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Àlcali - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

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href="#bodyContent">Vés al contingut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menú principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menú principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menú principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegació </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d&#039;actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l&#039;Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca a Viquipèdia" aria-label="Cerca a Viquipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=ca.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&amp;returnto=%C3%80lcali" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=%C3%80lcali" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d&#039;usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=ca.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&amp;returnto=%C3%80lcali" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=%C3%80lcali" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l&#039;edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d&#039;aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Història" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Història"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Història</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Història-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Història</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Història-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Potassa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potassa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Potassa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potassa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sosa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sosa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sosa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sosa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amoníac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amoníac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Amoníac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amoníac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propietats_comunes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propietats_comunes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Propietats comunes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propietats_comunes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obtenció" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obtenció"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Obtenció</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Obtenció-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Obtenció</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Obtenció-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amoníac_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amoníac_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Amoníac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amoníac_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidròxid_de_sodi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidròxid_de_sodi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hidròxid de sodi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidròxid_de_sodi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidròxid_de_potassi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidròxid_de_potassi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hidròxid de potassi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidròxid_de_potassi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbonat_de_sodi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbonat_de_sodi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Carbonat de sodi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbonat_de_sodi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbonat_de_potassi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbonat_de_potassi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Carbonat de potassi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbonat_de_potassi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbonat_de_calci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbonat_de_calci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Carbonat de calci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbonat_de_calci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Òxid_de_calci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Òxid_de_calci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Òxid de calci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Òxid_de_calci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidròxid_de_calci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidròxid_de_calci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Hidròxid de calci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidròxid_de_calci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Àlcali</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 78 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="क्षार (रसायन विज्ञान) - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="क्षार (रसायन विज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A" title="قلوي - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قلوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99l%C9%99vi" title="Qələvi - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qələvi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Һелтеләр - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һелтеләр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Шчолачы - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шчолачы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B3_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Луг (хімія) - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Луг (хімія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Алкали - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алкали" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C4%95ng_(hu%C3%A1-h%C5%8Fk)" title="Giĕng (huá-hŏk) - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Giĕng (huá-hŏk)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%95" title="Сĕлтĕ - txuvaix" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сĕлтĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcali" title="Alcali - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alcali" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalien" title="Alkalien - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alkalien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalo" title="Alkalo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alkalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lcali" title="Álcali - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Álcali" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leelis" title="Leelis - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leelis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="قلیا - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قلیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcali" title="Alcali - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alcali" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcaile" title="Alcaile - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alcaile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lcali" title="Álcali - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Álcali" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99" title="אלקלי - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="क्षार (रसायन विज्ञान) - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्षार (रसायन विज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalije" title="Alkalije - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alkalije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAg" title="Lúg - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lúg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալկալիներ - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալկալիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcali" title="Alcali - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alcali" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalio" title="Alkalio - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alkalio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA" title="アルカリ - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルカリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalai" title="Alkalai - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Alkalai" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ტუტე - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტუტე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сілтілер - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сілтілер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಕ್ಷಾರ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಷಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC" title="알칼리 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알칼리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Щёлочтор - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Щёлочтор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0armas" title="Šarmas - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šarmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81rmi" title="Sārmi - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sārmi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82" title="Ямодт - mordovià erza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ямодт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="mordovià erza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="क्षार - nepalès" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्षार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcal%C3%AD" title="Alcalí - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alcalí" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalia" title="Alkalia - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alkalia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="الکلی - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الکلی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lcali" title="Álcali - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Álcali" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcaliu" title="Alcaliu - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alcaliu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Щёлочи - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Щёлочи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Солох - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Солох" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalije" title="Alkalije - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alkalije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalije" title="Alkalije - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Alkalije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நீர்க்காரம் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்க்காரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="క్షారం - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్షారం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5" title="อัลคาไล - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลคาไล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Луги (хімія) - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луги (хімія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="الکلی - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الکلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishqorlar" title="Ishqorlar - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ishqorlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_ki%E1%BB%81m" title="Chất kiềm - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chất kiềm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B1" title="碱 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="碱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaengq" title="Ndaengq - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaengq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B1" title="碱 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%BC" title="鹼 - xinès clàssic" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鹼" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="xinès clàssic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E6%80%A7" title="鹼性 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鹼性" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqubathi" title="Ingqubathi - zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingqubathi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q485742#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&amp;page=%C3%80lcali&amp;id=33978824&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25C3%2580lcali"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrKodu&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25C3%2580lcali"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=%C3%80lcali"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d&#039;aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q485742" title="Enllaç a l&#039;element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l&#039;enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><caption style="font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background-color: #b0d1ad;"><span style="float:left;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Test_tube_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Infotaula de compost químic"><img alt="Infotaula de compost químic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Test_tube_icon.svg/22px-Test_tube_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Test_tube_icon.svg/33px-Test_tube_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Test_tube_icon.svg/44px-Test_tube_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></span>Àlcali</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; width: 40%;">Substància química</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Subst%C3%A0ncia_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Substància química">substància química</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485742?uselang=ca#P31" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Un <b>àlcali</b> és un <a href="/wiki/Compost_qu%C3%ADmic" title="Compost químic">compost químic</a> soluble en aigua i amb propietats de <a href="/wiki/Base_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Base