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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career and espionage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career_and_espionage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career and espionage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career_and_espionage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FBI_career_and_first_espionage_activities_(1976–1981)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FBI_career_and_first_espionage_activities_(1976–1981)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>FBI career and first espionage activities (1976–1981)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FBI_career_and_first_espionage_activities_(1976–1981)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FBI_counterintelligence_unit,_further_espionage_activities_(1985–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FBI_counterintelligence_unit,_further_espionage_activities_(1985–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>FBI counterintelligence unit, further espionage activities (1985–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FBI_counterintelligence_unit,_further_espionage_activities_(1985–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_FBI_career,_continued_espionage_activities_(1992–2001)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_FBI_career,_continued_espionage_activities_(1992–2001)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Later FBI career, continued espionage activities (1992–2001)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_FBI_career,_continued_espionage_activities_(1992–2001)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigation_and_arrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigation_and_arrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Investigation and arrest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Investigation_and_arrest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Investigation and arrest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Investigation_and_arrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guilty_plea_and_imprisonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guilty_plea_and_imprisonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Guilty plea and imprisonment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guilty_plea_and_imprisonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modus_operandi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modus_operandi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>Modus operandi</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modus_operandi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References and further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="روبرت هانسن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت هانسن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Робърт Хансен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт Хансен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86_(%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3)" title="رابرت هنسن (جاسوس) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت هنسن (جاسوس)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ռոբերտ Հանսեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Հանսեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%9F" title="רוברט הנסן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט הנסן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86_(%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="روبرت هانسن (جاسوس من امريكا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت هانسن (جاسوس من امريكا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Ханссен, Роберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ханссен, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robert Hanssen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Роберт Філіп Гансен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Філіп Гансен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B1%89%E6%A3%AE" title="罗伯特·汉森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗伯特·汉森" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American double agent spy (1944–2023)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For the serial killer, see <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hansen" title="Robert Hansen">Robert Hansen</a>.</span> <span>For other people with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hansen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Robert Hansen (disambiguation)">Robert Hansen (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Robert Hanssen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Hanssen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Robert_Hanssen.jpg/220px-Robert_Hanssen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Robert_Hanssen.jpg/330px-Robert_Hanssen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Robert_Hanssen.jpg/440px-Robert_Hanssen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4750" data-file-height="5900" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Robert Philip Hanssen</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1944-04-18</span>)</span>April 18, 1944<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Chicago, Illinois, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 5, 2023<span style="display:none">(2023-06-05)</span> (aged 79)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/ADX_Florence" title="ADX Florence">ADX Florence</a>, Fremont County, Colorado, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knox_College_(Illinois)" title="Knox College (Illinois)">Knox College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor's Degree">BS</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> (<a href="/wiki/MBA" class="mw-redirect" title="MBA">MBA</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/FBI_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI agent">FBI agent</a> (1976–2001)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal charge(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/794#a">§ 794(a)</a></span> and <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/794#c">794(c)</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-fashans_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fashans-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data">15 consecutive <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life sentences</a> without parole</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Bernadette "Bonnie" Wauck</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1968)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Espionage activity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data category">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li><li>Russia</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Service years</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1979–2001</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Codename</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Ramon Garcia</li><li>Jim Baker</li><li>G. Robertson</li><li>Graysuit</li><li>"B"</li></ul></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Philip Hanssen</b> (April 18, 1944 – June 5, 2023) was an American <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) agent who spied for Soviet and Russian intelligence services against the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> from 1979 to 2001. His espionage was described by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> as "possibly the worst intelligence disaster in U.S. history".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, three years after joining the FBI, Hanssen approached the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Main_Intelligence_Directorate_(GRU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU)">Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU)</a> to offer his services, beginning his first espionage cycle, lasting until 1981. He restarted his espionage activities in 1985 and continued until 1991, when he ended communications during the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>, fearing he would be exposed. Hanssen restarted communications the next year and continued until his arrest. Throughout his spying, he remained anonymous to the Russians. </p><p>Hanssen sold about six thousand classified documents to the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> that detailed U.S. strategies in the event of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear war">nuclear war</a>, developments in military weapons technologies, and aspects of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-oig_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oig-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was spying at the same time as <a href="/wiki/Aldrich_Ames" title="Aldrich Ames">Aldrich Ames</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA). Both Ames and Hanssen compromised the names of KGB agents working secretly for the U.S., some of whom were executed for their betrayal. Hanssen also revealed a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Monopoly" title="Operation Monopoly">multimillion-dollar eavesdropping tunnel</a> built by the FBI under the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.">Soviet Embassy</a>. After Ames's arrest in 1994, some of these intelligence breaches remained unsolved, and the search for another spy continued. The FBI paid $7<span class="nowrap"> </span>million to a KGB agent to obtain a file on an anonymous <a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">mole</a>, whom the FBI later identified as Hanssen through fingerprint and voice analysis. </p><p>Hanssen was arrested on February 18, 2001, at <a href="/wiki/Foxstone_Park" title="Foxstone Park">Foxstone Park</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near his home in the Washington, D.C., suburb of <a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Virginia" title="Vienna, Virginia">Vienna, Virginia</a>, after leaving a package of classified materials at a <a href="/wiki/Dead_drop" title="Dead drop">dead drop</a> site. He was charged with selling U.S. intelligence documents to the Soviet Union and subsequently Russia for more than $1.4 million in cash, diamonds and Rolex watches over twenty-two years.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid the death penalty, Hanssen pleaded guilty to fourteen counts of espionage and one of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(criminal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (criminal)">conspiracy</a> to commit espionage.