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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spinet_virginals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spinet_virginals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Spinet virginals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spinet_virginals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muselars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muselars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Muselars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muselars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottavini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottavini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ottavini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottavini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_virginals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_virginals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Double virginals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_virginals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compass_and_pitch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compass_and_pitch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Compass and pitch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compass_and_pitch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Decoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composers_and_collections_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composers_and_collections_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Composers and collections of works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composers_and_collections_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Virginals</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Вёрджынел – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вёрджынел" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Виржинал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виржинал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virjinal" title="Virjinal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Virjinal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginal" title="Virginal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Virginal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginal" title="Virginal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Virginal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginal" title="Virginal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Virginal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginal" title="Virginal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Virginal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Βιργινάλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιργινάλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginal" title="Virginal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Virginal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloklaviceno" title="Tabloklaviceno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tabloklaviceno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birjinal" title="Birjinal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Birjinal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ویرجینال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویرجینال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginal" title="Virginal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virginal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginale" title="Virginale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Virginale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9C" title="וירג'ינל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וירג'ינל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ვირჯინალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვირჯინალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginaal" title="Virginaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Virginaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginal" title="Virginal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virginal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginal" title="Virginal – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Virginal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirgina%C5%82" title="Wirginał – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wirginał" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginal" title="Virginal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Virginal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginal" title="Virginal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Virginal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Вёрджинел – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вёрджинел" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginal" title="Virginal – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Virginal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginaali" title="Virginaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virginaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginal" title="Virginal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Virginal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Вірджинал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вірджинал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Virginals" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Keyboard instrument of the harpsichord family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Virginal" redirects here. 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Virginals%22">"Virginals"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Virginals%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Virginals%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Virginals%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Virginals%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Virginals%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Virginals</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Virginal.jpg/250px-Virginal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Virginal.jpg/375px-Virginal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Virginal.jpg/500px-Virginal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flemish virginals by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Ruckers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Ruckers">Hans Ruckers</a>, 1583, Antwerp (Paris, Musée de la Musique). Note the inset keyboard placed left of centre.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">Keyboard instrument</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/Short_octave" title="Short octave">C<sub>2</sub>/E<sub>2</sub></a> to C<sub>6</sub> (45 notes); some Italian models C<sub>2</sub> to F<sub>6</sub> (54 notes)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">spinet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clavicytherium" title="Clavicytherium">clavicytherium</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>virginals</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard instrument</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> family. It was popular in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">late Renaissance</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> periods. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginals&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A virginals is a smaller and simpler, rectangular or polygonal, form of <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>. It has only one string per note, running more or less parallel to the keyboard, on the long side of the case. Many, if not most, of the instruments were constructed without legs, and would be placed on a table for playing. Later models were built with their own stands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginals&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mechanism of the virginals is identical to the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord#Mechanism" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>'s, in that its wire strings are plucked by a set of <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectra</a>, mounted in jacks. Its case, however, is rectangular or polygonal, and the single choir of strings—one per note—runs roughly parallel to the keyboard. The strings are plucked either near one end, as with the harpsichord, or in the case of the muselar, nearer the middle, producing a more <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>-like tone that's reduced in upper harmonics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginals&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the name is obscure. It may derive from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">virga</i></span> meaning a rod, perhaps referring to the wooden jacks that rest on the ends of the keys, but this is unproven.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possibility is that the name derives from the word <i><a href="/wiki/Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin">virgin</a></i>, as it was most commonly played by young women,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from its sound, which is like a young girl's voice (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vox virginalis</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further view is that the name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>, as it was used by nuns to accompany hymns in honour of the Virgin. </p><p>In England, during the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean eras</a>, any stringed keyboard instrument was often described as a virginals, and could equally apply to a harpsichord or possibly even a <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">spinet</a>. Thus, the masterworks of <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a> and his contemporaries were often played on full-size, Italian or Flemish harpsichords, and not only on the virginals as we call it today. Contemporary nomenclature often referred to a <i>pair of virginals</i>, which implied a single instrument, possibly a harpsichord with two registers, or a <i>double virginals</i> (see below).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginals&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the harpsichord, the virginals has its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">psaltery</a>, to which a <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">keyboard</a> was applied, probably in the 15th century. The first mention of the word is in Paulus Paulirinus of Prague's (1413–1471) <i>Tractatus de musica</i>, of around 1460, where he writes: "The virginal is an instrument in the shape of a clavichord, having metal strings which give it the timbre of a clavicembalo. It has 32 courses of strings set in motion by striking the fingers on projecting keys, giving a dulcet tone in both whole and half steps. It is called a virginal because, like a virgin, it sounds with a gentle and undisturbed voice." The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> records its first mention in English in 1530, when King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII of England</a> purchased five instruments so named. Small, early virginals were played either in the lap, or more commonly, rested on a table,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but nearly all later examples were provided with their own stands. The heyday of the virginals was the latter half of the 16th century to the later 17th century, until the high <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque period</a>, when it was eclipsed in England by the <a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">bentside spinet</a>, and in Germany, by the <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginals&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spinet_virginals">Spinet virginals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginals&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spinet virginals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinetta_or_Italian_virginals.Jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Spinetta_or_Italian_virginals.Jpg/220px-Spinetta_or_Italian_virginals.Jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Spinetta_or_Italian_virginals.Jpg/330px-Spinetta_or_Italian_virginals.Jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Spinetta_or_Italian_virginals.Jpg/440px-Spinetta_or_Italian_virginals.Jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>An Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">spinetta</i></span> or virginals after Alessandro Bertolotti, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1586, provided with a false outer case. Note the projecting keyboard, unlike the inset Flemish examples.</figcaption></figure> <p>Spinet virginals (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">spinet</a>) were made principally in Italy (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">spinetta</i>), England and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">spinetten</i>). The keyboard is placed left of centre, and the strings are plucked at one end, although farther from the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">bridge</a> than in the harpsichord. This is the more common arrangement for modern instruments, and an instrument described simply as a "virginal" is likely to be a spinet virginals. The principal differences in construction lie mainly in the placement of the keyboard: Italian instruments invariably had a keyboard that projected from the case, whilst northern virginals had their keyboards recessed in a keywell. The cases of Italian instruments were made of <a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">cypress</a> wood and were of delicate manufacture, whilst northern virginals were usually more stoutly constructed of poplar. Early Italian virginals were usually <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal">hexagonal</a> in shape, the case following the lines of the strings and bridges, and a few early Flemish examples are similarly made. From about 1580 however, nearly all virginals were <a href="/wiki/Rectangular" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectangular">rectangular</a>, the Italian models often having an outer case like harpsichords from that country. There are very few surviving English virginals, all of them late. They generally follow the Flemish construction, but with a <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaulted</a> lid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muselars">Muselars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginals&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Muselars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_Zittende_Klavecimbelspeelster_(1673-1675).