CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Keating government - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"61c20e23-4bf0-47be-9317-7aa3cddd5032","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Keating_government","wgTitle":"Keating government","wgCurRevisionId":1277897761,"wgRevisionId":1277897761,"wgArticleId":24316242,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: archived copy as title","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Webarchive template wayback links","Webarchive template archiveis links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2016","Use Australian English from July 2016","All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024","Keating government","Governments of Australia","Australian Labor Party governments","History of Australia (1945–present)","1991 establishments in Australia","1996 disestablishments in Australia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Keating_government","wgRelevantArticleId":24316242,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6382322","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1680"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1120"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg/640px-Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="896"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Keating government - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keating_government"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keating_government"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Keating_government rootpage-Keating_government skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Keating+government" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Keating+government" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Keating+government" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Keating+government" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_in_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_in_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terms in office</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terms_in_office-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terms in office subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terms_in_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keating's_personal_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keating's_personal_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Keating's personal style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keating's_personal_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Culture and society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republican_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Republican nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aboriginal_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aboriginal_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Aboriginal affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aboriginal_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Foreign affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Defence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1993_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>1993 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term_and_1996_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term_and_1996_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Second term and 1996 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term_and_1996_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Keating government</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6382322#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Keating_government" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Keating_government" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Keating_government"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Keating_government"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Keating_government" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Keating_government" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&oldid=1277897761" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Keating_government&id=1277897761&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKeating_government"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKeating_government"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Keating_government&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6382322" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Government of Australia, 1991-1996</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/First_Keating_ministry" title="First Keating ministry">First Keating ministry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Second_Keating_ministry" title="Second Keating ministry">Second Keating ministry</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Keating government<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg/200px-Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg/300px-Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg/400px-Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="1061" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">In office</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">20 December 1991 – 11 March 1996</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime<span class="nowrap"> </span>Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Australia">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Howe_(politician)" title="Brian Howe (politician)">Brian Howe</a> (1991–1995)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Kim Beazley</a> (1995–1996)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Keating wins <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill,_December_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Labor Party leadership spill, December 1991">1991 Labor leadership spill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Demise</th><td class="infobox-data">Lost <a href="/wiki/1996_Australian_federal_election" title="1996 Australian federal election">1996 election</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hawke_government" title="Hawke government">Hawke government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard government</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="border: 4px double #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 110%; padding: 0; line-height: 150%;"><table><tbody><tr> <td style="background:#F00011; color:#FFF; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg/75px-Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg/113px-Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg/150px-Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="1061" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#F00011; color:#FFF; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px; width:100%;"><span style="font-size:0.75em;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></span><br /><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Paul Keating</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating#Early_life_and_education" title="Paul Keating">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating#Early_life_and_education" title="Paul Keating">President of New South Wales Young Labor</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><small><b>Member for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Blaxland" title="Division of Blaxland">Blaxland</a> (1969–1996)</b></small></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Minister for Northern Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating#Early_political_career" title="Paul Keating">Shadow Minister for Minerals, Resources and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawke_government" title="Hawke government">Treasurer of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawke_government#Economic_policy" title="Hawke government">Floating the Australian dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawke_government#Economic_policy" title="Hawke government">Financial deregulation</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Hawke_government" title="Hawke government">Deputy Prime Minister of Australia</a></b> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession_in_Australia" title="Early 1990s recession in Australia">This is a recession that Australia had to have</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1991_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="June 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">June 1991 Labor Party spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1991_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="December 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">December 1991 Labor Party spill</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prime Minister of Australia</a></b> </p> <hr /> <p><b>Term of government (1991–1996)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Title_Act_1993" title="Native Title Act 1993">Native Title Act 1993</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Redfern_Park_Speech" title="Redfern Park Speech">Redfern Park Speech</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Superannuation Guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating#Superannuation_and_economic_policy" title="Paul Keating">Enterprise bargaining</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Privatisation of Qantas and the Commonwealth Bank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Immigration">Detention centres</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture_and_society">Creative Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_(infrastructure)" title="One Nation (infrastructure)">One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Advisory_Committee" title="Republic Advisory Committee">Republic Advisory Committee</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Ministries</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Keating_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Keating Ministry">First Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Keating_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Keating Ministry">Second Ministry</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Elections</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_Australian_federal_election" title="1993 Australian federal election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Australian_federal_election" title="1996 Australian federal election">1996</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating's signature"><img alt="Paul Keating's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Paul_Keating_signature_1998.svg/120px-Paul_Keating_signature_1998.