TerraNature | New Zealand Ecology

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width="142" bgcolor="#dae8de"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="52"><a href="teal.htm"> <img src="tealCampbell_female50.jpg" border="0" width="52" alt="Teal"></a></td> <td width="87" align="center" valign="middle"> <h4><a href="teal.htm"><strong>Teal</strong></a></h4> <h5><a href="tealAuckland_Island.htm">Auckland Is.</a><br> <a href="tealCampbell_Island.htm">Campbell Is.</a><br> <a href="tealBrown.htm">Brown teal</a></h5></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="142" bgcolor="#fee99a"> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1"></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="koura.htm"><img src="kouraYellowBg80.jpg" width="75" border="0"></a></td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><h4><a href="koura.htm"><strong>Native<br> freshwater<br> crayfish<br> (koura)</strong></a></h4></td> <td width="8"> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="142" bgcolor="#dddddd"> <tr> <td align="center"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="140" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td height="5"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><h4><a href="fishNativeList.htm"><strong>Native freshwater<br> fish species list</strong></a></h4></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="fishNativeList.htm"><img src="bullyRedfinWhiteBG142.jpg" width="140" border="0"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="2"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="142" bgcolor="#dae8de"> <tr> <td height="9"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2"><h4><a href="fishNativeGalaxias.htm"><strong>Native Galaxias fish</strong></a></h4></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><h5><a href="fishNativeGalaxias.htm">Kokopu, Inanga & Koaro</a></h5></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="fishNativeGalaxias.htm"><img src="koaro142.jpg" width="142" border="0"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="8"> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="142" bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <tr> <td height="8"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><h4><a href="fishNativeFreshwater.htm"><strong>Native freshwater fish</strong></a></h4> <h5><a href="fishNativeFreshwater.htm">Bully Lamprey Torrentfish Eel</a></h5></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="fishNativeFreshwater.htm"><img src="lampreyGreyBG142.jpg" width="142" border="0"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="3"> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="142" bgcolor="#fee99a"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="flightlessBirds.htm"> <img src="takahe.jpg" width="52" border="0" valign="top" alt="Kakapo"></a><br></td> <td align="center" width="100" height="50"><h4><a href="flightlessBirds.htm"><strong>Flightless<br> birds</strong></a></h4> <h5> <a href="takahe.htm">Takahe</a>  <a href="kiwi1.htm">Kiwi</a><br> <a href="kakapo.htm">Kakapo</a>  <a href="penguin.htm">Penguin</a><br> <a href="moa.htm">Moa</a>  <a href="wren.htm">Wren</a></h5></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="142" height="70" bgcolor="#dddddd"> <tr> <td align="center"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="140" height="70" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom"><a href="penguin.htm"><img src="penguinCrested_head100.jpg" width="65" border="0"></a></td> <td width="85" align="center" valign="middle"><h4><a href="penguin.htm"><strong>Penguin</strong></a></h4> <p style="font-size:9px"><a href="penguin.htm">Yellow-eyed<br> Four crested<br> Little blue<br> White-flippered</a></p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="142" height="65" bgcolor="#e1e1e1"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2"><h4><a href="extinctBirdsReturn.htm"><strong>Rediscovered birds</strong></a></h4></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom"><a href="extinctBirdsReturn.htm"><img src="taiko_head_greyBG150.jpg" width="55" border="0"></a></td> <td width="85" height="" align="center" valign="top"><p style="font-size:9px"><a href="extinctBirdsReturn.htm">The remarkable return of five extinct species</a></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="142" bgcolor="#e3e0c5"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="nativeBirds_list.htm"> <img src="huiaKeulemans.jpg" width="55" border="0" valign="top" alt="Huia"> </a><br> </td> <td align="center" valign="middle" width="100"> <h4><a href="nativeBirds_list.htm"><strong>Native<br> birds list</strong></a></h4> <h5><a href="nativeBirds_list.htm">273 oceanic,<br> coastal and<br> terrestrial birds</a></h5></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="142" height="75" bgcolor="#dae8de"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="bottom"><a href="criticallyEndangeredBirds.htm"><img src="ChathamIslandMollymawk_head80.jpg" width="50" border="0"></a></td> <td width="90" height="" align="center" valign="middle"><h4><a href="criticallyEndangeredBirds.htm"><strong>Critically endangered birds</strong></a></h4> <h5><a