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Zittende_Klavecimbelspeelster_%281673-1675%29.jpg/170px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Zittende_Klavecimbelspeelster_%281673-1675%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Zittende_Klavecimbelspeelster_%281673-1675%29.jpg/255px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Zittende_Klavecimbelspeelster_%281673-1675%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Zittende_Klavecimbelspeelster_%281673-1675%29.jpg/340px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Zittende_Klavecimbelspeelster_%281673-1675%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="2817" /></a><figcaption><i>Woman at a Muselar</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1672 (<a href="/wiki/National_Gallery,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery, London">National Gallery, London</a>). Note the keyboard placed to the right.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muselaar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Muselaar.jpg/220px-Muselaar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Muselaar.jpg/330px-Muselaar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Muselaar.jpg/440px-Muselaar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1407" /></a><figcaption>A typical muselar of the <a href="/wiki/Ruckers" title="Ruckers">Ruckers</a> school. Note the keyboard on the right of the case.</figcaption></figure> <p>Muselars (also <i>muselaar</i>) were made only in northern Europe. Here, the keyboard is placed right of centre and the strings are plucked about one-third the way along their sounding length. This gives a warm, rich, resonant sound, with a strong fundamental and weak overtones. However, this comes at a price: the jacks and keys for the left hand are inevitably placed in the middle of the instrument's <a href="/wiki/Sound_board_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound board (music)">soundboard</a>, with the result that any mechanical noise from these is amplified. In addition to mechanical noise, from the string vibrating against the descending <a href="/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a>, the central plucking point in the bass makes repetition difficult, because the motion of the still-sounding string interferes with the ability of the plectrum to connect again. An 18th-century commentator (Van Blankenberg, 1739) wrote that muselars "grunt in the bass like young pigs". Thus the muselar was better suited to <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chord</a>-and-<a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> music without complex left hand parts. The muselar could also be provided with a stop called the <i>harpichordium</i> (also <i>arpichordium</i>), which consists of lead hooks being lightly applied against the ends of the bass strings in such a manner that the string vibrating against the hook produces a buzzing, snarling sound. </p><p>Muselars were popular in the 16th and 17th centuries and their ubiquity has been compared to that of the upright piano in the early 20th century, but like other types of virginals they fell out of use in the 18th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottavini">Ottavini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginals&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ottavini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both Italian and northern schools produced a miniature virginals called the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">ottavino</i></span>. <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Ottavini</i></span> were pitched an octave higher than the larger instrument. In the Flemish tradition these were often – perhaps always – sold together with a large virginals, to which the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">ottavino</i></span> could be coupled (see <b><a href="#Double_virginals">Double virginals</a></b> below). In the Italian tradition, an <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">ottavino</i></span> was usually a separate instrument of its own, being fitted in its own outer case, just like larger Italian instruments. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Menegoni_Ottavino,_1689.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1689 Menegoni Ottavino from the Hans Adler keyboard collection.[1]"><img alt="1689 Menegoni Ottavino from the Hans Adler keyboard collection.[1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Menegoni_Ottavino%2C_1689.png/200px-Menegoni_Ottavino%2C_1689.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Menegoni_Ottavino%2C_1689.png/300px-Menegoni_Ottavino%2C_1689.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Menegoni_Ottavino%2C_1689.png/400px-Menegoni_Ottavino%2C_1689.png 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="809" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1689 Menegoni Ottavino from the Hans Adler keyboard collection.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hansadlercollection.blogspot.ca/2012/12/menegoni-virginal-or-ottavino.html">[1]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rectangular_Octave_Virginal_MET_DT10869.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rectangular Octave Virginal, c. 1600, Metropolitan Museum of Art."><img alt="Rectangular Octave Virginal, c. 1600, Metropolitan Museum of Art." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Rectangular_Octave_Virginal_MET_DT10869.jpg/200px-Rectangular_Octave_Virginal_MET_DT10869.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Rectangular_Octave_Virginal_MET_DT10869.jpg/300px-Rectangular_Octave_Virginal_MET_DT10869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Rectangular_Octave_Virginal_MET_DT10869.jpg/400px-Rectangular_Octave_Virginal_MET_DT10869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3773" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Octave_Virginal" title="Rectangular Octave Virginal">Rectangular Octave Virginal</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_virginals">Double virginals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginals&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Double virginals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> <a href="/wiki/School_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="School (discipline)">school</a>, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Ruckers" title="Ruckers">Ruckers</a> family, produced a special type of virginals known as <i>Mother and Child</i> (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">moeder und kind</i></span>). This consisted of two instruments in one: a normal virginals (either