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Paul_Keating_signature_1998.svg/180px-Paul_Keating_signature_1998.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Paul_Keating_signature_1998.svg/240px-Paul_Keating_signature_1998.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="326" /></a></span><br /> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" title="Government of Australia"><img alt="Government of Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paul_Keating_sidebar" title="Template:Paul Keating sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paul_Keating_sidebar" title="Template talk:Paul Keating sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paul_Keating_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paul Keating sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Keating government</b> was the federal executive government of Australia led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> from 1991 to 1996. The government followed on from the <a href="/wiki/Hawke_government" title="Hawke government">Hawke government</a> after Paul Keating replaced <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a> as Labor leader in an internal party leadership challenge in 1991. Together, these two governments are often collectively described as the <a href="/wiki/Hawke-Keating_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawke-Keating government">Hawke-Keating government</a>. The Keating government was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Australian_federal_election" title="1996 Australian federal election">1996 federal election</a> and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">John Howard's Coalition government</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keating entered Parliament in 1969, aged just 25, when he won the seat of <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Blaxland" title="Division of Blaxland">Blaxland</a> for the Australian Labor Party. He went on to briefly serve as minister for Northern Australia during the final days of the <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam government</a> in 1975. Keating then served an extended period in the Shadow Ministry through the period of the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_government" title="Fraser government">Fraser government</a>, culminating in his appointment as Shadow Treasurer in January 1983. Labor, led by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a> went on to defeat Fraser at the subsequent <a href="/wiki/1983_Australian_federal_election" title="1983 Australian federal election">1983 federal election</a> and Keating began a long period of service as the nation's Treasurer. </p><p>Keating had no tertiary qualifications and just previously three weeks experience as a minister.<sup id="cite_ref-primeministers.naa.gov.au_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primeministers.naa.gov.au-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Keating oversaw a number of important transitions in the Australian economy, including the floating of the Australian dollar and program of deregulation of the Australian economy: including privatisation of assets and reductions in tariffs. He formed a powerful partnership with Hawke to deliver numerous reforms; subsequently, Hawke initially agreed to stand down after the 1990 election in Keating's favour, but later reneged on this proposal, causing tension between the two. On 3 June 1991, Keating challenged Hawke for the leadership, lost the ballot and went to the backbench. Six months later he again challenged Hawke, this time winning the leadership of the Labor Party and becoming the 24th Prime Minister of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-primeministers.naa.gov.au_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primeministers.naa.gov.au-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms_in_office">Terms in office</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terms in office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his victory in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill,_December_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Labor Party leadership spill, December 1991">Labor Party leadership spill of December 1991</a>, Keating went on to lead the Labor Party to the <a href="/wiki/1993_Australian_federal_election" title="1993 Australian federal election">1993 federal election</a>. Labor was returned with an increased majority in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, with 80 seats to the Liberal Party's 49 and the National Party's 16 seats, with two <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">independents</a>. </p><p>Three years later, Keating again led the party to the <a href="/wiki/1996_Australian_federal_election" title="1996 Australian federal election">1996 federal election</a>, in which it was soundly defeated by the <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Liberal-National_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal-National Coalition">Liberal-National Coalition</a>: the Liberals won 75 seats, and the National Party a further 19 to Labor's 49. Keating then resigned from Parliament on 23 April.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keating's_personal_style"><span id="Keating.27s_personal_style"></span>Keating's personal style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Keating's personal style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keating was a combative Parliamentarian. Author and journalist Peter Hartcher described him as "famed for his flair with an insult".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his earlier career as Treasurer, Keating once said of Opposition Leader John Howard, "From this day onwards Mr Howard will wear his leadership like a crown of thorns and in the Parliament I will do everything I can to crucify him." Other colourful invective he employed in the Parliament to describe political opponents included "brain-damaged", "mangy maggot" and "scumbags".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, Keating refused to allow his Treasurer <a href="/wiki/John_Dawkins" title="John Dawkins">John Dawkins</a> to appear before a senate estimates committee and described the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a> as consisting of "unrepresentative swill".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/John_Hewson" title="John Hewson">John Hewson</a>'s tenure as Opposition Leader, he once said that being challenged by Hewson was like "being flogged by a wet lettuce".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After succeeding from Hawke as Labor leader and prime minister, Keating reshuffled the Cabinet. Dawkins replaced <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Willis" title="Ralph Willis">Ralph Willis</a> as Treasurer. In 1991 Australia was in the midst of a prolonged economic recession, with eight-quarters of declining economic growth. In response to these economic conditions, Keating announced the <a href="/wiki/One_Nation_(infrastructure)" title="One Nation (infrastructure)">One Nation</a> economic program in February 1992. Throughout his first year in office, unemployment continued to rise and with it government expenditure on welfare. In response, the government passed the <i>Australian National Training Authority Act 1992</i> and <i>Disability Discrimination Act 1992</i>. Unemployment reached 11.4% at the end of 1992 – the highest level since the Great Depression.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government introduced the <a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation Guarantee</a> in 1992 as part of a major reform package addressing Australia's retirement income policies. Since its introduction, employers have been required to make compulsory contributions to superannuation on behalf of most of their employees. This contribution was originally set at 3% of the employees' income, and has been incrementally increased. </p><p>A landmark workfare scheme known as <i>Working Nation</i> was implemented with the intention of providing work and training for the long-term unemployed,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <i>Industrial Relations Reform Act 1993</i> created a set of minimum entitlements in the workplace, relating to equal remuneration for work of equal value, unpaid parental leave, termination of employment (including unfair dismissal), and minimum wages.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Bill_Kelty" title="Bill Kelty">Bill Kelty</a>, the industrial changes introduced by Keating government provided trade unions "with more rights to bargain and more protection than was afforded to unions in most other nations".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the <i>Sex Discrimination Act</i> (SDA) and <i>Affirmative Action Act</i> of 1986 were strengthened in 1992 by a series of amendments, with the SDA provisions extended to federal industrial awards and protections against sexual harassment in the workplace extended.