química">base</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%92xid" title="Òxid">òxid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B2xid" title="Hidròxid">hidròxid</a> o <a href="/wiki/Carbonat" title="Carbonat">carbonat</a> dels <a href="/wiki/Metall_alcal%C3%AD" title="Metall alcalí">metalls alcalins</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodi" title="Sodi">sodi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Potassi" title="Potassi">potassi</a> o dels <a href="/wiki/Alcalinoterri" title="Alcalinoterri">alcalinoterris</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnesi" title="Magnesi">magnesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calci" title="Calci">calci</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bari_(element)" title="Bari (element)">bari</a>, i l'<a href="/wiki/Amon%C3%ADac" title="Amoníac">amoníac</a>. Exemples d'àlcalis comuns són: l'<a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B2xid_de_sodi" title="Hidròxid de sodi">hidròxid de sodi</a> o sosa càustica NaOH, l'<a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B2xid_de_potassi" title="Hidròxid de potassi">hidròxid de potassi</a> o potassa càustica KOH, el <a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_potassi" title="Carbonat de potassi">carbonat de potassi</a> K₂CO₃, l'<a href="/wiki/Amon%C3%ADac" title="Amoníac">amoníac</a> NH₃ i l'<a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B2xid_d%27amoni" title="Hidròxid d&#39;amoni">hidròxid d'amoni</a> NH<sub>4</sub>OH —la seva solució aquosa—, l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92xid_de_calci" title="Òxid de calci">òxid de calci</a> o <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A7" title="Calç">calç</a> viva CaO i l'<a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B2xid_de_calci" title="Hidròxid de calci">hidròxid de calci</a> o calç morta Ca(OH)₂. Són composts molt emprats en la <a href="/wiki/Ind%C3%BAstria_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Indústria química">indústria química</a>. </p><p>Excepte l'amoníac, els àlcalis són composts sòlids, de color blanc i inodors. Tots són molt solubles en aigua, dissociant-se completament i donant lloc a anions hidròxid <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/67df34a451cb63d51af2da3befde8d614e821737" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.062ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}}"></span>en dissolució. Una dissolució d'un àlcali té un <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> superior a 7. Alguns exemples de reaccions amb l'aigua són: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NaOH(s) + H2O(l) -&gt; Na+(aq) + OH^- (aq)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>NaOH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>s</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>l</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <msup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NaOH(s) + H2O(l) -&gt; Na+(aq) + OH^- (aq)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4f7a8ba4cacc031f3a1e6d5b4968100d0a8230c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:44.898ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NaOH(s) + H2O(l) -&gt; Na+(aq) + OH^- (aq)}}}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CaO(s) + H2O(l) -&gt; Ca^{2+}(aq) + 2 OH- (aq)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CaO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>s</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>l</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <msup> <mtext>Ca</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CaO(s) + H2O(l) -&gt; Ca^{2+}(aq) + 2 OH- (aq)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33cfb8d59dc85afad3ead3a2583ed08b7081ba1b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:45.783ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CaO(s) + H2O(l) -&gt; Ca^{2+}(aq) + 2 OH- (aq)}}}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {K2CO3(s) + H2O(l) -&gt; 2K+(aq) + CO3^{2-}(aq)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>K</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>s</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>l</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>K</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {K2CO3(s) + H2O(l) -&gt; 2K+(aq) + CO3^{2-}(aq)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e78649f1bb6c285d2abda8422639422a0e3cfba0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:47.44ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {K2CO3(s) + H2O(l) -&gt; 2K+(aq) + CO3^{2-}(aq)}}}"></span> </p><p>Actuen com a <a href="/wiki/Base_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Base química">bases</a> fortes i són molt <a href="/wiki/Hidrosoluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidrosoluble">hidrosolubles</a>. Presenten <a href="/wiki/Tacte" title="Tacte">tacte</a> <a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%B3" title="Sabó">sabonós</a> i poden ser prou <a href="/wiki/Corrosiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosiu">corrosius</a> com per <a href="/wiki/Cremada_(lesi%C3%B3)" title="Cremada (lesió)">cremar</a> la <a href="/wiki/Pell" title="Pell">pell</a>, igual que els <a href="/wiki/%C3%80cid" title="Àcid">àcids</a> forts. Els àlcalis, ja sigui en <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B2lid" title="Sòlid">sòlid</a> o en solucions concentrades, són més destructius dels teixits animals que la majoria dels <a href="/wiki/%C3%80cid" title="Àcid">àcids</a>. Provoquen <a href="/wiki/Lesi%C3%B3" title="Lesió">lesions</a> profundes i doloroses, en dissoldre el <a href="/wiki/Greix" title="Greix">greix</a> <a href="/wiki/Pell" title="Pell">cutani</a>. Les pólvores, <a href="/wiki/Boira" title="Boira">boires</a> i <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapors</a> provoquen irritació <a href="/wiki/Aparell_respiratori" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparell respiratori">respiratòria</a>, de la <a href="/wiki/Pell" title="Pell">pell</a>, els <a href="/wiki/Ulls" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulls">ulls</a> i lesions a l'envà <a href="/wiki/Nas" title="Nas">nasal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Història"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Campfire_scar_08319.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Campfire_scar_08319.JPG/220px-Campfire_scar_08319.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Campfire_scar_08319.JPG/330px-Campfire_scar_08319.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Campfire_scar_08319.JPG/440px-Campfire_scar_08319.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cendra" title="Cendra">Cendra</a> obtinguda en cremar <a href="/wiki/Llenya" title="Llenya">llenya</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>El <a href="/wiki/Mot" title="Mot">mot</a> «àlcali» prové del <a href="/wiki/Baix_llat%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Baix llatí">baix llatí</a> <i>alcali</i>, i aquest, de l’<a href="/wiki/%C3%80rab" title="Àrab">àrab</a> vulgar <i>al-qalī,</i> القلي ,القالي, que significa ‘cendres <a href="/wiki/Calcinaci%C3%B3" title="Calcinació">calcinades’</a> perquè la <a href="/wiki/Cendra" title="Cendra">cendra</a> conté una gran quantitat de substàncies alcalines.