spinet or muselar) with one 8′ register, and an <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">ottavino</i></span> with one 4′ register. The smaller <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">ottavino</i></span> was stored (rather like a drawer) under the <a href="/wiki/Sound_board_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound board (music)">soundboard</a> next to the keyboard of the larger instrument, and could be withdrawn and played as a separate keyboard instrument. However, the two instruments could also be coupled together, the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">ottavino</i></span> being placed over the strings of the larger virginals (once the jackrail was removed), so that the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord#Mechanism" title="Harpsichord">jacks</a> of the latter passed through a slot in the bottom of the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">ottavino</i></span>. The jacks of the larger instrument now activated the keys of the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">ottavino</i></span>, so that both instruments sounded simultaneously, giving a more brilliant effect. </p><p>Among the instruments in the inventory of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a>, drawn up by Philip Van Wilder in 1553, there are mentions of "twoo pair of double virginalles", "one new pair of double virginalles", and other obscure references. These predate the earliest extant Mother and Child virginal by 30 years (the 1581 Hans Ruckers),<sup id="cite_ref-Obrien347_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obrien347-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kottick490_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottick490-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the earliest known double manual harpsichords by about 60 years. The term may have referred to the number of stops on the instrument, or perhaps its range.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubbard136_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard136-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_Virginal_MET_DP165270a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Double virginal (1600) by Lodewijck Grouwels (MET 89.4.1196)."><img alt="Double virginal (1600) by Lodewijck Grouwels (MET 89.4.1196)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Double_Virginal_MET_DP165270a.jpg/200px-Double_Virginal_MET_DP165270a.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Double_Virginal_MET_DP165270a.jpg/300px-Double_Virginal_MET_DP165270a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Double_Virginal_MET_DP165270a.jpg/400px-Double_Virginal_MET_DP165270a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="1513" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Double virginal (1600) by Lodewijck Grouwels (<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">MET</a> 89.4.1196).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_Virginal_MET_DP332579.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Double virginal (1581) by Hans Ruckers the Elder. (MET 29.90)"><img alt="Double virginal (1581) by Hans Ruckers the Elder. (MET 29.90)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Double_Virginal_MET_DP332579.jpg/200px-Double_Virginal_MET_DP332579.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Double_Virginal_MET_DP332579.jpg/300px-Double_Virginal_MET_DP332579.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Double_Virginal_MET_DP332579.jpg/400px-Double_Virginal_MET_DP332579.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3917" data-file-height="3249" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Double virginal (1581) by Hans Ruckers the Elder. (<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">MET</a> 29.90)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Ruckers_early_17th_century_stand_alone_virginal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hans Ruckers' stand-alone virginal (1610) from the Hans Adler keyboard collection.[10]"><img alt="Hans Ruckers' stand-alone virginal (1610) from the Hans Adler keyboard collection.[10]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hans_Ruckers_early_17th_century_stand_alone_virginal.png/200px-Hans_Ruckers_early_17th_century_stand_alone_virginal.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hans_Ruckers_early_17th_century_stand_alone_virginal.png/300px-Hans_Ruckers_early_17th_century_stand_alone_virginal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hans_Ruckers_early_17th_century_stand_alone_virginal.png/400px-Hans_Ruckers_early_17th_century_stand_alone_virginal.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hans Ruckers' stand-alone virginal (1610) from the Hans Adler keyboard collection.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compass_and_pitch">Compass and pitch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginals&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Compass and pitch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The keyboard compass of most virginals was C<sub>2</sub>/E<sub>2</sub> to C<sub>6</sub> (45 notes, 4 octaves), which allowed the performance of the music contemporarily available for the instruments. The lower octave was tuned to a <a href="/wiki/Short_octave" title="Short octave">short octave</a>, so that the bottom E sounded C<sub>2</sub>, the bottom F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> sounded D<sub>2</sub>, and the bottom G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> sounded E<sub>2</sub>, thus allowing some frequently-required low bass notes to take over the positions of keys that were rarely used in the contemporary repertory and avoiding building a larger instrument. Some Italian models ranged from C<sub>2</sub> to F<sub>6</sub> (54 notes, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> octaves). </p><p>Virginals were available in various sizes. The Dutch organist and harpsichordist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_Douwes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Class Douwes (page does not exist)">Class Douwes</a> (circa 1650 – circa 1725) mentions instruments from nominal 6 feet (1.8 m) down to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> feet (0.76 m).