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of adjustments were made to the social wage during Keating's five years in office. These included the introduction of the Earnings Credit Scheme, which enabled pensioners to earn extra income without losing their pension payments,<sup id="cite_ref-tonyburke.com.au_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tonyburke.com.au-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a nonincome-tested Child Care Cash Rebate and a Home Child Care Allowance, the latter of which was paid directly to full-time carers of children in the home,<sup id="cite_ref-research.dwp.gov.uk_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-research.dwp.gov.uk-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a maternity allowance,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Commonwealth Dental Health Program,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Mature Age Allowance (an early retirement scheme for unemployed disadvantaged Australians over the age of sixty),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Parenting Allowance (a payment for parents with children at home and with very little personal income), and an Additional Parenting Allowance to the partners of unemployed workers.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The system of rental assistance was made more generous, with the maximum rates of Rent Assistance rates increased in real terms between March 1993 and September 1994 by 138.9% for families with three or more children, by 109.2% for families with one or two children, by 90.5% for single recipients without children, and by 79.5 for couples without children. These increased rates were protected by inflation as the rates had been indexed twice yearly from March 1991 onwards. Students in receipt of the homeless rate of AUSTUDY or ABSTUDY were also made eligible for rental assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-research.dwp.gov.uk_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-research.dwp.gov.uk-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Keating government also made improvements to the family benefits system, continuing a major policy of the Hawke government. In 1987, the Hawke government established benchmarks for the adequacy of maximum level family payments (i.e. payments to social security recipients and low-income working families) to ensure that they provided effective assistance to those in need. These benchmarks were set at percentages of the pension rate, and were therefore linked indirectly to Average Weekly Earnings. From a value of 11.9% of the combined married pension rate, the value of the Family Allowance Supplement was set to increase to 15% for children under 13 years old and to 20% for children aged between the ages of 13 and 15. These benchmarks were increased by the Keating government in 1992 and again in 1995 to reach 16.6% and 21.6%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Keating government sold <a href="/wiki/Government_business_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Government business enterprise">government business enterprises</a> <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSL_Limited" title="CSL Limited">CSL Limited</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank" title="Commonwealth Bank">Commonwealth Bank</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Keating government pursued a <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalist</a> immigration policy. </p><p>The Keating government introduced <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_detention_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory detention in Australia">mandatory detention for asylum seekers</a> with bipartisan support in 1992,<sup id="cite_ref-SBS_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scrapping a time limit of 273 days.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandatory detention would become increasingly controversial under the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard government</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> government led by <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_and_society"><span class="anchor" id="Creative_Nation"></span>Culture and society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government's agenda under Keating included creating an <a href="/wiki/Australian_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian republic">Australian republic</a>, reconciliation with Australia's <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous population</a>, and furthering economic and cultural ties with Asia. Keating and his supporters styled his approach to social policy as "Big Picture" politics.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keating embarked on a legislative program which included establishing the Australian National Training Authority (ANTA) and the Creative Nation cultural policy in October 1994 (which significantly increased funding for the arts, established <a href="/wiki/SBS_independent" title="SBS independent">SBS independent</a> and allocated funding for the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Interactive_Media_Industry_Association" title="Australian Interactive Media Industry Association">Australian Interactive Media Industry Association</a> and other <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a> initiatives).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government also undertook a review of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sex_Discrimination_Act_1984" title="Sex Discrimination Act 1984">Sex Discrimination Act 1984</a></i>, and legislated native title rights for Indigenous Australians following the <a href="/wiki/Mabo_v_Queensland_(No_2)" title="Mabo v Queensland (No 2)">Mabo High Court decision</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republican_nationalism">Republican nationalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Republican nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1992, Paul Keating announced that he wanted Australia to change its <a href="/wiki/Australian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian flag">national flag</a> because it contained the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> within its design. Later that month, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> visited Australia for the Sydney Council's 150th anniversary and Keating greeted the Queen with a speech in which he spoke of a growing "national purpose" and "independence" in Australia. He was then accused by the British press of breaching protocol by putting his arm around the Queen's back.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-parlinfo.aph.gov.au_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parlinfo.aph.gov.au-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When queried about these events in Parliament on 27 February 1992, Keating launched a repudiation of Australian ties to Britain and called the Liberals "'bootlickers" and "lickspitters" and accused them of "cultural cringe to a country which decided not to defend the Malay peninsula, not to worry about Singapore, not to give us our troops back to keep ourselves free from Japanese domination".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Liberal-National Opposition, led by Dr <a href="/wiki/John_Hewson" title="John Hewson">John Hewson</a>, called the republican agenda a "distraction" from Australia's economic problems, criticised Keating's attack on Britain's war effort as a fiction and argued that Australia had already long since established independence from Britain. <a href="/wiki/Australians_for_Constitutional_Monarchy" title="Australians for Constitutional Monarchy">Australians for Constitutional Monarchy</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kirby_(judge)" title="Michael Kirby (judge)">Michael Kirby</a> to counter the republican movement. Republicanism was however to become a key goal of Keating's cultural agenda for Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-parlinfo.aph.gov.au_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parlinfo.aph.gov.au-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">House of Windsor</a> suffering its 1992 <a href="/wiki/Annus_horribilis" title="Annus horribilis">annus horribilis</a>, the republican cause became widely supported in the nation's newspapers, but Keating's comments about the flag and Britain's war record outraged groups like the <a href="/wiki/Returned_Services_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Returned Services League">Returned Services League</a> (RSL), whose membership still consisted of veterans of the First and Second World Wars, and a ban on republicans from entering their clubs was announced for ANZAC Day 1992. The opposition and many observers called Keating's comments insensitive on the basis of such factors as the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">sinking of HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i> and HMS <i>Repulse</i></a> in the defence of Singapore. RSL President, Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Alf_Garland" title="Alf Garland">Alf Garland</a>, called Keating "an Irish republican bigot". On 27 April 1992, Keating visited Kokoda in a conspicuous effort to shift Australia's war remembrance focus away from its role in assisting Britain at Gallipoli and in Europe in the First World War and towards Australia's <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> effort, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="New Guinea Campaign">New Guinea Campaign</a> which saw Australian soldiers halt the advance of Japanese troops.<sup id="cite_ref-parlinfo.aph.gov.au_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parlinfo.aph.gov.au-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keating proceeded with measures to remove the symbolism of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy in Australia">Monarchy in Australia</a> – removing reference to the Queen from citizenship and ministerial oaths and affirmations. In a 1993 election policy launch, Keating argued that Australia would be "better able to succeed in the world" with an Australian head of state and announced a committee of "eminent persons" to develop a discussion paper for transition to a republic to coincide with the 2001 centenary of Federation. Following the 1993 election, Keating announced that his vision for a republic had been endorsed and that he would move ahead with plans for referendum. In April 1993, the establishment of a Republic Advisory Committee was announced. Keating advocated a model involving parliamentary appointment of a president – this was criticised by members of the ALP left and by the new leader of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Democrats" title="Australian Democrats">Australian Democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Kernot" title="Cheryl Kernot">Cheryl Kernot</a> who wanted more substantial change, such as direct election.