com/melo-named-new-comelec-chairman-p3958-67.htm">Archived</a> April 28, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. asianjournalusa.com (January 26, 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/video/17270/opposition-questions-melo-s-appointment-as-poll-chief">Opposition questions Melo's appointment as poll chief</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318194116/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/video/17270/opposition-questions-melo-s-appointment-as-poll-chief">Archived</a> March 18, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. gmanetwork.com. Video (January 26, 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080325-126298/UPDATE-2-Melo-sworn-in-as-Comelec-chairman">Melo sworn in as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">COMELEC</span> chairman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413095731/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080325-126298/UPDATE-2-Melo-sworn-in-as-Comelec-chairman">Archived</a> April 13, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Newsinfo.inquirer.net (March 25, 2008). Retrieved on December 16, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080529-139534/Brawners-death-leaves-3-vacancies-in-Comelec--spokesman">Brawner's death leaves 3 vacancies in Comelec-spokesman – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601031855/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080529-139534/Brawners-death-leaves-3-vacancies-in-Comelec--spokesman">Archived</a> June 1, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Newsinfo.inquirer.net. (May 29, 2008) Retrieved on December 16, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080702-146040/2-Comelec-commissioners-named">2 Comelec commissioners named</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081004203027/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080702-146040/2-Comelec-commissioners-named">Archived</a> October 4, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Newsinfo.inquirer.net (June 9, 2010). Retrieved on December 16, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanews.tv/story/104586/Arroyo-names-2-new-Comelec-commissioners---report">gmanews.tv/story, Arroyo names 2 new Comelec commissioners – report</a>. Gmanews.tv (July 2, 2008). Retrieved on December 16, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20081107-170870/New-election-commissioner-named">New election commissioner named</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081110093532/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20081107-170870/New-election-commissioner-named">Archived</a> November 10, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Newsinfo.inquirer.net. (November 7, 2008) Retrieved on December 16, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707083830/http://beta.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=413545">New Comelec commissioner named; Macarambon out?</a>. Beta.philstar.com (November 8, 2008). Retrieved on December 16, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20081109-171092/New-poll-commissioner-vows-changes">New poll commissioner vows changes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081112063156/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20081109-171092/New-poll-commissioner-vows-changes">Archived</a> November 12, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Newsinfo.inquirer.net. (November 9, 2008) Retrieved on December 16, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=91083">Impeachment raps filed vs Abalos at House by Iloilo vice gov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014002911/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=91083">Archived</a> October 14, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Inquirer.net. Retrieved on December 16, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanews.tv/story/62200/Impeachment-raps-filed-vs-Abalos-over-ZTE-controversy">Impeachment raps filed vs Abalos over ZTE controversy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522043010/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/62200/Impeachment-raps-filed-vs-Abalos-over-ZTE-controversy">Archived</a> May 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Gmanews.tv (September 27, 2007). Retrieved on December 16, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119126475808945322?mod=googlenews_wsj">WSJ, Philippine Voting Chief Quits Amid Bribe Queries</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGomez2007" class="citation news cs1">Gomez, Jim (October 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/304068">"Philippine Elections Chief Resigns Amid Bribery Allegations"</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306080558/https://www.arabnews.com/node/304068">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Arab_News" title="Arab News">Arab News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Philippine+Elections+Chief+Resigns+Amid+Bribery+Allegations&rft.date=2007-10-02&rft.aulast=Gomez&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F304068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article IX-C, Section 1, 1987 Constitution of the Philippines</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=AboutCOMELEC/CommissionMembers/PastMembersofCOMELEC">"Past Members of COMELEC"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=Comelec+website+hacked+a+month+before+polls&rft.date=2016-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnation%2Fpolitics%2Felections%2F2016%2F127256-comelec-website-hacked-anonymous-philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/776416/look-comelec-website-hacked">"LOOK: Comelec website hacked"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i>. March 28, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410083035/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/776416/look-comelec-website-hacked">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=LOOK%3A+Comelec+website+hacked&rft.date=2016-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F776416%2Flook-comelec-website-hacked&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lulz-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lulz_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lulz_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lulz_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/127315-comelec-data-hackers">"Comelec data leaked by hackers"</a>. <i>Rappler</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=Anonymous+PH+hacks+Comelec+website&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnnphilippines.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F03%2F28%2FComelec-website-hack-Anonymous-Philippines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/127870-comelec-leak-identity-theft-scams-experts">"Experts fear identity theft, scams due to Comelec leak"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Experts+fear+identity+theft%2C+scams+due+to+Comelec+leak&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnewsbreak%2Fin-depth%2F127870-comelec-leak-identity-theft-scams-experts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423132845/http://interaksyon.com/article/126807/comeleaks--lawmakers-voter-database-breach-compromises-may-9-elections-pnp-joins-probe">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'COMELEAKS' Lawmakers: Voter database breach compromises May 9 elections; PNP joins probe"</a>. <i>Interaksyon</i>. April 22, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interaksyon.com/article/126807/comeleaks--lawmakers-voter-database-breach-compromises-may-9-elections-pnp-joins-probe">the original</a> on April 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interaksyon&rft.atitle=%27COMELEAKS%27+Lawmakers%3A+Voter+database+breach+compromises+May+9+elections%3B+PNP+joins+probe&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finteraksyon.com%2Farticle%2F126807%2Fcomeleaks--lawmakers-voter-database-breach-compromises-may-9-elections-pnp-joins-probe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/nation/04/21/16/stolen-comelec-data-ripe-for-identity-theft?