CINXE.COM

Practical Politics: Lessons in Power and Democracy - APSA

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <script> var gform;gform||(document.addEventListener("gform_main_scripts_loaded",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,initializeOnLoaded:function(o){gform.domLoaded&&gform.scriptsLoaded?o():!gform.domLoaded&&gform.scriptsLoaded?window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",o):document.addEventListener("gform_main_scripts_loaded",o)},hooks:{action:{},filter:{}},addAction:function(o,n,r,t){gform.addHook("action",o,n,r,t)},addFilter:function(o,n,r,t){gform.addHook("filter",o,n,r,t)},doAction:function(o){gform.doHook("action",o,arguments)},applyFilters:function(o){return gform.doHook("filter",o,arguments)},removeAction:function(o,n){gform.removeHook("action",o,n)},removeFilter:function(o,n,r){gform.removeHook("filter",o,n,r)},addHook:function(o,n,r,t,i){null==gform.hooks[o][n]&&(gform.hooks[o][n]=[]);var e=gform.hooks[o][n];null==i&&(i=n+"_"+e.length),gform.hooks[o][n].push({tag:i,callable:r,priority:t=null==t?10:t})},doHook:function(n,o,r){var t;if(r=Array.prototype.slice.call(r,1),null!=gform.hooks[n][o]&&((o=gform.hooks[n][o]).sort(function(o,n){return o.priority-n.priority}),o.forEach(function(o){"function"!=typeof(t=o.callable)&&(t=window[t]),"action"==n?t.apply(null,r):r[0]=t.apply(null,r)})),"filter"==n)return r[0]},removeHook:function(o,n,t,i){var r;null!=gform.hooks[o][n]&&(r=(r=gform.hooks[o][n]).filter(function(o,n,r){return!!(null!=i&&i!=o.tag||null!=t&&t!=o.priority)}),gform.hooks[o][n]=r)}}); </script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-5-css' href='https://c4y492pjvy92pvclx4b78xii-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/fonts/fontawesome/5.14.0/css/all.min.css?ver=2.4.0.5' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-5-css' href='https://c4y492pjvy92pvclx4b78xii-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/fonts/fontawesome/5.15.1/css/all.min.css?ver=2.4.1.1' media='all' /><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ HawkSearch.Tracking.track(‘pageload’,{pageType: "item"}); //]]> </script><meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Practical Politics: Lessons in Power and Democracy" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="APSA" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/practical-politics.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/practical-politics.jpg" /> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.8 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>Practical Politics: Lessons in Power and Democracy - APSA</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Practical Politics: Lessons in Power and Democracy - APSA" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="APSA" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-04-15T20:23:51+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/practical-politics.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="265" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="1 minute" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy","url":"https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy","name":"Practical Politics: Lessons in Power and Democracy - APSA","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://educate.apsanet.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/practical-politics.jpg","datePublished":"2024-02-22T13:36:54+00:00","dateModified":"2024-04-15T20:23:51+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy#primaryimage","url":"https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/practical-politics.jpg","contentUrl":"https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/practical-politics.jpg","width":265,"height":400},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://educate.apsanet.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Practical Politics: Lessons in Power and Democracy"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://educate.apsanet.org/#website","url":"https://educate.apsanet.org/","name":"APSA","description":"Resource Library","publisher":{"@id":"https://educate.apsanet.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://educate.apsanet.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://educate.apsanet.org/#organization","name":"APSA","url":"https://educate.apsanet.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://educate.apsanet.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/cropped-Untitled-design-2.png","contentUrl":"https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/cropped-Untitled-design-2.png","width":990,"height":330,"caption":"APSA"},"image":{"@id":"https://educate.apsanet.org/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//polyfill.io' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="APSA &raquo; Feed" href="https://educate.apsanet.org/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="APSA &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://educate.apsanet.org/comments/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="APSA &raquo; Practical Politics: Lessons in Power and Democracy Comments Feed" href="https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy/feed" /> <link rel="preload" href="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/fonts/fontawesome/5.15.4/webfonts/fa-solid-900.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/fonts/fontawesome/5.15.4/webfonts/fa-regular-400.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=715f6e2ea20f224cbd05557390acfc0a"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css'> :root{--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,161;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px;--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color)}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}.has-text-align-center{text-align:center}.has-text-align-left{text-align:left}.has-text-align-right{text-align:right}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-wrap:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip:auto!important;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='astra-theme-css-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/themes/astra/assets/css/minified/style.min.css?ver=4.6.10' media='all' /> <style id='astra-theme-css-inline-css'> .ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignfull {margin-left: calc( -50vw + 50%);margin-right: calc( -50vw + 50%);max-width: 100vw;width: 100vw;}.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignwide {margin-left: calc(-41vw + 50%);margin-right: calc(-41vw + 50%);max-width: unset;width: unset;}.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignfull .alignfull,.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignfull .alignwide,.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignwide .alignfull,.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignwide .alignwide,.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-column .alignfull,.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-column .alignwide{width: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;}.wp-block-gallery,.blocks-gallery-grid {margin: 0;}.wp-block-separator {max-width: 100px;}.wp-block-separator.is-style-wide,.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots {max-width: none;}.entry-content .has-2-columns .wp-block-column:first-child {padding-right: 10px;}.entry-content .has-2-columns .wp-block-column:last-child {padding-left: 10px;}@media (max-width: 782px) {.entry-content .wp-block-columns .wp-block-column {flex-basis: 100%;}.entry-content .has-2-columns .wp-block-column:first-child {padding-right: 0;}.entry-content .has-2-columns .wp-block-column:last-child {padding-left: 0;}}body .entry-content .wp-block-latest-posts {margin-left: 0;}body .entry-content .wp-block-latest-posts li {list-style: none;}.ast-no-sidebar .ast-container .entry-content .wp-block-latest-posts {margin-left: 0;}.ast-header-break-point .entry-content .alignwide {margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;}.entry-content .blocks-gallery-item img {margin-bottom: auto;}.wp-block-pullquote {border-top: 4px solid #555d66;border-bottom: 4px solid #555d66;color: #40464d;}:root{--ast-container-default-xlg-padding:6.67em;--ast-container-default-lg-padding:5.67em;--ast-container-default-slg-padding:4.34em;--ast-container-default-md-padding:3.34em;--ast-container-default-sm-padding:6.67em;--ast-container-default-xs-padding:2.4em;--ast-container-default-xxs-padding:1.4em;--ast-code-block-background:#EEEEEE;--ast-comment-inputs-background:#FAFAFA;--ast-normal-container-width:1340px;--ast-narrow-container-width:750px;--ast-blog-title-font-weight:normal;--ast-blog-meta-weight:inherit;}html{font-size:87.5%;}a,.page-title{color:#2e508e;}a:hover,a:focus{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}body,button,input,select,textarea,.ast-button,.ast-custom-button{font-family:'Montserrat',sans-serif;font-weight:500;font-size:14px;font-size:1rem;line-height:var(--ast-body-line-height,1.65em);}blockquote{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}h1,.entry-content h1,h2,.entry-content h2,h3,.entry-content h3,h4,.entry-content h4,h5,.entry-content h5,h6,.entry-content h6,.site-title,.site-title a{font-weight:600;}.site-title{font-size:35px;font-size:2.5rem;display:none;}.site-header .site-description{font-size:15px;font-size:1.0714285714286rem;display:none;}.entry-title{font-size:30px;font-size:2.1428571428571rem;}.archive .ast-article-post .ast-article-inner,.blog .ast-article-post .ast-article-inner,.archive .ast-article-post .ast-article-inner:hover,.blog .ast-article-post .ast-article-inner:hover{overflow:hidden;}h1,.entry-content h1{font-size:28px;font-size:2rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.4em;}h2,.entry-content h2{font-size:24px;font-size:1.7142857142857rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.3em;}h3,.entry-content h3{font-size:20px;font-size:1.4285714285714rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.3em;}h4,.entry-content h4{font-size:18px;font-size:1.2857142857143rem;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:600;}h5,.entry-content h5{font-size:16px;font-size:1.1428571428571rem;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:600;}h6,.entry-content h6{font-size:14px;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25em;font-weight:600;}::selection{background-color:#2e508e;color:#ffffff;}body,h1,.entry-title a,.entry-content h1,h2,.entry-content h2,h3,.entry-content h3,h4,.entry-content h4,h5,.entry-content h5,h6,.entry-content h6{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.tagcloud a:hover,.tagcloud a:focus,.tagcloud a.current-item{color:#ffffff;border-color:#2e508e;background-color:#2e508e;}input:focus,input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,textarea:focus{border-color:#2e508e;}input[type="radio"]:checked,input[type=reset],input[type="checkbox"]:checked,input[type="checkbox"]:hover:checked,input[type="checkbox"]:focus:checked,input[type=range]::-webkit-slider-thumb{border-color:#2e508e;background-color:#2e508e;box-shadow:none;}.site-footer a:hover + .post-count,.site-footer a:focus + .post-count{background:#2e508e;border-color:#2e508e;}.single .nav-links .nav-previous,.single .nav-links .nav-next{color:#2e508e;}.entry-meta,.entry-meta *{line-height:1.45;color:#2e508e;}.entry-meta a:not(.ast-button):hover,.entry-meta a:not(.ast-button):hover *,.entry-meta a:not(.ast-button):focus,.entry-meta a:not(.ast-button):focus *,.page-links > .page-link,.page-links .page-link:hover,.post-navigation a:hover{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}#cat option,.secondary .calendar_wrap thead a,.secondary .calendar_wrap thead a:visited{color:#2e508e;}.secondary .calendar_wrap #today,.ast-progress-val span{background:#2e508e;}.secondary a:hover + .post-count,.secondary a:focus + .post-count{background:#2e508e;border-color:#2e508e;}.calendar_wrap #today > a{color:#ffffff;}.page-links .page-link,.single .post-navigation a{color:#2e508e;}.ast-search-menu-icon .search-form button.search-submit{padding:0 4px;}.ast-search-menu-icon form.search-form{padding-right:0;}.ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search input.search-field{width:0;}.ast-header-search .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-dropdown-active .search-form,.ast-header-search .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-dropdown-active .search-field:focus{transition:all 0.2s;}.search-form input.search-field:focus{outline:none;}.widget-title,.widget .wp-block-heading{font-size:20px;font-size:1.4285714285714rem;color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.single .ast-author-details .author-title{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}.ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search a:focus-visible:focus-visible,.astra-search-icon:focus-visible,#close:focus-visible,a:focus-visible,.ast-menu-toggle:focus-visible,.site .skip-link:focus-visible,.wp-block-loginout input:focus-visible,.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper,.ast-header-navigation-arrow:focus-visible,.woocommerce .wc-proceed-to-checkout > .checkout-button:focus-visible,.woocommerce .woocommerce-MyAccount-navigation ul li a:focus-visible,.ast-orders-table__row .ast-orders-table__cell:focus-visible,.woocommerce .woocommerce-order-details .order-again > .button:focus-visible,.woocommerce .woocommerce-message a.button.wc-forward:focus-visible,.woocommerce #minus_qty:focus-visible,.woocommerce #plus_qty:focus-visible,a#ast-apply-coupon:focus-visible,.woocommerce .woocommerce-info a:focus-visible,.woocommerce .astra-shop-summary-wrap a:focus-visible,.woocommerce a.wc-forward:focus-visible,#ast-apply-coupon:focus-visible,.woocommerce-js .woocommerce-mini-cart-item a.remove:focus-visible,#close:focus-visible,.button.search-submit:focus-visible,#search_submit:focus,.normal-search:focus-visible{outline-style:dotted;outline-color:inherit;outline-width:thin;}input:focus,input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,input[type="number"]:focus,textarea:focus,.wp-block-search__input:focus,[data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .ast-mobile-menu-trigger-minimal:focus,.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .menu-toggle-close:focus,.woocommerce-ordering select.orderby:focus,#ast-scroll-top:focus,#coupon_code:focus,.woocommerce-page #comment:focus,.woocommerce #reviews #respond input#submit:focus,.woocommerce a.add_to_cart_button:focus,.woocommerce .button.single_add_to_cart_button:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-cart-form button:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-cart-form__cart-item .quantity .qty:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-billing-fields .woocommerce-billing-fields__field-wrapper .woocommerce-input-wrapper > .input-text:focus,.woocommerce #order_comments:focus,.woocommerce #place_order:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-address-fields .woocommerce-address-fields__field-wrapper .woocommerce-input-wrapper > .input-text:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-MyAccount-content form button:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-MyAccount-content .woocommerce-EditAccountForm .woocommerce-form-row .woocommerce-Input.input-text:focus,.woocommerce .ast-woocommerce-container .woocommerce-pagination ul.page-numbers li a:focus,body #content .woocommerce form .form-row .select2-container--default .select2-selection--single:focus,#ast-coupon-code:focus,.woocommerce.woocommerce-js .quantity input[type=number]:focus,.woocommerce-js .woocommerce-mini-cart-item .quantity input[type=number]:focus,.woocommerce p#ast-coupon-trigger:focus{border-style:dotted;border-color:inherit;border-width:thin;}input{outline:none;}.main-header-menu .menu-link,.ast-header-custom-item a{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.main-header-menu .menu-item:hover > .menu-link,.main-header-menu .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle,.main-header-menu .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items a:hover,.main-header-menu .menu-item.focus > .menu-link,.main-header-menu .menu-item.focus > .ast-menu-toggle,.main-header-menu .current-menu-item > .menu-link,.main-header-menu .current-menu-ancestor > .menu-link,.main-header-menu .current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,.main-header-menu .current-menu-ancestor > .ast-menu-toggle{color:#2e508e;}.header-main-layout-3 .ast-main-header-bar-alignment{margin-right:auto;}.header-main-layout-2 .site-header-section-left .ast-site-identity{text-align:left;}.site-logo-img img{ transition:all 0.2s linear;}body .ast-oembed-container *{position:absolute;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;left:0;}body .wp-block-embed-pocket-casts .ast-oembed-container *{position:unset;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-menu-buttons-minimal.menu-toggle{background:transparent;color:#2e508e;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-menu-buttons-outline.menu-toggle{background:transparent;border:1px solid #2e508e;color:#2e508e;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-menu-buttons-fill.menu-toggle{background:#2e508e;color:#ffffff;}.ast-single-post-featured-section + article {margin-top: 2em;}.site-content .ast-single-post-featured-section img {width: 100%;overflow: hidden;object-fit: cover;}.site > .ast-single-related-posts-container {margin-top: 0;}@media (min-width: 769px) {.ast-desktop .ast-container--narrow {max-width: var(--ast-narrow-container-width);margin: 0 auto;}}.ast-page-builder-template .hentry {margin: 0;}.ast-page-builder-template .site-content > .ast-container {max-width: 100%;padding: 0;}.ast-page-builder-template .site .site-content #primary {padding: 0;margin: 0;}.ast-page-builder-template .no-results {text-align: center;margin: 4em auto;}.ast-page-builder-template .ast-pagination {padding: 2em;}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header.ast-no-title.ast-no-thumbnail {margin-top: 0;}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header.ast-header-without-markup {margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 0;}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header.ast-no-title.ast-no-meta {margin-bottom: 0;}.ast-page-builder-template.single .post-navigation {padding-bottom: 2em;}.ast-page-builder-template.single-post .site-content > .ast-container {max-width: 100%;}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header {margin-top: 4em;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;padding-left: 20px;padding-right: 20px;}.single.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header {padding-left: 20px;padding-right: 20px;}.ast-page-builder-template .ast-archive-description {margin: 4em auto 0;padding-left: 20px;padding-right: 20px;}.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignwide {margin-left: 0;margin-right: 0;}.footer-adv .footer-adv-overlay{border-top-style:solid;border-top-color:#7a7a7a;}.wp-block-buttons.aligncenter{justify-content:center;}@media (max-width:782px){.entry-content .wp-block-columns .wp-block-column{margin-left:0px;}}.wp-block-image.aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.wp-block-table.aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link.wp-element-button,.ast-outline-button,.wp-block-uagb-buttons-child .uagb-buttons-repeater.ast-outline-button{border-color:#2e508e;border-top-width:2px;border-right-width:2px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-width:2px;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-size:14px;font-size:1rem;line-height:1em;border-top-left-radius:50px;border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:50px;}.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:hover,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline > .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):hover,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color):hover,.ast-outline-button:hover,.ast-outline-button:focus,.wp-block-uagb-buttons-child .uagb-buttons-repeater.ast-outline-button:hover,.wp-block-uagb-buttons-child .uagb-buttons-repeater.ast-outline-button:focus{background-color:#498042;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.wp-element-button.is-style-outline:not(.has-background),.wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link.wp-element-button:not(.has-background),.ast-outline-button{background-color:#2e508e;}.entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > figure{margin-bottom:1em;}body.fl-theme-builder-header.fl-theme-builder-part.fl-theme-builder-part-part #page{display:block;}@media (max-width:768px){.ast-separate-container #primary,.ast-separate-container #secondary{padding:1.5em 0;}#primary,#secondary{padding:1.5em 0;margin:0;}.ast-left-sidebar #content > .ast-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column-reverse;width:100%;}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single{padding:1.5em 2.14em;}.ast-author-box img.avatar{margin:20px 0 0 0;}}@media (min-width:769px){.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar #primary,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar #primary{border:0;}.search-no-results.ast-separate-container #primary{margin-bottom:4em;}}.menu-toggle,button,.ast-button,.ast-custom-button,.button,input#submit,input[type="button"],input[type="submit"],input[type="reset"]{color:#ffffff;border-color:#2e508e;background-color:#2e508e;border-top-left-radius:50px;border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:50px;padding-top:12px;padding-right:40px;padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:40px;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-size:14px;font-size:1rem;}button:focus,.menu-toggle:hover,button:hover,.ast-button:hover,.ast-custom-button:hover .button:hover,.ast-custom-button:hover,input[type=reset]:hover,input[type=reset]:focus,input#submit:hover,input#submit:focus,input[type="button"]:hover,input[type="button"]:focus,input[type="submit"]:hover,input[type="submit"]:focus{color:#ffffff;background-color:#498042;border-color:#498042;}@media (max-width:768px){.ast-mobile-header-stack .main-header-bar .ast-search-menu-icon{display:inline-block;}.