<sup id="cite_ref-parlinfo.aph.gov.au_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parlinfo.aph.gov.au-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 September 1993, Keating met with the Queen at <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a> and outlined his republican program, which involved a referendum for a transition to a republic by 2001, but for Australian to remain within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. The Republic Advisory Committee, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Malcolm Turnbull</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Republican_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Republican Movement">Australian Republican Movement</a>, submitted its report to the government on 5 October 1993 and Keating announced a working party of ministers to develop a paper for cabinet. Keating ultimately put forward a his original republican model. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer">Alexander Downer</a> became Opposition Leader in May 1994 and developed an alternative policy for examining constitutional reform – proposing a constitutional convention be held sometime after the 1996 election to establish a consensus on the republican question. John Howard, a constitutional monarchist, succeeded Downer in 1995, but maintained the Coalition's commitment to this proposal. Howard, in contrast to Keating, spoke in favour of the constitutional monarchy, the Australian flag and traditions like the commemoration of ANZAC Day.<sup id="cite_ref-parlinfo.aph.gov.au_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parlinfo.aph.gov.au-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1995, in a televised speech to Parliament entitled "An Australian Republic The Way Forward", Keating outlined a plan for a republic involving a president selected by a two-thirds majority of Parliament, following nomination by the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The reserve powers and ceremonial duties of the governor-general were to be maintained. This the government proposed be put to a referendum in 1998 or 1999. Howard went on to win the 1996 election and established the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitutional_Convention_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Constitutional Convention 1998">Australian Constitutional Convention 1998</a>, which settled on a similar republican model to that proposed by Keating, which was put to the people by the Howard government in the <a href="/wiki/1999_Australian_republic_referendum" title="1999 Australian republic referendum">1999 Australian republic referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parlinfo.aph.gov.au_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parlinfo.aph.gov.au-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aboriginal_affairs">Aboriginal affairs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aboriginal affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keating gave a high priority to progressing and defining Aboriginal Reconciliation. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tickner" title="Robert Tickner">Robert Tickner</a> was the minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs from 1990 to 1996. </p><p>The Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation was established in February 1992 and in 1993 the government passed the <a href="/wiki/Native_Title_Act_1993" title="Native Title Act 1993"><i>Native Title Act</i></a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court's</a> historic decision in <a href="/wiki/Mabo_v_Queensland_(No_2)" title="Mabo v Queensland (No 2)">Mabo v Queensland</a>. It was Australia's first national <a href="/wiki/Native_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Native title">native title</a> legislation. Six months after the Mabo decision, Keating delivered his <a href="/wiki/Redfern_Park_Speech" title="Redfern Park Speech">Redfern Park Speech</a> to launch the <i>International Year for the World's Indigenous People</i>. Written by Keating's advisor <a href="/wiki/Don_Watson" title="Don Watson">Don Watson</a>, it articulated the philosophical backdrop to the Keating government's subsequent <i><a href="/wiki/Native_Title_Act_1993" title="Native Title Act 1993">Native Title Act 1993</a></i> and <i>Land Fund and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Land_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Land Corporation">Indigenous Land Corporation</a> (ATSIC Amendment) Act 1995</i>, which amended the <i>Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission Act 1989</i> to establish the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land Fund and Indigenous Land Corporation. Little noticed at the time, the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Redfern_Speech" class="extiw" title="s:Redfern Speech">Redfern Speech</a> is now recognised by many observers as historic and significant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Addressing remarks to non-indigenous Australia, Keating said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It begins, I think, with the act of recognition. Recognition that it was we who did the dispossessing. We took the traditional lands and smashed the traditional way of life. We brought the disasters. The alcohol. We committed the murders. We took the children from their mothers. We practised discrimination and exclusion.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1994, a group of Ngarrindjeri women claimed that a bridge development was being constructed at a sacred Aboriginal site for "secret women's business". The veracity of these claims was later rejected by other elders and leading to the <a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Island_bridge_controversy" title="Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy">Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy</a>. Minister for Aboriginal Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tickner" title="Robert Tickner">Robert Tickner</a> issued an emergency declaration blocking work on the bridge, and then appointed a lawyer, Professor <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Saunders" title="Cheryl Saunders">Cheryl Saunders</a>, to report on the significant Aboriginal sites. As a part of this process some of these cultural secrets were written down and sealed in two envelopes marked <i>Confidential: to be read by women only</i> and forwarded to Tickner with the assessment. On 10 July 1994, Tickner placed a 25-year ban on the bridge construction putting the marina in doubt and bringing the Chapmans close to bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1995 <a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Island_Royal_Commission" title="Hindmarsh Island Royal Commission">Hindmarsh Island Royal Commission</a> called by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia" title="Government of South Australia">Government of South Australia</a> ultimately found that the claims had indeed been fabricated, and Tickner became the focus of criticism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the final weeks of the Keating government, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson" title="Pauline Hanson">Pauline Hanson</a>, a Liberal candidate running for the traditionally Labor electorate of <a href="/wiki/Oxley,_Queensland" title="Oxley, Queensland">Oxley, Queensland</a> criticised the Keating government's approach to Indigenous affairs and immigration, saying that Aboriginal people were being given preferential treatment at the expense of others in need. Hanson was disendorsed by the Liberals, but only after ballot paper had been printed with her listed as a Liberal.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She went on to win the seat and further denounce Keating's cultural and economic agenda in her controversial maiden speech to Parliament, saying: "We now have a situation where a type of reverse racism is applied to mainstream Australians by those who promote political correctness and those who control the various taxpayer funded 'industries' that flourish in our society servicing Aboriginals, multiculturalists and a host of other minority groups."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gareth_Evans_University_of_Melbourne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gareth_Evans_University_of_Melbourne.jpg/170px-Gareth_Evans_University_of_Melbourne.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gareth_Evans_University_of_Melbourne.jpg/255px-Gareth_Evans_University_of_Melbourne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gareth_Evans_University_of_Melbourne.jpg/340px-Gareth_Evans_University_of_Melbourne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="2095" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)" title="Gareth Evans (politician)">Gareth Evans</a> served as Minister for Foreign Affairs for the duration of the Keating government.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clinton_Keating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Clinton_Keating.jpg/170px-Clinton_Keating.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Clinton_Keating.jpg/255px-Clinton_Keating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Clinton_Keating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>American President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (left) with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a> in the West Wing of the White House during a state visit in 1993.