_ga=1.222002330.363345704.1461250743">"Stolen Comelec data 'ripe for identity theft'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>ABS-CBN News</i>. 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April 22, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/04/21/Comelec-hack-data-registered-Filipino-voters.html">the original</a> on April 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=Website+claims%3A+Registered+voters%27+sensitive+data+easily+searchable&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnnphilippines.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F04%2F21%2FComelec-hack-data-registered-Filipino-voters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425172816/http://www.mb.com.ph/nbi-on-comelec-site-hacking-hacker-did-it-for-bragging-rights/">"NBI: Comelec site hacker did it for bragging rights"</a>. <i>Manila Bulletin</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin&rft.atitle=NBI%3A+Comelec+site+hacker+did+it+for+bragging+rights&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mb.com.ph%2Fnbi-on-comelec-site-hacking-hacker-did-it-for-bragging-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wehave-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wehave_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423123924/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/04/22/Comelec-hack-voters-data-wehaveyourdata.html">"Searchable website with hacked data taken down – Comelec"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN_Philippines" title="CNN Philippines">CNN Philippines</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Philippines&rft.atitle=Searchable+website+with+hacked+data+taken+down+%E2%80%93+Comelec&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnnphilippines.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F04%2F22%2FComelec-hack-voters-data-wehaveyourdata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/nation/04/21/16/data-breach-website-uploads-voter-info-comelec-downplays-leak?_ga=1.91894808.363345704.1461250743">"Data breach: Website uploads voter info, Comelec downplays leak"</a>. <i>ABS-CBN News</i>. April 21, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509091755/http://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/nation/04/21/16/data-breach-website-uploads-voter-info-comelec-downplays-leak?_ga=1.91894808.363345704.1461250743">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=Data+breach%3A+Website+uploads+voter+info%2C+Comelec+downplays+leak&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fhalalan2016%2Fnation%2F04%2F21%2F16%2Fdata-breach-website-uploads-voter-info-comelec-downplays-leak%3F_ga%3D1.91894808.363345704.1461250743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://technology.inquirer.net/47736/comelec-apologizes-to-public-as-new-website-leaks-voters-data">"Comelec apologizes to public as new website leaks voters data"</a>. April 21, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422140805/http://technology.inquirer.net/47736/comelec-apologizes-to-public-as-new-website-leaks-voters-data">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comelec+apologizes+to+public+as+new+website+leaks+voters+data&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.inquirer.net%2F47736%2Fcomelec-apologizes-to-public-as-new-website-leaks-voters-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilla2022" class="citation web cs1">Villa, Kathleen de (April 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1586716/comelec-commissioner-threatens-to-jail-critics">"Comelec commissioner threatens to jail critics"</a>. <i>INQUIRER.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601090132/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1586716/comelec-commissioner-threatens-to-jail-critics">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INQUIRER.net&rft.atitle=Comelec+commissioner+threatens+to+jail+critics&rft.date=2022-04-23&rft.aulast=Villa&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F1586716%2Fcomelec-commissioner-threatens-to-jail-critics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/nation/elections/comelec-rey-bulay-threatens-critics-arrest/">"Comelec's Rey Bulay threatens to have poll body critics arrested"</a>. <i>RAPPLER</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAPPLER&rft.atitle=Comelec%27s+Rey+Bulay+threatens+to+have+poll+body+critics+arrested&rft.date=2022-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnation%2Felections%2Fcomelec-rey-bulay-threatens-critics-arrest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil2022" class="citation web cs1">Neil (April 24, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2022/04/24/444253/comelec-threat-of-arrest-is-illegal-lawmakers-say/">"Comelec threat of arrest is illegal, lawmakers say"</a>. <i>BusinessWorld Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601092651/https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2022/04/24/444253/comelec-threat-of-arrest-is-illegal-lawmakers-say/">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BusinessWorld+Online&rft.atitle=Comelec+threat+of+arrest+is+illegal%2C+lawmakers+say&rft.date=2022-04-24&rft.au=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bworldonline.com%2Fthe-nation%2F2022%2F04%2F24%2F444253%2Fcomelec-threat-of-arrest-is-illegal-lawmakers-say%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil2022" class="citation web cs1">Neil (April 25, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2022/04/25/444434/arrest-remarks-just-a-warning-says-comelec-official/">"Arrest remarks just a warning, says Comelec official"</a>. <i>BusinessWorld Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601092647/https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2022/04/25/444434/arrest-remarks-just-a-warning-says-comelec-official/">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BusinessWorld+Online&rft.atitle=Arrest+remarks+just+a+warning%2C+says+Comelec+official&rft.date=2022-04-25&rft.au=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bworldonline.com%2Fthe-nation%2F2022%2F04%2F25%2F444434%2Farrest-remarks-just-a-warning-says-comelec-official%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaymalin2024" class="citation news cs1">Jaymalin, Mayen (May 14, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/nation/2024/05/14/2354874/comelec-explains-acceptance-tarlac-town-mayors-coc">"Comelec explains acceptance of Tarlac town mayor's COC"</a>. <i>The Philippine Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=Comelec+opens+probe+into+Alice+Guo%27s+2022+candidacy&rft.date=2024-07-08&rft.aulast=De+Leon&rft.aufirst=Dwight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fphilippines%2Fcomelec-investigates-mayor-alice-guo-candidacy-2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolledo2024" class="citation news cs1">Bolledo, Jairo (August 13, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/philippines/ombudsman-dismisses-bamban-tarlac-mayor-alice-guo/">"Ombudsman dismisses Mayor Alice Guo from service"</a>. <i>Rappler</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=Ombudsman+dismisses+Mayor+Alice+Guo+from+service&rft.date=2024-08-13&rft.aulast=Bolledo&rft.aufirst=Jairo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fphilippines%2Fombudsman-dismisses-bamban-tarlac-mayor-alice-guo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbarca2024" class="citation news cs1">Abarca, Charie (October 8, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inquirer.net/416726/alice-guo-will-no-longer-seek-reelection-as-bamban-mayor/">"Alice Guo will no longer seek reelection as Bamban mayor"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Alice+Guo+will+no+longer+seek+reelection+as+Bamban+mayor&rft.date=2024-10-08&rft.aulast=Abarca&rft.aufirst=Charie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquirer.net%2F416726%2Falice-guo-will-no-longer-seek-reelection-as-bamban-mayor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerquiña2024" class="citation news cs1">Serquiña, Mareile Celine (October 2, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/922376/comelec-we-have-no-power-to-automatically-cancel-alice-guo-candidacy/story/">"Comelec: We have no power to automatically cancel Alice Guo candidacy"</a>. <i>GMA News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMA+News&rft.atitle=Comelec%3A+We+have+no+power+to+automatically+cancel+Alice+Guo+candidacy&rft.date=2024-10-02&rft.aulast=Serqui%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Mareile+Celine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Ftopstories%2Fnation%2F922376%2Fcomelec-we-have-no-power-to-automatically-cancel-alice-guo-candidacy%2Fstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/09/24/2387680/comelec-post-all-cocs-online-ahead-2025-polls">"Comelec to post all COCs online ahead of 2025 polls"</a>. <i>The Philippine Star</i>. September 24, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Comelec+to+post+all+COCs+online+ahead+of+2025+polls&rft.date=2024-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2024%2F09%2F24%2F2387680%2Fcomelec-post-all-cocs-online-ahead-2025-polls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+on+Elections+%28Philippines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines" title="Referendums in the Philippines">referendums</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1898_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1898 Philippine legislative election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1907 Philippine Assembly elections">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1909 Philippine Assembly elections">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1912 Philippine Assembly elections">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1916 Philippine Assembly elections">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1919 Philippine legislative election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1922 Philippine legislative election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1925 Philippine legislative election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1928 Philippine legislative election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_Philippine_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 Philippine legislative election (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_Philippine_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 Philippine legislative election (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_general_election" title="1935 Philippine general election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_general_election" title="1941 Philippine general election">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1943 Philippine legislative election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_general_election" title="1946 Philippine general election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_general_election" title="1949 Philippine general election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_general_election" title="1953 Philippine general election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_general_election" title="1957 Philippine general election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_general_election" title="1961 Philippine general election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_general_election" title="1965 Philippine general election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_general_election" title="1969 Philippine general election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1984 Philippine parliamentary election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1987 Philippine legislative election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_general_election" title="1992 Philippine general election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_general_election" title="1995 Philippine general election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_general_election" title="1998 Philippine general election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Philippine_general_election" title="2001 Philippine general election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_general_election" title="2004 Philippine general election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_general_election" title="2007 Philippine general election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_general_election" title="2010 Philippine general election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_general_election" title="2013 Philippine general election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_general_election" title="2016 Philippine general election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election" title="2019 Philippine general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election" title="2025 Philippine general election">2025</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Presidential elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1935 Philippine presidential election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1941 Philippine presidential election">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1946 Philippine presidential election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1949 Philippine presidential election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1953 Philippine presidential election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1957 Philippine presidential election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1961 Philippine presidential election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1965 Philippine presidential election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1969 Philippine presidential election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1992 Philippine presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1998 Philippine presidential election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2004 Philippine presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2010 Philippine presidential election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2016 Philippine presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1916 Philippine Senate elections">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1919 Philippine Senate elections">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1922 Philippine Senate elections">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1925 Philippine Senate elections">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1928 Philippine Senate elections">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1931 Philippine Senate elections">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1934 Philippine Senate elections">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1941 Philippine Senate election">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1946 Philippine Senate election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1947 Philippine Senate election">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1949 Philippine Senate election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1951 Philippine Senate election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1953 Philippine Senate election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1955 Philippine Senate election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1957 Philippine Senate election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1959 Philippine Senate election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1961 Philippine Senate election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1963 Philippine Senate election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1965 Philippine Senate election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1967 Philippine Senate election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1969 Philippine Senate election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1971 Philippine Senate election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1987 Philippine Senate election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1992 Philippine Senate