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-outside .ast-mobile-header-stack .main-header-bar .ast-search-icon{margin:0;}.ast-comment-avatar-wrap img{max-width:2.5em;}.ast-comment-meta{padding:0 1.8888em 1.3333em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1{padding:1.5em 2.14em;}.ast-separate-container .comment-respond{padding:2em 2.14em;}}@media (min-width:544px){.ast-container{max-width:100%;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .comments-title,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description{padding:1.5em 1em;}.ast-separate-container #content .ast-container{padding-left:0.54em;padding-right:0.54em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor{padding:.5em;}.ast-search-menu-icon.ast-dropdown-active .search-field{width:170px;}.site-branding img,.site-header .site-logo-img .custom-logo-link img{max-width:100%;}}.main-header-bar .button-custom-menu-item .ast-custom-button-link .ast-custom-button,.ast-theme-transparent-header .main-header-bar .button-custom-menu-item .ast-custom-button-link .ast-custom-button{font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:1;}.main-header-bar .button-custom-menu-item .ast-custom-button-link .ast-custom-button{color:#ffffff;background-color:#487e41;padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:12px;padding-left:65px;padding-right:35px;border-top-left-radius:50px;border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:50px;border-style:solid;border-color:#409c46;border-top-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-left-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;}.main-header-bar .button-custom-menu-item .ast-custom-button-link .ast-custom-button:hover{background-color:#2e508e;border-color:#2e508e;}.ast-theme-transparent-header .main-header-bar .button-custom-menu-item .ast-custom-button-link .ast-custom-button{border-style:solid;}.ast-no-sidebar.ast-separate-container .entry-content .alignfull {margin-left: -6.67em;margin-right: -6.67em;width: auto;}@media (max-width: 1200px) {.ast-no-sidebar.ast-separate-container .entry-content .alignfull {margin-left: -2.4em;margin-right: -2.4em;}}@media (max-width: 768px) {.ast-no-sidebar.ast-separate-container .entry-content .alignfull {margin-left: -2.14em;margin-right: -2.14em;}}@media (max-width: 544px) {.ast-no-sidebar.ast-separate-container .entry-content .alignfull {margin-left: -1em;margin-right: -1em;}}.ast-no-sidebar.ast-separate-container .entry-content .alignwide {margin-left: -20px;margin-right: -20px;}.ast-no-sidebar.ast-separate-container .entry-content .wp-block-column .alignfull,.ast-no-sidebar.ast-separate-container .entry-content .wp-block-column .alignwide {margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;width: 100%;}@media (max-width:768px){.site-title{display:none;}.site-header .site-description{display:none;}h1,.entry-content h1{font-size:30px;}h2,.entry-content h2{font-size:25px;}h3,.entry-content h3{font-size:20px;}.astra-logo-svg{width:100px;}header .custom-logo-link img,.ast-header-break-point .site-logo-img .custom-mobile-logo-link img{max-width:100px;}}@media (max-width:544px){.site-title{display:none;}.site-header .site-description{display:none;}h1,.entry-content h1{font-size:30px;}h2,.entry-content h2{font-size:25px;}h3,.entry-content h3{font-size:20px;}header .custom-logo-link img,.ast-header-break-point .site-branding img,.ast-header-break-point .custom-logo-link img{max-width:74px;}.astra-logo-svg{width:74px;}.ast-header-break-point .site-logo-img .custom-mobile-logo-link img{max-width:74px;}}@media (max-width:768px){html{font-size:79.8%;}}@media (max-width:544px){html{font-size:79.8%;}}@media (min-width:769px){.ast-container{max-width:1380px;}}@font-face {font-family: "Astra";src: url(https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/themes/astra/assets/fonts/astra.woff) format("woff"),url(https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/themes/astra/assets/fonts/astra.ttf) format("truetype"),url(https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/themes/astra/assets/fonts/astra.svg#astra) format("svg");font-weight: normal;font-style: normal;font-display: fallback;}@media (max-width:1024px) {.main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation{display:none;}}.ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{border-color:#eaeaea;}.ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .sub-menu{border-style:solid;}.ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .sub-menu .sub-menu{top:-0px;}.ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .children .menu-link{border-bottom-width:0px;border-style:solid;border-color:#eaeaea;}@media (min-width:769px){.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.ast-left-align-sub-menu:hover > .sub-menu,.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.ast-left-align-sub-menu.focus > .sub-menu{margin-left:-0px;}}.ast-small-footer{border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:1px;border-top-color:#7a7a7a;}.ast-small-footer-wrap{text-align:center;}.site .comments-area{padding-bottom:3em;}.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-inside .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .ast-search-icon {display: none;}.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-inside .main-header-bar .ast-search-menu-icon .search-form {padding: 0;display: block;overflow: hidden;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-header-custom-item .widget:last-child {margin-bottom: 1em;}.ast-header-custom-item .widget {margin: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;}.ast-header-custom-item .widget p {margin-bottom: 0;}.ast-header-custom-item .widget li {width: auto;}.ast-header-custom-item-inside .button-custom-menu-item .menu-link {display: none;}.ast-header-custom-item-inside.ast-header-break-point .button-custom-menu-item .ast-custom-button-link {display: none;}.ast-header-custom-item-inside.ast-header-break-point .button-custom-menu-item .menu-link {display: block;}.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-outside .main-header-bar .ast-search-icon {margin-right: 1em;}.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-inside .main-header-bar .ast-search-menu-icon .search-field,.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-inside .main-header-bar .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search .search-field {width: 100%;padding-right: 5.5em;}.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-inside .main-header-bar .ast-search-menu-icon .search-submit {display: block;position: absolute;height: 100%;top: 0;right: 0;padding: 0 1em;border-radius: 0;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-header-custom-item .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items {padding-left: 20px;padding-right: 20px;margin-bottom: 1em;margin-top: 1em;}.ast-header-custom-item-inside.ast-header-break-point .button-custom-menu-item {padding-left: 0;padding-right: 0;margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 0;}.astra-icon-down_arrow::after {content: "\e900";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-close::after {content: "\e5cd";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-drag_handle::after {content: "\e25d";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-format_align_justify::after {content: "\e235";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-menu::after {content: "\e5d2";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-reorder::after {content: "\e8fe";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-search::after {content: "\e8b6";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-zoom_in::after {content: "\e56b";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-check-circle::after {content: "\e901";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-shopping-cart::after {content: "\f07a";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-shopping-bag::after {content: "\f290";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-shopping-basket::after {content: "\f291";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-circle-o::after {content: "\e903";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-certificate::after {content: "\e902";font-family: Astra;}blockquote {padding: 1.2em;}:root .has-ast-global-color-0-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}:root .has-ast-global-color-0-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-0-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-0-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}:root .has-ast-global-color-1-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}:root .has-ast-global-color-1-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-1-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-1-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}:root .has-ast-global-color-2-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}:root .has-ast-global-color-2-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-2-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-2-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}:root .has-ast-global-color-3-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}:root .has-ast-global-color-3-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-3-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-3-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}:root .has-ast-global-color-4-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}:root .has-ast-global-color-4-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-4-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-4-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}:root .has-ast-global-color-5-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-5);}:root .has-ast-global-color-5-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-5-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-5);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-5-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);}:root .has-ast-global-color-6-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}:root .has-ast-global-color-6-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-6-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-6-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}:root .has-ast-global-color-7-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}:root .has-ast-global-color-7-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-7-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-7-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}:root .has-ast-global-color-8-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-8);}:root .has-ast-global-color-8-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-8);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-8-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-8);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-8-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-8);}:root{--ast-global-color-0:#0170B9;--ast-global-color-1:#3a3a3a;--ast-global-color-2:#3a3a3a;--ast-global-color-3:#4B4F58;--ast-global-color-4:#F5F5F5;--ast-global-color-5:#FFFFFF;--ast-global-color-6:#E5E5E5;--ast-global-color-7:#424242;--ast-global-color-8:#000000;}:root {--ast-border-color : #dddddd;}.ast-single-entry-banner {-js-display: flex;display: flex;flex-direction: column;justify-content: center;text-align: center;position: relative;background: #eeeeee;}.ast-single-entry-banner[data-banner-layout="layout-1"] {max-width: 1340px;background: inherit;padding: 20px 0;}.ast-single-entry-banner[data-banner-width-type="custom"] {margin: 0 auto;width: 100%;}.ast-single-entry-banner + .site-content .entry-header {margin-bottom: 0;}.site .ast-author-avatar {--ast-author-avatar-size: ;}a.ast-underline-text {text-decoration: underline;}.ast-container > .ast-terms-link {position: relative;display: block;}a.ast-button.ast-badge-tax {padding: 4px 8px;border-radius: 3px;font-size: inherit;}header.entry-header .entry-title{font-size:30px;font-size:2.1428571428571rem;line-height:1em;}header.entry-header > *:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:10px;}.ast-archive-entry-banner {-js-display: flex;display: flex;flex-direction: column;justify-content: center;text-align: center;position: relative;background: #eeeeee;}.ast-archive-entry-banner[data-banner-width-type="custom"] {margin: 0 auto;width: 100%;}.ast-archive-entry-banner[data-banner-layout="layout-1"] {background: inherit;padding: 20px 0;text-align: left;}body.archive .ast-archive-description{max-width:1340px;width:100%;text-align:left;padding-top:3em;padding-right:3em;padding-bottom:3em;padding-left:3em;}body.archive .ast-archive-description .ast-archive-title,body.archive .ast-archive-description .ast-archive-title *{font-size:40px;font-size:2.8571428571429rem;}body.archive .ast-archive-description > *:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:10px;}@media (max-width:768px){body.archive .ast-archive-description{text-align:left;}}@media (max-width:544px){body.archive .ast-archive-description{text-align:left;}}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-browse,.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items,.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items li{display:inline-block;margin:0;padding:0;border:none;background:inherit;text-indent:0;text-decoration:none;}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-browse{font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;color:inherit;}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items{list-style:none;}.trail-items li::after{padding:0 0.3em;content:"\00bb";}.trail-items li:last-of-type::after{display:none;}h1,.entry-content h1,h2,.entry-content h2,h3,.entry-content h3,h4,.entry-content h4,h5,.entry-content h5,h6,.entry-content h6{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar{border-bottom-width:0;}@media (min-width:769px){.main-header-bar{border-bottom-width:0;}}.ast-flex{-webkit-align-content:center;-ms-flex-line-pack:center;align-content:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-moz-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.main-header-bar{padding:1em 0;}.ast-site-identity{padding:0;}.header-main-layout-1 .ast-flex.main-header-container,.header-main-layout-3 .ast-flex.main-header-container{-webkit-align-content:center;-ms-flex-line-pack:center;align-content:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-moz-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.header-main-layout-1 .ast-flex.main-header-container,.header-main-layout-3 .ast-flex.main-header-container{-webkit-align-content:center;-ms-flex-line-pack:center;align-content:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-moz-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{position:absolute;right:1em;top:50%;transform:translate(0,-50%) rotate(270deg);}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .page_item_has_children > .ast-menu-toggle::before,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle::before,.ast-mobile-popup-drawer .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children>.ast-menu-toggle::before,.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle::before{font-weight:bold;content:"\e900";font-family:Astra;text-decoration:inherit;display:inline-block;}.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation ul.sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link:before{content:"\e900";font-family:Astra;font-size:.65em;text-decoration:inherit;display:inline-block;transform:translate(0,-2px) rotateZ(270deg);margin-right:5px;}.widget_search .search-form:after{font-family:Astra;font-size:1.2em;font-weight:normal;content:"\e8b6";position:absolute;top:50%;right:15px;transform:translate(0,-50%);}.astra-search-icon::before{content:"\e8b6";font-family:Astra;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:inherit;text-align:center;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;z-index:3;}.main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .page_item_has_children > a:after,.main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > a:after,.menu-item-has-children .ast-header-navigation-arrow:after{content:"\e900";display:inline-block;font-family:Astra;font-size:.6rem;font-weight:bold;text-rendering:auto;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;margin-left:10px;line-height:normal;}.menu-item-has-children .sub-menu .ast-header-navigation-arrow:after{margin-left:0;}.ast-mobile-popup-drawer .main-header-bar-navigation .ast-submenu-expanded>.ast-menu-toggle::before{transform:rotateX(180deg);}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{display:none;}@media (min-width:769px){.ast-builder-menu .main-navigation > ul > li:last-child a{margin-right:0;}}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-inner{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;}@media (max-width:768px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-inner{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-inner{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;}}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single:not(.ast-related-post),.woocommerce.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-separate-container .error-404,.ast-separate-container .no-results,.single.ast-separate-container.ast-author-meta,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description,.ast-separate-container .comments-area .comment-respond,.ast-separate-container .comments-area .ast-comment-list li,.ast-separate-container .comments-area .comments-title{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;}@media (max-width:768px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single:not(.ast-related-post),.woocommerce.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-separate-container .error-404,.ast-separate-container .no-results,.single.ast-separate-container.ast-author-meta,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single:not(.ast-related-post),.woocommerce.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-separate-container .error-404,.ast-separate-container .no-results,.single.ast-separate-container.ast-author-meta,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;}}.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;}@media (max-width:768px){.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;}}#ast-scroll-top {display: none;position: fixed;text-align: center;cursor: pointer;z-index: 99;width: 2.1em;height: 2.1em;line-height: 2.1;color: #ffffff;border-radius: 2px;content: "";outline: inherit;}@media (min-width: 769px) {#ast-scroll-top {content: "769";}}#ast-scroll-top .ast-icon.icon-arrow svg {margin-left: 0px;vertical-align: middle;transform: translate(0,-20%) rotate(180deg);width: 1.6em;}.ast-scroll-to-top-right {right: 30px;bottom: 30px;}.ast-scroll-to-top-left {left: 30px;bottom: 30px;}#ast-scroll-top{background-color:#2e508e;font-size:15px;font-size:1.0714285714286rem;}.ast-scroll-top-icon::before{content:"\e900";font-family:Astra;text-decoration:inherit;}.ast-scroll-top-icon{transform:rotate(180deg);}@media (max-width:768px){#ast-scroll-top .ast-icon.icon-arrow svg{width:1em;}}.comment-reply-title{font-size:23px;font-size:1.6428571428571rem;}.ast-comment-meta{line-height:1.666666667;color:#2e508e;font-size:11px;font-size:0.78571428571429rem;}.ast-comment-list #cancel-comment-reply-link{font-size:14px;font-size:1rem;}.comments-count-wrapper {padding: 2em 0;}.comments-count-wrapper .comments-title {font-weight: normal;word-wrap: break-word;}.ast-comment-list {margin: 0;word-wrap: break-word;padding-bottom: 0.5em;list-style: none;}.site-content article .comments-area {border-top: 1px solid var(--ast-single-post-border,var(--ast-border-color));}.ast-comment-list li {list-style: none;}.ast-comment-list li.depth-1 .ast-comment,.ast-comment-list li.depth-2 .ast-comment {border-bottom: 1px solid #eeeeee;}.ast-comment-list .comment-respond {padding: 1em 0;border-bottom: 1px solid #dddddd;}.ast-comment-list .comment-respond .comment-reply-title {margin-top: 0;padding-top: 0;}.ast-comment-list .comment-respond p {margin-bottom: .5em;}.ast-comment-list .ast-comment-edit-reply-wrap {-js-display: flex;display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;}.ast-comment-list .ast-edit-link {flex: 1;}.ast-comment-list .comment-awaiting-moderation {margin-bottom: 0;}.ast-comment {padding: 1em 0 ;}.ast-comment-avatar-wrap img {border-radius: 50%;}.ast-comment-content {clear: both;}.ast-comment-cite-wrap {text-align: left;}.ast-comment-cite-wrap cite {font-style: normal;}.comment-reply-title {padding-top: 1em;font-weight: normal;line-height: 1.65;}.ast-comment-meta {margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.comments-area {border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;margin-top: 2em;}.comments-area .comment-form-comment {width: 100%;border: none;margin: 0;padding: 0;}.comments-area .comment-notes,.comments-area .comment-textarea,.comments-area .form-allowed-tags {margin-bottom: 1.5em;}.comments-area .form-submit {margin-bottom: 0;}.comments-area textarea#comment,.comments-area .ast-comment-formwrap input[type="text"] {width: 100%;border-radius: 0;vertical-align: middle;margin-bottom: 10px;}.comments-area .no-comments {margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.comments-area p.logged-in-as {margin-bottom: 1em;}.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper {background-color: #fff;padding: 2em 6.67em 0;}@media (max-width: 1200px) {.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper {padding: 2em 3.34em;}}.ast-separate-container .comments-area {border-top: 0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list {padding-bottom: 0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li {background-color: #fff;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1 .children li {padding-bottom: 0;padding-top: 0;margin-bottom: 0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1 .ast-comment,.