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> differences between the models offered by the Ruckers workshops were by no means arbitrary, but corresponded to the musical <a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">intervals</a> of a tone, a <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">fourth</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">fifth</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a>, and a ninth. Pitch assignments have been suggested for these instruments based on scalings provided by Douwes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most modern instruments are full-sized ones at <a href="/wiki/Eight_foot_pitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight foot pitch">8′ pitch</a> or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">ottavini</i></span> at 4′ pitch, although there are no surviving Ruckers instruments at the 4' pitch, and most probably none were ever made by his workshop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decoration">Decoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginals&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg/170px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg/255px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg/340px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_Standing_at_a_Virginal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3713" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption><i>Lady Standing at a Muselar</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_at_the_Virginal_with_a_Gentleman,_%27The_Music_Lesson%27_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_at_the_Virginal_with_a_Gentleman%2C_%27The_Music_Lesson%27_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_at_the_Virginal_with_a_Gentleman%2C_%27The_Music_Lesson%27_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_at_the_Virginal_with_a_Gentleman%2C_%27The_Music_Lesson%27_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_at_the_Virginal_with_a_Gentleman%2C_%27The_Music_Lesson%27_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_at_the_Virginal_with_a_Gentleman%2C_%27The_Music_Lesson%27_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Lady_at_the_Virginal_with_a_Gentleman%2C_%27The_Music_Lesson%27_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4356" data-file-height="5014" /></a><figcaption><i>The Music Lesson</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Whilst many early virginals throughout Europe were left in plain wood, they were soon provided with rich decoration, which may have contributed to the survival of many such instruments. From mouldings on case edges, jackrails and namebattens to adornment with <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">mother-of-pearl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortoiseshell material">tortoiseshell</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">semi-precious stones</a>, not to mention intricate painting, no expense was spared by those who could afford it. </p><p>Most Flemish virginals had their soundboards painted with flowers, fruit, birds, caterpillars, moths and even cooked prawns, all within blue scalloped borders and intricate blue <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(European_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (European art)">arabesques</a>. Many of these motifs appear to be resurrection symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural keys were normally covered in bone, and sharps were of oak or, less commonly, chestnut. The case exteriors were usually marbled, whilst the inside was decorated with elaborate block-printed papers. Occasionally the inside of the lid bore a decorative scene; more often it was covered with block-printed papers embellished with a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a>, usually connected with morality or music. Mottos could also be applied to the keywell batten. Some typical mottos include: </p> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sic_transit_gloria_mundi" title="Sic transit gloria mundi">SIC TRANSIT GLORIA MVNDI</a></i></span> ("Thus passes the glory of the world")</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">MVSICA DVLCE LABORVM LEVAMEN</i></span> ("Music is the sweet solace of labour")</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">MVSICA DONVM DEI</i></span> ("Music is the gift of God")</li></ul> <p>The Dutch artist <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a> was one among several who produced paintings including examples of virginals. </p><p>There was no such "standard decoration" for Italian virginals. Where there was an outer case, it was often this that was decorated, leaving the actual instrument plain (typically for Venetian virginals). Cases could be decorated with paintings of <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesques</a>, classical scenes, or <a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">marquetry</a>, but soundboards were rarely painted. Keytops could be of plain <a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">boxwood</a>, or lavishly decorated (as was often the case in northern Italy) with ivory, <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">mother-of-pearl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortoiseshell material">tortoiseshell</a> among other materials. </p><p>Traditionally, the soundboards of both northern and Italian virginals were pierced with a <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rose</a>, sometimes two or three in early days. The rose had no acoustic function, and was purely decorative. Although these were a throwback to the rose in the medieval <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>, they were never carved integrally as part of the soundboard. In Italian instruments they were usually constructed by combining multiple layers of pierced <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>, so that the final result looked like a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose window</a>, or an inverted <a href="/wiki/Wedding_cake" title="Wedding cake">wedding cake</a>. In Flemish instruments, the rose was usually cast from lead and gilded, and usually incorporated the maker's initials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composers_and_collections_of_works">Composers and collections of works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginals&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Composers and collections of works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>virginals</i> could historically be applied to any stringed keyboard instrument, and since there was very rarely any indication of instrumentation on musical scores in the heyday of the virginals, there are hardly any compositions that can be said to be specifically for that instrument. Indeed, nearly all the keyboard music of the renaissance sounds equally well on harpsichord, virginals, clavichord or organ, and it is doubtful if any composer had a particular instrument in mind when writing keyboard scores. A list of composers for writing for the virginals (among other instruments) may be found under <a href="/wiki/Virginalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginalist">virginalist</a>. Although the "virginalist school" usually refers to English composers, it would not be incorrect to use the word in connection with some continental keyboard composers of the period, such as <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Picchi" title="Giovanni Picchi">Giovanni Picchi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt" title="Samuel Scheidt">Samuel Scheidt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck</a>. </p><p>Out of the some dozen so-called English "virginal books", only <i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Rogers%27_Virginal_Book" title="Elizabeth Rogers' Virginal Book">Elizabeth Rogers' Virginal Book</a></i> actually bears the word in its original title: the other collections were attributed the name by music scholars in the 19th and 20th centuries. </p><p>A selection of English "virginal