election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1995 Philippine Senate election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1998 Philippine Senate election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2001 Philippine Senate election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2004 Philippine Senate election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2007 Philippine Senate election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2010 Philippine Senate election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2013 Philippine Senate election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2016 Philippine Senate election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2019 Philippine Senate election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2022 Philippine Senate election">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2025 Philippine Senate election">2025</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1898_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1898 Philippine legislative election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1907 Philippine Assembly elections">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1909 Philippine Assembly elections">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1912 Philippine Assembly elections">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1916 Philippine Assembly elections">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1919 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1922 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1925 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1928 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1931 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1934 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1935 Philippine legislative election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1938 Philippine legislative election">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1941 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1943 Philippine legislative election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1949 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1953 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1957 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1961 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1965 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1969 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1984 Philippine parliamentary election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1987 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1992 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1995 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1998 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2001 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2004 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2007 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2010 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2013 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2019 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2025 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2025</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(Philippines)" title="Constitutional convention (Philippines)">Constitutional conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1934_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Philippines" title="Local government in the Philippines">Local elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1895_Philippine_municipal_elections" title="1895 Philippine municipal elections">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Philippine_local_elections" title="1899 Philippine local elections">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Philippine_local_elections" title="1905 Philippine local elections">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1912_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1912 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1919_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1919 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1925_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1925 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1928 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Philippine_local_elections" title="1937 Philippine local elections">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1943_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Philippine_local_elections" title="1980 Philippine local elections">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Philippine_local_elections" title="1988 Philippine local elections">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_local_elections" title="2013 Philippine local elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_local_elections" title="2016 Philippine local elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_local_elections" title="2019 Philippine local elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_local_elections" title="2022 Philippine local elections">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_local_elections" title="2025 Philippine local elections">2025</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangay elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1960_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1982 Philippine barangay elections">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1989 Philippine barangay elections">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1994 Philippine barangay elections">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1997 Philippine barangay elections">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2002 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2007 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2010 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="2013 Philippine barangay elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2023 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1599_Philippines_sovereignty_referendums" title="1599 Philippines sovereignty referendums">1599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1935 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Philippine_women%27s_suffrage_plebiscite" title="1937 Philippine women's suffrage plebiscite">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1939 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscites" title="1940 Philippine constitutional plebiscites">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1947 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1967 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1973 (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_martial_law_referendum" title="1973 Philippine martial law referendum">1973 (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Philippine_executive_and_legislative_powers_referendum" title="1975 Philippine executive and legislative powers referendum">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Philippine_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Philippine constitutional referendum">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Philippine_presidential_referendum" title="1977 Philippine presidential referendum">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1981 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1981 (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">1981 (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1984 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1987 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1987</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="List of elections in the Philippines">Per year</a></li> <li>Per type <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Presidential elections in the Philippines">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Senate_elections" title="Philippine Senate elections">Senatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barangay_elections" title="Barangay elections">Barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="List