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usdoj.gov_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdoj.gov-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sentenced to fifteen life terms without the possibility of parole, and was incarcerated at <a href="/wiki/ADX_Florence" title="ADX Florence">ADX Florence</a> until his death in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-death_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-death-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hanssen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hanssen was born in Chicago, Illinois, to a <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> family that lived in the <a href="/wiki/Norwood_Park,_Chicago" title="Norwood Park, Chicago">Norwood Park</a> neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Howard (died 1993),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department" title="Chicago Police Department">Chicago police officer</a>, was allegedly <a href="/wiki/Emotionally_abusive" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotionally abusive">emotionally abusive</a> to Hanssen during his childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-oig_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oig-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanssen graduated from <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_High_School_(Chicago)" title="William Howard Taft High School (Chicago)">William Howard Taft High School</a> in 1962 and attended <a href="/wiki/Knox_College_(Illinois)" title="Knox College (Illinois)">Knox College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galesburg,_Illinois" title="Galesburg, Illinois">Galesburg, Illinois</a>, where he earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> in chemistry in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanssen applied for a <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> job at the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> following his college graduation but was turned down due to budget constraints. He enrolled in dental school at <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he switched his focus to business after three years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanssen received an <a href="/wiki/MBA" class="mw-redirect" title="MBA">MBA</a> in accounting and <a href="/wiki/Information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Information systems">information systems</a> in 1971 and took a job with an accounting firm. He quit after one year and joined the Chicago Police Department as an <a href="/wiki/Internal_affairs_(law_enforcement)" title="Internal affairs (law enforcement)">internal affairs</a> investigator, specializing in <a href="/wiki/Forensic_accounting" title="Forensic accounting">forensic accounting</a>. In January 1976, Hanssen left the Chicago police to join the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI).<sup id="cite_ref-oig_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oig-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanssen met Bernadette "Bonnie" Wauck, a staunch <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, while attending dental school at Northwestern. The couple married in 1968, and Hanssen converted from Lutheranism to Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_espionage">Career and espionage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hanssen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career and espionage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FBI_career_and_first_espionage_activities_(1976–1981)"><span id="FBI_career_and_first_espionage_activities_.281976.E2.80.931981.29"></span>FBI career and first espionage activities (1976–1981)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hanssen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: FBI career and first espionage activities (1976–1981)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon becoming a special agent on January 12, 1976, Hanssen was transferred to the FBI's field office in <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, Indiana</a>. In 1978, he and his growing family of three (eventually six) children relocated to New York City when the bureau transferred him to its field office there.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, Hanssen was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a> and given the task of compiling a database of Soviet intelligence for the FBI.<sup id="cite_ref-death_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-death-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, Hanssen approached the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Main_Intelligence_Directorate_(GRU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU)">Main Intelligence Directorate</a> (GRU) and offered his services. He never indicated any political or ideological motive for his actions, telling the FBI after he was caught that his only motivation was financial.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his first espionage cycle, Hanssen provided a significant amount of information to the GRU, including details of the FBI's bugging activities and lists of suspected Soviet intelligence agents. His most important leak was the betrayal of <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Polyakov" title="Dmitri Polyakov">Dmitri Polyakov</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> informant who passed enormous amounts of information to U.S. intelligence while rising to the rank of general in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>. Following a second betrayal by CIA <a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">mole</a> <a href="/wiki/Aldrich_Ames" title="Aldrich Ames">Aldrich Ames</a> in 1985, Polyakov was arrested in 1986 and executed in 1988. Ames was officially blamed for giving Polyakov's name to the Soviets, while Hanssen's attempt was not revealed until after his 2001 capture.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FBI_counterintelligence_unit,_further_espionage_activities_(1985–1991)"><span id="FBI_counterintelligence_unit.2C_further_espionage_activities_.281985.E2.80.931991.29"></span>FBI counterintelligence unit, further espionage activities (1985–1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hanssen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: FBI counterintelligence unit, further espionage activities (1985–1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellis_dead_drop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ellis_dead_drop.jpg/220px-Ellis_dead_drop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ellis_dead_drop.jpg/330px-Ellis_dead_drop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ellis_dead_drop.jpg/440px-Ellis_dead_drop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6357" data-file-height="4747" /></a><figcaption>"Ellis" dead drop site in <a href="/wiki/Foxstone_Park" title="Foxstone Park">Foxstone Park</a> used by Hanssen, including on the day of his arrest.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1981, Hanssen was transferred to <a href="/wiki/FBI_headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI headquarters">FBI headquarters</a> in Washington, D.C., and relocated his family to the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Virginia" title="Vienna, Virginia">Vienna, Virginia</a>. His new job in the FBI's budget office gave him access to information involving many different FBI operations. This included all the FBI activities related to <a href="/wiki/Wiretapping" title="Wiretapping">wiretapping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic surveillance">electronic surveillance</a>, which were Hanssen's responsibility. He became known in the FBI as an expert on computers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three years later, Hanssen transferred to the FBI's Soviet analytical unit, responsible for studying, identifying, and capturing Soviet spies and intelligence operatives in the United States. Hanssen's section evaluated Soviet agents who volunteered to give intelligence to determine whether they were genuine or <a href="/wiki/Re-doubled_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Re-doubled agent">re-doubled agents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, Hanssen was again transferred to the FBI's field office in New York City, where he continued to work in counterintelligence against the Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the transfer, while on a business visit back to Washington, he resumed his espionage career.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 1, 1985, Hanssen sent an anonymous letter to the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> offering his services and asking for $100,000 in cash, equivalent to $280,000 in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the letter, he gave the names of three KGB agents secretly working for the FBI: <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yuzhin" title="Boris Yuzhin">Boris Yuzhin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valery_Martynov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valery Martynov (page does not exist)">Valery Martynov</a>, and Sergei Motorin. Although Hanssen was unaware of it, Ames had already exposed all three agents earlier that year.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yuzhin had returned to Moscow in 1982 and had been subject to an intensive investigation by the KGB because he had lost a concealed camera in the Soviet consulate in San Francisco, but he was not arrested until exposed by Ames and Hanssen.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martynov and Motorin were recalled to Moscow, where they were arrested, charged, tried, and convicted of espionage against the Soviet government. Martynov and Motorin were executed via gunshot to the back of the head; Yuzhin was imprisoned for six years before he was released by a general amnesty granted political prisoners and he subsequently immigrated to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the FBI blamed Ames for the leak, Hanssen was neither suspected nor investigated. The October 1 letter began a long, active espionage period for Hanssen.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanssen was recalled yet again to Washington, D.C., in 1987. He was tasked with studying all known and rumored penetrations of the FBI to find the man who had betrayed Martynov and Motorin; this meant, in effect, that he was charged with searching for himself. Hanssen ensured that he did not reveal himself with his study, but in addition, he gave the entire study—including the list of all Soviets who had contacted the FBI about FBI moles—to the KGB in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Hanssen, according to a government report, committed a "serious security breach" by revealing secret information to a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Defector" class="mw-redirect" title="Defector">defector</a> during a debriefing. The agents working for him reported this breach to a supervisor, but no action was taken.<sup id="cite_ref-oig_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oig-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, Hanssen compromised the FBI investigation of <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch_(diplomatic_officer)" title="Felix Bloch (diplomatic officer)">Felix Bloch</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a> official who was suspected of espionage. Hanssen warned the KGB that Bloch was being investigated, causing the KGB to end contact with him abruptly. The FBI could not produce any good evidence, and as a result, Bloch was never charged with a crime, although the State Department later terminated his employment and denied his pension. The failure of the Bloch investigation and the FBI's investigation of how the KGB learned that they were investigating Bloch caused the mole hunt that eventually resulted in Hanssen's arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later that year, Hanssen gave the KGB extensive information about U.S. planning for <a href="/wiki/Measurement_and_signature_intelligence" title="Measurement and signature intelligence">measurement and signature intelligence</a> (MASINT), a general term for intelligence collected by a variety of electronic means, such as <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, spy satellites, and signal intercepts.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Soviets began construction on a <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of Russia in Washington, D.C.">new embassy</a> in 1977, the FBI dug a tunnel beneath their decoding room. The FBI planned to use it for eavesdropping but never did for fear of being caught. Hanssen disclosed this information to the Soviets in September 1989 and received a $55,000 payment the next month, equivalent to $140,000 in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On two occasions, Hanssen gave the Soviets a complete list of American <a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">double agents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, Hanssen's brother-in-law, Mark Wauck, who was also an FBI employee, recommended to the FBI that Hanssen be investigated for espionage because his sister, Hanssen's wife, told him that her sister, Jeanne Beglis, had found a pile of cash on a dresser in the Hanssens' house. Bonnie had previously told her brother that Hanssen once talked about retiring in Poland, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. Wauck also knew that the FBI was hunting for a mole and spoke with his supervisor, who took no action.