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-2 .ast-comment {border-bottom: 0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .comment-respond {padding-top: 0;padding-bottom: 1em;background-color: transparent;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .pingback p {margin-bottom: 0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor {padding: 2em;margin-bottom: 1em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor li {background: transparent;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0 0 0 2em;}.ast-separate-container .comment-reply-title {padding-top: 0;}.comment-content a {word-wrap: break-word;}.comment-form-legend {margin-bottom: unset;padding: 0 0.5em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1 {padding: 4em 6.67em;margin-bottom: 2em;}@media (max-width: 1200px) {.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1 {padding: 3em 3.34em;}}.ast-separate-container .comment-respond {background-color: #fff;padding: 4em 6.67em;border-bottom: 0;}@media (max-width: 1200px) {.ast-separate-container .comment-respond {padding: 3em 2.34em;}}.ast-comment-list .children {margin-left: 2em;}@media (max-width: 992px) {.ast-comment-list .children {margin-left: 1em;}}.ast-comment-list #cancel-comment-reply-link {white-space: nowrap;font-size: 15px;font-size: 1rem;margin-left: 1em;}.ast-comment-avatar-wrap {float: left;clear: right;margin-right: 1.33333em;}.ast-comment-meta-wrap {float: left;clear: right;padding: 0 0 1.33333em;}.ast-comment-time .timendate,.ast-comment-time .reply {margin-right: 0.5em;}.comments-area #wp-comment-cookies-consent {margin-right: 10px;}.ast-page-builder-template .comments-area {padding-left: 20px;padding-right: 20px;margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 2em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor .bypostauthor {background: transparent;margin-bottom: 0;padding-right: 0;padding-bottom: 0;padding-top: 0;}@media (min-width:769px){.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li .comment-respond{padding-left:2.66666em;padding-right:2.66666em;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper{padding:1.5em 1em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1{padding:1.5em 1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor{padding:.5em;}.ast-separate-container .comment-respond{padding:1.5em 1em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor li{padding:0 0 0 .5em;}.ast-comment-list .children{margin-left:0.66666em;}}@media (max-width:768px){.ast-comment-avatar-wrap img{max-width:2.5em;}.comments-area{margin-top:1.5em;}.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper{padding:2em 2.14em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1{padding:1.5em 2.14em;}.ast-separate-container .comment-respond{padding:2em 2.14em;}}@media (max-width:768px){.ast-comment-avatar-wrap{margin-right:0.5em;}} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='americaneagle-com-child-theme-theme-css-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/themes/ae-child-theme/style.css?ver=1.4' media='' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='americaneagle-com-child-theme-favorites-css-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/themes/ae-child-theme/favorites.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='astra-bb-builder-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/themes/astra/assets/css/minified/compatibility/page-builder/bb-plugin.min.css?ver=4.6.10' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='astra-google-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat%3A500%2C400%2C600&#038;display=fallback&#038;ver=4.6.10' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gravity-forms-tooltip-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/tooltip-for-gravity-forms/public/css/gravity-forms-tooltip-public.css?ver=2.9' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='common.css-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/was-this-helpful-pro/assets/css/common.css?ver=715f6e2ea20f224cbd05557390acfc0a' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='layout_5current-template-css-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/was-this-helpful-pro/templates/layout/layout_5/layout_5.css?ver=715f6e2ea20f224cbd05557390acfc0a' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpdiscuz-frontend-css-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/themes/default/style.css?ver=7.6.27' media='all' /> <style id='wpdiscuz-frontend-css-inline-css'> #wpdcom .wpd-blog-administrator .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#00B38F;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-administrator .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-administrator .wpd-comment-author a{color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-administrator .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment.wpd-reply .wpd-comment-wrap.wpd-blog-administrator{border-left:3px solid #00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-administrator .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-administrator .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-reply .wpd-blog-administrator .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-editor .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#00B38F;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-editor .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-editor .wpd-comment-author a{color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-editor .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment.wpd-reply .wpd-comment-wrap.wpd-blog-editor{border-left:3px solid #00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-editor .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-editor .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-reply .wpd-blog-editor .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-author .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#00B38F;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-author .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-author .wpd-comment-author a{color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-author .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-author .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-author .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-reply .wpd-blog-author .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-contributor .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#00B38F;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-contributor .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-contributor .wpd-comment-author a{color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-contributor .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-contributor .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-contributor .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-reply .wpd-blog-contributor .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-subscriber .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#00B38F;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-subscriber .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-subscriber .wpd-comment-author a{color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-subscriber .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-subscriber .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-wpseo_manager .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#00B38F;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-wpseo_manager .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-wpseo_manager .wpd-comment-author a{color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-wpseo_manager .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-wpseo_manager .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-wpseo_manager .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-reply .wpd-blog-wpseo_manager .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-wpseo_editor .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#00B38F;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-wpseo_editor .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-wpseo_editor .wpd-comment-author a{color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-wpseo_editor .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-wpseo_editor .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-wpseo_editor .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-reply .wpd-blog-wpseo_editor .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#00B38F;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-comment-author a{color:#00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-avatar img{border-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment.wpd-reply .wpd-comment-wrap.wpd-blog-post_author{border-left:3px solid #00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-avatar img{border-bottom-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-reply .wpd-blog-post_author .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-guest .wpd-comment-label{color:#ffffff;background-color:#00B38F;border:none}#wpdcom .wpd-blog-guest .wpd-comment-author, #wpdcom .wpd-blog-guest .wpd-comment-author a{color:#00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-blog-guest .wpd-comment-subheader{border-top:1px dashed #00B38F}#comments, #respond, .comments-area, #wpdcom{}#wpdcom .ql-editor > *{color:#777777}#wpdcom .ql-editor::before{}#wpdcom .ql-toolbar{border:1px solid #DDDDDD;border-top:none}#wpdcom .ql-container{border:1px solid #DDDDDD;border-bottom:none}#wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="text"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="email"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="url"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="color"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="date"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="datetime"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="datetime-local"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="month"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="number"], #wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item input[type="time"], #wpdcom textarea, #wpdcom select{border:1px solid #DDDDDD;color:#777777}#wpdcom .wpd-form-row .wpdiscuz-item textarea{border:1px solid #DDDDDD}#wpdcom input::placeholder, #wpdcom textarea::placeholder, #wpdcom input::-moz-placeholder, #wpdcom textarea::-webkit-input-placeholder{}#wpdcom .wpd-comment-text{color:#777777}#wpdcom .wpd-thread-head .wpd-thread-info{border-bottom:2px solid #00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-thread-head .wpd-thread-info.wpd-reviews-tab svg{fill:#00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-thread-head .wpdiscuz-user-settings{border-bottom:2px solid #00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-thread-head .wpdiscuz-user-settings:hover{color:#00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-comment .wpd-follow-link:hover{color:#00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-comment-status .wpd-sticky{color:#00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-thread-filter .wpdf-active{color:#00B38F;border-bottom-color:#00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-comment-info-bar{border:1px dashed #33c3a6;background:#e6f8f4}#wpdcom .wpd-comment-info-bar .wpd-current-view i{color:#00B38F}#wpdcom .wpd-filter-view-all:hover{background:#00B38F}#wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > label{color:#DDDDDD}#wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating:not(:checked) > label:hover, .wpdiscuz-rating:not(:checked) > label:hover ~ label{}#wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > input ~ label:hover, #wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > input:not(:checked) ~ label:hover ~ label, #wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > input:not(:checked) ~ label:hover ~ label{color:#FFED85}#wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > input:checked ~ label:hover, #wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > input:checked ~ label:hover, #wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > label:hover ~ input:checked ~ label, #wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > input:checked + label:hover ~ label, #wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > input:checked ~ label:hover ~ label, .wpd-custom-field .wcf-active-star, #wpdcom .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > input:checked ~ label{color:#FFD700}#wpd-post-rating .wpd-rating-wrap .wpd-rating-stars svg .wpd-star{fill:#DDDDDD}#wpd-post-rating .wpd-rating-wrap .wpd-rating-stars svg .wpd-active{fill:#FFD700}#wpd-post-rating .wpd-rating-wrap .wpd-rate-starts svg .wpd-star{fill:#DDDDDD}#wpd-post-rating .wpd-rating-wrap .wpd-rate-starts:hover svg .wpd-star{fill:#FFED85}#wpd-post-rating.wpd-not-rated .wpd-rating-wrap .wpd-rate-starts svg:hover ~ svg .wpd-star{fill:#DDDDDD}.wpdiscuz-post-rating-wrap .wpd-rating .wpd-rating-wrap .wpd-rating-stars svg .wpd-star{fill:#DDDDDD}.wpdiscuz-post-rating-wrap .wpd-rating .wpd-rating-wrap .wpd-rating-stars svg .wpd-active{fill:#FFD700}#wpdcom .wpd-comment .wpd-follow-active{color:#ff7a00}#wpdcom .page-numbers{color:#555;border:#555 1px solid}#wpdcom span.current{background:#555}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-1 .wpd-new-loaded-comment > .wpd-comment-wrap > .wpd-comment-right{background:#FFFAD6}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-new-loaded-comment.wpd-comment > .wpd-comment-wrap > .wpd-comment-right{background:#FFFAD6}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-new-loaded-comment.wpd-comment.wpd-reply > .wpd-comment-wrap > .wpd-comment-right{background:transparent}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-new-loaded-comment.wpd-comment.wpd-reply > .wpd-comment-wrap{background:#FFFAD6}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-new-loaded-comment.wpd-comment > .wpd-comment-wrap > .wpd-comment-right{background:#FFFAD6}#wpdcom .wpd-follow:hover i, #wpdcom .wpd-unfollow:hover i, #wpdcom .wpd-comment .wpd-follow-active:hover i{color:#00B38F}#wpdcom .wpdiscuz-readmore{cursor:pointer;color:#00B38F}.wpd-custom-field .wcf-pasiv-star, #wpcomm .wpdiscuz-item .wpdiscuz-rating > label{color:#DDDDDD}.wpd-wrapper .wpd-list-item.wpd-active{border-top:3px solid #00B38F}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-2 .wpd-comment.wpd-reply.wpd-unapproved-comment .wpd-comment-wrap{border-left:3px solid #FFFAD6}#wpdcom.wpd-layout-3 .wpd-comment.wpd-reply.wpd-unapproved-comment .wpd-comment-right{border-left:1px solid #FFFAD6}#wpdcom .wpd-prim-button{background-color:#555555;color:#FFFFFF}#wpdcom .wpd_label__check i.wpdicon-on{color:#555555;border:1px solid #aaaaaa}#wpd-bubble-wrapper #wpd-bubble-all-comments-count{color:#1DB99A}#wpd-bubble-wrapper > div{background-color:#1DB99A}#wpd-bubble-wrapper > #wpd-bubble #wpd-bubble-add-message{background-color:#1DB99A}#wpd-bubble-wrapper > #wpd-bubble #wpd-bubble-add-message::before{border-left-color:#1DB99A;border-right-color:#1DB99A}#wpd-bubble-wrapper.wpd-right-corner > #wpd-bubble #wpd-bubble-add-message::before{border-left-color:#1DB99A;border-right-color:#1DB99A}.wpd-inline-icon-wrapper path.wpd-inline-icon-first{fill:#1DB99A}.wpd-inline-icon-count{background-color:#1DB99A}.wpd-inline-icon-count::before{border-right-color:#1DB99A}.wpd-inline-form-wrapper::before{border-bottom-color:#1DB99A}.wpd-inline-form-question{background-color:#1DB99A}.wpd-inline-form{background-color:#1DB99A}.wpd-last-inline-comments-wrapper{border-color:#1DB99A}.wpd-last-inline-comments-wrapper::before{border-bottom-color:#1DB99A}.wpd-last-inline-comments-wrapper .wpd-view-all-inline-comments{background:#1DB99A}.wpd-last-inline-comments-wrapper .wpd-view-all-inline-comments:hover,.wpd-last-inline-comments-wrapper .wpd-view-all-inline-comments:active,.wpd-last-inline-comments-wrapper .wpd-view-all-inline-comments:focus{background-color:#1DB99A}#wpdcom .ql-snow .ql-tooltip[data-mode="link"]::before{content:"Enter link:"}#wpdcom .ql-snow .ql-tooltip.ql-editing a.ql-action::after{content:"Save"}.comments-area{width:auto;margin:0 auto} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpdiscuz-fa-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/third-party/font-awesome-5.13.0/css/fa.min.css?ver=7.6.27' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpdiscuz-combo-css-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/css/wpdiscuz-combo.min.css?ver=715f6e2ea20f224cbd05557390acfc0a' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-5-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/fonts/fontawesome/5.15.4/css/all.min.css?ver=2.8.0.7' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-builder-layout-bundle-d7859afc3cfd51c7ad3d0c48a4f6e4dc-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/d7859afc3cfd51c7ad3d0c48a4f6e4dc-layout-bundle.css?ver=2.8.0.7-1.4.9.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='search-filter-plugin-styles-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/search-filter-pro/public/assets/css/search-filter.min.css?ver=2.5.14' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='astra-addon-css-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/astra-addon/astra-addon-65f852447a08f3-95020984.css?ver=4.6.4' media='all' /> <style id='astra-addon-css-inline-css'> #content:before{content:"768";position:absolute;overflow:hidden;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;}.blog-layout-2{position:relative;}.single .ast-author-details .author-title{color:#2e508e;}@media (max-width:768px){.single.ast-separate-container .ast-author-meta{padding:1.5em 2.14em;}.single .ast-author-meta .post-author-avatar{margin-bottom:1em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post{width:100%;}.blog-layout-1 .post-content,.blog-layout-1 .ast-blog-featured-section{float:none;}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .square .posted-on{margin-top:0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .circle .posted-on{margin-top:1em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .post-thumb-img-content{margin-top:-1.5em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content{margin-left:-2.14em;margin-right:-2.14em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single.remove-featured-img-padding .single-layout-1 .entry-header .post-thumb-img-content:first-child{margin-top:-1.5em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single.remove-featured-img-padding .single-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content{margin-left:-2.14em;margin-right:-2.14em;}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .square .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .square .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .square .posted-on{margin-left:-1.5em;margin-right:-1.5em;}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .circle .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .circle .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .circle .posted-on{margin-left:-0.5em;margin-right:-0.5em;}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .square .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .square .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .square .posted-on{margin-top:0;}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .circle .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .circle .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .circle .posted-on{margin-top:1em;}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .post-thumb-img-content{margin-top:-1.5em;}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content{margin-left:-1.5em;margin-right:-1.5em;}.blog-layout-2{display:flex;flex-direction:column-reverse;}.ast-separate-container .blog-layout-3,.ast-separate-container .blog-layout-1{display:block;}.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post{width:100%;}}@media (max-width:768px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .square .posted-on{margin-top:0;margin-left:-2.14em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .circle .posted-on{margin-top:0;margin-left:-1.14em;}}@media (min-width:769px){.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-archive-description,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-archive-description,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-archive-description{margin-bottom:1.33333em;}.blog-layout-2.ast-no-thumb .post-content,.blog-layout-3.ast-no-thumb .post-content{width:calc(100% - 5.714285714em);}.blog-layout-2.ast-no-thumb.ast-no-date-box .post-content,.blog-layout-3.ast-no-thumb.ast-no-date-box .post-content{width:100%;}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts{border-bottom:0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row:after,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row:after,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row:after{flex-basis:0;width:0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post{display:flex;padding:0;}.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row{margin-left:-1em;margin-right:-1em;display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:stretch;}.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row:after,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row:after,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row:after,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row:after,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row:after,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row:before,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row:after{flex-basis:0;width:0;}.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post{display:flex;}.