of special elections in the Philippines">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_local_elections" title="Template:Philippine local elections">Local elections and plebiscites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="COMELEC_Chairpersons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Template:Commission on Elections (Philippines)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Template talk:Commission on Elections (Philippines)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commission on Elections (Philippines)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="COMELEC_Chairpersons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">COMELEC Chairpersons</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Concepcion" title="Pedro Concepcion">Pedro Concepcion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Vito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José López Vito (page does not exist)">José López Vito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_de_Vera" title="Vicente de Vera">Vicente de Vera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Imperial" title="Domingo Imperial">Domingo Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jose_P._Carag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jose P. Carag (page does not exist)">Jose P. Carag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixto_Brillantes_Sr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixto Brillantes Sr. (page does not exist)">Sixto Brillantes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaudencio_Garcia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaudencio Garcia (page does not exist)">Gaudencio Garcia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_V._Borra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan V. Borra (page does not exist)">Juan V. Borra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Arranz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Arranz (page does not exist)">Manuel Arranz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Ferrer" title="Jaime Ferrer">Jaime N. Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_B._Perez" title="Leonardo B. Perez">Leonardo B. Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicente_M._Santiago_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicente M. Santiago Jr. (page does not exist)">Vicente M. Santiago Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victorino_A._Savellano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victorino A. Savellano (page does not exist)">Victorino A. Savellano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramon_H._Felipe_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramon H. Felipe Jr. (page does not exist)">Ramon H. Felipe Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilario_Davide_Jr." title="Hilario Davide Jr.">Hilario Davide Jr.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haydee_Yorac" title="Haydee Yorac">Haydee Yorac</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Monsod" title="Christian Monsod">Christian Monsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_P._Pardo" title="Bernardo P. Pardo">Bernardo P. Pardo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luzviminda_Tancangco" title="Luzviminda Tancangco">Luzviminda Tancangco</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Demetriou" title="Harriet Demetriou">Harriet Demetriou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Benipayo" title="Alfredo Benipayo">Alfredo Benipayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Abalos" title="Benjamin Abalos">Benjamin Abalos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resurreccion_Borra" title="Resurreccion Borra">Resurreccion Borra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_A._Brawner" title="Romeo A. Brawner">Romeo A. Brawner</a>, Sr.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Melo" title="Jose Melo">Jose Melo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto_Brillantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixto Brillantes">Sixto Brillantes Jr.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Robert_S._Lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Robert S. Lim (page does not exist)">Christian Robert S. Lim</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andres_Bautista" title="Andres Bautista">Andres Bautista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_Abas" title="Sheriff Abas">Sheriff Abas</a></li> <li><i>Socorro B. Inting</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidamen_Pangarungan" title="Saidamen Pangarungan">Saidamen Pangarungan</a> (ad interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Garcia" title="George Garcia">George Garcia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italic</i> indicates acting chairperson.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_election_commissions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_election_commissions" title="Template:National election commissions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_election_commissions" title="Template talk:National election commissions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_election_commissions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National election commissions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_election_commissions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">election commissions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Electoral_Commission_(Angola)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Electoral Commission (Angola) (page does not exist)">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_National_Electoral_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autonomous National Electoral Commission (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Electoral_Commission_(Botswana)" title="Independent Electoral Commission (Botswana)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_National_Electoral_Commission_(Burkina_Faso)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent National Electoral Commission (Burkina Faso) (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_National_Electoral_Commission_(Burundi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent National Electoral Commission (Burundi) (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elections Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Electoral_Commission_(Cape_Verde)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Electoral Commission (Cape Verde) (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Authority_of_Elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Authority of Elections (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_National_Electoral_Commission_(Comoros)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent National Electoral Commission (Comoros) (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_National_Electoral_Commission_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Independent National Electoral Commission (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Elections_Authority" title="National Elections Authority">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Election_Board_of_Ethiopia" title="National Election Board of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Electoral_Commission_(Gambia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent Electoral Commission (Gambia) (page does not exist)">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_of_Ghana" title="Electoral Commission of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_National_Electoral_Commission_(Guinea)" title="Independent National Electoral Commission (Guinea)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Electoral_Commission_(Guinea-Bissau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Electoral Commission (Guinea-Bissau) (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Electoral_Commission_(Ivory_Coast)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent Electoral Commission (Ivory