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Des de l'Antiguitat es coneixia que de la cendra d'algunes plantes se'n podia separar una part soluble en aigua, per <a href="/wiki/Filtraci%C3%B3_(m%C3%A8tode_de_separaci%C3%B3)" title="Filtració (mètode de separació)">filtració</a> i posterior <a href="/wiki/Evaporaci%C3%B3" title="Evaporació">evaporació</a> de l'aigua, que tenia propietats tan importants com la de dissoldre l'<a href="/wiki/Oli" title="Oli">oli</a> (per a produir <a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%B3" title="Sabó">sabó</a>), intensificar alguns colorants vegetals o formar vidre en combinacions amb substàncies quarsoses. En els textos àrabs, les cendres d'aquestes plantes eren designades amb l'expressió <i>al-qalī,</i> de la qual procedeix el terme «àlcali». Fins al segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xviii</span> no es diferenciaren els dos tipus de substàncies alcalines contingudes en les cendres vegetals. Foren els treballs del botànic francès <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Louis_Duhamel_du_Monceau&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau (encara no existeix)">Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau</a> (1700-1782) sobre les sals formades per acció dels àcids sobre els àlcalis els que permeteren descobrir l'existència de dos composts: potassa i sosa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> En analitzar cendres de diferents procedències s'observà que la composició de la cendra depèn del tipus de planta, del tipus de sòl i del clima. Els components majoritaris són el <a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_calci" title="Carbonat de calci">carbonat de calci</a> CaCO₃ (al voltant del 50&#160;%), que és insoluble en aigua, i els <a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_sodi" title="Carbonat de sodi">carbonats de sodi</a> Na₂CO₃ i de <a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_potassi" title="Carbonat de potassi">potassi</a> K₂CO₃ (20-25&#160;%), solubles en aigua.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Composició de la cendre de <a href="/wiki/Faig" title="Faig">faig</a> <i>Fagus sylvatica</i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Compost </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_potassi" title="Carbonat de potassi">Carbonat de potassi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_sodi" title="Carbonat de sodi">Carbonat de sodi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sulfat_de_potassi" title="Sulfat de potassi">Sulfat de potassi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_calci" title="Carbonat de calci">Carbonat de calci</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%C3%92xid_de_magnesi" title="Òxid de magnesi">Òxid de magnesi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Fosfat_de_calci" title="Fosfat de calci">Fosfat de calci</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfat_de_magnesi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfat de magnesi (encara no existeix)">Fosfat de magnesi</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfat_de_ferro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfat de ferro (encara no existeix)">Fosfat de ferro</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfat_d%27alumini&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfat d&#39;alumini (encara no existeix)">Fosfat d'alumini</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfat_de_mangan%C3%A8s&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfat de manganès (encara no existeix)">Fosfat de manganès</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B2xid_de_silici" title="Diòxid de silici">Diòxid de silici</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>% </td> <td style="text-align:center">11,72 </td> <td style="text-align:center">12,37 </td> <td style="text-align:center">3,49 </td> <td style="text-align:center">49,54 </td> <td style="text-align:center">7,74 </td> <td style="text-align:center">3,32 </td> <td style="text-align:center">2,92 </td> <td style="text-align:center">0,76 </td> <td style="text-align:center">1,51 </td> <td style="text-align:center">1,59 </td> <td style="text-align:center">2,46 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potassa">Potassa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Potassa"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Uhli%C4%8Ditan_draseln%C3%BD.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Uhli%C4%8Ditan_draseln%C3%BD.PNG/220px-Uhli%C4%8Ditan_draseln%C3%BD.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Uhli%C4%8Ditan_draseln%C3%BD.PNG/330px-Uhli%C4%8Ditan_draseln%C3%BD.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Uhli%C4%8Ditan_draseln%C3%BD.PNG/440px-Uhli%C4%8Ditan_draseln%C3%BD.PNG 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_potassi" title="Carbonat de potassi">Carbonat de potassi</a> K₂CO₃.</figcaption></figure><p>La potassa (<a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_potassi" title="Carbonat de potassi">carbonat de potassi</a> K₂CO₃) és el component principal de les cendres de les plantes. Un extracte aquós de cendra de <a href="/wiki/Llenya" title="Llenya">llenya</a>, format principalment per una solució de <a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_potassi" title="Carbonat de potassi">carbonat de potassi</a>, és lleugerament bàsica i s'anomena «lleixiu de cendra». És el <a href="/wiki/Lleixiu" title="Lleixiu">lleixiu</a> natural que s'emprava per fer bugada abans que s'inventés el lleixiu modern, d'origen artificial. Després d'escalfar aquest producte amb <a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B2xid_de_calci" title="Hidròxid de calci">hidròxid de calci</a>, s'obté una substància més fortament bàsica que s'anomena «<a href="/wiki/Potassa_c%C3%A0ustica" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassa càustica">potassa càustica</a>» (<a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B2xid_de_potassi" title="Hidròxid de potassi">hidròxid de potassi</a> KOH) i que des d'antic es fa servir per a fer <a href="/wiki/Saponificaci%C3%B3" title="Saponificació">sabó</a> escalfant-la en una <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> amb greix vegetal o animal. El mot «potassa» prové de l’alemany <i>Pottasche</i>, compost de <i>Pott</i>, del francès <i>pot</i> ‘pot’, i <i>Asche</i> ‘cendra’.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sosa">Sosa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Sosa"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Uhli%C4%8Ditan_sodn%C3%BD.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Uhli%C4%8Ditan_sodn%C3%BD.PNG/220px-Uhli%C4%8Ditan_sodn%C3%BD.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Uhli%C4%8Ditan_sodn%C3%BD.PNG/330px-Uhli%C4%8Ditan_sodn%C3%BD.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Uhli%C4%8Ditan_sodn%C3%BD.PNG/440px-Uhli%C4%8Ditan_sodn%C3%BD.PNG 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_sodi" title="Carbonat de sodi">Carbonat de sodi</a> Na₂CO₃.</figcaption></figure><p>La sosa (<a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_sodi" title="Carbonat de sodi">carbonat de sodi</a> Na₂CO₃) és present en moltes espècies minerals i majoritària només en les cendres de plantes costaneres o marítimes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Els <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">egipcis</a> l'anomenaven <i>nitri</i>, que vol dir ‘diví’, ‘pur’, i els grecs νιτρον <i>nitron</i>. Posteriorment, els àrabs l'anomenaren <i><a href="/wiki/Natr%C3%B3" title="Natró">natró</a></i>, i d'ell passà al català.