books" includes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Mulliner_Book" title="The Mulliner Book">The Mulliner Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dublin_Virginal_Manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dublin Virginal Manuscript">The Dublin Virginal Manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Rogers%27_Virginal_Book" title="Elizabeth Rogers' Virginal Book">Elizabeth Rogers' Virginal Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Virginal_Book" title="Fitzwilliam Virginal Book">Fitzwilliam Virginal Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Ladye_Nevells_Booke" title="My Ladye Nevells Booke">My Ladye Nevells Booke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Matchett%27s_Virginal_Book" title="Clement Matchett's Virginal Book">Clement Matchett's Virginal Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenia_(music)" title="Parthenia (music)">Parthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Bunbury%27s_Virginal_Book" title="Priscilla Bunbury's Virginal Book">Priscilla Bunbury's Virginal Book</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_Forster%27s_Virginal_Book&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Will Forster's Virginal Book (page does not exist)">Will Forster's Virginal Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cromwell%27s_Virginal_Book" title="Anne Cromwell's Virginal Book">Anne Cromwell's Virginal Book</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginals&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The plural form may refer to a single instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginals&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171944/http://www.ballandclaw.com/vermeer/nbe.html">Vermeer: Painting of 'Lady Seated at the Virginals'</a>. Web.archive.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philamuseum.org/exhibitions/2005/121.html">"A Young Woman Seated at the Virginals by Johannes Vermeer"</a>. <i>Philamuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philamuseum.org&rft.atitle=A+Young+Woman+Seated+at+the+Virginals+by+Johannes+Vermeer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philamuseum.org%2Fexhibitions%2F2005%2F121.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipinWraight2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ripin, Edwin M. & Wraight, Denzil (2001). "Virginal". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a> & <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"><bdi>978-1-56159-239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virginal&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-239-5&rft.aulast=Ripin&rft.aufirst=Edwin+M.&rft.au=Wraight%2C+Denzil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginals" class="Z3988"></span>‎</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://everything2.com/title/Virginal">"Virginal"</a>. <i>Everything2.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Everything2.com&rft.atitle=Virginal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feverything2.com%2Ftitle%2FVirginal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4167/4167.txt">Diary of Samuel Pepys, August and September 1666. 2 September</a> In describing the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Pepys</a> provides evidence of how popular the instrument had become: In a river “full of lighters and boats taking in goods…I observed that hardly one lighter or boat in three that had the goods of a house in, but there was a pair of Virginalls.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearling1996" class="citation book cs1">Dearling, Robert (1996). <i>The ultimate encyclopedia of musical instruments</i>. Carlton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85868-185-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85868-185-5"><bdi>1-85868-185-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37009422">37009422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ultimate+encyclopedia+of+musical+instruments&rft.pub=Carlton&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37009422&rft.isbn=1-85868-185-5&rft.aulast=Dearling&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginals" class="Z3988"></span>/</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obrien347-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Obrien347_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Brien 1990, 347</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kottick490-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kottick490_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kottick 2003, 490</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubbard136-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard136_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard 1967, 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hansadlercollection.blogspot.ca/2012/12/hans-rueckers-epinette.html">"The Hans Adler Collection of Early Instruments: Hans/Andreas Rueckers Epinette, Virginal or Harpsichord"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hans+Adler+Collection+of+Early+Instruments%3A+Hans%2FAndreas+Rueckers+Epinette%2C+Virginal+or+Harpsichord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhansadlercollection.blogspot.ca%2F2012%2F12%2Fhans-rueckers-epinette.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaas Douwes, <i>Grundig Ondersoek van de Toonen der Musijk</i> (Franeker, 1699)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin M. Ripin, <i>The "three foot" Flemish harpsichord</i>. Galpin Society Journal, XXIII (1970), pp 35ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Germann, p. 28</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginals&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Germann, Sheridan (2002). "Harpsichord Decoration – A Conspectus". In <i>The Historical Harpsichord</i>, vol. IV. General Editor: Howard Schott. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945193-75-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-945193-75-0">0-945193-75-0</a>.</li> <li>Hubbard, Frank (1967). <i>Three Centuries of Harpsichord Making</i>, 2nd ed. Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-88845-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-88845-6">0-674-88845-6</a>.</li> <li>Kottick, Edward (2003). <i>A History of the Harpsichord</i>. Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34166-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34166-3">0-253-34166-3</a>.</li> <li>O'Brien, Grant (2008). <i>Ruckers: A Harpsichord and Virginal Building Tradition</i>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-06682-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-06682-2">978-0-521-06682-2</a>.</li> <li>Rueger, Christoph (1986). <i>Musical Instruments and Their Decoration</i>. Cincinnati, Ohio: Seven Hills Books,. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911403-17-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-911403-17-5">0-911403-17-5</a>.</li> <li>Russell, Raymond (1973). <i>The Harpsichord and Clavichord: An Introductory Study</i>, 2nd ed. London: Faber and Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-04795-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-04795-5">0-571-04795-5</a>.