<sup id="cite_ref-oig_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oig-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_FBI_career,_continued_espionage_activities_(1992–2001)"><span id="Later_FBI_career.2C_continued_espionage_activities_.281992.E2.80.932001.29"></span>Later FBI career, continued espionage activities (1992–2001)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hanssen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later FBI career, continued espionage activities (1992–2001)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union">USSR disbanded</a> in December 1991, Hanssen, possibly worried that he could be exposed during the ensuing political upheaval, ended communications with his handlers for a time.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> assumed control of the defunct Soviet spy agencies, Hanssen made a risky approach to the <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU</a>, with whom he had not been in contact for ten months. He went to the Russian embassy in person and physically approached a GRU officer in the parking garage. Hanssen, carrying a package of documents, identified himself by his Soviet <a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">code name</a>, "Ramon Garcia", and described himself as a "disaffected FBI agent" who was offering his services as a spy. The Russian officer, who evidently did not recognize the code name, drove away. The Russians then filed an official protest with the <a href="/wiki/U.S_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S State Department">U.S State Department</a>, believing Hanssen to be a triple agent. Despite having shown his face, disclosing his code name, and revealing his FBI affiliation, Hanssen escaped arrest when the FBI's investigation into the incident did not advance.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanssen continued to take risks in 1993 when he hacked into the computer of a fellow FBI agent, Ray Mislock, printed out a classified document from Mislock's computer and took the document to Mislock, saying, "You didn't believe me that the system was insecure." Hanssen's superiors were not amused and began an investigation. In the end, officials believed his claim that he was merely demonstrating flaws in the FBI's security system. Mislock has since theorized that Hanssen probably went onto his computer to see if his superiors were investigating him for espionage and invented the document story to cover his tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, Hanssen expressed interest in a transfer to the new <a href="/wiki/National_Counterintelligence_and_Security_Center" title="National Counterintelligence and Security Center">National Counterintelligence Center</a>, which coordinated counterintelligence activities. When told that he would have to take a <a href="/wiki/Lie_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Lie detector">lie detector</a> test to join, Hanssen changed his mind.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later, convicted FBI mole <a href="/wiki/Earl_Edwin_Pitts" title="Earl Edwin Pitts">Earl Edwin Pitts</a> told the FBI that he suspected Hanssen due to the Mislock incident. Pitts was the second FBI agent to mention Hanssen by name as a possible mole, but superiors were still unconvinced, and no action was taken.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IT personnel from the National Security Division's IIS Unit were sent to investigate Hanssen's desktop computer after a reported failure. NSD chief Johnnie Sullivan ordered the computer impounded after it seemed to have been tampered with. A digital investigation found that an attempted hacking had occurred using a <a href="/wiki/Password_cracking" title="Password cracking">password cracking</a> program installed by Hanssen, which caused a security alert and lockup. After confirmation by the FBI CART Unit, Sullivan filed a report with the Office of Professional Responsibility requesting the further investigation of Hanssen's attempted hack. Hanssen claimed he was trying to connect a color printer to his computer but needed the password cracker to bypass the administrative password. The FBI believed his story, and Hanssen was merely given a warning.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the same period, Hanssen searched the FBI's internal computer case record to see if he was being investigated. He was indiscreet enough to type his name into FBI search engines. Finding nothing, Hanssen decided to resume his spy career after eight years without contact with the Russians. He established contact with the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR</a> (a successor to the Soviet-era KGB) during the autumn of 1999. He continued to perform incriminating searches of FBI files for his name and address.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigation_and_arrest">Investigation and arrest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hanssen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Investigation and arrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The existence of two Russian moles working in the U.S. security and intelligence establishment simultaneously—Ames at the CIA and Hanssen at the FBI—complicated counterintelligence efforts during the 1990s. Ames was arrested in 1994. His exposure explained many of the asset losses U.S. intelligence suffered during the 1980s, including the arrest and execution of Martynov and Motorin. However, two cases—the Bloch investigation and the embassy tunnel—remained unsolved. Ames had been stationed in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> at the time of the Bloch investigation and could not have known about that case or the tunnel under the embassy, as he did not work for the FBI.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FBI and CIA formed a joint mole-hunting team in 1994 to find the suspected second intelligence leak. They created a list of all agents known to have access to cases that were compromised. The FBI's codename for the suspected spy was "Graysuit". Some promising suspects were cleared, and the mole hunt found other penetrations, such as CIA officer <a href="/wiki/Harold_James_Nicholson" title="Harold James Nicholson">Harold James Nicholson</a>, who was arrested in 1996. However, Hanssen escaped notice, likely because these efforts concentrated on CIA agents rather than FBI agents.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1998, using FBI <a href="/wiki/Criminal_profiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal profiling">criminal profiling</a> techniques, the pursuers suspected an innocent man: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kelley_(CIA_officer)" title="Brian Kelley (CIA officer)">Brian Kelley</a>, a CIA operative involved in the Bloch investigation. The CIA and FBI searched his house, tapped his telephone, and surveilled him, following him and his family everywhere. In November 1998, they had a man with a foreign accent come to Kelley's door, warn him that the FBI knew he was a spy, and tell him to show up at a <a href="/wiki/Washington_Metro" title="Washington Metro">Metro</a> station the next day to escape. Kelley instead reported the incident to the FBI. In 1999, the FBI even interrogated Kelley, his ex-wife, two sisters, and three children. All denied everything. He was eventually placed on administrative leave, where he remained, <a href="/wiki/Falsely_accused" class="mw-redirect" title="Falsely accused">falsely accused</a> until after Hanssen was arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-oig_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oig-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FBI investigators later made progress during an operation where they paid disaffected Russian intelligence officers to deliver information on moles. They paid $7 million to KGB agent Alexandr Shcherbakov<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had access to a file on "B". While it did not contain Hanssen's name, among the information was an audiotape of a July 21, 1986, conversation between "B" and KGB agent Aleksander Fefelov.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FBI agent Michael Waguespack thought the voice was familiar, but could not remember who it was. Rifling through the rest of the files, they found notes of the mole using a quote from <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton%27s_speech_to_the_Third_Army" title="George S. Patton's speech to the Third Army">George S. Patton's speech to the Third Army</a> about "the purple-pissing Japanese".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FBI analyst Bob King remembered Hanssen using that same quote. Waguespack listened to the tape again and recognized the voice as Hanssen's. With the mole finally identified, locations, dates, and cases were matched with Hanssen's activities during the period. Two fingerprints collected from a trash bag in the file were analyzed and proved to be Hanssen's.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Hanssen_mugshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Robert_Hanssen_mugshot.jpg/220px-Robert_Hanssen_mugshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Robert_Hanssen_mugshot.jpg/330px-Robert_Hanssen_mugshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Robert_Hanssen_mugshot.jpg/440px-Robert_Hanssen_mugshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mug_shot" title="Mug shot">Mug shot</a>, taken on the day of his arrest</figcaption></figure> <p>The FBI surveilled Hanssen and soon discovered he was again in contact with the Russians. To bring him back to FBI headquarters, where he could be closely monitored and kept away from sensitive data, they promoted him in December 2000. They gave him a new job supervising FBI computer security. In January 2001, Hanssen was given an office and an assistant, <a href="/wiki/Eric_O%27Neill" title="Eric O'Neill">Eric O'Neill</a>, who was actually a young FBI surveillance specialist who had been assigned to watch Hanssen. O'Neill ascertained that Hanssen was using a <a href="/wiki/Palm_III" title="Palm III">Palm III</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDA</a> to store his information. When O'Neill was able to briefly obtain Hanssen's PDA and have agents download and decode its encrypted contents, the FBI acquired their conclusive evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his final days with the FBI, Hanssen began to suspect something was wrong. In early February 2001, he asked his friend at a computer technology company for a job. He also believed he heard noises on his car radio that indicated it was bugged, although the FBI was later unable to reproduce the noises Hanssen claimed to have heard. In the last letter he wrote to the Russians, which was found by the FBI when he was arrested, Hanssen said that he had been promoted to a "do-nothing job ... outside of regular access to information" and that "Something has aroused the sleeping tiger".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Hanssen's suspicions did not stop him from making one more <a href="/wiki/Dead_drop" title="Dead drop">dead drop</a>. After leaving a friend at an airport on February 18, 2001, Hanssen drove to Virginia's <a href="/wiki/Foxstone_Park" title="Foxstone Park">Foxstone Park</a>. He placed a white piece of tape on a park sign to signal his Russian contacts that there was information at the dead drop site. He then followed his usual routine, taking a sealed garbage bag of classified material and taping it to the bottom side of a wooden footbridge over a creek. When FBI agents observed this incriminating act, they rushed in to arrest Hanssen.