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Això produí que es confongués amb el nitro (<a href="/wiki/Nitrat_de_potassi" title="Nitrat de potassi">nitrat de potassi</a> KNO₃).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> El mot «sosa» prové de l’àrab vulgar <i>sáu̯da</i> ‘negre’ (potser a través d’un derivat del baix llatí <i>soda</i>), origen també de l’italià <i>soda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Salsola_soda_sl17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Salsola_soda_sl17.jpg/220px-Salsola_soda_sl17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Salsola_soda_sl17.jpg/330px-Salsola_soda_sl17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Salsola_soda_sl17.jpg/440px-Salsola_soda_sl17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barrellera" title="Barrellera">Barrellera</a> (<i>Soda inermis</i>.</figcaption></figure><p> De les seves cendres s'obtenia el <a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_sodi" title="Carbonat de sodi">carbonat de sodi</a> o sosa. Hom la troba en forma d'<a href="/wiki/Efloresc%C3%A8ncia" title="Eflorescència">eflorescències</a> o capes formades en llacs en dessecar-se totalment o parcialment durant l'estiu.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Documents de la <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_XVIII_d%27Egipte" title="Dinastia XVIII d&#39;Egipte">dinastia XVIII d'Egipte</a> (~1550 aC–1295 aC) indiquen que l'obtenien de jaciments naturals de la depressió <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_El_Natrun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi El Natrun (encara no existeix)">Wadi El Natrun</a>, prop de l'antiga ciutat de <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A0ucratis" title="Nàucratis">Nàucratis</a> i del <a href="/wiki/Delta_del_Nil" title="Delta del Nil">delta del Nil</a>; i també dels jaciments prop de la ciutat d'<a href="/wiki/El-Kab" title="El-Kab">El-Kab</a>, a l'<a href="/wiki/Alt_Egipte" title="Alt Egipte">Alt Egipte</a>. Els antics egipcis exportaven aquesta sal a molts països i s'emprava per blanquejar la roba, netejar-se la boca mastegant-la humida, com a component del foc d'<a href="/wiki/Encens" title="Encens">encens</a>, i també com a component de materials momificants.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Per altra banda, moltes de les plantes resistents a la salinitat, <a href="/wiki/Hal%C3%B2fit" title="Halòfit">halòfites</a>, s'usaren en diferents llocs per aconseguir carbonat de sodi. Són plantes dels gèneres <i><a href="/wiki/Salsola" title="Salsola">Salsola</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Salicorn" title="Salicorn"><i>Salicornia</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Atriplex" title="Atriplex">Atriplex</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lim%C3%B2nium" title="Limònium">Limonium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quenopodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenopodi">Quenopodi</a></i> i <i><a href="/wiki/Fucus" title="Fucus">Fucus</a></i>. A la costa mediterrània de la península Ibèrica (<a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_d%27Alacant" title="Província d&#39;Alacant">Alacant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regi%C3%B3_de_M%C3%BArcia" title="Regió de Múrcia">Múrcia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_M%C3%A0laga" title="Província de Màlaga">Màlaga</a>) es cultivava i s'exportava; i també a altres indrets on no n'era nativa (<a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%B3" title="Aragó">Aragó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_Granada" title="Província de Granada">Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_Sevilla" title="Província de Sevilla">Sevilla</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Castella_-_la_Manxa" title="Castella - la Manxa">Castella-la Manxa</a>). Les cendres contenen un 25–30&#160;% de carbonat de sodi. Durant el segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xviii</span> era el producte de més alta qualitat que es podia obtenir arreu d'Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Nicolas_Leblanc_-_CNAM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nicolas_Leblanc_-_CNAM.jpg/220px-Nicolas_Leblanc_-_CNAM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nicolas_Leblanc_-_CNAM.jpg/330px-Nicolas_Leblanc_-_CNAM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nicolas_Leblanc_-_CNAM.jpg/440px-Nicolas_Leblanc_-_CNAM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Leblanc" title="Nicolas Leblanc">Nicolas Leblanc</a>, estàtua al <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_National_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers">Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cap al 1750 la capacitat de producció de carbonat de sodi i la reducció del comerç per culpa de les guerres feren que el seu subministrament pel seu creixent ús (mineria, metal·lúrgia, producció de <a href="/wiki/Vidre" title="Vidre">vidre</a>, fabricació de <a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%B3" title="Sabó">sabó</a>, etc.) fou insuficient. Aleshores el 1775 el govern francès de <a href="/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_XVI_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Lluís XVI de França">Lluís XVI</a> (1754-1793) oferí un premi de 2400 lliures a l'<a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Francesa_de_les_Ci%C3%A8ncies" title="Acadèmia Francesa de les Ciències"><i>Académie des Sciencies</i></a> per premiar a qui descobrís un mètode per produir carbonat de sodi a partir de la sal marina, <a href="/wiki/Clorur_de_sodi" title="Clorur de sodi">clorur de sodi</a> NaCl. Molts científics d'arreu d'Europa participaren en aquest concurs resultant guanyador el químic francès <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Leblanc" title="Nicolas Leblanc">Nicolas Leblanc</a> (1742-1806) el 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Malgrat iniciar la producció industrial de carbonat de sodi, Leblanc mai rebé el premi ofert perquè l&#39;<i>Académie des Sciences</i> es dissolgué amb la <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_Francesa" title="Revolució Francesa">Revolució Francesa</a> de 1789. El 1855 <a href="/wiki/Napole%C3%B3_III" title="Napoleó III">Napoleó III</a> (1808-1893) concedí un pagament als seus hereus en lloc del premi.