href="criticallyEndangeredBirds.htm">Nine Red List, 26 nationally critical</a></h5> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="142" bgcolor="#fee99a"> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="8"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="birds_of_prey.htm"> <img src="falconHead_yellowBg60.jpg" width="49" border="0" valign="top" alt="Birds of prey"></a><br></td> <td align="center" valign="top" width="90"><h4><a href="birds_of_prey.htm"><strong> Birds of prey</strong></a></h4></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="2"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><h5><a href="falcon.htm">Falcon,</a> <a href="harrier.htm">Harrier</a><br> <a href="morepork.htm">Morepork</a><br> <a href="owlLaughing.htm">Laughing owl</a><br> <a href="birds_of_prey.htm#HaastsEagle">Haast's eagle</a></h5></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="8"> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="142" bgcolor="#dddddd"> <tr> <td align="center"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="140" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="3"></td> </tr> <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2"><h4><a href="parrots.htm"><strong>Parrots & Parakeets</strong></a></h4></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="bottom"> <a href="parrots.htm"><img src="kea120w.jpg" width="50" height="46" border="0" alt="Kea"></a></td> <td width="80" height="47" align="center" valign="top"> <h5><a href="kea.htm">Kea</a><br> <a href="kaka.htm">Kaka</a><br> <a href="kakapo.htm">Kakapo</a><br> <a href="parrots.htm">5 parakeets</a></h5></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="142" bgcolor="#eeeeee"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="wattlebirds.htm"> <img src="kokako.jpg" border="0" width="51" alt="Huia"></a></td> <td width="80" align="center" valign="center"> <h4><a href="wattlebirds.htm"><strong>Wattlebirds</strong></a></h4> <h5><a href="huia.htm">Huia</a><br> <a href="kokako.htm">Kokako</a><br> <a href="saddleback.htm">Saddleback</a></h5></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="142" bgcolor="#e3e0c5"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="6"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top" colspan="2"><h4><a href="gigantism.htm"><strong>Gigantism in insects</strong></a></h4></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="right"><h5><a href="gigantism.htm">Earthworms</a>    </h5></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="bottom" width="90"><a href="gigantism.htm"> <img src="wetaTusked_brown100.jpg" border="0" width="90"></a></td> <td valign="top" width="52"><h5><a href="gigantism.htm">Weta</a></h5></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="142" bgcolor="#ffcccc" border="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="living_fossils.htm"><img src="archeys_frog.jpg" border="0" width="52"></a></td> <td align="center" width="100"> <h4><a href="living_fossils.htm"><strong>Living fossils</strong></a></h4> <h5><a href="living_fossils.htm">Leiopelma frogs<br> Land snails</a><br> <a href="tuatara.htm">Tuatara</a></h5></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="1"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <br> </td> <td valign="top" width="436"> <table valign="top" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="412"> <tr> <td valign="top"><img src="ducksNative.gif"></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="15"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><p>The biodiversity of New Zealand抯 streams, rivers, lakes and former wetlands evolved from reliable rainfall that sustained rainforest throughout a long history.  The freshwater fauna is significant historically, because it depends on fresh, clear, cool, flowing water.  Freshwater ecosystems have been severely altered by removal of native forest that covered and protected the water habitat, introduction of predatory trout, and draining 90 percent of wetlands.</p> <p>The indigenous bird fauna was once better represented. Seven species of duck, 2 geese, and 7 rails, 16 species altogether, are extinct partly because they were too tasty and too easily caught by humans and predatory animals.  Of the remaining 5 native ducks, only blue duck and scaup are protected - the other 3 are still hunted. The freshwater fish fauna is also sparse with 41 native species in 9 families, but unique with half of the fauna diadromus, and 23 <a href="fishNativeGalaxias.htm">Galaxiid</a> species.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="7"> </td> </tr> </table> <table valign="top" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" width="412"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top"> <tr> <td valign="top" width="277"><h2><br><a href="duckBlue.htm"><strong>Blue duck (Whio)</strong><br> <em>Hymenolaimus malachorhynchos</em></a></h2> <p style="font-size:10px">The endemic blue duck is threatened with a listing of 'nationally vulnerable'.  It is one of only three species of torrent duck in the world.  Blue duck were once commonly found on rivers and streams throughout New Zealand, but are now restricted to upland catchments in the Central North Island, Kahurangi National Park, south Westland, and Fiordland.  