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À la recherche de la gloire littéraire </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ANDERSEN HANS CHRISTIAN (1805-1875), Voyages et amours" href="/encyclopedie/hans-christian-andersen/2-voyages-et-amours/"> 2. Voyages et amours </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ANDERSEN HANS CHRISTIAN (1805-1875), Aux sources des « Contes »" href="/encyclopedie/hans-christian-andersen/3-aux-sources-des-contes/"> 3. Aux sources des « Contes » </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ANDERSEN HANS CHRISTIAN (1805-1875), L'univers des « Contes »" href="/encyclopedie/hans-christian-andersen/4-l-univers-des-contes/"> 4. L'univers des « Contes » </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ANDERSEN HANS CHRISTIAN (1805-1875), Une longue autobiographie" href="/encyclopedie/hans-christian-andersen/5-une-longue-autobiographie/"> 5. Une longue autobiographie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ANDERSEN HANS CHRISTIAN (1805-1875), Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/hans-christian-andersen/6-bibliographie/"> 6. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>ANDERSEN </strong><span class="pc">HANS CHRISTIAN </span><span class="label-sub"> (1805-1875)</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-biographie" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yB920151_0"><i class="anchor" id="yB920151_0"></i><p>Dans le Copenhague des premières décennies du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le vaste mouvement de sensibilité et d'idées appelé « romantisme » a embrassé tant de domaines divers (histoire, politique, réforme sociale, philosophie , littérature, musique et arts plastiques) qu'il dépasse tous les efforts de synthèse entrepris pour le saisir dans sa totalité. La variété des romantismes nationaux en divers pays d'Europe recouvre néanmoins quelque unité prof..." title="Article : ROMANTISME" href="/encyclopedie/romantisme/">romantisme</a> nationaliste bat son plein. Passé la longue vogue de l'imitation française, le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Danemark proprement dit se situe entre 54 0 et 58 0 de latitude nord et entre 8 0 et 15 0 de longitude est. Deux territoires autonomes font toutefois partie intégrante du royaume : les îles Féroé , en plein océan Atlantique, au nord de l' Écosse , et le Groenland ( Grønland ), la plus grande île du monde, le long de la côte est du continent nord-américain.. Le pays est ento..." title="Article : DANEMARK" href="/encyclopedie/danemark/">Danemark</a>, fouaillé par la défaite de 1801 que lui infligea l'Angleterre, éperonné par les théories du Norvégien Steffens, tout récemment rentré d'Allemagne, s'est mis à la recherche de son âme, et la quête, d'instinct, dans les trésors du passé : vieux chants eddiques, chroniques de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de SAXO GRAMMATICUS (1140?-1206). Ce moine danois, originaire de Sjaelland, vécut à l'articulation des xii e et xiii e siècles, et servit l'archevêque Absalon dont il fut sans doute secrétaire ( clericus ). Il est passé à la postérité pour ses Gesta Danorum ( Les Hauts Faits des Danois ), histoire de son pays écrite en latin, des origines mythiques à 1220 environ, ce qu..." title="Article : SAXO GRAMMATICUS (1140?-1206)" href="/encyclopedie/saxo-grammaticus/">Saxo Grammaticus</a>, chansons populaires. Avec un grand déploiement de mythologie, de couleur locale antique et de sentimentalisme religieux, Oehlenschlaeger et Grundtvig s'efforcent d'inculquer au peuple danois le sens de sa personnalité originale. Parallèlement, les élégances et le bon sens critique de J. L. Heiberg flattent le côté bon enfant, bon bourgeois, bon vivant du Danois. Mais c'est à un enfant du peuple sans théorie, sans école, qu'il appartiendra de découvrir au monde l'essence de l'âme danoise : Hans Christian Andersen.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yB920151_1"><i class="anchor" id="yB920151_1"></i><h2>À la recherche de la gloire littéraire</h2><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH100043" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Hans Christian Andersen" href="/media/hans-christian-andersen-ph100043/"><img id="PH100043" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/e/csm_ph100043_59c5924e1a.