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon being arrested, Hanssen asked, "What took you so long?" The FBI waited two more days to see if any of Hanssen's SVR handlers would show up at Foxstone Park. When they failed to appear, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Justice_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Justice Department">United States Justice Department</a> announced Hanssen's arrest on February 20.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guilty_plea_and_imprisonment">Guilty plea and imprisonment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hanssen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Guilty plea and imprisonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florence_ADMAX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Florence_ADMAX.jpg/220px-Florence_ADMAX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Florence_ADMAX.jpg/330px-Florence_ADMAX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Florence_ADMAX.jpg/440px-Florence_ADMAX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Penitentiary,_Florence_ADX" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX">United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX</a>, where he was incarcerated</figcaption></figure> <p>Represented by Washington, D.C., lawyer <a href="/wiki/Plato_Cacheris" title="Plato Cacheris">Plato Cacheris</a>, Hanssen negotiated a <a href="/wiki/Plea_bargain" title="Plea bargain">plea bargain</a> that enabled him to avoid the death penalty in exchange for cooperating with authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 6, 2001, he pleaded guilty to 13 counts of espionage, one count of attempted espionage, and one of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (crime)">conspiracy</a> to commit espionage in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia">U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usdoj.gov_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdoj.gov-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 10, 2002, Hanssen was sentenced to 15 consecutive sentences of <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life in prison</a> without the possibility of parole. "I apologize for my behavior. I am shamed by it," Hanssen told <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court">U.S. District</a> Judge <a href="/wiki/Claude_M._Hilton" title="Claude M. Hilton">Claude Hilton</a>. "I have opened the door for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calumny" class="extiw" title="wikt:calumny">calumny</a> against my totally innocent wife and children. I have hurt so many deeply."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Hanssen_imprisoned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Robert_Hanssen_imprisoned.jpg/220px-Robert_Hanssen_imprisoned.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Robert_Hanssen_imprisoned.jpg/330px-Robert_Hanssen_imprisoned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Robert_Hanssen_imprisoned.jpg/440px-Robert_Hanssen_imprisoned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>In his cell at ADX Florence</figcaption></figure> <p>Hanssen was <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a> prisoner #48551-083. From July 17, 2002, until his death, he served his sentence at the <a href="/wiki/ADX_Florence" title="ADX Florence">ADX Florence</a>, a federal <a href="/wiki/Supermax_prison" title="Supermax prison">supermax prison</a> near <a href="/wiki/Florence,_Colorado" title="Florence, Colorado">Florence</a>, Colorado, in <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a> for 23 hours a day.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modus_operandi"><i>Modus operandi</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hanssen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modus operandi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hanssen never told the KGB or GRU his identity and refused to meet them personally, except for the abortive 1993 contact in the Russian embassy parking garage. The FBI believes that the Russians never knew the name of their source.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Going by the alias "Ramon" or "Ramon Garcia",<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanssen exchanged intelligence and payments through an old-fashioned dead drop system in which he and his KGB handlers left packages in public, unobtrusive places.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He refused to use the dead drop sites that his handler, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cherkashin" title="Victor Cherkashin">Victor Cherkashin</a>, suggested and instead chose his own. He also designated a code to be used when dates were exchanged. Six was to be added to the month, day, and time of a designated drop, so that, for example, a drop scheduled for January 6 at 1:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. would be written as July 12 at 7:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these efforts at caution and security, Hanssen was sometimes reckless. He once said in a letter to the KGB that it should emulate the management style of <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Chicago" title="Mayor of Chicago">Mayor of Chicago</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley" title="Richard J. Daley">Richard J. Daley</a>—a comment that easily could have led an investigator to look at people from Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanssen took the risk of recommending to his handlers that they try to recruit his closest friend, a colonel in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hanssen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>, those who knew the Hanssens described them as a close family. They attended <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> weekly and were very active in <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a>. Hanssen's three sons attended <a href="/wiki/The_Heights_School_(Maryland)" title="The Heights School (Maryland)">The Heights School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Potomac,_Maryland" title="Potomac, Maryland">Potomac</a>, Maryland, an all-boys <a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">preparatory school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His three daughters attended <a href="/wiki/Oakcrest_School" title="Oakcrest School">Oakcrest School</a> for Girls in Vienna, Virginia, an independent Roman Catholic school. Both schools are associated with Opus Dei. Hanssen's wife, Bonnie, retired from teaching theology at Oakcrest in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A priest at Oakcrest said Hanssen had regularly attended a 6:30 a.m. daily Mass for over a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opus Dei member <a href="/wiki/C._John_McCloskey" title="C. John McCloskey">C. John McCloskey</a> said he also occasionally attended the daily noontime Mass at the Catholic Information Center in downtown Washington, D.C.. After being imprisoned, Hanssen claimed he periodically admitted his espionage to priests in <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)#Catholicism" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a>. He urged fellow Catholics in the FBI to attend Mass more often and denounced the Russians as "godless", even as he was spying for them.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Hanssen's suggestion, and without his wife's knowledge, a friend named Jack Hoschouer, a retired Army officer, would sometimes <a href="/wiki/Candaulism" title="Candaulism">watch the Hanssens having sex</a> through a bedroom window. Hanssen then began to videotape his sexual encounters secretly and shared the videotapes with Hoschouer. Later, he hid a video camera in the bedroom connected via a <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">closed-circuit television</a> line so that Hoschouer could observe the Hanssens from the Hanssens' guest bedroom.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also explicitly described the sexual details of his marriage in Internet chat rooms, giving information sufficient for those who knew them to recognize the couple.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanssen frequently visited D.C. <a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">strip clubs</a> and spent a great deal of time with a Washington <a href="/wiki/Stripper" title="Stripper">stripper</a> named Priscilla Sue Galey. She went with Hanssen on visits to Hong Kong and the FBI training facility in <a href="/wiki/Quantico,_Virginia" title="Quantico, Virginia">Quantico, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanssen gave her money, jewels, and a used <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> but ended contact with her before his arrest when she began abusing drugs and engaging in prostitution. Galey claims that although she offered to have sex with him, Hanssen declined, saying he was trying to convert her to Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hanssen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 5, 2023, Hanssen was found unresponsive in his prison cell and was pronounced dead after unsuccessful efforts to revive him. His autopsy listed the cause of death as <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer">colon cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_media">In the media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hanssen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hanssen spy case was told in <a href="/wiki/David_Wise_(journalist)" title="David Wise (journalist)">David Wise</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/Spy:_The_Inside_Story_of_How_the_FBI%27s_Robert_Hanssen_Betrayed_America" title="Spy: The Inside Story of How the FBI's Robert Hanssen Betrayed America">Spy: The Inside Story of How the FBI's Robert Hanssen Betrayed America</a></i>, published by Random House in 2002. The investigation was further covered in <a href="/wiki/Eric_O%27Neill" title="Eric O'Neill">Eric O'Neill</a>'s memoir <i><a href="/wiki/Gray_Day:_My_Undercover_Mission_to_Expose_America%27s_First_Cyber_Spy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray Day: My Undercover Mission to Expose America's First Cyber Spy">Gray Day: My Undercover Mission to Expose America's First Cyber Spy</a></i>, published by <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a> in the spring of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanssen was the subject of a 2002 made-for-television movie, <i><a href="/wiki/Master_Spy:_The_Robert_Hanssen_Story" title="Master Spy: The Robert Hanssen Story">Master Spy: The Robert Hanssen Story</a></i>, with a teleplay by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/William_Hurt" title="William Hurt">William Hurt</a> as Hanssen. Hanssen's jailers allowed him to watch the movie, but he was so angered by it that he turned it off.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Neill's role in the capture of Robert Hanssen was dramatized in the 2007 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Breach_(2007_film)" title="Breach (2007 film)">Breach</a></i>, in which <a href="/wiki/Chris_Cooper" title="Chris Cooper">Chris Cooper</a> played the role of Hanssen and <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Phillippe" title="Ryan Phillippe">Ryan Phillippe</a> played O'Neill.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2007 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Superspy:_The_Man_Who_Betrayed_the_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Superspy: The Man Who Betrayed the West">Superspy: The Man Who Betrayed the West</a></i> describes the hunt to trap Hanssen.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanssen was mentioned in chapter 5 of <a href="/wiki/Dan_Brown" title="Dan Brown">Dan Brown</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code" title="The Da Vinci Code">The Da Vinci Code</a></i> as the most noted Opus Dei member to non-members. His sexual deviancy and espionage conviction hurt the organization's reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Court TV (now <a href="/wiki/TruTV" title="TruTV">TruTV</a>) television series <i>Mugshots</i> released an episode on the Robert Hanssen case titled "Robert Hanssen – Hanssen and the KGB".