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post:last-child,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post:last-child,.ast-plain-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post:last-child,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post:last-child,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post:last-child,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post:last-child{margin-bottom:2.5em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 > .site-main > .ast-row,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 > .site-main > .ast-row,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 > .site-main > .ast-row{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:stretch;}.single .ast-author-meta .ast-author-details{display:flex;}}@media (min-width:769px){.single .post-author-avatar,.single .post-author-bio{float:left;clear:right;}.single .ast-author-meta .post-author-avatar{margin-right:1.33333em;}.single .ast-author-meta .about-author-title-wrapper,.single .ast-author-meta .post-author-bio{text-align:left;}.blog-layout-2 .post-content{padding-right:2em;}.blog-layout-2.ast-no-date-box.ast-no-thumb .post-content{padding-right:0;}.blog-layout-3 .post-content{padding-left:2em;}.blog-layout-3.ast-no-date-box.ast-no-thumb .post-content{padding-left:0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts:nth-child(2n+0),.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts:nth-child(2n+1),.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts:nth-child(2n+0),.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts:nth-child(2n+1),.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts:nth-child(2n+0),.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post.ast-separate-posts:nth-child(2n+1){padding:0 1em 0;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .circle .posted-on{margin-top:0.5em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single.remove-featured-img-padding .single-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .square .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .square .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .square .posted-on{margin-left:-1em;margin-right:-1em;}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .circle .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .circle .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .circle .posted-on{margin-left:-0.5em;margin-right:-0.5em;}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .circle .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .circle .posted-on,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .circle .posted-on{margin-top:0.5em;}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section:first-child .post-thumb-img-content{margin-top:-1.33333em;}.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-2 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-3 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content,.ast-separate-container.ast-blog-grid-4 .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding .blog-layout-1 .post-thumb-img-content{margin-left:-1em;margin-right:-1em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post .blog-layout-1,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post .blog-layout-2,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-2 .ast-article-post .blog-layout-3{padding:1.33333em 1em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-3 .ast-article-post .blog-layout-1,.ast-separate-container .ast-grid-4 .ast-article-post .blog-layout-1{padding:1.33333em 1em;}.single.ast-separate-container .ast-author-meta{padding:1.5em 1em;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .square .posted-on{margin-left:-1em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post.remove-featured-img-padding.has-post-thumbnail .blog-layout-1 .post-content .ast-blog-featured-section .circle .posted-on{margin-left:-0.5em;}}@media (min-width:769px){.ast-hide-display-device-desktop{display:none;}}@media (min-width:545px) and (max-width:768px){.ast-hide-display-device-tablet{display:none;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-hide-display-device-mobile{display:none;}}.ast-article-post .ast-date-meta .posted-on,.ast-article-post .ast-date-meta .posted-on *{background:#2e508e;color:#ffffff;}.ast-article-post .ast-date-meta .posted-on .date-month,.ast-article-post .ast-date-meta .posted-on .date-year{color:#ffffff;}.ast-load-more:hover{color:#ffffff;border-color:#2e508e;background-color:#2e508e;}.ast-loader > div{background-color:#2e508e;}h1,.entry-content h1{color:#2e508e;}h2,.entry-content h2{color:#2e508e;}h3,.entry-content h3{color:#2e508e;}h4,.entry-content h4{color:#2e508e;}h5,.entry-content h5{color:#2e508e;}h6,.entry-content h6{color:#2e508e;}.main-header-bar{background-color:#efefef;;background-image:none;;}.main-header-menu .current-menu-item > .menu-link,.main-header-menu .current-menu-ancestor > .menu-link{color:#2e508e;}.main-header-menu .menu-link:hover,.ast-header-custom-item a:hover,.main-header-menu .menu-item:hover > .menu-link,.main-header-menu .menu-item.focus > .menu-link{color:#2e508e;}.main-header-menu .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items a:hover,.main-header-menu .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle,.main-header-menu .menu-item.focus > .ast-menu-toggle{color:#2e508e;}.main-header-menu,.main-header-menu .menu-link,.ast-header-custom-item,.ast-header-custom-item a,.ast-masthead-custom-menu-items,.ast-masthead-custom-menu-items a{color:#2e508e;}.main-header-menu .sub-menu,.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-link{color:#ffffff;}.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-link:hover,.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item:hover > .menu-link,.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.focus > .menu-link{color:#ffffff;}.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle,.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.focus > .ast-menu-toggle{color:#ffffff;}.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.current-menu-item > .menu-link,.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.current-menu-item > .menu-link{color:#ffffff;}.main-navigation .sub-menu,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu{background-color:#2e508e;}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu{background-color:#efefef;}.ast-header-search .ast-search-menu-icon .search-field{border-radius:2px;}.ast-header-search .ast-search-menu-icon .search-submit{border-radius:2px;}.ast-header-search .ast-search-menu-icon .search-form{border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-color:#ddd;border-radius:2px;}.footer-adv .widget-title,.footer-adv .widget-title a.rsswidget,.ast-no-widget-row .widget-title{font-family:'Montserrat',sans-serif;text-transform:inherit;}.footer-adv .widget > *:not(.widget-title){font-family:'Montserrat',sans-serif;}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar-navigation .close:after,.ast-fullscreen-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-navigation-wrap .close:after,.ast-fullscreen-below-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-navigation-wrap .close:after{content:"\e5cd";display:inline-block;font-family:'Astra';font-size:2rem;text-rendering:auto;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;line-height:40px;height:40px;width:40px;text-align:center;margin:0;}.ast-flyout-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-navigation-wrap .close:after{content:"\e5cd";display:inline-block;font-family:'Astra';font-size:28px;text-rendering:auto;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;line-height:normal;}.ast-flyout-below-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-navigation-wrap .close:after{content:"\e5cd";display:inline-block;font-family:'Astra';font-size:28px;text-rendering:auto;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;line-height:normal;}.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .site-navigation,.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-primary-menu-disabled .ast-merge-header-navigation-wrap{width:325px;}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar{background-color:#efefef;;background-image:none;;}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .menu-item.focus > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .current-menu-ancestor > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-header-break-point .ast-header-custom-item,.ast-header-break-point .ast-header-custom-item a,.ast-header-break-point .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items,.ast-header-break-point .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items a,.ast-header-break-point .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items .ast-inline-search form .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-merged-responsive .below-header-user-select,.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items,.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items,.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-merged-responsive .below-header-user-select .widget,.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-merged-responsive .below-header-user-select .widget-title{color:#2e508e;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items .ast-inline-search form{border-color:#2e508e;}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items a:hover,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .menu-item.focus > .ast-menu-toggle{color:#2e508e;}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .menu-item.current-menu-item > .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .menu-link{color:#2e508e;}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .ast-header-sections-navigation .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .sub-menu .menu-link{color:#ffffff;}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-link{color:#ffffff;}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu,.ast-header-break-point .ast-header-sections-navigation .sub-menu,.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items .sub-menu,.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .sub-menu,.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar-navigation .main-header-menu .sub-menu{background-color:#2e508e;}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-link:hover,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-link:focus{color:#ffffff;}.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar-navigation .close{color:#2e508e;}.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar-navigation .site-navigation,.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-primary-menu-disabled .ast-merge-header-navigation-wrap{background-color:#efefef;;background-image:none;;}.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-main-header-nav-open .main-header-bar,.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-main-header-nav-open .main-header-bar{padding-bottom:0px;}@media (max-width:768px){.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-main-header-nav-open .main-header-bar,.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-main-header-nav-open .main-header-bar{padding-bottom:15px;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-main-header-nav-open .main-header-bar,.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-main-header-nav-open .main-header-bar{padding-bottom:10px;}}@media (min-width:769px){.ast-container{max-width:1380px;}}@media (min-width:993px){.ast-container{max-width:1380px;}}@media (min-width:1201px){.ast-container{max-width:1380px;}}@media (max-width:768px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-separate-container .comment-respond .ast-separate-container .ast-related-posts-wrap,.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.single.ast-separate-container .ast-author-details{padding-top:1.5em;padding-bottom:1.5em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-separate-container .comment-respond,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper .single.ast-separate-container .about-author-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .ast-related-posts-wrap,.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.single.ast-separate-container .ast-author-details,.ast-separate-container .ast-single-related-posts-container{padding-right:2.14em;padding-left:2.14em;}.ast-narrow-container .ast-article-post,.ast-narrow-container .ast-article-single,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-narrow-container .comment-respond,.ast-narrow-container .ast-related-posts-wrap,.ast-narrow-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-narrow-container .ast-single-related-posts-container,.single.ast-narrow-container .ast-author-details{padding-top:1.5em;padding-bottom:1.5em;}.ast-narrow-container .ast-article-post,.ast-narrow-container .ast-article-single,.ast-narrow-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-narrow-container .comment-respond,.ast-narrow-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-narrow-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.single.ast-narrow-container .about-author-title-wrapper,.ast-narrow-container .ast-related-posts-wrap,.ast-narrow-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-narrow-container .ast-single-related-posts-container,.single.ast-narrow-container .ast-author-details{padding-right:2.14em;padding-left:2.14em;}.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar #primary,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar #primary,.ast-separate-container #primary,.ast-plain-container #primary,.ast-narrow-container #primary{margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1.5em;}.ast-left-sidebar #primary,.ast-right-sidebar #primary,.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar #primary,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar #primary,.ast-separate-container #primary,.ast-narrow-container #primary{padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;}.ast-no-sidebar.ast-separate-container .entry-content .alignfull,.ast-no-sidebar.ast-narrow-container .entry-content .alignfull{margin-right:-2.14em;margin-left:-2.14em;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-separate-container .comment-respond,.ast-separate-container .ast-related-posts-wrap,.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.single.ast-separate-container .ast-author-details{padding-top:1.5em;padding-bottom:1.5em;}.ast-narrow-container .ast-article-post,.ast-narrow-container .ast-article-single,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-narrow-container .comment-respond,.ast-narrow-container .ast-related-posts-wrap,.ast-narrow-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-narrow-container .ast-single-related-posts-container,.single.ast-narrow-container .ast-author-details{padding-top:1.5em;padding-bottom:1.5em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-separate-container .comment-respond,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.single.ast-separate-container .about-author-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .ast-related-posts-wrap,.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.single.ast-separate-container .ast-author-details{padding-right:1em;padding-left:1em;}.ast-narrow-container .ast-article-post,.ast-narrow-container .ast-article-single,.ast-narrow-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-narrow-container .comment-respond,.ast-narrow-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-narrow-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.single.ast-narrow-container .about-author-title-wrapper,.ast-narrow-container .ast-related-posts-wrap,.ast-narrow-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-narrow-container .ast-single-related-posts-container,.single.ast-narrow-container .ast-author-details{padding-right:1em;padding-left:1em;}.ast-no-sidebar.ast-separate-container .entry-content .alignfull,.ast-no-sidebar.ast-narrow-container .entry-content .alignfull{margin-right:-1em;margin-left:-1em;}}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;right:calc( 20px - 0.907em );}.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .main-header-menu > .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:calc( 20px - 0.907em );}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .header-main-layout-2 .site-branding,.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-stack .ast-mobile-menu-buttons{padding-bottom:0;}}@media (max-width:768px){.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget,.ast-separate-container #secondary .widget{margin-bottom:1.5em;}}@media (max-width:768px){.ast-separate-container #primary,.ast-narrow-container #primary{padding-top:0;}}@media (max-width:768px){.ast-separate-container #primary,.ast-narrow-container #primary{padding-bottom:0;}}.main-header-bar,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar,.ast-header-break-point .header-main-layout-2 .main-header-bar{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;}.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar,.ast-main-header-nav-open .main-header-bar{padding-bottom:0;}.main-navigation ul .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation ul .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point li.ast-masthead-custom-menu-items,li.ast-masthead-custom-menu-items{padding-top:0;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:20px;}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .main-header-menu > .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:0;}.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}.ast-desktop .main-navigation .ast-mm-template-content,.ast-desktop .main-navigation .ast-mm-custom-content,.ast-desktop .main-navigation .ast-mm-custom-text-content,.main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link{padding-top:8px;padding-right:40px;padding-bottom:8px;padding-left:40px;}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:8px;right:calc( 40px - 0.907em );}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:0;}.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:calc( 40px - 0.907em );}.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children .sub-menu .ast-menu-toggle{top:8px;}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:8px;padding-left:40px;}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link{padding-right:0;padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:8px;padding-left:40px;}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link{padding-right:0;padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:8px;padding-left:40px;}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-actual-nav .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:8px;padding-left:40px;}.ast-fullscreen-below-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-enabled .ast-below-header-navigation .ast-below-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-default-below-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-enabled .ast-below-header-navigation .ast-below-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-flyout-below-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-enabled .ast-below-header-navigation .ast-below-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link{padding-right:0;}.ast-fullscreen-below-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-fullscreen-below-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:0;}.ast-fullscreen-below-menu-enable .ast-below-header-enabled .ast-below-header-navigation .ast-below-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children .sub-menu .ast-menu-toggle{right:0;}.ast-fullscreen-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-navigation .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-default-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-navigation .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-flyout-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-navigation .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link{padding-right:0;}.ast-fullscreen-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-fullscreen-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:0;}.ast-fullscreen-above-menu-enable .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-navigation .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children .sub-menu .ast-menu-toggle{right:0;}@media (max-width:768px){.main-header-bar,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar,.ast-header-break-point .header-main-layout-2 .main-header-bar{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;}.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar,.ast-main-header-nav-open .main-header-bar{padding-bottom:0;}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .main-header-menu > .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:0;}.ast-desktop .main-navigation .ast-mm-template-content,.ast-desktop .main-navigation .ast-mm-custom-content,.ast-desktop .main-navigation .ast-mm-custom-text-content,.main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:30px;}.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link{padding-left:calc( 30px + 10px );}.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link{padding-left:calc( 30px + 20px );}.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link{padding-left:calc( 30px + 30px );}.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link{padding-left:calc( 30px + 40px );}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0px;right:calc( 20px - 0.907em );}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{margin-right:20px;right:0;}.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:calc( 20px - 0.907em );}.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children .sub-menu .ast-menu-toggle{top:0px;}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:30px;}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link{padding-right:0;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:30px;}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link{padding-right:0;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:30px;}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-actual-nav .