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Hans Christian Andersen - crédits : Collection privée" data-description="H. C. Bloch, Portrait de Hans Christian Andersen. Huile sur toile, 64 cm × 50 cm. Collection privée." data-copyright="Collection privée" width="609" height="800" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hans Christian Andersen </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Collection privée </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Andersen est né le 2 avril 1805 à Odense, dans une famille fort pauvre. Le père est cordonnier, quand il ne s'abandonne pas à ses songeries vaines de libre penseur convaincu d'avoir été fait pour « quelque chose de plus haut ». Il a épousé une femme médiocre, plus âgée que lui, superstitieuse en diable et presque illettrée. Un grand-père fou, une grand-mère repliée dans une incurable rêverie, et qui gâte son petit-fils, voilà le milieu où Hans Christian passera pourtant une heureuse petite <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Enfance (1913) est le premier volet de la trilogie autobiographique de Gorki (1868-1936), poursuivie avec En gagnant mon pain (1916) et Mes Universités (1923). Déjà célèbre pour ses Récits et croquis (1898), ses pièces de théâtre ( Les Bas-Fonds , 1903), ses romans ( La Mère , 1907) et d'autres œuvres sur la province russe nourries des impressions et des expériences de jeunesse, ..." title="Article : ENFANCE" href="/encyclopedie/enfance-maxime-gorki/">enfance</a>, jusqu'au jour où son père, leurré par le mirage des campagnes napoléoniennes, s'engagera dans la Grande Armée. Il reviendra en 1816 pour mourir. Entre-temps, sa femme a dû se mettre aux lessives. Elle s'adonne à la boisson, se remarie, met son enfant en apprentissage (cordonnerie, menuiserie...). La sensibilité et la santé du gamin souffreteux en pâtiront. Il a pourtant appris à lire chez une vieille femme du voisinage et fréquente même, par intermittence, une école privée. Il écrit force poèmes, et, déjà, rêve de gloire littéraire.</p><p>En 1819, à quatorze ans, son parti est pris. Il quitte la maison d'Odense, et part pour Copenhague « afin de devenir célèbre », précise-t-il. Il rêve d'être un jour un grand <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les domaines de l'art et de la littérature ont longtemps ignoré le phénomène d'individualisation qui caractérise aujourd'hui pour nous les notions d'œuvre et d'auteur. La Renaissance , l'âge classique, les Lumières constituent des moments de ce processus qui permet « l'assignation des œuvres à un nom propre » (R. Chartier) et qui accompagne l'avènement du sujet moderne. Le t..." title="Article : AUTEUR" href="/encyclopedie/auteur/">auteur</a> dramatique – c'est l'âge d'or du vaudeville danois –, de chanter puisqu'il a un joli filet de voix, de faire de la danse. Il a raconté ses premières expériences dans <em>L'Improvisateur</em> : malgré quelques puissantes protections, celle de Baggesen entre autres, il ne réussit à rien. Un jour, sa voix se casse. Nul ne songe à entreprendre la publication de ses premiers essais poétiques. Ses tentatives au théâtre ne sont pas plus heureuses. On lui rend les manuscrits de ses pièces en les déclarant « parfaitement injouables », ce qui n'est pas loin de la vérité ! C'est la misère presque continuelle, le désespoir parfois.</p><p>Après trois ans de revers, la fortune change enfin. En 1822, il trouve en Jonas Collin, directeur de théâtre, l'ami et le mécène qu'il cherchait. Grâce à lui, il obtient le plus urgent : une bourse pour faire des études régulières. Il entre au collège de Slagelse et se rue sur les livres, mais c'est pour devenir immédiatement le souffre-douleur du directeur, Simon Meisling. Son supplice, dont les échos hantent tant de ses <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les Contes d'Andersen (1805-1875) sont le type même de l'œuvre universelle : il s'agit de l'un des ouvrages les plus lus au monde, et il faut gager que l'on n'est pas près d'en percer le secret. Andersen, écrivain danois sorti du plus bas peuple mais bénéficiaire d'un destin exceptionnel, se voulait avant tout romancier et dramaturge. C'est presque par hasard qu'il se risquera, en 1835, �..." title="Article : CONTES" href="/encyclopedie/contes-hans-christian-andersen/">contes</a> – par exemple, <em>Le Vilain Petit Canard</em> –, durera longtemps. C'est en 1827 seulement que J. Collin le libérera, lui trouvera un poste de précepteur, lui fera passer son baccalauréat et le fera entrer à l'université en octobre 1828. Ces dures années n'ont pourtant pas été perdues. Il a acquis une solide culture et il a beaucoup écrit : des poèmes, des pièces de théâtre, et ce volume d'<em>Essais de jeunesse<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></em></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="B920151_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="BOYER, Régis"><a title="Auteur : Régis BOYER" rel="author" href="/auteurs/regis-boyer/"><strong>Régis BOYER</strong></a> : professeur émérite (langues, littératures et civilisation scandinaves) à l'université de Paris-IV-Sorbonne </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : ANDERSEN HANS CHRISTIAN (1805-1875)" href="/carte-mentale/hans-christian-andersen/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yB920151_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Littératures" href="/classification/litteratures/"> Littératures </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Écrivains" href="/classification/litteratures/ecrivains/"> Écrivains </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Écrivains européens" href="/classification/litteratures/ecrivains/ecrivains-europeens/"> Écrivains européens </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Écrivains