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Kessler" title="Ronald Kessler">Ronald Kessler</a>'s book <i>The Secrets of the FBI,</i> briefly covers the case in chapter 15, "Catching Hanssen", chapter 16, "Breach", and chapter 17, "Unexplained Cash", based in part on interviews with Michael Rochford, who directed the FBI team that located the former KGB source that pointed to Hanssen after Rochford initially wrongly assumed CIA officer Brian Kelley was the master spy.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanssen's story was featured in episode 4, under the name of "Perfect Traitor", of <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel</a>'s series <i>Spy Wars</i>, which aired at the end of 2019 and was narrated by <a href="/wiki/Damian_Lewis" title="Damian Lewis">Damian Lewis</a>, and features <a href="/wiki/Eric_O%27Neill" title="Eric O'Neill">Eric O'Neill</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as being mentioned in the seventh episode of <a href="/wiki/The_History_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="The History Channel">The History Channel</a> series <i>America's Book of Secrets</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in the fifth episode of <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> series <i>Spycraft</i><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the subject of the 2021 documentary <i>A Spy in the FBI</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the subject of the <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> podcast detailing his life and espionage, <i>Agent of Betrayal: The Double Life of Robert Hanssen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hanssen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/ops/ci/hanssen_affidavit.html">"USA v. Robert Philip Hanssen: Affidavit in Support of Criminal Complaint, Arrest Warrant and Search Warrant"</a>. fas.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712054515/https://fas.org/irp/ops/ci/hanssen_affidavit.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USA+v.+Robert+Philip+Hanssen%3A+Affidavit+in+Support+of+Criminal+Complaint%2C+Arrest+Warrant+and+Search+Warrant&rft.pub=fas.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fops%2Fci%2Fhanssen_affidavit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fbi/websterreport.html">"A Review of FBI Security Programs (Webster Report)"</a>. <i>Commission for Review of FBI Security Programs</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>. March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107040304/https://fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fbi/websterreport.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commission+for+Review+of+FBI+Security+Programs&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+FBI+Security+Programs+%28Webster+Report%29&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fagency%2Fdoj%2Ffbi%2Fwebsterreport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oig-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oig_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oig_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oig_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oig_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oig_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oig_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Department of Justice <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/0308/index.htm">"A Review of the FBI's Performance in Deterring, Detecting, and Investigating the Espionage Activities of Robert Philip Hanssen"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050208154959/http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/0308/index.htm">Archived</a> February 8, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011190021/http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/oig/hanssen.html">Archive</a>) August 14, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavill" class="citation web cs1">Havill, Adrian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070907223240/http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/spies/hanssen/2.html">"His fate is sealed"</a>. <i>crimelibrary.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/spies/hanssen/2.html">the original</a> on September 7, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=crimelibrary.com&rft.atitle=His+fate+is+sealed&rft.aulast=Havill&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crimelibrary.com%2Fterrorists_spies%2Fspies%2Fhanssen%2F2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-04-21-0204210451-story.html">"Secret Passage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. April 21, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230503014942/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-04-21-0204210451-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Secret+Passage&rft.date=2002-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-2002-04-21-0204210451-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-transcript-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transcript_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cryptome.wikileaks.org/usa-v-rph-gp.htm">"Transcript of Hanssen Guilty Plea"</a>. July 6, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006033849/https://cryptome.wikileaks.org/usa-v-rph-gp.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript+of+Hanssen+Guilty+Plea&rft.date=2001-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcryptome.wikileaks.org%2Fusa-v-rph-gp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usdoj.gov-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usdoj.gov_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usdoj.gov_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2001/July/308ag.htm">Thompson Statement Regarding Hanssen Guilty Plea</a>. <i>United States Department of Justice</i> (Report). July 6, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106100111/http://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2001/July/308ag.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Thompson+Statement+Regarding+Hanssen+Guilty+Plea&rft.date=2001-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Farchive%2Fopa%2Fpr%2F2001%2FJuly%2F308ag.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-death-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-death_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-death_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/robert-hanssen-dies-convicted-spying-for-russia-dead-age-79/">"Robert Hanssen, former FBI agent convicted of spying for Russia, dead at 79"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. June 5, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605201156/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/robert-hanssen-dies-convicted-spying-for-russia-dead-age-79/">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Robert+Hanssen%2C+former+FBI+agent+convicted+of+spying+for+Russia%2C+dead+at+79&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Frobert-hanssen-dies-convicted-spying-for-russia-dead-age-79%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Havill, Adrian. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/spies/hanssen/3.html">The Spawning of A Spy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424154142/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/spies/hanssen/3.html">Archived</a> April 24, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>Robert Philip Hanssen: The Spy who Stayed out in the Cold</i>. <a href="/wiki/Crime_Library" title="Crime Library">Crime Library</a>. Retrieved April 11, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/2001/03/09/accused-spys-mother-wonders-what-went-wrong/26665427007/">"Accused spy's mother wonders what went wrong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ledger" title="The Ledger">The Ledger</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida" title="Sarasota, Florida">Sarasota, Florida</a>. March 9, 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-0288">0163-0288</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/187953892">187953892</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712132848/https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/2001/03/09/accused-spys-mother-wonders-what-went-wrong/26665427007/">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2023</span> – via <i><a href="/wiki/Sarasota_Herald-Tribune" title="Sarasota Herald-Tribune">Sarasota Herald-Tribune</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ledger&rft.atitle=Accused+spy%27s+mother+wonders+what+went+wrong&rft.date=2001-03-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F187953892&rft.issn=0163-0288&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldtribune.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2001%2F03%2F09%2Faccused-spys-mother-wonders-what-went-wrong%2F26665427007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2023" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Peter (June 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/05/us/robert-hanssen-spy-dead.html">"Robert Hanssen, F.B.I. Agent Exposed as Spy for Moscow, Dies at 79"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606005409/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/05/us/robert-hanssen-spy-dead.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Robert+Hanssen%2C+F.B.I.+Agent+Exposed+as+Spy+for+Moscow%2C+Dies+at+79&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F06%2F05%2Fus%2Frobert-hanssen-spy-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrian Havill, <a href="/wiki/Court_TV" title="Court TV">Court TV</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/spies/hanssen/4.html"><i>Robert Philip Hanssen: The Spy who Stayed out in The Cold</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211034721/http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/spies/hanssen/4.html">Archived</a> February 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved February 6, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dolores Flaherty, Chicago Sunday-Times <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222160610/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20031123/ai_n12526021"><i>Hanssen, the spy with two faces</i></a> 2003 November 23. Retrieved February 6, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisen2002" class="citation news cs1">Risen, James (May 16, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/16/us/spy-s-wife-speaks-after-taking-a-lie-test.html">"Spy's Wife Speaks, After Taking a Lie Test"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913213617/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/16/us/spy-s-wife-speaks-after-taking-a-lie-test.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Spy%27s+Wife+Speaks%2C+After+Taking+a+Lie+Test&rft.date=2002-05-16&rft.aulast=Risen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F05%2F16%2Fus%2Fspy-s-wife-speaks-after-taking-a-lie-test.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, pp. 18–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, pp. 21–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, pp. 28–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, pp. 37–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/history/artifacts/robert-hanssen-business-cards-chalk-and-thumbtacks">"Robert Hanssen Business Cards, Chalk, and Thumbtacks"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314200909/https://www.fbi.gov/history/artifacts/robert-hanssen-business-cards-chalk-and-thumbtacks">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Hanssen+Business+Cards%2C+Chalk%2C+and+Thumbtacks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fhistory%2Fartifacts%2Frobert-hanssen-business-cards-chalk-and-thumbtacks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGahan2001" class="citation news cs1">McGahan, Jason (March 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/03/01/new-stop-on-washingtons-spy-tour/270e7b2c-1d32-42eb-8b75-4226037e76d0/">"New Stop on Washington's Spy Tour"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=New+Stop+on+Washington%27s+Spy+Tour&rft.date=2001-03-01&rft.aulast=McGahan&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F2001%2F03%2F01%2Fnew-stop-on-washingtons-spy-tour%2F270e7b2c-1d32-42eb-8b75-4226037e76d0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Desk: FBI and CIA Counterintelligence As Seen From My Cubicle Dog Ear Publishing 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, pp. 56–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irp.fas.org/ops/ci/hanssen_indict.html">"USA v. Robert Philip Hanssen: Indictment"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006225718/https://irp.fas.org/ops/ci/hanssen_indict.