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiefer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiefer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Les reaccions del <a href="/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_Leblanc" title="Procés Leblanc">procés Leblanc</a> són: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2~NaCl+H_{2}SO_{4}\rightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}+2~HCl} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {2~NaCl+H_{2}SO_{4}\rightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}+2~HCl} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d5b357686581589ac52d9fade7dae386a9ad8b4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:37.146ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2~NaCl+H_{2}SO_{4}\rightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}+2~HCl} }"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2SO4 + 2C -&gt; Na2S + 2CO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>C</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>S</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2SO4 + 2C -&gt; Na2S + 2CO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2b17a6065e020140cfafe3d9af1310cf56b8d2bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:33.461ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2SO4 + 2C -&gt; Na2S + 2CO2}}}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2S + CaCO3 -&gt; Na2CO3 + CaS}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>S</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CaCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>CaS</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2S + CaCO3 -&gt; Na2CO3 + CaS}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a5d3b3162ae24f26cb0e4e82d29acda44fa0925" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:36.043ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2S + CaCO3 -&gt; Na2CO3 + CaS}}}"></span> </p><p>El 1861, el químic industrial belga <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Solvay" title="Ernest Solvay">Ernest Solvay</a> (1838-1922) desenvolupà un mètode per convertir el clorur de sodi en carbonat de sodi mitjançant <a href="/wiki/Amon%C3%ADac" title="Amoníac">amoníac</a> i <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B2xid_de_carboni" title="Diòxid de carboni">diòxid de carboni</a>. Aquest nou procés era substancialment més econòmic que el procés de Leblanc, que també genera dos productes de rebuig, el <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_de_calci" title="Sulfur de calci">sulfur de calci</a> i el <a href="/wiki/Clorur_d%27hidrogen" title="Clorur d&#39;hidrogen">clorur d'hidrogen</a>, que produïen problemes d'eliminació i de toxicitat. El <a href="/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_Solvay" title="Procés Solvay">procés de Solvay</a> arribà a dominar ràpidament la producció de carbonat de sodi a escala mundial. Cap al 1900, el 90&#160;% del carbonat de sodi era produït pel procés Solvay, i l'última planta de procés de Leblanc es tancà a principis dels anys vint.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Actualment, el 71,7&#160;% de la producció mundial empra el procés Solvay i la resta s'obté de dipòsits naturals.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>La sosa obtinguda de qualsevol d'aquestes maneres és el carbonat de sodi, que tractat amb cal càustica es transforma en <a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B2xid_de_sodi" title="Hidròxid de sodi">hidròxid de sodi</a> NaOH o «sosa càustica». Malgrat que durant molt de temps les plantes foren la principal font d'obtenció d'ambdós àlcalis, la presència de la sosa en el regne mineral i la suposada exclusivitat de la potassa en el vegetal dugueren a anomenar «àlcali mineral» al primer i «àlcali vegetal» al segon.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amoníac"><span id="Amon.C3.ADac"></span>Amoníac</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Amoníac"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:SiwaAghurmiTemple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/SiwaAghurmiTemple.jpg/220px-SiwaAghurmiTemple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/SiwaAghurmiTemple.jpg/330px-SiwaAghurmiTemple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/SiwaAghurmiTemple.jpg/440px-SiwaAghurmiTemple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Restes de l'<a href="/wiki/Oracle_d%27Amon" title="Oracle d&#39;Amon">oracle d'Ammó</a> a Siwa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Finalment, aquests dos àlcalis sòlids foren també anomenats «àlcalis fixos» per diferenciar-los de l'«àlcali volàtil» o «àlcali animal» que s'aconseguia principalment de la <a href="/wiki/Putrefacci%C3%B3" title="Putrefacció">putrefacció</a> de cossos orgànics d'origen animal. Aquest compost s'anomena actualment <a href="/wiki/Amon%C3%ADac" title="Amoníac">amoníac</a> NH₃.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> L'etimologia del mot «amoníac» prové del llatí <i>ammoniăcum</i> 'goma resinosa medicinal', i aquest del grec ἀμμωνιακόν <i>ammōniakón;</i> pròpiament 'del país d'<a href="/wiki/Amon" title="Amon">Ammó</a>', perquè procedia a l'<a href="/wiki/Oasi_de_Siwa" title="Oasi de Siwa">oasi de Siwa</a> situat al nord-oest d'<a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a>, al <a href="/wiki/Desert_de_L%C3%ADbia" title="Desert de Líbia">desert de Líbia</a>, on s'erigia el famós <a href="/wiki/Oracle_d%27Amon" title="Oracle d&#39;Amon">oracle d'Ammó</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prop d'aquest temple hi havia un lloc on els visitants hi deixaven els seus camells quan anaven a resar i on s'hi acumulà amb els anys una gran quantitat de fems. D'aquest dipòsit s'hi obtenia el <a href="/wiki/Clorur_d%27amoni" title="Clorur d&#39;amoni">clorur d'amoni</a> NH<sub>4</sub>Cl que s'exportava.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propietats_comunes">Propietats comunes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Propietats comunes"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tots els àlcalis són bases que formen <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B3_hidr%C3%B2xid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ió hidròxid">ions hidròxid</a> (OH<sup>-</sup>) quan es dissolen en l'aigua. Les propietats comunes de les solucions alcalines aquoses inclouen: </p> <ul><li>Les solucions moderadament concentrades (sobre 10<sup>−3</sup> M) tenen un pH de 7,1 o superior. Això significa que faran virar la <a href="/wiki/Fenolftale%C3%AFna" title="Fenolftaleïna">fenolftaleïna</a> d'incolora a rosa.</li> <li>Les solucions concentrades són càustiques, és a dir, fan cremades químiques.</li> <li>Les solucions alcalines són relliscoses o sabonoses al tacte per la saponificació dels àcids grassos sobre la superfície e la pell.</li> <li>Els àlcalis normalment són solubles en aigua, però alguns com el <a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_bari" title="Carbonat de bari">carbonat de bari</a>, només són solubles quan reacciones amb una solució aquosa àcida.</li> <li>Els àcids i els àlcalis es mesuren en l'escala de <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>.</li> <li>Fan virar a color blau fosc l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indicador_universal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Indicador universal (encara no existeix)">indicador universal</a> de color <a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_porpra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Color porpra (encara no existeix)">porpra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obtenció"><span id="Obtenci.C3.B3"></span>Obtenció</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Obtenció"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els àlcalis més importants pel les seves aplicacions són l'amoníac, l'hidròxid de sodi, l'hidròxid de potassi, el carbonat de sodi, el carbonat de potassi, el carbonat de calci, l'oxid de calci i l'hidròxid de calci. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amoníac_2"><span id="Amon.C3.ADac_2"></span>Amoníac</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Amoníac"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El <a href="/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_de_Haber-Bosch" title="Procés de Haber-Bosch">procés de Haber-Bosch</a> és l'únic mètode de síntesi d'<a href="/wiki/Amon%C3%ADac" title="Amoníac">amoníac</a> emprat per la industria en l'actualitat. És un mètode de síntesi directa d'amoníac a partir d'<a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, segons l'equilibri:<sup id="cite_ref-:22_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {3H2(g) + N2(g) &lt;=&gt; 2NH3(g)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">&#x21BD;<!-- ↽ --></mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">&#x21C0;<!-- ⇀ --></mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {3H2(g) + N2(g) &lt;=&gt; 2NH3(g)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5b912fdd593e3efc2fee93a6d17cafb6db50514d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:29.638ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {3H2(g) + N2(g) &lt;=&gt; 2NH3(g)}}}"></span>El nitrogen s'obté de l'aire i l'hidrogen es pot preparar industrialment de moltes maneres diferents però, econòmicament, els processos més importants actualment comprenen l'eliminació d'hidrogen dels hidrocarburs. L'hidrogen comercial a granel se sol produir mitjançant el <a href="/wiki/Reformat_amb_vapor" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformat amb vapor">reformat amb vapor</a> del <a href="/wiki/Gas_natural" title="Gas natural">gas natural</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxtoby_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxtoby-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + H2O -&gt; CO + 3 H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + H2O -&gt; CO + 3 H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d09690f2066e52ea746e3e6e6987bdf9ae222020" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.691ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + H2O -&gt; CO + 3 H2}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hidròxid_de_sodi"><span id="Hidr.C3.B2xid_de_sodi"></span>Hidròxid de sodi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Hidròxid de sodi"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fitxer:Chloralkali_membrane_(multilang).svg&amp;lang=ca" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chloralkali_membrane_%28multilang%29.svg/langca-440px-Chloralkali_membrane_%28multilang%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chloralkali_membrane_%28multilang%29.svg/langca-660px-Chloralkali_membrane_%28multilang%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chloralkali_membrane_%28multilang%29.svg/langca-880px-Chloralkali_membrane_%28multilang%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Procés de membrana per a l'obtenció d'hidròxid de sodi.</figcaption></figure> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B2xid_de_sodi" title="Hidròxid de sodi">hidròxid de sodi</a> s'obté actualment per <a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B2lisi" title="Electròlisi">electròlisi</a> d'una dissolució de <a href="/wiki/Clorur_de_sodi" title="Clorur de sodi">clorur de sodi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salmorra" title="Salmorra">salmorra</a>) en una <a href="/wiki/Cel%C2%B7la_electrol%C3%ADtica" title="Cel·la electrolítica">cel·la electrolítica</a> que separa la part de l'ànode de la del càtode mitjançant una membrana. En passar-hi el <a href="/wiki/Corrent_el%C3%A8ctric" title="Corrent elèctric">corrent elèctric</a> el clorur Cl<sup>–</sup> s'<a href="/wiki/Oxidaci%C3%B3" title="Oxidació">oxida</a> a l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%80node" title="Ànode">ànode</a> i forma <a href="/wiki/Clor" title="Clor">clor</a> Cl₂, que es desprèn, segons la semireacció:<sup id="cite_ref-:13_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Cl- -&gt; Cl2 + 2e-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2Cl- -&gt; Cl2 + 2e-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9efb7ef9e1a91719eb9a9e26ae9fe530f1412323" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:20.793ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2Cl- -&gt; Cl2 + 2e-}}}"></span> </p><p>En el <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A0tode" title="Càtode">càtode</a> s'allibera <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> H₂ per <a href="/wiki/Reducci%C3%B3" title="Reducció">reducció</a> dels cations <a href="/wiki/Oxidani" title="Oxidani">oxoni</a> H₃O<sup>+</sup> que provenen de l'<a href="/wiki/Autoprot%C3%B2lisi" title="Autoprotòlisi">autoprotòlisi</a> de l'aigua en cations oxoni i anions hidròxid OH<sup>–</sup>:<sup id="cite_ref-:13_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O &lt;=&gt; H3O+ + OH-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">&#x21BD;<!-- ↽ --></mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">&#x21C0;<!-- ⇀ --></mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O &lt;=&gt; H3O+ + OH-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f1fffee921e1af8ea77ebb27a790e53aa71a52d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:24.822ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O &lt;=&gt; H3O+ + OH-}}}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H3O+ + 2e- -&gt; H2 + 2H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2H3O+ + 2e- -&gt; H2 + 2H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3b26e294a9a4266f1d75722e1ca2de9e4bddc741" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.488ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H3O+ + 2e- -&gt; H2 + 2H2O}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hidròxid_de_potassi"><span id="Hidr.C3.B2xid_de_potassi"></span>Hidròxid de potassi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Hidròxid de potassi"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'hidròxid de potassi s'obté igual que l'hidròxid de sodi, en aquest cas per electròlisi del <a href="/wiki/Clorur_de_potassi" title="Clorur de potassi">clorur de potassi</a>, que és un subproducte de la fabricació d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%80cid_n%C3%ADtric" title="Àcid nítric">àcid nítric</a> a partir de <a href="/wiki/Nitrat_de_potassi" title="Nitrat de potassi">nitrat de potassi</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C3%80cid_clorh%C3%ADdric" title="Àcid clorhídric">àcid clorhídric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Solvay_process_reaction_scheme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Solvay_process_reaction_scheme.svg/220px-Solvay_process_reaction_scheme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Solvay_process_reaction_scheme.svg/330px-Solvay_process_reaction_scheme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Solvay_process_reaction_scheme.svg/440px-Solvay_process_reaction_scheme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Reaccions químiques en el procés de Solvay (verd = reactiu, negre = intermedi de reacció, vermell = producte)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbonat_de_sodi">Carbonat de sodi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Carbonat de sodi"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El <a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_sodi" title="Carbonat de sodi">carbonat de sodi</a> s'obté actualment de forma majoritària