scandinaves" href="/classification/litteratures/ecrivains/ecrivains-europeens/ecrivains-scandinaves/"> Écrivains scandinaves </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Écrivains danois"> <a title="Classification : Écrivains danois" href="/classification/litteratures/ecrivains/ecrivains-europeens/ecrivains-scandinaves/ecrivains-danois/"> Écrivains danois </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yB920151_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Média</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-12 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH100043" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Hans Christian Andersen" href="/media/hans-christian-andersen-ph100043/"> <img id="PH100043" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/e/csm_ph100043_59c5924e1a.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Hans Christian Andersen - crédits : Collection privée" data-description="H. C. Bloch, Portrait de Hans Christian Andersen. Huile sur toile, 64 cm × 50 cm. Collection privée." data-copyright="Collection privée" width="609" height="800" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hans Christian Andersen </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Collection privée </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yB920151_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/contes-hans-christian-andersen/"> <span class="rg">CONTES, </span><span class="rm">Hans Christian Andersen - Fiche de lecture</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Régis BOYER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">759 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Les <em>Contes</em> d'Andersen (1805-1875) sont le type même de l'œuvre universelle : il s'agit de l'un des ouvrages les plus lus au monde, et il faut gager que l'on n'est pas près d'en percer le secret. Andersen, écrivain danois sorti du plus bas peuple mais bénéficiaire d'un destin exceptionnel, se voulait...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/danemark/#c8416"> <span class="rg">DANEMARK</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marc AUCHET</span> , <span rel="author">Frederik Julius BILLESKOV-JANSEN</span> , <span rel="author">Jean Maurice BIZIÈRE</span> , <span rel="author">Régis BOYER</span> , <span rel="author">Georges CHABOT</span> , <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> , <span rel="author">Lucien MUSSET</span> et <span rel="author">Claude NORDMANN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">19 522 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">14 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : DANEMARK" href="/encyclopedie/danemark/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Danemark : carte physique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/e/csm_at005304_056661f648.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...arbitre officiel du goût et auteur de vaudevilles amusants, ou Henrik Hertz (1798-1870). La nouvelle est représentée par <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de STEEN STEENSEN BLICHER (1782-1848). L'écrivain Steen Steensen Blicher appartient de fait au romantisme danois. Mais, comme les exemples d'Oehlenschlaeger ou du Suédois Tegnér le prouvent, un certain type de romantisme échevelé (fondé sur l'imagination) ou éthéré (nourri par le sentiment) ne correspondait probablement pas au véritable tempérament scandinave, trop réaliste ..." title="Article : STEEN STEENSEN BLICHER (1782-1848)" href="/encyclopedie/steen-steensen-blicher/">Steen Steensen Blicher</a> (1782-1848). Mais le primat revient à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN (1805-1875). Dans le Copenhague des premières décennies du xix e siècle, le romantisme nationaliste bat son plein. Passé la longue vogue de l'imitation française, le Danemark , fouaillé par la défaite de 1801 que lui infligea l'Angleterre, éperonné par les théories du Norvégien Steffens, tout récemment rentré d'Allemagne, s'est mis à la ..." title="Article : HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN (1805-1875)" href="/encyclopedie/hans-christian-andersen/">Hans Christian Andersen</a> (1805-1875). On ignore en général qu'il s'est également intéressé au théâtre, au roman, au récit de... </div> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yB920151_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : DANOISE LITTÉRATURE" href="/index/litterature-danoise/"> <span class="rg">DANOISE </span><span class="pc">LITTÉRATURE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ROMANTISME, littérature" href="/index/romantisme-litterature/"> <span class="rg">ROMANTISME, </span><em class="it">littérature</em> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_74169bae4d.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Crédits images Accueil" rel="nofollow" href="/credits-illustrations/">Crédits images</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire </a> de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2025 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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