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:30px;}.ast-below-header,.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header{padding-top:1em;padding-bottom:1em;}.ast-below-header-menu .menu-link,.below-header-nav-padding-support .below-header-section-1 .below-header-menu > .menu-item > .menu-link,.below-header-nav-padding-support .below-header-section-2 .below-header-menu > .menu-item > .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-actual-nav > .ast-below-header-menu > .menu-item > .menu-link{padding-top:0px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:20px;}.ast-desktop .ast-below-header-menu .ast-mm-template-content,.ast-desktop .ast-below-header-menu .ast-mm-custom-text-content,.ast-below-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-actual-nav .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link{padding-top:0px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:20px;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-actual-nav .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link{padding-left:calc( 20px + 10px );}.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-actual-nav .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link{padding-left:calc( 20px + 20px );}.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-actual-nav .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link{padding-left:calc( 20px + 30px );}.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-actual-nav .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link{padding-left:calc( 20px + 40px );}.ast-default-below-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-default-below-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-flyout-below-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-flyout-below-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0px;right:calc( 20px - 0.907em );}.ast-default-below-menu-enable .ast-below-header-enabled .ast-below-header-navigation .ast-below-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children .sub-menu .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-flyout-below-menu-enable .ast-below-header-enabled .ast-below-header-navigation .ast-below-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children .sub-menu .ast-menu-toggle{top:0px;right:calc( 20px - 0.907em );}.ast-fullscreen-below-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-fullscreen-below-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:0;}.ast-fullscreen-below-menu-enable .ast-below-header-enabled .ast-below-header-navigation .ast-below-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children .sub-menu .ast-menu-toggle{right:0;}.ast-above-header{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;}.ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-navigation .ast-above-header-menu > .menu-item > .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-menu > .menu-item:first-child > .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-menu > .menu-item:last-child > .menu-link{padding-top:0px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:20px;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-navigation > ul > .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0px;}.ast-desktop .ast-above-header-navigation .ast-mm-custom-text-content,.ast-desktop .ast-above-header-navigation .ast-mm-template-content,.ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-navigation .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-menu > .menu-item:first-child .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link{padding-top:0px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:20px;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link{padding-left:calc( 20px + 10px );}.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link{padding-left:calc( 20px + 20px );}.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link{padding-left:calc( 20px + 30px );}.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link{padding-left:calc( 20px + 40px );}.ast-default-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-default-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-flyout-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-flyout-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0px;right:calc( 20px - 0.907em );}.ast-default-above-menu-enable .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-navigation .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children .sub-menu .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-flyout-above-menu-enable .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-navigation .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children .sub-menu .ast-menu-toggle{top:0px;right:calc( 20px - 0.907em );}.ast-fullscreen-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-fullscreen-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:0;}.ast-fullscreen-above-menu-enable .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-navigation .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children .sub-menu .ast-menu-toggle{margin-right:20px;right:0;}.ast-footer-overlay{padding-top:2em;padding-bottom:2em;}.ast-small-footer .nav-menu a,.footer-sml-layout-2 .ast-small-footer-section-1 .menu-item a,.footer-sml-layout-2 .ast-small-footer-section-2 .menu-item a{padding-top:0em;padding-right:.5em;padding-bottom:0em;padding-left:.5em;}}@media (max-width:544px){.main-header-bar,.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar,.ast-header-break-point .header-main-layout-2 .main-header-bar,.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-stack .main-header-bar{padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px;}.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar,.ast-main-header-nav-open .main-header-bar{padding-bottom:0;}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .main-header-menu > .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:0;}.ast-desktop .main-navigation .ast-mm-template-content,.ast-desktop .main-navigation .ast-mm-custom-content,.ast-desktop .main-navigation .ast-mm-custom-text-content,.main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link{padding-right:0;}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:0;}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link{padding-right:0;}.ast-fullscreen-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-flyout-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link{padding-right:0;}.ast-fullscreen-below-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-fullscreen-below-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-below-header-menu-items .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:0;}.ast-fullscreen-below-menu-enable .ast-below-header-enabled .ast-below-header-navigation .ast-below-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children .sub-menu .ast-menu-toggle{right:0;}.ast-above-header{padding-top:0.5em;}.ast-fullscreen-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-navigation .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-default-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-navigation .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link,.ast-flyout-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-navigation .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link{padding-right:0;}.ast-fullscreen-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-fullscreen-above-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-menu-items .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:0;}.ast-fullscreen-above-menu-enable .ast-above-header-enabled .ast-above-header-navigation .ast-above-header-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children .sub-menu .ast-menu-toggle{right:0;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .header-main-layout-2 .site-branding,.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-stack .ast-mobile-menu-buttons{padding-bottom:0;}}.site-title,.site-title a{font-family:'Montserrat',sans-serif;line-height:1.23em;}.secondary .widget-title,.woocommerce-page #secondary .widget .widget-title{font-family:'Montserrat',sans-serif;line-height:1.23em;}.ast-single-post .entry-title,.page-title{line-height:1em;}.blog .entry-title,.blog .entry-title a,.archive .entry-title,.archive .entry-title a,.search .entry-title,.search .entry-title a{font-family:'Montserrat',sans-serif;line-height:1.23em;}button,.ast-button,input#submit,input[type="button"],input[type="submit"],input[type="reset"]{font-size:14px;font-size:1rem;}.main-navigation{font-size:14px;font-size:1rem;font-weight:500;font-family:'Montserrat',sans-serif;}.main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu:first-of-type,.main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper:first-of-type{font-size:12px;font-size:0.85714285714286rem;}.ast-header-sections-navigation,.ast-above-header-menu-items,.ast-below-header-menu-items{font-size:14px;font-size:1rem;font-weight:500;font-family:'Montserrat',sans-serif;}.ast-header-sections-navigation li > .sub-menu:first-of-type,.ast-above-header-menu-items .menu-item > .sub-menu:first-of-type,.ast-below-header-menu-items li > .sub-menu:first-of-type{font-size:12px;font-size:0.85714285714286rem;}.ast-desktop .ast-mega-menu-enabled.ast-below-header-menu .menu-item .menu-link:hover,.ast-desktop .ast-mega-menu-enabled.ast-below-header-menu .menu-item .menu-link:focus{background-color:#575757;}.ast-desktop .ast-below-header-navigation .astra-megamenu-li .menu-item .menu-link:hover,.ast-desktop .ast-below-header-navigation .astra-megamenu-li .menu-item .menu-link:focus{color:#ffffff;}.ast-above-header-menu .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{box-shadow:0 5px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);}.ast-above-header-menu .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper .sub-menu,.ast-above-header-menu .astra-megamenu .sub-menu{box-shadow:none;}.ast-above-header-menu.ast-mega-menu-enabled.submenu-with-border .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{border-color:#eaeaea;}.ast-below-header-menu.ast-mega-menu-enabled.submenu-with-border .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{border-color:#ffffff;}.ast-below-header-menu .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{box-shadow:0 5px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);}.ast-below-header-menu .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper .sub-menu,.ast-below-header-menu .astra-megamenu .sub-menu{box-shadow:none;}.ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .astra-megamenu,.ast-desktop .main-header-menu.ast-mega-menu-enabled.submenu-with-border .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{border-style:solid;border-color:#eaeaea;}.main-header-menu.ast-mega-menu-enabled.submenu-with-border .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{border-color:#eaeaea;}.main-header-menu.ast-mega-menu-enabled .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{background-color:#2e508e;}.ast-desktop .main-header-menu .astra-megamenu-li .menu-item .menu-link:hover,.ast-desktop .main-header-menu .astra-megamenu-li .menu-item .menu-link:focus{color:#2e508e;}.ast-desktop .main-header-menu .astra-megamenu-li .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link:hover,.ast-desktop .main-header-menu .astra-megamenu-li .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link:focus{color:#ffffff;}.ast-desktop .ast-mega-menu-enabled.main-header-menu .menu-item-heading > .menu-link{font-weight:700;font-size:1.1em;}.ast-desktop .ast-above-header .submenu-with-border .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{border-top-width:1px;border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-style:solid;}.ast-desktop .ast-below-header .submenu-with-border .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{border-top-width:1px;border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-style:solid;}.ast-desktop .ast-mega-menu-enabled.main-header-menu > .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link .sub-arrow:after,.ast-desktop .ast-mega-menu-enabled.ast-below-header-menu > .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link .sub-arrow:after,.ast-desktop .ast-mega-menu-enabled.ast-above-header-menu > .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link .sub-arrow:after{content:"\e900";display:inline-block;font-family:Astra;font-size:.6rem;font-weight:bold;text-rendering:auto;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;margin-left:10px;line-height:normal;}.ast-search-box.header-cover #close::before,.ast-search-box.full-screen #close::before{font-family:Astra;content:"\e5cd";display:inline-block;transition:transform .3s ease-in-out;}.ast-advanced-headers-different-logo .advanced-header-logo,.ast-header-break-point .ast-has-mobile-header-logo .advanced-header-logo{display:inline-block;}.ast-header-break-point.ast-advanced-headers-different-logo .ast-has-mobile-header-logo .ast-mobile-header-logo{display:none;}.ast-advanced-headers-layout{width:100%;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-advanced-headers-parallax{background-attachment:fixed;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newsletter-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/newsletter/style.css?ver=8.6.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='af-form-style-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/advanced-forms-pro/assets/dist/css/form.css?ver=715f6e2ea20f224cbd05557390acfc0a' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='subscribe-forms-css-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/modules/subscribe-forms.min.css?ver=9.5' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='click2tweet-css-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/modules/click-to-tweet.min.css?ver=9.5' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='easy-social-share-buttons-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/css/easy-social-share-buttons.min.css?ver=9.5' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='pp-animate-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/bbpowerpack/assets/css/animate.min.css?ver=3.5.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wth-frontend-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/was-this-helpful-pro//assets/css/common.css?ver=715f6e2ea20f224cbd05557390acfc0a' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wppb_stylesheet-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/profile-builder/assets/css/style-front-end.css?ver=3.12.6' media='all' /> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/themes/ae-child-theme/index.js?ver=1.1" id="americaneagle-com-child-theme-index-js-js"></script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/themes/ae-child-theme/sweetalert2.js?ver=715f6e2ea20f224cbd05557390acfc0a" id="americaneagle-com-child-theme-sweetalert2-js-js"></script> <!--[if IE]> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/themes/astra/assets/js/minified/flexibility.min.js?ver=4.6.10" id="astra-flexibility-js"></script> <script id="astra-flexibility-js-after"> flexibility(document.documentElement); </script> <![endif]--> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/tooltip-for-gravity-forms/public/js/popper.min.js" id="popper-js-for-tippy-js"></script> <script src="//polyfill.io/v3/polyfill.min.js?features=Array.prototype.find,Promise,Object.assign" id="tippy-polyfill-js"></script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/tooltip-for-gravity-forms/public/js/tippy.min.js" id="tippy-js"></script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/tooltip-for-gravity-forms/public/js/gravity-forms-tooltip-public.js?ver=2.9" id="gravity-forms-tooltip-js"></script> <script id="search-filter-plugin-build-js-extra"> var SF_LDATA = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","home_url":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org\/","extensions":[]}; </script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/search-filter-pro/public/assets/js/search-filter-build.min.js?ver=2.5.14" id="search-filter-plugin-build-js"></script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/search-filter-pro/public/assets/js/chosen.jquery.min.js?ver=2.5.14" id="search-filter-plugin-chosen-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-json/wp/v2/resource/6062" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://educate.apsanet.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/?p=6062' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Feducate.apsanet.org%2Fresource%2F02-22-2024%2Fpractical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Feducate.apsanet.org%2Fresource%2F02-22-2024%2Fpractical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy&#038;format=xml" /> <script> var bb_powerpack = { search_term: '', version: '2.36.1', getAjaxUrl: function() { return atob( 'aHR0cHM6Ly9lZHVjYXRlLmFwc2FuZXQub3JnL3dwLWFkbWluL2FkbWluLWFqYXgucGhw' ); }, callback: function() {} }; </script> <script> jQuery( document ).ready( function() { jQuery.ajax({ url: "https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php", method: "POST", cache: false, dataType: 'json', data: { action: "has_favorited", }, success: function(data) { // console.log(data);/ if ( data["logged_in"] !== true ) { jQuery(".add-to-fav-btn").each( function( index, element ) { jQuery(element).html('<div class="add-to-fav-btn"><a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/login/" class="fav-member-signup-link open-modal-fullscreen" ><span class="topmenu-title hidden-xs" data-title="Login"><span class="screen-reader-text">Save to library</span></span></a></div>'); }); } else { jQuery(".add-to-fav-btn").each( function( index, element ) { var postId = jQuery(element).data( 'scpostid' ); if(data.favorites && data.favorites[postId]){ jQuery(element).html('<a class="favorite-button active" style="box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;color:#ffffff;"><i class="fa fa-bookmark"></i></a>'); } else { jQuery(element).html('<a class="favorite-button" style="box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;color:#ffffff;"></a>'); } }); } } }); jQuery(document).on("click", ".favorite-button:NOT(.active) ", function(e) { var element = e.target; e.preventDefault(); jQuery.ajax({ cache: false, type: "POST", url: "https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php", data: { action: "add_favorite", fav_page: jQuery(element).parent().data("fav_page"), scpostid: jQuery(element).parent().data("scpostid") }, success: function(data) { jQuery(element) .parent() .html(data); }, fail: function(a, b) {} }); }); jQuery(document).on("click", ".favorite-button.active", function(e) { var element = e.target; if (jQuery(element).hasClass("fa")) { element = jQuery(element).parent(); } e.preventDefault(); jQuery.ajax({ cache: false, type: "POST", url: "https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php", data: { action: "remove_favorite", scpostid: jQuery(element).parent().data("scpostid"), fav_page: jQuery(element).parent().data("fav_page"), }, success: function(data) { jQuery(element) .parent() .html(data); jQuery(element) .parent() .find(".favorite-button") .hide() .show(0); } }); }); }); </script> <style>.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style> <script type="text/javascript">var essb_settings = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","essb3_nonce":"484482c9cf","essb3_plugin_url":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/easy-social-share-buttons3","essb3_stats":false,"essb3_ga":false,"essb3_ga_ntg":false,"blog_url":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org\/","post_id":"6062"};</script><!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-55209081-20"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-55209081-20'); </script> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="qSyuDCmIDBrdvki0juKecTqsauMlIdn3WgG3Gg3syO8" /> <script> //.wpcr__report-section__status MutationObserver = window.MutationObserver || window.WebKitMutationObserver; var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations, observer) { jQuery(".wpcr__report-section__status").attr( "role", "alert" ); jQuery(".wpcr__report-section__status").attr( "aria-live", "assertive" ); }); var observer2 = new MutationObserver(function(mutations, observer) { jQuery( ".acf-error-message > p" ).attr( "role", "alert" ); jQuery( ".acf-error-message > p" ).attr( "aria-live", "assertive" ); // jQuery( ".af-form > p" ).attr( "role", "alert" ); // jQuery( ".af-form > p" ).attr( "aria-live", "assertive" ); }); jQuery( document ).ready( function() { jQuery('.af-form').prepend('<div class="acf-error-message"><p role="alert" aria-live="assertive"></p></div>'); if ( jQuery(".wpcr__ratings-vote-container").length > 0 ) { observer.observe(jQuery(".wpcr__ratings-vote-container")[0], { subtree: true, childList: true, attributes: false }); } }); jQuery( document ).ready( function() { if ( jQuery("#from-submit-resource").length > 0 ) { observer2.observe(jQuery("#from-submit-resource")[0], { subtree: true, childList: true, attributes: false }); } }); </script> <link rel="icon" href="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/APSA-logo@2x-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/APSA-logo@2x.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/APSA-logo@2x.