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Keating government was the first <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a> to operate in a post-<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> international environment. In foreign policy, the government developed bilateral links with Australia's neighbours, in particular with Indonesia, and took an active role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> Forum (APEC), initiating the annual leaders' meeting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)" title="Gareth Evans (politician)">Gareth Evans</a>, as one of Australia's longest serving Ministers for Foreign Affairs was active in developing the United Nations peace plan for Cambodia, concluding the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a>, founding the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> (APEC) forum and the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Regional_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN Regional Forum">ASEAN Regional Forum</a> (ARF), as well as initiating the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Commission_on_the_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Canberra Commission on the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">Canberra Commission on the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keating chose Indonesia as his first international visit as prime minister. President <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> was also seeking closer ties, but the Australia-Indonesia relationship remained complicated by the <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> situation, including the violent repression of East Timorese independence supporters in <a href="/wiki/Dili_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dili Massacre">Dili in 1992</a>. Keating lobbied various Asian nations and the United States to push for the development of <a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a> (established in 1989) as a regional forum for heads of government meetings to further economic co-operation in the Asia Pacific. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> was elected in 1993 and became a supporter of the plan, while Malaysia's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a> remained sceptical.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keating dismissed Mahatir as a "recalcitrant", resulting in a diplomatic incident, straining bilateral relations<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Keating's broader hopes for APEC were ultimately achieved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence">Defence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Defence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hawke government committed Australian naval forces to the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> in support of the United States led coalition against the <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> Iraqi regime's invasion of neighbouring Kuwait. Following the end of the Cold War, the 1990s was a busy period for United Nations peacekeeping missions, and the Keating government committed Australian forces to various theatres: at one point during 1993, Australia had some 3000 peacekeepers committed to the field, including a large number in Cambodia and Somalia. Foreign Minister Gareth Evans had taken a leading role in the organisation of a peace settlement for Cambodia in the aftermath of the genocidal regime of <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> and Australia contributed the force commander. While the United Nations intervention in Cambodia was largely successful, the Somali intervention ended poorly. The following year, the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> commenced in Central Africa, and, following the Somali experience, the international community was this time slow to intervene. The Keating government despatched medical staff to aid in the belated UN Mission to that nation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of his broader agenda for shifting Australia away from its old allegiances, Paul Keating was keen to improve defence ties with Indonesia. The ongoing occupation of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> by <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> by the undemocratic <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> government and events like the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Dili_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dili massacre">Dili massacre</a>, contributed to a large degree of popular disapproval of closer defence ties to Indonesia, nevertheless, Keating announced the conclusion of a security agreement with Jakarta in 1995. Opposition Leader <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer">Alexander Downer</a> criticised the government for negotiating the security treaty in secret.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993_election">1993 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1993 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most commentators believed the <a href="/wiki/1993_Australian_federal_election" title="1993 Australian federal election">1993 federal election</a> was unwinnable for Labor; the government had been in power for 10 years, the pace of economic recovery was slow and unemployment was its highest rates since the Great Depression.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition Leader <a href="/wiki/John_Hewson" title="John Hewson">John Hewson</a> took the unusual step of releasing <a href="/wiki/Fightback!_(policy)" title="Fightback! (policy)">Fightback!</a>, a detailed series of economic policies proposals, well in advance of the 1993 Election. Central to the reforms was the inclusion of a Goods and Services Tax. In its 1992 <i><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_(infrastructure)" title="One Nation (infrastructure)">One Nation</a></i> Policy, The Keating government responded by promising to match the income tax proposals contained within <i>Fightback!</i>, but promising no GST. To demonstrate strength of intent, Keating promised two rounds of income tax cuts, legislating them and describing them as "L-A-W law". However, the tax cut law was repealed following the election, with the government instead announcing the money would be put into superannuation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Labor Party then launched a high-profile media campaign against the Coalition's GST.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keating told voters: "if you don’t understand it, don’t vote for it and if you do understand it, you’d never vote for it".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campaigning against the consumption tax dominated Keating's Election Campaign launch at the Bankstown Town Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keating's cultural agenda featured less prominently in the campaign, but proposals for furthering a republic remained a backdrop to the election. </p><p>Labor succeeded in winning back the electorate with a strong campaign opposing Fightback and its GST, and a promised focus on creating jobs coming out of the recession. Keating led Labor to an unexpected election victory, with an increased majority, and his "true believers" victory speech became famous. "This", remarked Keating, "Is the sweetest victory of all".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term_and_1996_election">Second term and 1996 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Second term and 1996 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Keating_Cabinet_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Second_Keating_Cabinet_1994.jpg/333px-Second_Keating_Cabinet_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="333" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Second_Keating_Cabinet_1994.jpg/500px-Second_Keating_Cabinet_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Second_Keating_Cabinet_1994.jpg/666px-Second_Keating_Cabinet_1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3937" data-file-height="2788" /></a><figcaption>Keating and his cabinet in 1994</figcaption></figure> <p>A poorly performing economy, republicanism, indigenous title to land, and industrial relations policy were major issues of the Keating government's second term.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1993, a budget deficit for 1992-3 was disclosed at $14.6 billion. Treasurer Dawkins outlined a 1993–1994 budget projection for a $16.8 billion deficit (3.8% of GDP) but promised to bring down the deficit to 1% of GDP by 1996–7. Unemployment remained at 11%. The current account of the balance of payments was in deficit at $15.4 billion and forecast to rise to $18 billion. Debt financing for public sector borrowing amounted to $20.3 billion in 1992-3 and was also projected to rise. The government had supplemented expenditure through asset sales, such as the sale of <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a>. Treasurer Dawkins resigned from Parliament in December 1993, citing a desire to spend more time with his family.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its second term of office, the Keating government lost four senior ministers: <a href="/wiki/Graham_Richardson" title="Graham Richardson">Graham Richardson</a> resigned involuntarily in March 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-NAAKeatingPM_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAKeatingPM-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was at the same time as the involuntary resignation of <a href="/wiki/Ros_Kelly" title="Ros Kelly">Ros Kelly</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Sports_rorts_affair" title="Sports rorts affair">Sports rorts affair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NAAKeatingPM_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAKeatingPM-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the resignation of treasurer <a href="/wiki/John_Dawkins" title="John Dawkins">John Dawkins</a> former WA Premier <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Lawrence" title="Carmen Lawrence">Carmen Lawrence</a> entered parliament and the ministry. However she was unable to contribute as effectively as might have been expected due to controversy<sup id="cite_ref-NAAKeatingPM_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAAKeatingPM-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over the Royal Commission into the <a href="/wiki/Easton_affair" title="Easton affair">Easton affair</a>. </p><p>Following the 1993 election loss, the Liberal Opposition initially retained John Hewson as leader, but in 1994 elected the younger <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer">Alexander Downer</a> as leader. Downer failed to make inroads against Keating and in 1995 the party turned to <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a> a former opposition leader, who had also been Treasurer in the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_government" title="Fraser government">Fraser government</a> which had been defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Hawke-Keating_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawke-Keating government">Hawke-Keating Labor ticket</a> in 1983. The veteran leader restored the Liberal's electoral fortunes and led the Coalition to defeat Paul Keating at the <a href="/wiki/1996_Australian_federal_election" title="1996 Australian federal election">1996 federal election</a>. </p><p>By the time of the 1996 election, unemployment was at a lower rate than at the previous 1993 election, and interest rates were lower than they had been in 1990, but foreign debt had been growing.