The Department of Conservation reported in 2004 that there could be only 500 pairs remaining.  The preferred habitat is fast moving rock-bottomed streams with a strong indigenous tree canopy.  <a href="duckBlue.htm"><img src="arrow.jpg" border="0"> <em>See more</em></a></p></td> <td align="right" valign="top" width="145"><a href="duckBlue.htm"><img src="duckBlue125.jpg" border="0" width="135" alt="Blue duck"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><h2><a href="duckScaup.htm"><br><strong>New Zealand scaup (Papango)</strong><br> <em>Aythya novaeseelandiae</em></a></h2> <p style="font-size:10px">The endemic New Zealand scaup is the country's smallest duck, and only true diving duck.  Its' distribution is fragmented on lakes and lagoons throughout the North Island, and is more commonly found on the shores of Lake Taupo and the Rotorua Lakes. Scaup are widely spread in the west of the South Island, including sub-alpine lakes. Scaup declined in the mid-19th century, but the population has recovered and is increasing with complete protection since 1934.  <a href="duckScaup.htm"><img src="arrow.jpg" border="0"> <em>See more</em></a></p></td> <td align="right" valign="top" width="145"><a href="duckScaup.htm"><img src="duckScaupMale140.jpg" border="0" width="135"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><h2><a href="duckGrey.htm"> <strong>Grey duck (Parera)</strong><br> <em>Anas superciliosa superciliosa</em></a></h2> <p style="font-size:10px">The grey duck, New Zealand's endemic subspecies of Pacific black duck, is critically endangered but still hunted. Once commonly found in wetlands and streams, and sometimes in estuaries until the 1950s, grey duck were the main quarry of hunters, comprising 95% of the country's dabbling duck population. It declined drastically from overhunting in the mid-20th century, loss of wetland habitat, and competition with introduced mallard duck. The biggest threat is now crossbreeding with aggressive male mallards.  <a href="duckGrey.htm"><img src="arrow.jpg" border="0"> <em>See more</em></a></p></td> <td align="right" valign="top"><a href="duckGrey.htm"><img src="duckGrey140.jpg" border="0" width="135" alt="Grey duck"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><h2><a href="duckParadiseShelduck.htm"><strong>Paradise shelduck (Putangitangi)</strong><br> <em>Tadorna variegata</em></a></h2> <p style="font-size:10px"> The endemic paradise shelduck is one of New Zealand's three native ducks that are unprotected and still hunted.  Maori and European settler hunting almost led to near extinction, however, they came back through hunting control, and the shelduck's adaptation to pasture grazing raised the population to 120,000 by the early 1980s. 'Parries' are one of the few native species to benefit from conversion of forest to pasture.  Unfortunately, some farmers regard them as a pest because of flock grazing. <a href="duckParadiseShelduck.htm"> <em></em></a></p></td> <td align="right" valign="top"><a href="duckParadiseShelduck.htm"><img src="duckParadiseShelduck140.jpg" alt="Paradise shelduck" width="135" border="0"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><h2><a href="duckShoveler.htm"><strong>New Zealand shoveler (Kuruwhengi)</strong><br> <em>Anas rhynchotis variegata</em></a></h2> <p style="font-size:10px">The New Zealand shoveler is the endemic subspecies of the Australasian shoveler <em>A. rhynchotis</em>.  It is the fastest flyer of all waterfowl. The male is New Zealand's most handsome duck, with variegated, colourful plumage.  It is one of the few native birds that is not protected, with about 30,000 birds shot during the duck hunting season each year.  The edges of the shoveler's large wedge shaped bill have fine growths called lamellae, that sieve soft food from the water surface and even through mud.   <a href="duckshoveler.htm"><img src="arrow.jpg" border="0"> <em>See more</em></a></p></td> <td align="right" valign="top" width="145"> <a href="duckShoveler.htm"><img src="duckShoveler140.jpg" border="0" width="135"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><h2><a href="duckMerganser.htm"><strong>Auckland Island merganser</strong><br> <em>Mergus australis</em> (Extinct)</a></h2> <p style="font-size:10px"> Merganser were first seen by explorer Jules d'Urville during his 1840 subantarctic voyage.  Bones have been identified from South Island and Stewart Island coastal dunes and Maori middens.  After extinction on the mainland, it survived on the bleak but beautiful Auckland Islands.  The population declined after pigs were introduced to the islands in 1807, and cats in 1820. Since 1840, 26 were killed for collections before the last known pair were shot in 1902 by the Earl of Ranfurly, Governor of New Zealand.  <a href="duckMerganser.htm"><img src="arrow.jpg" border="0"> <em>See more</em></a></p></td> <td align="right" valign="top"><a href="duckMerganser.htm"><img src="merganser_Schouten140.jpg" alt="Auckland Island merganser" width="135" border="0"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="8" bgcolor="#ffffff"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img src="lineDot400.gif" width="409"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" height="4" bgcolor="#ffffff"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="#top"><img src="top_link.jpg" border="0"></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> <td valign="top" width="175"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="172" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td><h1><font color="#ff3333">2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</font></h1> <h6><font color="#ff3333">Blue duck<br> <em>Hymenolaimus malachorhynchos</em><br> Endangered</font></h6> <h6><font color="#ff3333">Campbell Island teal<br> <em>Anas nesiotis</em><br> Critically endangered</font></h6> <h6><font color="#ff3333">Brown teal<br> <em>Anas chlorotis</em><br> Endangered</font></h6> <h6><font color="#ff3333">Auckland Island teal<br> <em>Anas aucklandica</em><br> Vulnerable</font></h6> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><h1><font color="#336666">2005 New Zealand Threat Classification System</h1> <h6><font color="#336666">Blue duck<br> <em>Hymenolaimus malachorhynchos</em></br> [B.3] Nationally vulnerable</font></h6> <h6><font color="#336666">Grey duck<br> <em>Anas superciliosa superciliosa</em><br> [B.1] Nationally critical</font></h6> <h6><font color="#336666">Campbell Island teal<br> <em>Anas nesiotis</em><br> [B.1] Nationally critical</font></h6> <h6><font color="#336666">South Island brown teal<br> <em>Anas chlorotis</em> 'South Island'<br> [B.1] Nationally critical</font></h6> <h6><font color="#336666">Brown teal<br> <em>Anas chlorotis</em> 'North Island'<br> [D.2] At risk-recovering</font></h6> <h6><font color="#336666">Auckland Island teal<br> <em>Anas aucklandica</em><br> [B.3] Nationally vulnerable</font></h6> <h6><font color="#336666">New Zealand shoveler<br> <em>Anas rhynchotis variegata</em><br> [E] Not threatened</font></h6> <h6><font color="#336666">Paradise shelduck<br> <em>Tadorna variegata</em><br> [E] Not threatened</font></h6> <h6><font color="#336666">New Zealand scaup<br> <em>Aythya novaeseelandiae</em><br> [E] Not threatened</font></h6> <h6><font color="#336666">Grey teal<br> <em>Anas gracilis</em><br> [E] Not threatened</font></h6></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><h1>Extinct ducks, geese and swans .....</h1> <h6><font color="#333333">Auckland Island merganser<br> <em>Mergus australis</em></font></h6> <h6><font color="#333333">Blue-billed duck<br> <em>Oxyura australis</em></font></h6> <h6><font color="#333333">New Zealand musk<br> (De Lautour's duck)<br> <em>Biziura delautouri</em></font></h6> <h6><font color="#333333">Chatham Island duck<br> <em>Pachyanas chathamica</em></font></h6> <h6><font color="#333333">Finsch's duck<br> <em>Chenonetta finschi</em></font></h6> <h6><font color="#333333">Scarlett's duck<br> <em>Malacorhynchus scarletti</em></font></h6> <h6><font color="#333333">North Island goose<br> <em>Cnemiornis gracilis</em></font></h6> <h6><font color="#333333">South Island goose<br> <em>Cnemiornis calcitrans</em></font></h6> <h6><font color="#333333">New Zealand swan<br> <em>Cygnus sumnerensis</em></font></h6></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="8" bgcolor="#ffffff"> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="175" border="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <tr> <td height="6" bgcolor="#ffffff"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="lineDot175.gif" width="174"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="TNFdonation.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('TNFdonation','','seabirdsDonationLink_mo.jpg',1)"><img src="seabirdsDonationLink.jpg" alt="Donate" name="TNFdonation" width="140" height="225" border="0"></a> </tr> <tr> <td height="6" bgcolor="#ffffff"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><img src="lineDot175.gif" width="174"></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="6" bgcolor="#ffffff"> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="175" border="0"> <tr> <td height="8" bgcolor="#ffffff"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><p style="font-size:10px"><strong>Photo and image credit:</strong><br> <em>Center top</em>; Blue duck, Copyright © Geoff Moon</em><br> <em>Center 2nd down</em>; Grey duck, R. Sutton, Crown Copyright © Department of Conservation<br> <em>Center 3rd down</em>; Paradise shelduck pair, Rod Morris, Crown Copyright © Department of Conservation<br> <em>Center 4th down</em>; New Zealand shoveler male, J.L. Kendrick, Crown Copyright © Department of Conservation 1971<br> <em>Center 5th down</em>; New Zealand scaup male, Peter Morrison, Crown Copyright © Department of Conservation 1971<br> <em>Center bottom</em>; Auckland Island merganser, Permission of Peter Schouten</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="15" bgcolor="#ffffff"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="768"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" valign="center" width="165"><img src="terraNatureLogo212.jpg" width="120">    </td> <td valign="top"><p style="font-size:9px"><br> Copyright © 2009-2010 TerraNature Trust. 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