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/APSA-logo@2x.png" /> <style id="wp-custom-css"> #primary-results li.sf-field-search{ display:none; visibility:hidden; } /* Educate page X resources added floating fix */ .fl-node-5df12c5859e8e > .fl-col-content { margin-top: -140px !important; } .page-template-default{ overflow:hidden; } /* my library styles */ .my-library-section .fl-col-content{ padding: 0; } .favorite-button-col{ min-width: 54px; } .add-to-fav-btn i::before{ vertical-align: sub; } /* my contributions styles */ .my-contributions-table .fl-module-content{ margin-left: -20px; } .user-contributions td{ border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc!important; padding: 15px 0; } .my-contributions-link{ color: #fff; background-color: #2e508e; padding: 1em; border-radius: 28px; border: none; } .my-contributions-link:hover{ color: #fff; background-color: #487e41; } /* resource page styles */ .resource-details .resource-sidebar .uabb-subheading ul li{ margin-bottom: 0; } .resource:hover path { fill: #fdb913!important; } .resource:hover .more-link g { opacity: 1!important; } .resource{ position: relative; } .resource:after{ position: absolute; background: #2E508E; content:""; display:block; width:100%; height: 100%; opacity:0; } .resource:hover:after{ opacity:0.5!important; } .feature-resource{ z-index: 1; } /* resource details */ .fl-html p{ padding-right: 3em; } .resource-details .fl-col-content li{ list-style: disc; margin-left: 20px; } /* search page styles */ .item.hawk-contentItem-3{ padding-bottom: 1rem; border-bottom: 1px solid #c1c1c1; } .hawk-contentCaption{ margin-bottom: 10px!important; } .hawk-searchrange{ line-height:3; } .hawk-sortWrapper { width: 52%; } .publish-date b, .contributor-name b { margin-right: 5px!important; } @media (max-width: 992px){ .hawk-sortWrapper { width: 75%; } } @media (max-width: 600px){ .hawk-sortWrapper .sortList { display: block; float: none; } .hawk-sortWrapper { width: 92%; } } .publish-date:after{ content:""; height: 8px; border-left: 2px solid #888; margin: 5px 10px; } .publish-date , .contributor-name{ font-size: 16px!important; } .hawk-contentItem .itemButtons{ padding: 0 10px; font-size: 16px; } /* media queries */ @media (max-width: 992px){ .fl-html p{ padding-right: 0; } .my-contributions-table .user-contributions { width: 100%; } .user-contributions .button{ padding: 8px 18px; font-size:14px; margin: 0 5px; } } .gv-table-view tfoot{ display:none; } .gv-table-view thead{ display:none; } .entry-title{ display: none } .post-thumb{ display: none } .post-thumb-img-content{ display: none } </style> </head> <body itemtype='https://schema.org/Blog' itemscope='itemscope' class="resource-template-default single single-resource postid-6062 wp-custom-logo fl-theme-builder-footer fl-theme-builder-footer-footer fl-theme-builder-singular fl-theme-builder-singular-resource-details fl-theme-builder-header fl-theme-builder-header-header ast-desktop ast-page-builder-template ast-no-sidebar astra-4.6.10 ast-header-custom-item-inside group-blog ast-blog-single-style-1 ast-custom-post-type ast-single-post ast-inherit-site-logo-transparent ast-above-mobile-menu-align-stack ast-flyout-menu-enable ast-default-above-menu-enable ast-flyout-left-side ast-default-below-menu-enable ast-full-width-layout ast-inherit-site-logo-sticky essb-9.5 ast-normal-title-enabled astra-addon-4.6.4"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content" role="link" title="Skip to content"> Skip to content</a> <div class="hfeed site" id="page"> <header class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-353 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="353" data-type="header" data-sticky="1" data-sticky-on="" data-sticky-breakpoint="medium" data-shrink="0" data-overlay="0" data-overlay-bg="transparent" data-shrink-image-height="50px" role="banner" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-color fl-node-5e1dd4ac1c4f2 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="5e1dd4ac1c4f2"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="uabb-row-separator uabb-top-row-separator" > </div> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-5e1dd4ac1c4f7 fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="5e1dd4ac1c4f7"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-5e1dd4ac1c4f8 fl-col-small fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="5e1dd4ac1c4f8"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-5e1dd4e7636a3" data-node="5e1dd4e7636a3"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-left" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-png"> <a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/" target="_self" itemprop="url"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-4814 size-full" src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/cropped-Untitled-design-2.png" alt="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/cropped-Untitled-design-2.png" itemprop="image" height="330" width="990" title="cropped-Untitled-design-2.png" data-no-lazy="1" srcset="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/cropped-Untitled-design-2.png 990w, https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/cropped-Untitled-design-2-300x100.png 300w, https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/cropped-Untitled-design-2-768x256.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 990px) 100vw, 990px" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-5e1dd4ac1c4f9 fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="5e1dd4ac1c4f9"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-5e1dd5f08eccd" data-node="5e1dd5f08eccd"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu fl-menu-responsive-toggle-medium-mobile"> <button class="fl-menu-mobile-toggle hamburger-label" aria-label=" Menu"><span class="fl-menu-icon svg-container"><svg version="1.1" class="hamburger-menu" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-top" width="512" height="102"/> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-middle" y="205" width="512" height="102"/> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-bottom" y="410" width="512" height="102"/> </svg> </span><span class="fl-menu-mobile-toggle-label"> Menu</span></button> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label=" Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-main-navigation" class="menu fl-menu-horizontal fl-toggle-arrows"><li id="menu-item-78" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/about">About</a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-566" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/about">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-81" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/about/how-to-use-this-site">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-565" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/about/how-to-submit">How to Submit</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2229" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/about/membership">Membership</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-77" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/my-library"><svg focusable="false" class="icon nav-library"><use xlink:href="#nav-library"></use></svg> My Library</a></li><li id="menu-item-2500" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/blog">Blog</a></li><li class="right"><a href="/login">Login</a></li><li class="right"><div class="astra-search-shortcode search-custom-menu-item cover left"> <div class="ast-search-icon focus"><a class="header-cover astra-search-icon" aria-label="Search icon link" href="#"></a></div><div class="ast-search-box header-cover" id="ast-search-form" style=""> <div class="ast-search-wrapper"> <div class="ast-container"> <form class="search-form" action="https://educate.apsanet.org/" method="get"> <span class="search-text-wrap"> <label for="s" class="screen-reader-text">Search …</label> <input name="s" class="search-field" type="text" autocomplete="off" value="" placeholder="Search …"> <button type="submit" value="Search" aria-label="search submit" class="submit-search"><span class="astra-search-icon"></span> Search</button> </span> <a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/search" target="_self" class="advanced-search uabb-button uabb-creative-button uabb-creative-flat-btn uabb-none-btn " role="button"> <img decoding="async" class="uabb-btn-img uabb-button-icon-before uabb-creative-button-icon-before" src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/Icon-Advanced-Search@3x-1.svg" alt="button icon"> <span class="uabb-button-text uabb-creative-button-text">Advanced Search</span> </a> <a id="close" class="close" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Close search</span></a> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/search" target="_self" class="advanced-search uabb-button uabb-creative-button uabb-creative-flat-btn uabb-none-btn mobile-search" role="button"> <img decoding="async" class="uabb-btn-img uabb-button-icon-before uabb-creative-button-icon-before" src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/Icon-Advanced-Search@3x-1.svg" alt="button icon"> <span class="uabb-button-text uabb-creative-button-text">Advanced Search</span> </a> </li><li class="right"><a class="ast-custom-button-link" href="/submit-a-resource"><span class="ast-custom-button">Submit a Resource</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header><div class="uabb-js-breakpoint" style="display: none;"></div> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div class="ast-container"> <div id="primary" class="content-area primary"> <div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-221 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="221"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-5e5e9a85c9d46 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="5e5e9a85c9d46"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="uabb-row-separator uabb-top-row-separator" > </div> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-5e5e9a85c9e25 fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-top fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="5e5e9a85c9e25"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-5e5e9a85c9e26 fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="5e5e9a85c9e26"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-uabb-heading fl-node-5e5e9a85c9e27" data-node="5e5e9a85c9e27"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="uabb-module-content uabb-heading-wrapper uabb-heading-align-left "> <h1 class="uabb-heading"> <span class="uabb-heading-text">Practical Politics: Lessons in Power and Democracy</span> </h1> <div class="uabb-subheading uabb-text-editor"> <p><strong>Published:</strong> Feb 22, 2024<br /> <strong>Contributor: </strong><a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/search/?keyword=Titus Alexander" >Titus Alexander</a> <div style="margin-bottom: -20px;"> </div> <br /> <strong>License: </strong><strong>CC BY NC SA 4.0</strong> license – Allows revisions and additions but forbids commercial use.<br /> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-5e5e9a85c9e28 fl-col-small fl-col-small-custom-width resource-sidebar" data-node="5e5e9a85c9e28"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-5e5e9a85c9e29" data-node="5e5e9a85c9e29"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> <div class="social-favorite"> <div class="add-to-fav-btn " data-scpostid="6062"> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-5df3c1e78b265 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center resource-details" data-node="5df3c1e78b265"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="uabb-row-separator uabb-top-row-separator" > </div> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-5df3c1e78b492 fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="5df3c1e78b492"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-5df3c1e78b493 fl-col-small-custom-width fl-col-has-cols" data-node="5df3c1e78b493"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-5df3c1e78b495" data-node="5df3c1e78b495"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> <p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy/practical-politics" rel="attachment wp-att-6324"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-6324 alignright" src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/practical-politics.jpg" alt="" width="265" height="400" srcset="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/practical-politics.jpg 265w, https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/practical-politics-199x300.jpg 199w" sizes="(max-width: 265px) 100vw, 265px" /></a>This guide to teaching and learning for democracy aims to help students and teachers develop non-partisan education for practical politics:</p> <ul> <li>Part 1 makes the case for politics as a public good and means of social problem-solving that is difficult and can become more effective through education;</li> <li>Part 2 analyses the exercise of power in business, media and government, including the role of office politics and a detailed analysis of the nature of power</li> <li>Part 3 is a guide to teaching and learning practical politics in higher education, schools and civil society, with chapters on making the case for teaching practical politics, ethics, and how to create a curriculum relevant to your context and learners.</li> </ul> <p>Each chapter has case studies and suggestions for further reading. This book may be downloaded and used free of charge for educational purposes, but may not be resold or republished. Copyright has reverted to the author for a 2nd edition.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-ep3jyvts296d" data-node="ep3jyvts296d"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-5e5e97a5b0fd2 fl-col-group-nested" data-node="5e5e97a5b0fd2"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-5e5e97a5b1097" data-node="5e5e97a5b1097"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-5df3c1e78b496" data-node="5df3c1e78b496"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> <ul class="file_uploads"> <li class="pdf_file_type"> <a class="file_upload_link" href="https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy-2" alt="Practical Politics: Lessons in Power and Democracy" target="_blank" onclick="return HawkSearch.Tracking.track('add2cart',{uniqueId: '6062-6063', price: 0.00, quantity: 1, currency: 'USD'});"> Practical Politics - Lessons in Power and Democracy <span class="screen-reader-text">Link opens in a new tab.</span> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="resource-ratings"> <!--[display_resource_ratings]--> <div class="helpful-block-content wth_thumbs" data-title=""> <ul> <li><span class="wth_title">Was this resource helpful?</span></li> <li><a data-post="6062" data-post-url="https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy" data-post-title="Practical Politics: Lessons in Power and Democracy" data-response="1" href="#" class="wth-green-btn icon-thumbs-up icon1-thumbs-up">Yes</a><a data-response="0" data-post="6062" data-post-url="https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy" data-post-title="Practical Politics: Lessons in Power and Democracy" href="#" class="wth-red-btn icon-thumbs-down icon1-thumbs-down">No</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-5df3c1e78b49d fl-col-small fl-col-small-custom-width sidebar resource-sidebar" data-node="5df3c1e78b49d"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-5e3bfafd95e33" data-node="5e3bfafd95e33"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> <h3 class="uabb-heading" tabindex="0"> <span class="uabb-heading-text">Resource Type</span> </h3> <div class="uabb-subheading uabb-text-editor resource-type-show-less"> <ul class="resource_types" style="margin-left:0px;"> <li>Case study</li> <li>Experiential Learning Materials</li> <li>OER Textbook</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-5e3aed0a33a12" data-node="5e3aed0a33a12"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> <h3 class="uabb-heading" tabindex="0"> <span class="uabb-heading-text">Course Topic</span> </h3> <div class="uabb-subheading uabb-text-editor course-topic-show-less"> <ul class="course_topics" style="margin-left:0px;"> <li>Civic Education and Engagement</li> <li>Civics</li> <li>General</li> <li>Human Rights</li> <li>Political Theory</li> </ul> </div> <a class="course-topic-more show-more-link" ><span class="screen-reader-text ">Show</span> More...</a> <div class="uabb-subheading uabb-text-editor course-topic-show-more show-more"> <ul class="course_topics" style="margin-left:0px;"> <li>Public Policy</li> <li>Social Justice</li> </ul> <a class="course-topic-less show-less-link" ><span class="screen-reader-text">Show</span> Less...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-5e1cdbe043880" data-node="5e1cdbe043880"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> <h3 class="uabb-heading" tabindex="0"> <span class="uabb-heading-text">Class Size</span> </h3> <div class="uabb-subheading uabb-text-editor"> <ul class="class_sizes" style="margin-left:0px;"> <li>Any</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-5e1cdc3d36c79" data-node="5e1cdc3d36c79"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> <h3 class="uabb-heading" tabindex="0"> <span class="uabb-heading-text">Course Level</span> </h3> <div class="uabb-subheading uabb-text-editor"> <ul class="course_levels" style="margin-left:0px;"> <li>Any</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-5e1cdc826ab91" data-node="5e1cdc826ab91"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> <h3 class="uabb-heading" tabindex="0"> <span class="uabb-heading-text">Course Type</span> </h3> <div class="uabb-subheading uabb-text-editor course-type-show-less"> <ul class="course_types" style="margin-left:0px;"> <li>Any</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-5e1cdcc28f55a" data-node="5e1cdcc28f55a"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> <h3 class="uabb-heading" tabindex="0"> <span class="uabb-heading-text">Peer Reviewed</span> </h3> <div class="uabb-subheading uabb-text-editor"> <ul class="peer_revieweds" style="margin-left:0px;"> <li>No</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-5e1cdd3ad4073" data-node="5e1cdd3ad4073"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-5e1cddbc23290" data-node="5e1cddbc23290"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-5dfb906f00b1a" data-node="5dfb906f00b1a"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-5dfb906f00c30" data-node="5dfb906f00c30"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-5e0b78cbe33c3" data-node="5e0b78cbe33c3"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> <div class="social-favorite social-footer"> <div class="essb_links essb_counter_modern_right essb_displayed_shortcode essb_share essb_template_default4-retina essb_132588162 print-no" id="essb_displayed_shortcode_132588162" data-essb-postid="6062" data-essb-position="shortcode" data-essb-button-style="button" data-essb-template="default4-retina" data-essb-counter-pos="right" data-essb-url="https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy" data-essb-fullurl="https://educate.apsanet.org/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy" data-essb-instance="132588162"><ul class="essb_links_list"><li class="essb_item essb_link_facebook nolightbox essb_link_svg_icon"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Feducate.apsanet.org%2Fresource%2F02-22-2024%2Fpractical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy&t=Practical+Politics%3A+Lessons+in+Power+and+Democracy" title="Share on Share on Facebook" onclick="essb.window(&#39;https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Feducate.apsanet.org%2Fresource%2F02-22-2024%2Fpractical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy&t=Practical+Politics%3A+Lessons+in+Power+and+Democracy&#39;,&#39;facebook&#39;,&#39;132588162&#39;); return false;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="nolightbox essb-s-bg-facebook essb-s-c-light essb-s-ch-light essb-s-bgh-dark essb-s-bg-network" ><span class="essb_icon essb_icon_facebook"><svg class="essb-svg-icon essb-svg-icon-facebook" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M16 8.049c0-4.446-3.582-8.05-8-8.05C3.58 0-.002 3.603-.002 8.05c0 4.017 2.926 7.347 6.75 7.951v-5.625h-2.03V8.05H6.75V6.275c0-2.017 1.195-3.131 3.022-3.131.876 0 1.791.157 1.791.157v1.98h-1.009c-.993 0-1.303.621-1.303 1.258v1.51h2.218l-.354 2.326H9.25V16c3.824-.604 6.75-3.934 6.75-7.951"></path></svg></span><span class="essb_network_name">Share on Facebook</span></a></li><li class="essb_item essb_link_twitter nolightbox essb_link_twitter_x essb_link_svg_icon"> <a href="#" title="Share on Share on Twitter" onclick="essb.window(&#39;https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Practical%20Politics%3A%20Lessons%20in%20Power%20and%20Democracy&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Feducate.apsanet.org%2Fresource%2F02-22-2024%2Fpractical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy&amp;counturl=https%3A%2F%2Feducate.apsanet.org%2Fresource%2F02-22-2024%2Fpractical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy&#39;,&#39;twitter&#39;,&#39;132588162&#39;); return false;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="nolightbox essb-s-bg-twitter essb-s-c-light essb-s-ch-light essb-s-bgh-dark essb-s-bg-network" ><span class="essb_icon essb_icon_twitter_x"><svg class="essb-svg-icon essb-svg-icon-twitter_x" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.244 2.25h3.308l-7.227 8.26 8.502 11.24H16.17l-5.214-6.817L4.99 21.75H1.68l7.73-8.835L1.254 2.25H8.08l4.713 6.231zm-1.161 17.52h1.833L7.084 4.126H5.117z"></path></svg></span><span class="essb_network_name">Share on Twitter</span></a></li><li class="essb_item essb_link_linkedin nolightbox essb_link_svg_icon"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;ro=true&amp;trk=EasySocialShareButtons&amp;title=Practical+Politics%3A+Lessons+in+Power+and+Democracy&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Feducate.apsanet.org%2Fresource%2F02-22-2024%2Fpractical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy" title="Share on Share on Linkedin" onclick="essb.window(&#39;https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;ro=true&amp;trk=EasySocialShareButtons&amp;title=Practical+Politics%3A+Lessons+in+Power+and+Democracy&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Feducate.apsanet.org%2Fresource%2F02-22-2024%2Fpractical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy&#39;,&#39;linkedin&#39;,&#39;132588162&#39;); return false;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="nolightbox