</li> <li>Yorke, James (1986). <i>Keyboard Instruments at the Victoria and Albert Museum</i>. London Victoria and Albert Museum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948107-04-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-948107-04-9">0-948107-04-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginals&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Virginal" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Virginal">Virginal</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1921 <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Virginals" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Virginals">Virginals</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Virginals" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Virginals">Virginals</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <p>Extant Virginals at <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/503676">Double Virginal, Hans Ruckers the Elder, Flemish, 1581</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/503043">Virginal, Italian, 1540</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/en/art/collection/search/501767">Double Virginal, Lodewijck Grouwels, Flemish, active The Netherlands, 1600</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/en/art/collection/search/504721">Virginal, C Ruckers, ca. 1600</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/501780">Virginal, Italian, 16th or 17th century</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/504601">Arnold Dolmetsch, Virginal, American, The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Celesta">Celesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">Clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicytherium" title="Clavicytherium">Clavicytherium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claviharp" title="Claviharp">Claviharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">Electronic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">Fortepiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonichord" title="Harmonichord">Harmonichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">Harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keytar" title="Keytar">Keytar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodica" title="Melodica">Melodica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed organ">Reed organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">Theatre organ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphica" title="Orphica">Orphica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_piano" title="Digital piano">Digital piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">Electric piano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_accordion" title="Piano accordion">Piano accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">Spinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virginal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enharmonic_keyboard" title="Enharmonic keyboard">Enharmonic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_keyboard" title="Generalized keyboard">Generalized keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphic_keyboard" title="Isomorphic keyboard">Isomorphic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jank%C3%B3_keyboard" title="Jankó keyboard">Jankó keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_octave" title="Short octave">Short octave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_(instrument)" title="Key (instrument)">Keys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_key_frequencies" title="Piano key frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">Manual keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sharp" title="Split sharp">Split sharp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_pedals" title="Piano pedals">Pedals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_pedal" title="Soft pedal">Soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">Sustain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">Pedal keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_piano" title="Pedal piano">Pedal piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_acoustics" title="Piano acoustics">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovations_in_the_piano" title="Innovations in the piano">Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_wire" title="Piano wire">Wiring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliquot_stringing" title="Aliquot stringing">Aliquot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-stringing" title="Cross-stringing">Cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_maintenance" title="Piano maintenance">Maintenance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(piano)" title="Action (piano)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Technicians_Guild" title="Piano Technicians Guild">Piano Technicians Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuning" title="Piano tuning">Tuning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuning_wrench" title="Tuning wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amplifiers, speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renaissance_music907" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renaissance_music" title="Template talk:Renaissance music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renaissance_music907" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">List of Renaissance composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Early_period_(1400–1470)" title="Renaissance music">Early (1400–1470)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agricola" title="Alexander Agricola">Alexander Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Gilles Binchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" title="Antoine Busnois">Antoine Busnois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyset_Comp%C3%A8re" title="Loyset Compère">Loyset Compère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Guillaume Du Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Frye" title="Walter Frye">Walter Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Isaac" title="Heinrich Isaac">Heinrich Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Japart" title="Jean Japart">Jean Japart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Martini" title="Johannes Martini">Johannes Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tinctoris" title="Johannes Tinctoris">Johannes Tinctoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_van_Weerbeke" title="Gaspar van Weerbeke">Gaspar van Weerbeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein" title="Oswald von Wolkenstein">Oswald von Wolkenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Middle_period_(1470–1530)" title="Renaissance music">Middle (1470–1530)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Agricola" title="Martin Agricola">Martin Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Brumel" title="Antoine Brumel">Antoine Brumel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crecquillon" title="Thomas Crecquillon">Thomas Crecquillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Divitis" title="Antonius