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Keating government was projecting a small budget surplus. Following the election, an $8 billion deficit was confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 18 February 1996 Policy Launch Speech, Opposition Leader John Howard emphasised that Labor had been in office a long time, and cited high inflation, a poor current account deficit and high national debt as evidence of bad economic management. He called for industrial relations reform and proposed an increased spending on environmental challenges, to be in part funded by the partial sale of <a href="/wiki/Telstra" title="Telstra">Telstra</a>. He also promised to restore the prime minister's attendance at question time in parliament (which Keating had reduced in his final term).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Coalition won government in a landslide – with the Liberal Party increasing its House of Representatives seats from 49 to 75 and the National Party, led by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Fischer" title="Tim Fischer">Tim Fischer</a>, increasing its seats, from 16 to 19, giving the coalition a 55-seat majority to the Coalition. On 11 March 1996, John Howard became the 25th Prime Minister of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 13-year <a href="/wiki/Hawke-Keating_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawke-Keating government">Hawke-Keating government</a> saw the longest period in office for the Australian Labor Party in its century of existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Hawke_ministry" title="First Hawke ministry">First Hawke ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hawke_ministry" title="Second Hawke ministry">Second Hawke ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hawke_ministry" title="Third Hawke ministry">Third Hawke ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Hawke_ministry" title="Fourth Hawke ministry">Fourth Hawke ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Keating_ministry" title="First Keating ministry">First Keating ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Keating_ministry" title="Second Keating ministry">Second Keating ministry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-primeministers.naa.gov.au-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-primeministers.naa.gov.au_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-primeministers.naa.gov.au_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/keating/before-office.aspx">"Before office – Paul Keating – Australia's PMs"</a>. <i>Australia's Prime Ministers</i>. National Archives of Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.atitle=Before+office+%E2%80%93+Paul+Keating+%E2%80%93+Australia%27s+PMs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimeministers.naa.gov.au%2Fprimeministers%2Fkeating%2Fbefore-office.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/keating/elections.aspx">"Elections – Paul Keating – Australia's PMs"</a>. <i>Australia's Prime Ministers</i>. National Archives of Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.atitle=Elections+%E2%80%93+Paul+Keating+%E2%80%93+Australia%27s+PMs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimeministers.naa.gov.au%2Fprimeministers%2Fkeating%2Felections.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartcher2012" class="citation cs2">Hartcher, Peter (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231425/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/fire-was-lit-a-long-time-ago-20121005-274o5.html">"Fire was lit a long time ago"</a>, <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/fire-was-lit-a-long-time-ago-20121005-274o5.html">the original</a> on 8 March 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Fire+was+lit+a+long+time+ago&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hartcher&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fpolitics%2Ffederal%2Ffire-was-lit-a-long-time-ago-20121005-274o5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/politics/fire-was-lit-a-long-time-ago-20121005-274o5.html#ixzz29L7A9JXO">"Fire was lit a long time ago"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Fire+was+lit+a+long+time+ago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fopinion%2Fpolitics%2Ffire-was-lit-a-long-time-ago-20121005-274o5.html%23ixzz29L7A9JXO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/tv/bigideas/stories/2010/05/03/2888735.htm">"IQ2: The Senate Is Unrepresentative Swill – Politics – Browse – Big Ideas – ABC TV"</a>. Abc.net.au<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IQ2%3A+The+Senate+Is+Unrepresentative+Swill+%E2%80%93+Politics+%E2%80%93+Browse+%E2%80%93+Big+Ideas+%E2%80%93+ABC+TV&rft.pub=Abc.net.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Ftv%2Fbigideas%2Fstories%2F2010%2F05%2F03%2F2888735.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockley,_Catherine2012" class="citation news cs1">Hockley, Catherine (30 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/lost-art-of-the-cutting-political-insult/story-e6frea6u-1226314939639">"Lost art of the cutting political insult"</a>. <i>The Advertiser</i>. Adelaide<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Lost+art+of+the+cutting+political+insult&rft.date=2012-04-30&rft.au=Hockley%2C+Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaidenow.com.au%2Flost-art-of-the-cutting-political-insult%2Fstory-e6frea6u-1226314939639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/keating/in-office.aspx">"In office – Paul Keating – Australia's PMs"</a>. <i>Australia's Prime Ministers</i>. National Archives of Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.atitle=In+office+%E2%80%93+Paul+Keating+%E2%80%93+Australia%27s+PMs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimeministers.naa.gov.au%2Fprimeministers%2Fkeating%2Fin-office.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Australia's Welfare Wars Revisited: The Players, the Politics and the Ideologies by Philip Mendes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">States, markets, families: gender, liberalism, and social policy in Australia, Great Britain, Canada, and the United States by Julia Sila O'Connor, Ann Shola Orloff, and Sheila Shaver</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tonyburke.com.au-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tonyburke.com.au_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719012751/http://www.tonyburke.com.au/documents/info_kits/Pensioner_Kit06.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.tonyburke.com.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tonyburke.com.au/documents/info_kits/Pensioner_Kit06.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tonyburke.com.au&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tonyburke.com.au%2Fdocuments%2Finfo_kits%2FPensioner_Kit06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-research.dwp.gov.uk-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-research.dwp.gov.uk_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-research.dwp.gov.uk_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109144655/http://research.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd5/rrep047.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>research.dwp.gov.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd5/rrep047.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=research.dwp.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.dwp.gov.uk%2Fasd%2Fasd5%2Frrep047.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Australian welfare state: key documents and themes by Jane Thomson and Anthony McMahon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Australia: The State of Democracy by Marian Sawer, Norman Abjorensen, and Phil Larkin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Australia by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/8249855091fc28d1ca2570ec000e4b0b!OpenDocument">"4102.0 – Australian Social Trends, 2000"</a>. Abs.gov.au. 4 July 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=4102.0+%E2%80%93+Australian+Social+Trends%2C+2000&rft.pub=Abs.gov.au&rft.date=2000-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAUSSTATS%2Fabs%40.nsf%2F2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa%2F8249855091fc28d1ca2570ec000e4b0b%21OpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBS-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SBS_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sbs.com.au/worldnewsaustralia/index.php?type=category&a=timeline_mandatory_detention_in_australia_549534">Timeline: Mandatory detention in Australia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">Special Broadcasting Service</a></i>, 17 June 2008<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-04-03/lawyers-v-politicians-high-court-immigration-dutton-albanese-/103657344">"The wild scenes in an Abbott cabinet meeting that are still lingering a decade later"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 2 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=The+wild+scenes+in+an+Abbott+cabinet+meeting+that+are+still+lingering+a+decade+later&rft.date=2024-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2024-04-03%2Flawyers-v-politicians-high-court-immigration-dutton-albanese-%2F103657344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/federal-election-2007-news/fast-forward/2007/11/19/1195321698340.