essb-s-bg-linkedin essb-s-c-light essb-s-ch-light essb-s-bgh-dark essb-s-bg-network" ><span class="essb_icon essb_icon_linkedin"><svg class="essb-svg-icon essb-svg-icon-linkedin" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M23.938 16.375c-0.438-0.5-1.188-0.75-2.25-0.75-1.375 0-2.313 0.438-2.875 1.188-0.563 0.813-0.813 1.938-0.813 3.375v10.938c0 0.188-0.063 0.375-0.25 0.563-0.125 0.125-0.375 0.25-0.563 0.25h-5.75c-0.188 0-0.375-0.125-0.563-0.25-0.125-0.188-0.25-0.375-0.25-0.563v-20.188c0-0.188 0.125-0.375 0.25-0.563 0.188-0.125 0.375-0.25 0.563-0.25h5.563c0.188 0 0.375 0.063 0.5 0.125s0.188 0.25 0.25 0.438c0 0.188 0.063 0.375 0.063 0.438s0 0.25 0 0.5c1.438-1.375 3.375-2 5.688-2 2.688 0 4.75 0.625 6.25 1.938 1.5 1.375 2.25 3.313 2.25 5.938v13.625c0 0.188-0.063 0.375-0.25 0.563-0.125 0.125-0.375 0.25-0.563 0.25h-5.875c-0.188 0-0.375-0.125-0.563-0.25-0.125-0.188-0.25-0.375-0.25-0.563v-12.313c0-1.063-0.188-1.875-0.563-2.438zM6.625 6.688c-0.75 0.75-1.688 1.125-2.75 1.125s-2-0.375-2.75-1.125c-0.75-0.75-1.125-1.625-1.125-2.75 0-1.063 0.375-1.938 1.125-2.688s1.688-1.188 2.75-1.188c1.063 0 2 0.438 2.75 1.188s1.125 1.625 1.125 2.688c0 1.125-0.375 2-1.125 2.75zM7.563 10.938v20.188c0 0.188-0.125 0.375-0.25 0.563-0.188 0.125-0.375 0.25-0.563 0.25h-5.75c-0.188 0-0.375-0.125-0.563-0.25-0.125-0.188-0.25-0.375-0.25-0.563v-20.188c0-0.188 0.125-0.375 0.25-0.563 0.188-0.125 0.375-0.25 0.563-0.25h5.75c0.188 0 0.375 0.125 0.563 0.25 0.125 0.188 0.25 0.375 0.25 0.563z"></path></svg></span><span class="essb_network_name">Share on Linkedin</span></a></li></ul></div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-5e18f685a68f9" data-node="5e18f685a68f9"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-fl-comments fl-node-5df3c1e78b497" data-node="5df3c1e78b497"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="wpdiscuz_top_clearing"></div> <div id='comments' class='comments-area'><div id='respond' style='width: 0;height: 0;clear: both;margin: 0;padding: 0;'></div> <div id="wpdcom" class="wpdiscuz_unauth wpd-default wpdiscuz_no_avatar wpd-layout-1 wpd-comments-open"> <div class="wc_social_plugin_wrapper"> </div> <div class="wpd-form-wrap"> <div class="wpd-form-head"> <div class="wpd-sbs-toggle"> <i class="far fa-envelope"></i> <span class="wpd-sbs-title">Subscribe</span> <i class="fas fa-caret-down"></i> </div> <div class="wpd-auth"> <div class="wpd-login"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wpdiscuz-subscribe-bar wpdiscuz-hidden"> <form action="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=wpdAddSubscription" method="post" id="wpdiscuz-subscribe-form"> <div class="wpdiscuz-subscribe-form-intro">Notify of </div> <div class="wpdiscuz-subscribe-form-option" style="width:40%;"> <select class="wpdiscuz_select" name="wpdiscuzSubscriptionType"> <option value="post">new follow-up comments</option> <option value="all_comment" >new replies to my comments</option> </select> </div> <div class="wpdiscuz-item wpdiscuz-subscribe-form-email"> <input class="email" type="email" name="wpdiscuzSubscriptionEmail" required="required" value="" placeholder="Email"/> </div> <div class="wpdiscuz-subscribe-form-button"> <input id="wpdiscuz_subscription_button" class="wpd-prim-button wpd_not_clicked" type="submit" value="&rsaquo;" name="wpdiscuz_subscription_button"/> </div> <input type="hidden" id="wpdiscuz_subscribe_form_nonce" name="wpdiscuz_subscribe_form_nonce" value="0522e57959" /><input type="hidden" name="_wp_http_referer" value="/resource/02-22-2024/practical-politics-lessons-in-power-and-democracy" /> </form> </div> <div class="wpd-form wpd-form-wrapper wpd-main-form-wrapper" id='wpd-main-form-wrapper-0_0'> <form method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data" data-uploading="false" class="wpd_comm_form wpd_main_comm_form" > <div class="wpd-field-comment"> <div class="wpdiscuz-item wc-field-textarea"> <div class="wpdiscuz-textarea-wrap "> <div id="wpd-editor-wraper-0_0" style="display: none;"> <div id="wpd-editor-char-counter-0_0" class="wpd-editor-char-counter"></div> <label style="display: none;" for="wc-textarea-0_0">Label</label> <textarea id="wc-textarea-0_0" name="wc_comment" class="wc_comment wpd-field"></textarea> <div id="wpd-editor-0_0"></div> <div id="wpd-editor-toolbar-0_0"> <button title="Bold" class="ql-bold" ></button> <button title="Italic" class="ql-italic" ></button> <button title="Underline" class="ql-underline" ></button> <button title="Strike" class="ql-strike" ></button> <button title="Ordered List" class="ql-list" value='ordered' ></button> <button title="Unordered List" class="ql-list" value='bullet' ></button> <button title="Blockquote" class="ql-blockquote" ></button> <button title="Code Block" class="ql-code-block" ></button> <button title="Link" class="ql-link" ></button> <button title="Source Code" class="ql-sourcecode" data-wpde_button_name='sourcecode'>{}</button> <button title="Spoiler" class="ql-spoiler" data-wpde_button_name='spoiler'>[+]</button> <div class="wpd-editor-buttons-right"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wpd-form-foot" style='display:none;'> <div class="wpdiscuz-textarea-foot"> <div class="wpdiscuz-button-actions"></div> </div> <div class="wpd-form-row"> <div class="wpd-form-col-left"> <div class="wpdiscuz-item wc_name-wrapper wpd-has-icon"> <div class="wpd-field-icon"><i class="fas fa-user"></i> </div> <input id="wc_name-0_0" value="" required='required' aria-required='true' class="wc_name wpd-field" type="text" name="wc_name" placeholder="Name*" maxlength="50" pattern='.{1,50}' title=""> <label for="wc_name-0_0" class="wpdlb">Name*</label> </div> <div class="wpdiscuz-item wc_email-wrapper wpd-has-icon"> <div class="wpd-field-icon"><i class="fas fa-at"></i> </div> <input id="wc_email-0_0" value="" required='required' aria-required='true' class="wc_email wpd-field" type="email" name="wc_email" placeholder="Email*"/> <label for="wc_email-0_0" class="wpdlb">Email*</label> </div> <div class="wpdiscuz-item wc_website-wrapper wpd-has-icon"> <div class="wpd-field-icon"><i class="fas fa-link"></i> </div> <input id="wc_website-0_0" value="" class="wc_website wpd-field" type="text" name="wc_website" placeholder="Website"/> <label for="wc_website-0_0" class="wpdlb">Website</label> </div> </div> <div class="wpd-form-col-right"> <div class="wc-field-submit"> <input id="wpd-field-submit-0_0" class="wc_comm_submit wpd_not_clicked wpd-prim-button" type="submit" name="submit" value="Post Comment" aria-label="Post Comment"/> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="wpdiscuz_unique_id" value="0_0" name="wpdiscuz_unique_id"> </form> </div> <div id="wpdiscuz_hidden_secondary_form" style="display: none;"> <div class="wpd-form wpd-form-wrapper wpd-secondary-form-wrapper" id='wpd-secondary-form-wrapper-wpdiscuzuniqueid' style='display: none;'> <div class="wpd-secondary-forms-social-content"></div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <form method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data" data-uploading="false" class="wpd_comm_form wpd-secondary-form-wrapper" > <div class="wpd-field-comment"> <div class="wpdiscuz-item wc-field-textarea"> <div class="wpdiscuz-textarea-wrap "> <div id="wpd-editor-wraper-wpdiscuzuniqueid" style="display: none;"> <div id="wpd-editor-char-counter-wpdiscuzuniqueid" class="wpd-editor-char-counter"></div> <label style="display: none;" for="wc-textarea-wpdiscuzuniqueid">Label</label> <textarea id="wc-textarea-wpdiscuzuniqueid" name="wc_comment" class="wc_comment wpd-field"></textarea> <div id="wpd-editor-wpdiscuzuniqueid"></div> <div id="wpd-editor-toolbar-wpdiscuzuniqueid"> <button title="Bold" class="ql-bold" ></button> <button title="Italic" class="ql-italic" ></button> <button title="Underline" class="ql-underline" ></button> <button title="Strike" class="ql-strike" ></button> <button title="Ordered List" class="ql-list" value='ordered' ></button> <button title="Unordered List" class="ql-list" value='bullet' ></button> <button title="Blockquote" class="ql-blockquote" ></button> <button title="Code Block" class="ql-code-block" ></button> <button title="Link" class="ql-link" ></button> <button title="Source Code" class="ql-sourcecode" data-wpde_button_name='sourcecode'>{}</button> <button title="Spoiler" class="ql-spoiler" data-wpde_button_name='spoiler'>[+]</button> <div class="wpd-editor-buttons-right"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wpd-form-foot" style='display:none;'> <div class="wpdiscuz-textarea-foot"> <div class="wpdiscuz-button-actions"></div> </div> <div class="wpd-form-row"> <div class="wpd-form-col-left"> <div class="wpdiscuz-item wc_name-wrapper wpd-has-icon"> <div class="wpd-field-icon"><i class="fas fa-user"></i> </div> <input id="wc_name-wpdiscuzuniqueid" value="" required='required' aria-required='true' class="wc_name wpd-field" type="text" name="wc_name" placeholder="Name*" maxlength="50" pattern='.{1,50}' title=""> <label for="wc_name-wpdiscuzuniqueid" class="wpdlb">Name*</label> </div> <div class="wpdiscuz-item wc_email-wrapper wpd-has-icon"> <div class="wpd-field-icon"><i class="fas fa-at"></i> </div> <input id="wc_email-wpdiscuzuniqueid" value="" required='required' aria-required='true' class="wc_email wpd-field" type="email" name="wc_email" placeholder="Email*"/> <label for="wc_email-wpdiscuzuniqueid" class="wpdlb">Email*</label> </div> <div class="wpdiscuz-item wc_website-wrapper wpd-has-icon"> <div class="wpd-field-icon"><i class="fas fa-link"></i> </div> <input id="wc_website-wpdiscuzuniqueid" value="" class="wc_website wpd-field" type="text" name="wc_website" placeholder="Website"/> <label for="wc_website-wpdiscuzuniqueid" class="wpdlb">Website</label> </div> </div> <div class="wpd-form-col-right"> <div class="wc-field-submit"> <input id="wpd-field-submit-wpdiscuzuniqueid" class="wc_comm_submit wpd_not_clicked wpd-prim-button" type="submit" name="submit" value="Post Comment" aria-label="Post Comment"/> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="wpdiscuz_unique_id" value="wpdiscuzuniqueid" name="wpdiscuz_unique_id"> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wpd-threads" class="wpd-thread-wrapper"> <div class="wpd-thread-head"> <div class="wpd-thread-info " data-comments-count="0"> <span class='wpdtc' title='0'>0</span> Comments </div> <div class="wpd-space"></div> <div class="wpd-thread-filter"> <div class="wpd-filter wpdf-reacted wpd_not_clicked wpdiscuz-hidden" wpd-tooltip="Most reacted comment"> <i class="fas fa-bolt"></i></div> <div class="wpd-filter wpdf-hottest wpd_not_clicked wpdiscuz-hidden" wpd-tooltip="Hottest comment thread"> <i class="fas fa-fire"></i></div> </div> </div> <div class="wpd-comment-info-bar"> <div class="wpd-current-view"><i class="fas fa-quote-left"></i> Inline Feedbacks </div> <div class="wpd-filter-view-all">View all comments</div> </div> <div class="wpd-thread-list"> <!-- // From wpDiscuz's Caches // --> <div class="wpdiscuz-comment-pagination"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wpdiscuz-loading-bar" class="wpdiscuz-loading-bar-unauth"></div> <div id="wpdiscuz-comment-message" class="wpdiscuz-comment-message-unauth"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="uabb-js-breakpoint" style="display: none;"></div> </div><!-- #primary --> </div> <!-- ast-container --> </div><!-- #content --> <footer class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-188 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="188" data-type="footer" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPFooter"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-5df153d501738 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="5df153d501738"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="uabb-row-separator uabb-top-row-separator" > </div> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-5df153d50460f fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="5df153d50460f"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-5df153d50476d fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="5df153d50476d"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-5df1546897d1d" data-node="5df1546897d1d"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <ul> <li><a href="/about">about</a></li> <li><a href="/membership">become a member</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-5df154e11c51d" data-node="5df154e11c51d"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <ul> <li><a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/legal-notices">Legal notices</a></li> <li><a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/privacy-policy">privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/accessibility">accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="https://educate.apsanet.org/contact-and-help">contact and help</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.apsanet.org/Sign-In?returnurl=%2fUser-Home">my apsa account</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-5df153d504771 fl-col-small fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="5df153d504771"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-5e176bce42d16" data-node="5e176bce42d16"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-right" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-png"> <a href="https://www.apsanet.org/" target="_self" itemprop="url"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-43 size-full" src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/APSA-logo@2x.png" alt="APSA - American Political Science Association" itemprop="image" height="166" width="286" title="APSA logo@2x" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-color fl-node-5df1558382299 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="5df1558382299"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="uabb-row-separator uabb-top-row-separator" > </div> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-5df155838900b" data-node="5df155838900b"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-5df15583891e4" data-node="5df15583891e4"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-5df155ac5941e" data-node="5df155ac5941e"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <ul> <li>© Copyright 2019 APSA. All rights reserved.   |   Website designed and developed by <a style="color: #2e508e; text-decoration: underline;" href="https://www.americaneagle.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Americaneagle.com</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer><div class="uabb-js-breakpoint" style="display: none;"></div> </div><!-- #page --> <span id='wpdUserContentInfoAnchor' style='display:none;' rel='#wpdUserContentInfo' data-wpd-lity>wpDiscuz</span><div id='wpdUserContentInfo' style='overflow:auto;background:#FDFDF6;padding:20px;width:600px;max-width:100%;border-radius:6px;' class='lity-hide'></div><div id='wpd-bubble-wrapper'><span id='wpd-bubble-all-comments-count' style='display:none;' title='0'>0</span><div id='wpd-bubble-count'><svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path class='wpd-bubble-count-first' d='M20 2H4c-1.1 0-1.99.9-1.99 2L2 22l4-4h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V4c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm-2 12H6v-2h12v2zm0-3H6V9h12v2zm0-3H6V6h12v2z'/><path class='wpd-bubble-count-second' d='M0 0h24v24H0z' /></svg><span class='wpd-new-comments-count'>0</span></div><div id='wpd-bubble'><svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path class='wpd-bubble-plus-first' d='M19 13h-6v6h-2v-6H5v-2h6V5h2v6h6v2z'/><path class='wpd-bubble-plus-second' d='M0 0h24v24H0z' /></svg><div id='wpd-bubble-add-message'>Would love your thoughts, please comment.<span id='wpd-bubble-add-message-close'><a href='#'>x</a></span></div></div><div id='wpd-bubble-notification'><svg xmlns='https://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path class='wpd-bubble-notification-first' d='M20 2H4c-1.1 0-1.99.9-1.99 2L2 22l4-4h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V4c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm-2 12H6v-2h12v2zm0-3H6V9h12v2zm0-3H6V6h12v2z'/><path class='wpd-bubble-notification-second' d='M0 0h24v24H0z' /></svg><div id='wpd-bubble-notification-message'><div id='wpd-bubble-author'><div><span id='wpd-bubble-author-avatar'></span><span id='wpd-bubble-author-name'></span><span id='wpd-bubble-comment-date'>(<span class='wpd-bubble-spans'></span>)</span></div><span id='wpd-bubble-comment-close'><a href='#'>x</a></span></div><div id='wpd-bubble-comment'><span id='wpd-bubble-comment-text'></span><span id='wpd-bubble-comment-reply-link'>| <a href='#'>Reply</a></span></div></div></div></div><div id='wpd-editor-source-code-wrapper-bg'></div><div id='wpd-editor-source-code-wrapper'><textarea id='wpd-editor-source-code'></textarea><button id='wpd-insert-source-code'>Insert</button><input type='hidden' id='wpd-editor-uid' /></div><style type="text/css"> /* Hide reCAPTCHA V3 badge */ .grecaptcha-badge { visibility: hidden !important; } </style> <script> // hide SOTL field jQuery("div.ae-sotl-field.af-field.af-field-resource-sotl").css("display", "none"); </script> <svg focusable="false" style="position: absolute; width: 0; height: 0;" width="0" height="0" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <defs> <symbol focusable="false" id="nav-library" viewBox="0 0 15 21"> <g id="APSA" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" opacity="0.35"> <g id="APSA_V2---All-Resources" transform="translate(-1092.000000, -45.000000)" fill="#939598"> <g id="Header"> <g id="Icon_Nav_MyLibrary"> <g transform="translate(1092.000000, 46.000000)"> <path d="M14.1557734,0.541974395 C14.6716464,0.755438803 15,1.27075523 15,1.83526852 L15,18.0227082 C15,18.5880553 14.6716464,19.1025379 14.1557734,19.3160023 C13.9915966,19.3910484 13.8165266,19.4168976 13.6406785,19.4168976 C13.2773109,19.4168976 12.937286,19.2784793 12.6680672,19.0141503 L7.5,13.6908816 L2.33193277,19.0141503 C2.06271397,19.2784793 1.72268908,19.4285714 1.35932151,19.4285714 C1.18347339,19.4285714 1.00840336,19.3910484 0.84422658,19.3160023 C0.328353564,19.1025379 0,18.5880553 0,18.0227082 L0,1.83526852 C0,1.27075523 0.328353564,0.755438803 0.84422658,0.541974395 C1.00840336,0.466928314 1.18347339,0.428571429 1.35932151,0.428571429 L13.6406785,0.428571429 C13.8165266,0.428571429 13.9915966,0.466928314 14.1557734,0.541974395 L14.1557734,0.541974395 Z" id="Path"></path> </g> </g> </g> </g> </g> </symbol> </defs> </svg> <div id="ast-scroll-top" tabindex="0" class="ast-scroll-top-icon ast-scroll-to-top-right" data-on-devices="both"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Scroll to Top</span> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery( function() { if ( window.Cookies ) { Cookies.set( "gp_easy_passthrough_session", "8a53cdb7cd3fc7cb43d77af6484b8e6d||1733058874||1733058514", {"expires": new Date( new Date().getTime() + 1800000 ),"path": "/","domain": "","SameSite": "Lax","secure": false} ); } } ); </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wth-layout_5-css' href='https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/was-this-helpful-pro/templates//layout/layout_5/layout_5.css?ver=715f6e2ea20f224cbd05557390acfc0a' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0: var(--ast-global-color-0);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1: var(--ast-global-color-1);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2: var(--ast-global-color-2);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3: var(--ast-global-color-3);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4: var(--ast-global-color-4);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5: var(--ast-global-color-5);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6: var(--ast-global-color-6);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7: var(--ast-global-color-7);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8: var(--ast-global-color-8);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: var(--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size);--wp--style--global--wide-size: var(--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size); }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: 24px; margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }:root { --wp--style--block-gap: 24px; }:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 24px;}:root :where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 24px;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: none;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-0-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-1-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-2-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-3-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-4-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-5-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-6-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-7-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-8-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-0-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-1-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-2-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-3-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-4-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-5-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-6-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-7-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-8-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-0-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-1-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-2-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-3-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-4-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-5-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-6-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-7-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-8-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} </style> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=715f6e2ea20f224cbd05557390acfc0a" id="comment-reply-js" async