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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March 5, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103074645/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-not-so-secret-tunnel/">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=A+Not-So-Secret+Tunnel&rft.date=2001-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fa-not-so-secret-tunnel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, pp. 205–213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2018" class="citation web cs1">Stein, Jeff (November 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/who-dimed-out-american-traitor-super-spy-robert-hanssen-1196080">"Riddle Resolved: Who Dimed Out American Traitor and Super-Spy, Robert Hanssen?"</a>. <i>Newsweek.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Robert+Hanssen%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.date=2007-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D7152496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, pp. 218–228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCherkashinFeifer2005">Cherkashin & Feifer 2005</a>, p. 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchiller2004">Schiller 2004</a>, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7094972">"Eric O'Neill and Billy Ray Discuss 'Breach'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fresh_Air" title="Fresh Air">Fresh Air</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Anderson+Cooper+360+Degrees%3A+Uproar+Over+CIA+Operative%3B+Iraq+Weapons+Hunt%3A+Congress+to+be+Briefed&rft.date=2003-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0310%2F01%2Facd.00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, pp. 236–239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, pp. 246–247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/fbi-spy-robert-hanssen-gets-life-sentence/">"FBI Spy Robert Hanssen Gets Life Sentence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FoxNews.com" class="mw-redirect" title="FoxNews.com">FoxNews.com</a>. May 10, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150303214929/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2002/05/10/fbi-spy-robert-hanssen-gets-life-sentenc-678637401/">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FBI+Spy+Robert+Hanssen+Gets+Life+Sentence&rft.date=2002-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Ffbi-spy-robert-hanssen-gets-life-sentence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laura Sullivan, <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5579901"><i>Timeline: Solitary Confinement in US Prisons</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715064457/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5579901">Archived</a> July 15, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> July 26, 2006. Retrieved February 15, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=48551-083&x=411&y=291">Robert Philip Hanssen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090614050540/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=48551-083&x=411&y=291">Archived</a> June 14, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cicentre.com/Documents/DOC_Quotes_Robert_Hanssen_Case.htm">the original</a> on February 4, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quotes+about+the+Robert+Hanssen+Case&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcicentre.com%2FDocuments%2FDOC_Quotes_Robert_Hanssen_Case.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span>. Retrieved February 20, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oakcrest.org/academics/academic-program?deptId=30947">"Faculty and Staff Directory for Oakcrest School for Girls"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806135918/https://www.oakcrest.org/academics/academic-program?deptId=30947">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faculty+and+Staff+Directory+for+Oakcrest+School+for+Girls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oakcrest.org%2Facademics%2Facademic-program%3FdeptId%3D30947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShannonBlackman2002">Shannon & Blackman 2002</a>, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, pp. 85–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, pp. 252–253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, American Morning with Paula Zahn <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0201/08/ltm.08.html">Look at FBI Spy Robert Hannsen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828114231/http://archives.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0201/08/ltm.08.html">Archived</a> August 28, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> January 8, 2002. Retrieved January 31, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise2003">Wise 2003</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041114093843/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/05/22/hanssen.stripper/">Ex-stripper describes her time with accused spy</a> CNN. Retrieved December 11, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabachnik2023" class="citation news cs1">Tabachnik, Sam (July 19, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.denverpost.com/2023/07/19/robert-hanssen-fbi-agent-autopsy-report/">"Robert Hanssen, FBI agent who spied for Russia, died of natural causes at Colorado's Supermax, coroner rules"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Denver_Post" title="The Denver Post">The Denver Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240127121808/https://www.denverpost.com/2023/07/19/robert-hanssen-fbi-agent-autopsy-report/">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Denver+Post&rft.atitle=Robert+Hanssen%2C+FBI+agent+who+spied+for+Russia%2C+died+of+natural+causes+at+Colorado%27s+Supermax%2C+coroner+rules&rft.date=2023-07-19&rft.aulast=Tabachnik&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverpost.com%2F2023%2F07%2F19%2Frobert-hanssen-fbi-agent-autopsy-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2019" class="citation book cs1">O'Neill, Eric (2019). <i>Gray Day: My Undercover Mission to Expose America's First Cyber Spy</i> (First ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Breach&rft.date=2007-02-09&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2007%2Ffilm%2Fawards%2Fbreach-1200510499%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atlanticproductions.tv/productions/superspy-the-man-who-betrayed-the-west">"Superspy: The Man Who Betrayed the West"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129114324/http://atlanticproductions.tv/productions/superspy-the-man-who-betrayed-the-west/">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superspy%3A+The+Man+Who+Betrayed+the+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatlanticproductions.tv%2Fproductions%2Fsuperspy-the-man-who-betrayed-the-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Dan (March 31, 2009). "Chapter 5". <i>The Da Vinci Code</i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307474278" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307474278"><bdi>978-0307474278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5&rft.btitle=The+Da+Vinci+Code&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2009-03-31&rft.isbn=978-0307474278&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006212217/http://filmrise.com/mugshots-robert-hanssen-hanssen-and-the-kgb/">"Mugshots: Robert Hanssen – Hanssen and the KGB"</a>. <i>FilmRise</i>. December 1, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filmrise.com/mugshots-robert-hanssen-hanssen-and-the-kgb/">the original</a> on October 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FilmRise&rft.atitle=Mugshots%3A+Robert+Hanssen+%E2%80%93+Hanssen+and+the+KGB&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilmrise.com%2Fmugshots-robert-hanssen-hanssen-and-the-kgb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler2011" class="citation book cs1">Kessler, Ronald (2011). "Ch. 15, 16, 17". <i>The Secrets of the FBI</i> (Electronic ed.). <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-71971-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-71971-3"><bdi>978-0-307-71971-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+15%2C+16%2C+17&rft.btitle=The+Secrets+of+the+FBI&rft.edition=Electronic&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-71971-3&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianchannel.com/details/series/1006391">"Smithsonian Channel: It's Brighter Here"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814053801/https://www.smithsonianchannel.com/details/series/1006391">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Channel&rft.atitle=Smithsonian+Channel%3A+It%27s+Brighter+Here&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianchannel.com%2Fdetails%2Fseries%2F1006391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/robert-hanssen-american-traitor">"How Robert Hanssen Spied for the Soviets"</a>. June 5, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128170110/https://www.history.com/news/robert-hanssen-american-traitor">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Robert+Hanssen+Spied+for+the+Soviets&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Frobert-hanssen-american-traitor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noir4usa.org/the-mole-and-me/">"The Mole and Me"</a>. March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331032110/https://noir4usa.org/the-mole-and-me/">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mole+and+Me&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoir4usa.org%2Fthe-mole-and-me%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reelz.com/show/a-spy-in-the-fbi/">"A Spy in the FBI"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321104926/https://www.reelz.com/show/a-spy-in-the-fbi/">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Spy+in+the+FBI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reelz.com%2Fshow%2Fa-spy-in-the-fbi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/agent-of-betrayal/">"Agent of Betrayal Podcast – The Double Life of Robert Hanssen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230005637/https://www.cbsnews.com/agent-of-betrayal/">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Agent+of+Betrayal+Podcast+%E2%80%93+The+Double+Life+of+Robert+Hanssen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fagent-of-betrayal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hanssen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherkashinFeifer2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cherkashin" title="Victor Cherkashin">Cherkashin, Victor</a>; Feifer, Gregory (2005). <i>Spy Handler: Memoir of a KGB Officer – The True Story of the Man Who Recruited Robert Hanssen and Aldrich Ames</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00969-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00969-7"><bdi>0-465-00969-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spy+Handler%3A+Memoir+of+a+KGB+Officer+%E2%80%93+The+True+Story+of+the+Man+Who+Recruited+Robert+Hanssen+and+Aldrich+Ames&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-465-00969-7&rft.aulast=Cherkashin&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Feifer%2C+Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Fine" title="Glenn Fine">Fine, Glenn A.