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2">Fast Forward</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102174444/http://www.theage.com.au/news/federal-election-2007-news/fast-forward/2007/11/19/1195321698340.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2">Archived</a> 2 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Shaun Carney, <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>, 20 November 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia by Don Rubin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clivejames.com/pieces/dreaming/paul-keating">"Pit-Bull Poodle"</a>. clivejames.com. 7 March 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pit-Bull+Poodle&rft.pub=clivejames.com&rft.date=1992-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clivejames.com%2Fpieces%2Fdreaming%2Fpaul-keating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parlinfo.aph.gov.au-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parlinfo.aph.gov.au_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parlinfo.aph.gov.au_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parlinfo.aph.gov.au_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parlinfo.aph.gov.au_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parlinfo.aph.gov.au_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parlinfo.aph.gov.au_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHide1996" class="citation web cs1">Hide, Carolyne (17 June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22library%2Fprspub%2FILZ20%22">"The recent republic debate: a chronology"</a>. <i>Parliament of Australia</i>. Parliamentary Research Services Background Paper No. 9 1995–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Australia&rft.atitle=The+recent+republic+debate%3A+a+chronology&rft.date=1996-06-17&rft.aulast=Hide&rft.aufirst=Carolyne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparlinfo.aph.gov.au%2FparlInfo%2Fsearch%2Fdisplay%2Fdisplay.w3p%3Bquery%3DId%253A%2522library%252Fprspub%252FILZ20%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22chamber%2Fhansardr%2F1992-02-27%2F0094%22">"Questions without notice: The 1950s"</a>. <i>Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates: House of Representatives</i>. 27 February 1992. pp. <span class="nowrap">373–</span>4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Questions+without+notice%3A+The+1950s&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+Parliamentary+Debates%3A+House+of+Representatives&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E373-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1992-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparlinfo.aph.gov.au%2FparlInfo%2Fsearch%2Fdisplay%2Fdisplay.w3p%3Bquery%3DId%253A%2522chamber%252Fhansardr%252F1992-02-27%252F0094%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AboriginalLB/1996/64.html">Chronology of the Kumarangk / Hindmarsh Island Affair – (1996), <i>Aboriginal Law Bulletin</i>, No. 64</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070503030217/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AboriginalLB/1996/64.html">Archived</a> 3 May 2007 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017214843/http://australianpolitics.com/parties/onenation/hanson-background.shtml">"Background Information on Pauline Hanson"</a>. AustralianPolitics.com. 1 March 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australianpolitics.com/parties/onenation/hanson-background.shtml">the original</a> on 17 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Information+on+Pauline+Hanson&rft.pub=AustralianPolitics.com&rft.date=1998-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustralianpolitics.com%2Fparties%2Fonenation%2Fhanson-background.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030904040752/http://www.australian-news.com.au/maiden_speech.htm">"Pauline Hanson's maiden speech in federal parliament"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australian-news.com.au/maiden_speech.htm">the original</a> on 4 September 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pauline+Hanson%27s+maiden+speech+in+federal+parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australian-news.com.au%2Fmaiden_speech.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gevans.org/biography.html">"Gareth Evans – Biography"</a>. Gevans.org. 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gareth+Evans+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft.pub=Gevans.org&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gevans.org%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/peacekeeping.asp">"Australians and Peacekeeping | Australian War Memorial"</a>. Awm.gov.au<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australians+and+Peacekeeping+%26%23124%3B+Australian+War+Memorial&rft.pub=Awm.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fatwar%2Fpeacekeeping.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1326957.htm">"PM – Australia/ Indonesia negotiate new defence agreement"</a>. Abc.net.au. 18 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PM+%E2%80%93+Australia%2F+Indonesia+negotiate+new+defence+agreement&rft.pub=Abc.net.au&rft.date=2005-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fpm%2Fcontent%2F2005%2Fs1326957.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/gallery-e6frg6n6-1226011992172?page=6">"Keating"</a>. <i>The Australian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Keating&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Fgallery-e6frg6n6-1226011992172%3Fpage%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> John Harrison. (22 September 1997).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/5NK30/upload_binary/5nk301.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf#search=%22The+GST+debate+chronology%22">The GST Debate - A Chronology</a> Parliamentary Library. Retrieved 9 December 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themonthly.com.au/lessons-leadership-and-paul-keating-book-paul-george-megalogenis-4158">"The Book of Paul – Lessons in Leadership and Paul Keating | George Megalogenis"</a>. The Monthly. 19 December 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Paul+%E2%80%93+Lessons+in+Leadership+and+Paul+Keating+%26%23124%3B+George+Megalogenis&rft.pub=The+Monthly&rft.date=1991-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themonthly.com.au%2Flessons-leadership-and-paul-keating-book-paul-george-megalogenis-4158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1993_True_Believers_speech" class="extiw" title="s:1993 True Believers speech">Text of the "true believers" victory speech</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australianpolitics.com/sounds/1993/93-03-13_keating-claims-victory.ram">audio of the "true believers" victory speech</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081030113039/http://australianpolitics.com/sounds/1993/93-03-13_keating-claims-victory.ram">Archived</a> 30 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2017" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Anne (31 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/jan/01/cabinet-papers-1994-95-how-keatings-big-agenda-paved-way-for-howards-1996-win">"Cabinet papers 1994-95: How Keating's big agenda paved way for Howard's 1996 win"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cabinet+papers+1994-95%3A+How+Keating%27s+big+agenda+paved+way+for+Howard%27s+1996+win&rft.date=2017-12-31&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2018%2Fjan%2F01%2Fcabinet-papers-1994-95-how-keatings-big-agenda-paved-way-for-howards-1996-win&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnett & Goward; <i>John Howard Prime Minister</i>; Viking; 1997; Chapter 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAAKeatingPM-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAAKeatingPM_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAAKeatingPM_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAAKeatingPM_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/keating/in-office.aspx">"Paul Keating in office"</a>. <i>Australia's Prime Ministers</i>. National Archives of Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.atitle=Paul+Keating+in+office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimeministers.naa.gov.au%2Fprimeministers%2Fkeating%2Fin-office.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/politics/time-to-put-an-end-to-black-hole-tantrums-20110923-1kp8y.html">"Time to put an end to black hole tantrums"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 24 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Time+to+put+an+end+to+black+hole+tantrums&rft.date=2011-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fopinion%2Fpolitics%2Ftime-to-put-an-end-to-black-hole-tantrums-20110923-1kp8y.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516001620/http://explore.moadoph.gov.au/trails/211-australias-prime-ministers-landmark-speeches/list?page=2&per_page=50">"Australia's Prime Ministers: Landmark Speeches — Exploring Democracy"</a>. <i>explore.moadoph.gov.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explore.moadoph.gov.au/trails/211-australias-prime-ministers-landmark-speeches/list?page=2&per_page=50">the original</a> on 16 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=explore.moadoph.gov.au&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers%3A+Landmark+Speeches+%E2%80%94+Exploring+Democracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplore.moadoph.gov.au%2Ftrails%2F211-australias-prime-ministers-landmark-speeches%2Flist%3Fpage%3D2%26per_page%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923183934/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/howard/before-office.aspx">"Before office – John Howard – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers"</a>. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/howard/before-office.aspx">the original</a> on 23 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Before+office+%E2%80%93+John+Howard+%E2%80%93+Australia%27s+PMs+%E2%80%93+Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.pub=Primeministers.naa.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimeministers.naa.gov.au%2Fprimeministers%2Fhoward%2Fbefore-office.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Kelly1992" class="citation book cs1">Paul Kelly (1992). <i>The End of Certainty: The story of the 1980s</i>. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-227-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86373-227-6"><bdi>1-86373-227-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Certainty%3A+The+story+of+the+1980s&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-86373-227-6&rft.au=Paul+Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeating+government" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>D'Alpuget, Blanche; <i>Hawke: The Prime Minister</i>; Melbourne University Press; 2010; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780522856705" title="Special:BookSources/9780522856705">9780522856705</a></li> <li>Edwards, John; <i>Keating, The Inside Story. Penguin</i>; 1996; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-140-26601-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-140-26601-1">0-140-26601-1</a>.</li> <li>Evans, Gareth; <i>Inside the Hawke Keating Government: a Cabinet diary</i>; 2014; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780522866421" title="Special:BookSources/9780522866421">9780522866421</a>.</li> <li>Hawke, Bob; <i>The Hawke Memoirs</i>; 1994.</li> <li>Keating, Paul; <i>After Words: The Post-Prime Ministerial Speeches</i>; Allen and Unwin; 2011; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781742377599" title="Special:BookSources/9781742377599">9781742377599</a>.</li> <li>Kelly, Paul; <i>The March of Patriots : The Struggle for Modern Australia</i>; 2009; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780522856194" title="Special:BookSources/9780522856194">9780522856194</a>.</li> <li>Watson, Don; <i><a href="/wiki/Recollections_of_a_Bleeding_Heart:_A_Portrait_of_Paul_Keating_PM" class="mw-redirect" title="Recollections of a Bleeding Heart: A Portrait of Paul Keating PM">Recollections of a Bleeding Heart: A Portrait of Paul Keating PM</a></i>; Random House Australia; 2002; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0091835170" title="Special:BookSources/978-0091835170">978-0091835170</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governments_of_Australia229" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governments_of_Australia" title="Template:Governments of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governments_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Governments of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governments_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governments of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governments_of_Australia229" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Governments of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barton_government" title="Barton government">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deakin_government_(1903%E2%80%931904)" title="Deakin government (1903–1904)">Deakin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_government" title="Watson government">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_government" title="Reid government">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deakin_government_(1905%E2%80%931908)" title="Deakin government (1905–1908)">Deakin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_government_(1908%E2%80%931909)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher government (1908–1909)">Fisher I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deakin_government_(1909%E2%80%931910)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deakin government (1909–1910)">Deakin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_government_(1910%E2%80%931913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher government (1910–1913)">Fisher II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook government">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_government_(1914%E2%80%931915)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher government (1914–1915)">Fisher III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes government">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce government">Bruce</a></li> <li>Scullin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_government" title="Lyons government">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1939%E2%80%931941)" title="Menzies government (1939–1941)">Menzies I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadden_government" title="Fadden government">Fadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtin_government" title="Curtin government">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifley_government" title="Chifley government">Chifley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">Menzies II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_government" title="Holt government">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorton_government" title="Gorton government">Gorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMahon_government" title="McMahon government">McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_government" title="Fraser government">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawke_government" title="Hawke government">Hawke</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudd_government_(2007%E2%80%932010)" title="Rudd government (2007–2010)">Rudd I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillard_government" title="Gillard government">Gillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudd_government_(2013)" title="Rudd government (2013)">Rudd II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_government" title="Abbott government">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnbull_government" title="Turnbull government">Turnbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_government" title="Morrison government">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanese_government" title="Albanese government">Albanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For information about the caretaker governments led by <a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Earle Page</a> (1939), <a href="/wiki/Frank_Forde" title="Frank Forde">Frank Forde</a> (1945) and <a href="/wiki/John_McEwen" title="John McEwen">John McEwen</a> (1967–1968), see their respective biographical articles.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&oldid=1277897761">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&oldid=1277897761</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Keating_government" title="Category:Keating government">Keating government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governments_of_Australia" title="Category:Governments of Australia">Governments of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Labor_Party_governments" title="Category:Australian Labor Party governments">Australian Labor Party governments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="Category:History of Australia (1945–present)">History of Australia (1945–present)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_establishments_in_Australia" title="Category:1991 establishments in Australia">1991 establishments in Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1996_disestablishments_in_Australia" title="Category:1996 disestablishments in Australia">1996 disestablishments in Australia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017">Articles with dead external links from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2016">Use dmy dates from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_July_2016" title="Category:Use Australian English from July 2016">Use Australian English from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 February 2025, at 10:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keating_government&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Keating government</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>Add languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b95555b9d-m2hh5","wgBackendResponseTime":130,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.668","walltime":"0.806","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4781,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":96000,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9847,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":138140,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 716.128 1 -total"," 35.24% 252.346 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.65% 155.036 17 Template:Cite_web"," 16.47% 117.964 1 Template:Paul_Keating_sidebar"," 15.99% 114.544 1 Template:Sidebar/Australia_political_leader"," 15.73% 112.639 1 Template:Sidebar"," 11.32% 81.063 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.86% 63.476 5 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.74% 62.608 6 Template:Fix"," 5.54% 39.690 18 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.396","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8315838,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-6d7485fd99-9d9h7","timestamp":"20250227100457","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Keating government","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keating_government","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6382322","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6382322","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-09-12T05:59:57Z","dateModified":"2025-02-27T10:04:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/eb\/Keating_Paul_BANNER.jpg","headline":"government of Australia, 1991-1996"}</script> </body> </html>