data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script id="astra-theme-js-js-extra"> var astra = {"break_point":"1024","isRtl":"","is_scroll_to_id":"","is_scroll_to_top":"1","is_header_footer_builder_active":"","revealEffectEnable":"","edit_post_url":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org\/wp-admin\/post.php?post={{id}}&action=edit","ajax_url":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","infinite_count":"2","infinite_total":"0","pagination":"number","infinite_scroll_event":"scroll","no_more_post_message":"No more posts to show.","grid_layout":"1","site_url":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org","blogArchiveTitleLayout":"","show_comments":"Show Comments","masonryEnabled":"","blogMasonryBreakPoint":"768"}; </script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/themes/astra/assets/js/minified/style.min.js?ver=4.6.10" id="astra-theme-js-js"></script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/was-this-helpful-pro/assets/js/frontend.js?ver=715f6e2ea20f224cbd05557390acfc0a" id="frontend.js-js"></script> <script id="wpdiscuz-combo-js-js-extra"> var wpdiscuzAjaxObj = {"wc_hide_replies_text":"Hide Replies","wc_show_replies_text":"View Replies","wc_msg_required_fields":"Please fill out required fields","wc_invalid_field":"Some of field value is invalid","wc_error_empty_text":"please fill out this field to comment","wc_error_url_text":"url is invalid","wc_error_email_text":"email address is invalid","wc_invalid_captcha":"Invalid Captcha Code","wc_login_to_vote":"You Must Be Logged In To Vote","wc_deny_voting_from_same_ip":"You are not allowed to vote for this comment","wc_self_vote":"You cannot vote for your comment","wc_vote_only_one_time":"You've already voted for this comment","wc_voting_error":"Voting Error","wc_banned_user":"You are banned","wc_comment_edit_not_possible":"Sorry, this comment is no longer possible to edit","wc_comment_not_updated":"Sorry, the comment was not updated","wc_comment_not_edited":"You've not made any changes","wc_msg_input_min_length":"Input is too short","wc_msg_input_max_length":"Input is too long","wc_spoiler_title":"Spoiler Title","wc_cannot_rate_again":"You cannot rate again","wc_not_allowed_to_rate":"You're not allowed to rate here","wc_confirm_rate_edit":"Are you sure you want to edit your rate?","wc_follow_user":"Follow this user","wc_unfollow_user":"Unfollow this user","wc_follow_success":"You started following this comment author","wc_follow_canceled":"You stopped following this comment author.","wc_follow_email_confirm":"Please check your email and confirm the user following request.","wc_follow_email_confirm_fail":"Sorry, we couldn't send confirmation email.","wc_follow_login_to_follow":"Please login to follow users.","wc_follow_impossible":"We are sorry, but you can't follow this user.","wc_follow_not_added":"Following failed. Please try again later.","is_user_logged_in":"","commentListLoadType":"0","commentListUpdateType":"0","commentListUpdateTimer":"30","liveUpdateGuests":"0","wordpressThreadCommentsDepth":"5","wordpressIsPaginate":"","commentTextMaxLength":"0","replyTextMaxLength":"0","commentTextMinLength":"1","replyTextMinLength":"1","storeCommenterData":null,"socialLoginAgreementCheckbox":"0","enableFbLogin":"0","fbUseOAuth2":"0","enableFbShare":"0","facebookAppID":"","facebookUseOAuth2":"0","enableGoogleLogin":"0","googleClientID":"","googleClientSecret":"","cookiehash":"2925e0897c5bc023fe8c78d13c35177c","isLoadOnlyParentComments":"0","scrollToComment":"1","commentFormView":"collapsed","enableDropAnimation":"0","isNativeAjaxEnabled":"0","enableBubble":"1","bubbleLiveUpdate":"0","bubbleHintTimeout":"45","bubbleHintHideTimeout":"10","cookieHideBubbleHint":"wpdiscuz_hide_bubble_hint","bubbleHintShowOnce":"1","bubbleHintCookieExpires":"7","bubbleShowNewCommentMessage":"1","bubbleLocation":"content_left","firstLoadWithAjax":"0","wc_copied_to_clipboard":"Copied to clipboard!","inlineFeedbackAttractionType":"blink","loadRichEditor":"1","wpDiscuzReCaptchaSK":"","wpDiscuzReCaptchaTheme":"light","wpDiscuzReCaptchaVersion":"2.0","wc_captcha_show_for_guest":"0","wc_captcha_show_for_members":"0","wpDiscuzIsShowOnSubscribeForm":"0","wmuEnabled":"1","wmuInput":"wmu_files","wmuMaxFileCount":"1","wmuMaxFileSize":"2097152","wmuPostMaxSize":"1610612736","wmuIsLightbox":"1","wmuMimeTypes":{"jpg":"image\/jpeg","jpeg":"image\/jpeg","jpe":"image\/jpeg","gif":"image\/gif","png":"image\/png","bmp":"image\/bmp","tiff":"image\/tiff","tif":"image\/tiff","ico":"image\/x-icon"},"wmuPhraseConfirmDelete":"Are you sure you want to delete this attachment?","wmuPhraseNotAllowedFile":"Not allowed file type","wmuPhraseMaxFileCount":"Maximum number of uploaded files is 1","wmuPhraseMaxFileSize":"Maximum upload file size is 2MB","wmuPhrasePostMaxSize":"Maximum post size is 1536MB","wmuPhraseDoingUpload":"Uploading in progress! Please wait.","msgEmptyFile":"File is empty. Please upload something more substantial. This error could also be caused by uploads being disabled in your php.ini or by post_max_size being defined as smaller than upload_max_filesize in php.ini.","msgPostIdNotExists":"Post ID not exists","msgUploadingNotAllowed":"Sorry, uploading not allowed for this post","msgPermissionDenied":"You do not have sufficient permissions to perform this action","wmuKeyImages":"images","wmuSingleImageWidth":"auto","wmuSingleImageHeight":"200","isUserRated":null,"version":"7.6.27","wc_post_id":"6062","isCookiesEnabled":"1","loadLastCommentId":"0","dataFilterCallbacks":[],"phraseFilters":[],"scrollSize":"32","is_email_field_required":"1","url":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","customAjaxUrl":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/wpdiscuz\/utils\/ajax\/wpdiscuz-ajax.php","bubbleUpdateUrl":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org\/wp-json\/wpdiscuz\/v1\/update","restNonce":"c3bc71ad3c","is_rate_editable":"0","menu_icon":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/wpdiscuz\/assets\/img\/plugin-icon\/wpdiscuz-svg.svg","menu_icon_hover":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/wpdiscuz\/assets\/img\/plugin-icon\/wpdiscuz-svg_hover.svg"}; var wpdiscuzUCObj = {"msgConfirmDeleteComment":"Are you sure you want to delete this comment?","msgConfirmCancelSubscription":"Are you sure you want to cancel this subscription?","msgConfirmCancelFollow":"Are you sure you want to cancel this follow?","additionalTab":"0"}; </script> <script id="wpdiscuz-combo-js-js-before"> var wpdiscuzEditorOptions = { modules: { toolbar: "", counter: { uniqueID: "", commentmaxcount : 0, replymaxcount : 0, commentmincount : 1, replymincount : 1, }, }, wc_be_the_first_text: "Be the First to Comment!", wc_comment_join_text: "Join the discussion", theme: 'snow', debug: 'error' }; </script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/wpdiscuz/assets/js/wpdiscuz-combo.min.js?ver=7.6.27" id="wpdiscuz-combo-js-js"></script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.imagesloaded.min.js?ver=2.8.0.7" id="imagesloaded-js"></script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.ba-throttle-debounce.min.js?ver=2.8.0.7" id="jquery-throttle-js"></script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/b772dcbc7f6349acca43d4e7f9052b5c-layout-bundle.js?ver=2.8.0.7-1.4.9.2" id="fl-builder-layout-bundle-b772dcbc7f6349acca43d4e7f9052b5c-js"></script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/datepicker.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-datepicker-js"></script> <script id="jquery-ui-datepicker-js-after"> jQuery(function(jQuery){jQuery.datepicker.setDefaults({"closeText":"Close","currentText":"Today","monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Previous","dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"dateFormat":"MM d, yy","firstDay":1,"isRTL":false});}); </script> <script id="astra-addon-js-js-extra"> var astraAddon = {"sticky_active":"","svgIconClose":"<span class=\"ast-icon icon-close\"><\/span>","header_main_stick":"","header_above_stick":"","header_below_stick":"","stick_header_meta":"","header_main_stick_meta":"","header_above_stick_meta":"","header_below_stick_meta":"","sticky_header_on_devices":"desktop","sticky_header_style":"none","sticky_hide_on_scroll":"0","break_point":"1024","tablet_break_point":"768","mobile_break_point":"544","header_main_shrink":"","header_logo_width":"","responsive_header_logo_width":{"desktop":"","tablet":"100","mobile":"74"},"stick_origin_position":"","site_layout":"ast-full-width-layout","site_content_width":"1380","site_layout_padded_width":"1200","site_layout_box_width":"1200","header_builder_active":"","component_limit":"10","is_header_builder_active":""}; </script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/uploads/astra-addon/astra-addon-65f852447b8547-25564900.js?ver=4.6.4" id="astra-addon-js-js"></script> <script id="wth-frontend-js-extra"> var wth_js_lang = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"fcaceb9f5a","confirm":"Are you sure to delete item?","positive_feedback":"true","positive_feedback_option":"feedback_messege","positive_feedback_required":"","negative_feedback":"true","negative_feedback_required":"","wth_title_nothank":"What was wrong? Please help us.","wth_title_yesthank":"Well Done! Please leave your positive feedback.","wth_thank_you":"Thank You for your feedback.","submit_text":"Submit","wth_ga_enable":"","wth_ga_category":"Was This Helpful?","wth_ga_positive":"Positive Reviews","wth_ga_negative":"Negative Reviews","wth_share_ask":"Awesome, share it:","wth_fb_share":"Share","wth_twitter_share":"Tweet"}; var wth_js_lang = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"fcaceb9f5a","confirm":"Are you sure to delete item?","positive_feedback":"true","positive_feedback_option":"feedback_messege","positive_feedback_required":"","negative_feedback":"true","negative_feedback_required":"","wth_title_nothank":"What was wrong? Please help us.","wth_title_yesthank":"Well Done! Please leave your positive feedback.","wth_thank_you":"Thank You for your feedback.","submit_text":"Submit","wth_ga_enable":"","wth_ga_category":"Was This Helpful?","wth_ga_positive":"Positive Reviews","wth_ga_negative":"Negative Reviews","wth_share_ask":"Awesome, share it:","wth_fb_share":"Share","wth_twitter_share":"Tweet"}; var wth_js_lang = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/educate.apsanet.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"fcaceb9f5a","confirm":"Are you sure to delete item?","positive_feedback":"true","positive_feedback_option":"feedback_messege","positive_feedback_required":"","negative_feedback":"true","negative_feedback_required":"","wth_title_nothank":"What was wrong? Please help us.","wth_title_yesthank":"Well Done! Please leave your positive feedback.","wth_thank_you":"Thank You for your feedback.","submit_text":"Submit","wth_ga_enable":"","wth_ga_category":"Was This Helpful?","wth_ga_positive":"Positive Reviews","wth_ga_negative":"Negative Reviews","wth_share_ask":"Awesome, share it:","wth_fb_share":"Share","wth_twitter_share":"Tweet"}; </script> <script src="https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/was-this-helpful-pro//assets/js/flippercode-ui.js?ver=715f6e2ea20f224cbd05557390acfc0a" id="wth-frontend-js"></script> <script> /(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())},!1); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery( document ).ready(function() { // show more functionality jQuery( ".show-more-link" ).click(function() { jQuery(this).siblings('.show-more').addClass('active'); jQuery(this).siblings('.show-more').attr('aria-hidden','false'); jQuery(this).addClass('hidden'); }); jQuery( ".show-less-link" ).click(function() { jQuery(this).parent('.show-more').removeClass('active'); jQuery(this).siblings('.show-more').attr('aria-hidden','true'); jQuery(this).parent().siblings('.show-more-link').removeClass('hidden'); }); jQuery('.show-more').attr('aria-hidden', 'true'); jQuery( ".show-more-link" ).attr('tabindex','0'); jQuery( ".show-less-link" ).attr('tabindex','0'); jQuery( ".fl-accordion-button .fl-accordion-button-label" ).append( "<span class='screen-reader-text'>Use spacebar to open or close.</span>" ); jQuery('.fl-accordion-button-label, .fl-accordion-button-icon').attr('tabindex','-1'); jQuery('.fl-accordion-content').attr('tabindex','0'); jQuery('.fl-accordion-button[aria-expanded="false"]').keyup(function(e){ if(e.keyCode == 32){ jQuery(this).siblings('.fl-accordion-content').focus(); } }); // gravity forms jQuery('.radio-checkbox').wrapInner('<fieldset></fieldset>'); jQuery('.radio-checkbox .gfield_label').wrapInner('<legend></legend>'); jQuery('#field_4_17 .gfield_label').attr('tabindex','0'); jQuery('.gfield_description').attr('tabindex','0'); // License statement tooltips jQuery('.gchoice_4_15_0').append('<div tabindex="0" class=" tooltip tooltip-icon">? <span class="tooltip-text"> This license will allow site users to copy and redistribute the content in any medium or format. However, the content may not be used for commercial purposes and the user may not remix, transform, or build upon the content. Reuse of the content requires attribution to the corresponding author or coauthor(s). </span></div>'); jQuery('.gchoice_4_15_1').append('<div tabindex="0" class=" tooltip tooltip-icon">? <span class="tooltip-text">This license will allow site users to copy and redistribute the content in any medium or format and remix, transform, or build upon the content for any noncommercial purpose, but the content may not be used for any commercial purpose. If the content is remixed, transformed, or built upon, it must be distributed under the same license. Reuse of the content requires attribution to the corresponding author or coauthor(s).</span></div>'); jQuery('.gchoice_4_15_2').append('<div tabindex="0" class=" tooltip tooltip-icon">? <span class="tooltip-text">This license will allow site users to copy and redistribute the content in any medium or format and remix, transform, or build upon the content for any purpose, even commercially. Reuse of the content requires attribution to the corresponding author or coauthor(s).</span></div>'); jQuery('.gchoice_4_15_3').append('<div tabindex="0" class=" tooltip tooltip-icon">? <span class="tooltip-text"> This license will allow site users to copy and redistribute the content in any medium or format and remix, transform, or build upon the content for any purpose, even commercially. No requirement exists to attribute the corresponding author or coauthor(s) upon reuse since the CC 0 license effectively gives the content public-domain status and is most commonly used by US Government authors. </span></div>'); // Modal close loop jQuery('#gform_wrapper_4 button.gpnf-add-entry').attr('id','add-entry-btn'); jQuery('.tingle-modal__close').attr('id','modal-close'); jQuery('.tingle-modal').attr('id','upload-modal'); MutationObserver = window.MutationObserver || window.WebKitMutationObserver; var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations, observer) { jQuery('.tingle-modal-box__footer button.gpnf-btn-submit').attr('id', 'add-entry-modal'); jQuery('#add-entry-modal').on('click', function () { // Restore the content behind the modal jQuery('#page').attr('aria-hidden', true) .find('a[href], area[href], input:not([disabled]), select:not([disabled]), textarea:not([disabled]), button:not([disabled]), iframe, object, embed, *[tabindex], *[contenteditable], .screen-reader-shortcut').removeAttr('tabindex'); //$modal.hide(); setTimeout(function () { // Timeout is needed so the focus actually goes to the last place lastfocus.focus(); }, 100); }); }); if ( jQuery(".tingle-modal-box__footer").length > 0 ) { observer.observe(jQuery(".tingle-modal-box__footer")[0], { subtree: true, childList: true, attributes: false }); } var $modal = jQuery('#upload-modal'); var lastfocus; var links; jQuery('#add-entry-btn').on('click', function (e) { lastfocus = document.activeElement; var $this = jQuery(this); var text = $this.text(); var $popup = jQuery('#upload-modal .tingle-modal-box'); var group = this.parentNode.className; // Hide the content behind the modal from the screen reader jQuery('#page, #wpadminbar').attr('aria-hidden', true) .find('a[href], area[href], input:not([disabled]), select:not([disabled]), textarea:not([disabled]), button:not([disabled]), iframe, object, embed, *[tabindex], *[contenteditable], .screen-reader-shortcut').attr('tabindex', '-1'); links = $modal.find('.tingle-btn, #modal-close, select, input'); }); // Handle the closing of the modal jQuery('#modal-close').on('click', function () { // Restore the content behind the modal jQuery('#page, #wpadminbar').attr('aria-hidden', false) .find('a[href], area[href], input:not([disabled]), select:not([disabled]), textarea:not([disabled]), button:not([disabled]), iframe, object, embed, *[tabindex], *[contenteditable], .screen-reader-shortcut').removeAttr('tabindex'); $modal.hide(); setTimeout(function () { // Timeout is needed so the focus actually goes to the last place if(lastfocus != undefined){ lastfocus.focus(); } }, 100); }); jQuery('#add-entry-btn').on('click', function () { jQuery('.gpnf-btn-submit').on('click', function () { // Restore the content behind the modal jQuery('#page').attr('aria-hidden', false) .find('a[href], area[href], input:not([disabled]), select:not([disabled]), textarea:not([disabled]), button:not([disabled]), iframe, object, embed, *[tabindex], *[contenteditable], .screen-reader-shortcut').removeAttr('tabindex'); $modal.hide(); setTimeout(function () { // Timeout is needed so the focus actually goes to the last place lastfocus.focus(); }, 100); }); }); // Add keyboard handling for TAB circling $modal.on('keydown', function (e) { var cancel = false; if (e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey || e.altKey) { return; } switch(e.which) { case 27: // ESC $modal.hide(); lastfocus.focus(); cancel = true; break; case 9: // TAB if (e.shiftKey) { if (e.target === links[0]) { links[links.length - 1].focus(); cancel = true; } } else { if (e.target === links[links.length - 1]) { links[0].focus(); cancel = true; } } break; } if (cancel) { e.preventDefault(); } }); jQuery( '.favorite-button' ).click(function() { jQuery('.favorite-active-text').css('opacity','1'); }); jQuery('.acf-repeater .acf-actions .acf-button').click(function(){ setTimeout (function() { jQuery('#file-upload .acf-row:nth-last-child(2) .acf-field-select select').focus();; }, 100); }); jQuery('#file-upload .-plus').click(function(){ setTimeout (function() { jQuery('#file-upload .acf-row:nth-last-child(2) .acf-field-select select').focus();; }, 100); }); jQuery('#file-upload .-minus').click(function(){ setTimeout (function() { jQuery('body .acf-tooltip.-confirm a[data-event="confirm"]').focus(); jQuery('body .acf-tooltip.-confirm a[data-event="confirm"]').html('<span class="screen-reader-text">Are you sure? </span>Remove'); }, 100); }); jQuery('#add-entry-btn').click(function(){ setTimeout (function() { jQuery('#upload-modal #input_5_2').focus(); }, 100); }); setTimeout (function() { jQuery('.wpcr_style h3').attr('tabindex','0'); jQuery('.wpcr_style .wpcr__report-section__report').attr('tabindex','0'); jQuery('.wpcr__report-section__status').attr('tabindex','0'); if(jQuery('.wpcr__report-section__status').attr('aria-hidden') == 'true') { jQuery('.wpcr__report-section__status').removeAttr('tabindex'); } }, 3000); jQuery('html').bind('keydown', function (e) { if (e.keyCode == 9) { jQuery('html').addClass('focus'); }; }); }); //jQuery('.uabb-heading').attr('tabindex','0'); //jQuery('.uabb-text-editor p').attr('tabindex','0'); //jQuery('.fl-module-content p').attr('tabindex','0'); //jQuery('.resource-sidebar li.not(.essb_item)').attr('tabindex','0'); jQuery('.post-slideup p').attr('tabindex','-1'); jQuery('.resource-sidebar p').attr('tabindex','-1'); jQuery('.pp-category__img img').attr('aria-hidden','true'); jQuery('.uabb-button-icon-before').attr('alt','button icon'); jQuery('.-plus').html('<span class="screen-reader-text">Add row</span>'); jQuery('.-minu').html('<span class="screen-reader-text">Remove row</span>'); jQuery('.pdf_file_type a').prepend('<span class="screen-reader-text">P D F file: </span>'); jQuery('.video_link_file_type a').prepend('<span class="screen-reader-text">video: </span>'); jQuery('.website_link_type a').prepend('<span class="screen-reader-text">website link: </span>'); jQuery('.image_file_type a').prepend('<span class="screen-reader-text">Image file: </span>'); jQuery('.word_document_type a').prepend('<span class="screen-reader-text">word document file: </span>'); jQuery('.power_point_document_type a').prepend('<span class="screen-reader-text">power point document file: </span>'); jQuery('.excel_document_type a').prepend('<span class="screen-reader-text">excel document file: </span>'); //jQuery('.af-label > label').attr('tabindex','0'); jQuery('.acf-file-uploader p').attr('tabindex','-1'); jQuery('.acf-image-uploader p').attr('tabindex','-1'); jQuery('.logged-in-as').attr('tabindex','-1'); jQuery('#commentform p').attr('tabindex','-1'); jQuery('p.gpnf-add-entry-max').attr('tabindex','-1'); jQuery('#reply-title').attr('tabindex','0'); </script> <script type="text/javascript">(function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async=true;; po.src = 'https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/modules/pinterest-pro.min.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();(function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async=true;; po.src = 'https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/modules/subscribe-forms.min.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();(function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async=true;; po.src = 'https://educate.apsanet.org/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/js/essb-core.min.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();</script><script type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10