Coast) (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Electoral_and_Boundaries_Commission" title="Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Electoral_Commission_(Lesotho)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent Electoral Commission (Lesotho) (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Elections_Commission_(Liberia)" title="National Elections Commission (Liberia)">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_National_Election_Commission" title="High National Election Commission">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_National_Electoral_Commission_for_the_Transition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent National Electoral Commission for the Transition (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malawi_Electoral_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malawi Electoral Commission (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Independent_Election_Commission" title="National Independent Election Commission">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_Commissioner%27s_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral Commissioner's Office (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Electoral_Commission_(Mozambique)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Electoral Commission (Mozambique) (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_of_Namibia" title="Electoral Commission of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Electoral_Commission_(Niger)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent Electoral Commission (Niger) (page does not exist)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_National_Electoral_Commission" title="Independent National Electoral Commission">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_Electoral_Commission_(Senegal)" title="National Autonomous Electoral Commission (Senegal)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_of_Seychelles" title="Electoral Commission of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Commission_(Somaliland)" title="National Electoral Commission (Somaliland)">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_of_South_Africa" title="Electoral Commission of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_National_Elections_Commission" title="Sudan National Elections Commission">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Commission_(Tanzania)" title="National Electoral Commission (Tanzania)">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_High_Authority_for_Elections" title="Independent High Authority for Elections">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_of_Uganda" title="Electoral Commission of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Electoral_Commission" title="Zimbabwe Electoral Commission">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_%26_Barbuda_Electoral_Commission" title="Antigua & Barbuda Electoral Commission">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1mara_Nacional_Electoral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cámara Nacional Electoral (page does not exist)">CNE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direcci%C3%B3n_Nacional_Electoral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirección Nacional Electoral (page does not exist)">DINE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_and_Boundaries_Commission_(Barbados)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral and Boundaries Commission (Barbados) (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize_Elections_and_Boundaries_Commission" title="Belize Elections and Boundaries Commission">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Electoral_Organ" title="Plurinational Electoral Organ">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Electoral_Court" title="Superior Electoral Court">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_Canada" title="Elections Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Service" title="Electoral Service">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Colombia)" title="National Electoral Council (Colombia)">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Electoral_Court_of_Costa_Rica" title="Supreme Electoral Court of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral Office (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Electoral_Board" title="Central Electoral Board">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Ecuador)" title="National Electoral Council (Ecuador)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Electoral_Court_(El_Salvador)" title="Supreme Electoral Court (El Salvador)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Electoral_Tribunal_(Guatemala)" title="Supreme Electoral Tribunal (Guatemala)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guyana_Elections_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guyana Elections Commission (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Electoral_Council" title="Provisional Electoral Council">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_of_Jamaica" title="Electoral Commission of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Electoral_Tribunal_(Honduras)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Electoral Tribunal (Honduras)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_Electoral" title="Instituto Nacional Electoral">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Electoral_Council_(Nicaragua)" title="Supreme Electoral Council (Nicaragua)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_Court_(Panama)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral Court (Panama) (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Electoral_Justice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Electoral Justice (page does not exist)">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Office_of_Electoral_Processes" title="National Office of Electoral Processes">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_and_Boundaries_Commission_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral and Boundaries Commission (Trinidad and Tobago) (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Court_of_Uruguay" title="Electoral Court of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Venezuela)" title="National Electoral Council (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Election_Commission_(Afghanistan)" title="Independent Election Commission (Afghanistan)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_(Azerbaijan)" title="Central Election Commission (Azerbaijan)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Elections_and_Referendums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Elections and Referendums (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Commission Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election_Commission_of_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Election Commission of Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Election_Committee_(Cambodia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Election Committee (Cambodia)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Electoral_Commission_(East_Timor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Electoral Commission (East Timor) (page does not exist)">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Affairs_Commission" title="Electoral Affairs Commission">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Elections_Commission" title="General Elections Commission">Indonesia</a></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Office_(Iran)" title="Election Office (Iran)">EO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">GC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_High_Electoral_Commission" title="Independent High Electoral Commission">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Elections_Committee" title="Central Elections Committee">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Election_Management_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Election Management Council (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Election_Commission_(Jordan)" title="Independent