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/0308/index.htm">"A Review of the FBI's Performance in Deterring, Detecting, and Investigating the Espionage Activities of Robert Philip Hanssen"</a>. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050208154959/http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/0308/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Review+of+the+FBI%27s+Performance+in+Deterring%2C+Detecting%2C+and+Investigating+the+Espionage+Activities+of+Robert+Philip+Hanssen&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Justice%2C+Office+of+the+Inspector+General&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Glenn+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdoj.gov%2Foig%2Fspecial%2F0308%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/0308/final.pdf">PDF Version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050416191324/http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/0308/final.pdf">Archived</a> April 16, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151009130338/https://oig.justice.gov/special/0308/final.pdf">Archive</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavill2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Havill" title="Adrian Havill">Havill, Adrian</a> (2002). <i>The Spy Who Stayed Out in the Cold: The Secret Life of FBI Double Agent Robert Hanssen</i>. St. Martin's Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-98629-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-98629-7"><bdi>0-312-98629-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spy+Who+Stayed+Out+in+the+Cold%3A+The+Secret+Life+of+FBI+Double+Agent+Robert+Hanssen&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Paperbacks&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-312-98629-7&rft.aulast=Havill&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2010" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Christopher (2010). <i>The C. I. Desk: FBI and CIA Counterintelligence As Seen From My Cubicle</i>. Dog Ear Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60844-739-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60844-739-8"><bdi>978-1-60844-739-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+C.+I.+Desk%3A+FBI+and+CIA+Counterintelligence+As+Seen+From+My+Cubicle&rft.pub=Dog+Ear+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60844-739-8&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_O%27Neill" title="Eric O'Neill">O'Neill, Eric</a> (2019). <i><a href="/wiki/Gray_Day:_My_Undercover_Mission_to_Expose_America%27s_First_Cyber_Spy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray Day: My Undercover Mission to Expose America's First Cyber Spy">Gray Day: My Undercover Mission to Expose America's First Cyber Spy</a></i>. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-57353-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-57353-1"><bdi>978-0-525-57353-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray+Day%3A+My+Undercover+Mission+to+Expose+America%27s+First+Cyber+Spy&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-525-57353-1&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussoDezenhall2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gus_Russo" title="Gus Russo">Russo, Gus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dezenhall" title="Eric Dezenhall">Dezenhall, Eric</a> (2018). <i>Best of Enemies: The Last Great Spy Story of the Cold War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Book_Group" title="Hachette Book Group">Twelve</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538761311" title="Special:BookSources/978-1538761311"><bdi>978-1538761311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Best+of+Enemies%3A+The+Last+Great+Spy+Story+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Twelve&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1538761311&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Gus&rft.au=Dezenhall%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiller2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Schiller" title="Lawrence Schiller">Schiller, Lawrence</a> (2004). <i>Into The Mirror: The Life Of Master Spy Robert P. Hanssen</i>. Diane Pub Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7567-7435-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7567-7435-7"><bdi>0-7567-7435-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+The+Mirror%3A+The+Life+Of+Master+Spy+Robert+P.+Hanssen&rft.pub=Diane+Pub+Co.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7567-7435-7&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannonBlackman2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Shannon" title="Elaine Shannon">Shannon, Elaine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ann_Blackman" title="Ann Blackman">Blackman, Ann</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spynextdoorextra00shan"><i>The Spy Next Door: The Extraordinary Secret Life of Robert Philip Hanssen, the Most Damaging FBI Agent in U.S. History</i></a></span>. Little, Brown and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-71821-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-71821-1"><bdi>0-316-71821-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spy+Next+Door%3A+The+Extraordinary+Secret+Life+of+Robert+Philip+Hanssen%2C+the+Most+Damaging+FBI+Agent+in+U.S.+History&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-316-71821-1&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft.au=Blackman%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspynextdoorextra00shan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVise2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_A._Vise" title="David A. Vise">Vise, David A.</a> (2001). <i>The Bureau and the Mole: The Unmasking of Robert Philip Hanssen, the Most Dangerous Double Agent in FBI History</i>. Grove Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-641-57998-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-641-57998-5"><bdi>0-641-57998-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bureau+and+the+Mole%3A+The+Unmasking+of+Robert+Philip+Hanssen%2C+the+Most+Dangerous+Double+Agent+in+FBI+History&rft.pub=Grove+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-641-57998-5&rft.aulast=Vise&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVise2002" class="citation news cs1">Vise, David A. (January 6, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/2002/01/06/from-russia-with-love/b28c2127-65e5-43f3-8a9a-0e75ab851cb3/">"From Russia With Love"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201233920/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/2002/01/06/from-russia-with-love/b28c2127-65e5-43f3-8a9a-0e75ab851cb3/">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=From+Russia+With+Love&rft.date=2002-01-06&rft.aulast=Vise&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2Fmagazine%2F2002%2F01%2F06%2Ffrom-russia-with-love%2Fb28c2127-65e5-43f3-8a9a-0e75ab851cb3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Wise_(journalist)" title="David Wise (journalist)">Wise, David</a> (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/Spy:_The_Inside_Story_of_How_the_FBI%27s_Robert_Hanssen_Betrayed_America" title="Spy: The Inside Story of How the FBI's Robert Hanssen Betrayed America">Spy: The Inside Story of How the FBI's Robert Hanssen Betrayed America</a></i>. Random House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-75894-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-75894-1"><bdi>0-375-75894-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spy%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+How+the+FBI%27s+Robert+Hanssen+Betrayed+America&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-375-75894-1&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hanssen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_Hanssen" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Robert Hanssen">Robert Hanssen</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/robert-hanssen">Robert Philip Hanssen Espionage Case</a> – FBI</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/hanssen-affidavit.pdf">FBI application for arrest warrant for Hanssen</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation podcast cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spymuseum.org/multimedia/spycast/episode/the-movie-breach-and-hollywood-s-take-on-espionage/">"The Movie Breach and Hollywood's Take on Espionage; Peter interviews Eric O'Neill, the FBI investigator who went undercover as Robert Hanssen's clerk during the final months before Hanssen was arrested for espionage"</a>. <i>spymuseum.org</i> (Podcast).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Movie+Breach+and+Hollywood%27s+Take+on+Espionage%3B+Peter+interviews+Eric+O%27Neill%2C+the+FBI+investigator+who+went+undercover+as+Robert+Hanssen%27s+clerk+during+the+final+months+before+Hanssen+was+arrested+for+espionage.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spymuseum.org%2Fmultimedia%2Fspycast%2Fepisode%2Fthe-movie-breach-and-hollywood-s-take-on-espionage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/U0aagkl4JIE">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613015706/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0aagkl4JIE&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0aagkl4JIE">"This FBI Agent Sold Secrets to the KGB for Years"</a>. <i>Spy Wars with Damian Lewis: A Perfect Traitor</i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel</a>. April 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spy+Wars+with+Damian+Lewis%3A+A+Perfect+Traitor&rft.atitle=This+FBI+Agent+Sold+Secrets+to+the+KGB+for+Years&rft.date=2020-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DU0aagkl4JIE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Oq8oKao0zBg">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813062311/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oq8oKao0zBg">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oq8oKao0zBg">"Curator's Corner: Robert Hanssen – An Inside View with Eric O'Neill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Spy_Museum" title="International Spy Museum">International Spy Museum</a>. April 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curator%27s+Corner%3A+Robert+Hanssen+%E2%80%93+An+Inside+View+with+Eric+O%27Neill&rft.pub=International+Spy+Museum&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DOq8oKao0zBg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Hanssen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_spies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Spies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Spies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_spies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Soviet and Russian spies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">In the US</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1940s and before</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Abt" title="John Abt">John Abt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Barr" title="Joel Barr">Joel Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bentley" title="Elizabeth Bentley">Elizabeth Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Bukov" title="Boris Bukov">Boris Bukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lona_Cohen" title="Lona Cohen">Lona Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(spy)" title="Morris Cohen (spy)">Morris Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Coplon" title="Judith Coplon">Judith Coplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Field" title="Noel Field">Noel Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Glasser" title="Harold Glasser">Harold Glasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Gold" title="Harry Gold">Harry Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Greenglass" title="David Greenglass">David Greenglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Hall" title="Theodore Hall">Theodore Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herrmann" title="John Herrmann">John Herrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hiss" title="Donald Hiss">Donald Hiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Malisoff" title="William Malisoff">William Malisoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hede_Massing" title="Hede Massing">Hede Massing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Morros" title="Boris Morros">Boris Morros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Oggins" title="Isaiah Oggins">Isaiah Oggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Perl" title="William Perl">William Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Perlo" title="Victor Perlo">Victor Perlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Peters" title="J. Peters">J. Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ward_Pigman" title="William Ward Pigman">William Ward Pigman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Pressman" title="Lee Pressman">Lee Pressman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Reno" title="Vincent Reno">Vincent Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg" title="Julius and Ethel Rosenberg">Julius and Ethel Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sarant" title="Alfred Sarant">Alfred Sarant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saville_Sax" title="Saville Sax">Saville Sax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Sobell" title="Morton Sobell">Morton Sobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ulanovsky" title="Alexander Ulanovsky">Alexander Ulanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Ulanovskaya" title="Nadezhda Ulanovskaya">Nadezhda Ulanovskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Wadleigh" title="Julian Wadleigh">Julian Wadleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Ware" title="Harold Ware">Harold Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weisband" title="Bill Weisband">Bill Weisband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Nathaniel Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White">Harry Dexter White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Wicher" title="Maria Wicher">Maria Wicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Witt" title="Nathan Witt">Nathan Witt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Wovschin" title="Flora Wovschin">Flora Wovschin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoli_Yatskov" title="Anatoli Yatskov">Anatoli Yatskov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_espionage" title="Cold War espionage">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Abel" title="Rudolf Abel">Rudolf Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldrich_Ames" title="Aldrich Ames">Aldrich Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sheldon_Boone" title="David Sheldon Boone">David Sheldon Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_John_Boyce" title="Christopher John Boyce">Christopher John Boyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Patrick_Cavanaugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh">Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dunlap" title="Jack Dunlap">Jack Dunlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_III" title="James Hall III">James Hall III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Hanssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_H%C3%A4yh%C3%A4nen" title="Reino Häyhänen">Reino Häyhänen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lee_Howard" title="Edward Lee Howard">Edward Lee Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Johnson_(spy)" title="Robert Lee Johnson (spy)">Robert Lee Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Koecher" title="Karl Koecher">Karl Koecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Daulton_Lee" title="Andrew Daulton Lee">Andrew Daulton Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lipka" title="Robert Lipka">Robert Lipka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_J._Lonetree" title="Clayton J. Lonetree">Clayton J. Lonetree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(agent)" title="Richard Miller (agent)">Richard Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pelton" title="Ronald Pelton">Ronald Pelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Edwin_Pitts" title="Earl Edwin Pitts">Earl Edwin Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Soble" title="Jack Soble">Jack Soble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Soble" title="Myra Soble">Myra Soble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Soblen" title="Robert Soblen">Robert Soblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Seborer" title="Oscar Seborer">Oscar Seborer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thompson_(spy)" title="Robert Thompson (spy)">Robert Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Trofimoff" title="George Trofimoff">George Trofimoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_Walker" title="John Anthony Walker">John Anthony Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Whitworth" title="Jerry Whitworth">Jerry Whitworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Post-Soviet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Buryakov" title="Evgeny Buryakov">Evgeny Buryakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Chapman" title="Anna Chapman">Anna Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debbins" title="Peter Debbins">Peter Debbins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Hanssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_James_Nicholson" title="Harold James Nicholson">Harold James Nicholson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illegals_Program" title="Illegals Program">Illegals Program</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Five" title="Cambridge Five">Cambridge Five</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Burgess" title="Guy Burgess">Guy Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cairncross" title="John Cairncross">John Cairncross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(spy)" title="Donald Maclean (spy)">Donald Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Portland_spy_ring" title="Portland spy ring">Portland spy ring</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lona_Cohen" title="Lona Cohen">Lona Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(spy)" title="Morris Cohen (spy)">Morris Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Gee" title="Ethel Gee">Ethel Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houghton" title="Harry Houghton">Harry Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konon_Molody" title="Konon Molody">Konon Molody</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bettaney" title="Michael Bettaney">Michael Bettaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Blake" title="George Blake">George Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Crook" title="David Crook">David Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litzi_Friedmann" title="Litzi Friedmann">Litzi Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Glading" title="Percy Glading">Percy Glading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melita_Norwood" title="Melita Norwood">Melita Norwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Nunn_May" title="Alan Nunn May">Alan Nunn May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peet_(1915%E2%80%931988)" title="John Peet (1915–1988)">John Peet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Prime" title="Geoffrey Prime">Geoffrey Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goronwy_Rees" title="Goronwy Rees">Goronwy Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_John_Smith_(espionage)" title="Michael John Smith (espionage)">Michael John Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Springhall" title="Dave Springhall">Dave Springhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Symonds" title="John Alexander Symonds">John Alexander Symonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Tudor-Hart" title="Edith Tudor-Hart">Edith Tudor-Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vassall" title="John Vassall">John Vassall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wynn" title="Arthur Wynn">Arthur Wynn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Carr" title="Sam Carr">Sam Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Delisle" title="Jeffrey Delisle">Jeffrey Delisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Gouzenko" title="Igor Gouzenko">Igor Gouzenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Miller" title="Elena Miller">Elena Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Munsinger" title="Gerda Munsinger">Gerda Munsinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Joseph_Ratkai" title="Stephen Joseph Ratkai">Stephen Joseph Ratkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Rose_(politician)" title="Fred Rose (politician)">Fred Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirohide_Ishida" title="Hirohide Ishida">Hirohide Ishida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotoku_Miyagi" title="Yotoku Miyagi">Yotoku Miyagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz%C5%8D_Nosaka" title="Sanzō Nosaka">Sanzō Nosaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotsumi_Ozaki" title="Hotsumi Ozaki">Hotsumi Ozaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABz%C5%8D_Sejima" title="Ryūzō Sejima">Ryūzō Sejima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere /<br />in combination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gregory_Barmine" title="Alexander Gregory Barmine">Alexander Gregory Barmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Bergling" title="Stig Bergling">Stig Bergling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Gerhardt" title="Dieter Gerhardt">Dieter Gerhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Krivitsky" title="Walter Krivitsky">Walter Krivitsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerttu_Nuorteva" title="Kerttu Nuorteva">Kerttu Nuorteva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Petrov_(diplomat)" title="Vladimir Petrov (diplomat)">Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Raskolnikov" title="Fyodor Raskolnikov">Fyodor Raskolnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Redl" title="Alfred Redl">Alfred Redl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignace_Reiss" title="Ignace Reiss">Ignace Reiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Shlykov" title="Vitaly Shlykov">Vitaly Shlykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Simm" title="Herman Simm">Herman Simm</a></li> <li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddiq_Ghouse" class="extiw" title="ms:Siddiq Ghouse">Siddiq Ghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sorge" title="Richard Sorge">Richard Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Treholt" title="Arne Treholt">Arne Treholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Wennerstr%C3%B6m_(colonel)" title="Stig Wennerström (colonel)">Stig Wennerström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381054#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381054#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381054#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000095863765">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/111145969911332250086">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/467654/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJghkJB8j4mYkmDQXHtqcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123937450">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001008798">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20050225003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p240292111">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262205105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/070996849">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kd6h7v">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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