Divitis">Antonius Divitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Festa" title="Costanzo Festa">Costanzo Festa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_F%C3%A9vin" title="Antoine de Févin">Antoine de Févin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Janequin" title="Clément Janequin">Clément Janequin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Morales" title="Cristóbal de Morales">Cristóbal de Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mouton" title="Jean Mouton">Jean Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" title="Jacob Obrecht">Jacob Obrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Rue" title="Pierre de la Rue">Pierre de la Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taverner" title="John Taverner">John Taverner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Verdelot" title="Philippe Verdelot">Philippe Verdelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Willaert" title="Adrian Willaert">Adrian Willaert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Late_period_(1530–1600)" title="Renaissance music">Late (1530)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arcadelt" title="Jacques Arcadelt">Jacques Arcadelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Antonio de Cabezón">Antonio de Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Clemens_non_Papa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Clemens non Papa">Jacobus Clemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Gombert" title="Nicolas Gombert">Nicolas Gombert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Goudimel" title="Claude Goudimel">Claude Goudimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Guerrero_(composer)" title="Francisco Guerrero (composer)">Francisco Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Le_Jeune" title="Claude Le Jeune">Claude Le Jeune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Orlando di Lasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lusitano" title="Vicente Lusitano">Vicente Lusitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Manchicourt" title="Pierre de Manchicourt">Pierre de Manchicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Neusidler" title="Hans Neusidler">Hans Neusidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Porta" title="Costanzo Porta">Costanzo Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipriano_de_Rore" title="Cipriano de Rore">Cipriano de Rore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tye" title="Christopher Tye">Christopher Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria" title="Tomás Luis de Victoria">Tomás Luis de Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giaches_de_Wert" title="Giaches de Wert">Giaches de Wert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Mannerism" title="Renaissance music">Mannerism</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a><br />c.1600</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Gregorio Allegri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campion" title="Thomas Campion">Thomas Campion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cooper_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cooper (composer)">John Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">John Dowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fontanelli" title="Alfonso Fontanelli">Alfonso Fontanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo" title="Carlo Gesualdo">Carlo Gesualdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">Orlando Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Leo_Hassler" title="Hans Leo Hassler">Hans Leo Hassler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Lobo" title="Alonso Lobo">Alonso Lobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzzasco_Luzzaschi" title="Luzzasco Luzzaschi">Luzzasco Luzzaschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de_Macque" title="Giovanni de Macque">Giovanni de Macque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Marenzio" title="Luca Marenzio">Luca Marenzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Rogier" title="Philippe Rogier">Philippe Rogier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist_(music)" title="Colorist (music)">Colorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Madrigal_School" title="English Madrigal School">English Madrigal School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Virginalist_School" title="English Virginalist School">English Virginalist School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Camerata" title="Florentine Camerata">Florentine Camerata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School" title="Roman School">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedio" title="Intermedio">Intermedio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavane" title="Pavane">Pavane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus#Renaissance_music" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_Elizabethan_era" title="Music in the Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance#Music" title="French Renaissance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music:_16th_century_to_the_present" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music#Early_music_to_the_seventeenth_century" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music" title="Music history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Renaissance_and_Baroque_Periods" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_publishing" title="History of music publishing">Music publishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Andreae" title="Hieronymus Andreae">Hieronymus Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Antico" title="Andrea Antico">Andrea Antico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Attaingnant" title="Pierre Attaingnant">Pierre Attaingnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Baldini" title="Vittorio Baldini">Vittorio Baldini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bathen" title="Jacob Bathen">Jacob Bathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerio_Dorico" title="Valerio Dorico">Valerio Dorico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gardano" title="Antonio Gardano">Antonio Gardano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Petrucci" title="Ottaviano Petrucci">Ottaviano Petrucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Phalesius_the_Elder" title="Petrus Phalesius the Elder">Petrus Phalesius the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Scotto" title="Girolamo Scotto">Girolamo Scotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tielman_Susato" title="Tielman Susato">Tielman Susato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vautrollier" title="Thomas Vautrollier">Thomas Vautrollier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_dance" title="Renaissance dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_music" title="Template:Medieval music">Medieval music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Baroque_music" title="Template:Baroque music">Baroque music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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