Election Commission (Jordan)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_(Kazakhstan)" title="Central Election Commission (Kazakhstan)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Electoral_Commission_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Central Electoral Commission of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Malaysia" title="Election Commission of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_Commission_(Maldives)" title="Elections Commission (Maldives)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Election_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Election Commission (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Election_Commission" title="Union Election Commission">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Commission, Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Pakistan" title="Election Commission of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Elections_Commission_(Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Elections Commission (Palestine)">Palestinian territories</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections Department">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Election_Commission_(South_Korea)" title="National Election Commission (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Election Commission of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_(Taiwan)" title="Central Election Commission (Taiwan)">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Thailand" title="Election Commission of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Election_Council_(Turkey)" title="Supreme Election Council (Turkey)">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_of_Abkhazia" title="Central Election Commission of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_(Albania)" title="Central Election Commission (Albania)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Electoral_Commission_of_Armenia" title="Central Electoral Commission of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_of_Belarus" title="Central Election Commission of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_of_Elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate of Elections (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Central Election Commission of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia & Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Election_Commission_(Bulgaria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Election Commission (Bulgaria) (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Electoral_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Electoral Commission (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Service" title="Electoral Service">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Electoral_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Electoral Committee (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Election Unit (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(France)" title="Constitutional Council (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Administration_of_Georgia" title="Election Administration of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Election_Commission_(Greece)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Election Commission (Greece) (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Election_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Election Office (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Commission_of_Iceland" title="National Electoral Commission of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(Ireland)" title="Electoral Commission (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Directorate_for_Electoral_Services" title="Central Directorate for Electoral Services">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Election_Commission_(Kosovo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Election Commission (Kosovo) (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_(Latvia)" title="Central Election Commission (Latvia)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Election_Commission_(Lithuania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Election Commission (Lithuania) (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_Commission_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral Commission Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Electoral_Commission_of_Moldova" title="Central Electoral Commission of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Election_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Election Commission (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Council" title="Electoral Council">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Directorate_of_Elections" title="Norwegian Directorate of Elections">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Commission_(Poland)" title="National Electoral Commission (Poland)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Elections_Commission_(Portugal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Elections Commission (Portugal) (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_Electoral_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republic Electoral Commission (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_Electoral_Central" title="Junta Electoral Central">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Authority_(Sweden)" title="Election Authority (Sweden)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Election_Council_(Turkey)" title="Supreme Election Council (Turkey)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_(Ukraine)" title="Central Election Commission (Ukraine)">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_Kingdom)" title="Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Electoral_Commission" title="Australian Electoral Commission">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(Fiji)" title="Electoral Commission (Fiji)">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru_Electoral_Commission" title="Nauru Electoral Commission">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)" title="Electoral Commission (New Zealand)">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palau_Election_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palau Election Commission (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Electoral_Commission" title="Papua New Guinea Electoral Commission">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippines_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippines_topics" title="Template talk:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippines_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li>Colonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li>Postcolonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bays of the Philippines">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_the_Philippines" title="Biosphere reserves of the Philippines">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">Typhoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_in_the_Philippines" title="Ecoregions in the Philippines">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Philippines" title="Extreme points of the Philippines">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines" title="List of national parks of the Philippines">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">Political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Executive office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_the_Philippines" title="Labor policy in the Philippines">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" title="ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Society of the Philippines">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines" title="Divorce in the Philippines">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">Income 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the Philippines">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the 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