pel <a href="/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_Solvay" title="Procés Solvay">procés Solvay</a> que empra <a href="/wiki/Clorur_de_sodi" title="Clorur de sodi">clorur de sodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amon%C3%ADac" title="Amoníac">amoníac</a> obtingut pel <a href="/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_de_Haber-Bosch" title="Procés de Haber-Bosch">procés de Haber-Bosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B2xid_de_carboni" title="Diòxid de carboni">diòxid de carboni</a> i aigua. Primer s'obté <a href="/wiki/Hidrogencarbonat_de_sodi" title="Hidrogencarbonat de sodi">hidrogencarbonat de sodi</a> que, en una segona etapa, s'escalfa i dona el carbonat de sodi:<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NaCl + NH3 + CO2 + H2O -&gt; NaHCO3 + NH4Cl}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>NaCl</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NaHCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NaCl + NH3 + CO2 + H2O -&gt; NaHCO3 + NH4Cl}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b13ad8f00a53f339bbac50ca026e100cdaff04b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:51.429ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NaCl + NH3 + CO2 + H2O -&gt; NaHCO3 + NH4Cl}}}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2NaHCO3 -&gt; Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>NaHCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2NaHCO3 -&gt; Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/70c69fbc294522ab878ca63f2f72e797bf61d0c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:39.162ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2NaHCO3 -&gt; Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbonat_de_potassi">Carbonat de potassi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifica la secció: Carbonat de potassi"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El <a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_potassi" title="Carbonat de potassi">carbonat de potassi</a> s'obté per la reacció entre el diòxid de carboni i l'hidròxid de potassi obtingut per <a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B2lisi" title="Electròlisi">electròlisi</a> del <a href="/wiki/Clorur_de_potassi" title="Clorur de potassi">clorur de potassi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbonat_de_calci">Carbonat de calci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifica la secció: Carbonat de calci"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Cliffs_of_Dover_with_fresh_subsidence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cliffs_of_Dover_with_fresh_subsidence.jpg/220px-Cliffs_of_Dover_with_fresh_subsidence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cliffs_of_Dover_with_fresh_subsidence.jpg/330px-Cliffs_of_Dover_with_fresh_subsidence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cliffs_of_Dover_with_fresh_subsidence.jpg/440px-Cliffs_of_Dover_with_fresh_subsidence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Costa de <a href="/wiki/Dover_(Anglaterra)" title="Dover (Anglaterra)">Dover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra">Anglaterra</a>, formada per <a href="/wiki/Creta" title="Creta">creta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roca_sediment%C3%A0ria" title="Roca sedimentària">roca sedimentària</a> blanca i porosa, una forma de <a href="/wiki/Pedra_calc%C3%A0ria" title="Pedra calcària">pedra calcària</a> composta pel <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> <a href="/wiki/Calcita" title="Calcita">calcita</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>El <a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_calci" title="Carbonat de calci">carbonat de calci</a> es troba a la naturalesa en el mineral <a href="/wiki/Calcita" title="Calcita">calcita</a>, d'on se'l obté.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Òxid_de_calci"><span id=".C3.92xid_de_calci"></span>Òxid de calci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifica la secció: Òxid de calci"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92xid_de_calci" title="Òxid de calci">òxid de calci</a> s'obté habitualment de la descomposició tèrmica de materials com la <a href="/wiki/Pedra_calc%C3%A0ria" title="Pedra calcària">pedra calcària</a> que contenen <a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_calci" title="Carbonat de calci">carbonat de calci</a> en un <a href="/wiki/Forn_de_cal%C3%A7" title="Forn de calç">forn de calç</a>. Això s'aconsegueix escalfant el material per sobre de 825 °C durant unes 10 hores, procés anomenat <a href="/wiki/Calcinaci%C3%B3" title="Calcinació">calcinació</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:22_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCO3(s) -&gt; CaO(s) + CO2(g)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CaCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>s</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <mtext>CaO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>s</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCO3(s) -&gt; CaO(s) + CO2(g)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/23494cf2c5662d811f98113610602d8cb32322f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:32.929ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCO3(s) -&gt; CaO(s) + CO2(g)}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hidròxid_de_calci"><span id="Hidr.C3.B2xid_de_calci"></span>Hidròxid de calci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifica la secció: Hidròxid de calci"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B2xid_de_calci" title="Hidròxid de calci">hidròxid de calci</a> s'obté per reacció de l'òxid de calci amb aigua. La reacció és:<sup id="cite_ref-:22_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CaO(s) + H2O(l) -&gt; Ca(OH)2(s)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CaO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>s</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>l</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">&#x27F6;<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <mtext>Ca</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>s</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CaO(s) + H2O(l) -&gt; Ca(OH)2(s)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/20e6c95ddb6e35b4a2d93acb02c8329c2cc1d2a2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:34.353ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CaO(s) + H2O(l) -&gt; Ca(OH)2(s)}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:22-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:22_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:22_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:22_1-2">1,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:22_1-3">1,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:22_1-4">1,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:22_1-5">1,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:22_1-6">1,6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:22_1-7">1,7</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBabor,_Joseph_A.imp._1979"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Babor, Joseph A.</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/627005760"><i>Química general moderna&#160;: una introducción a la química física y a la química descriptiva superior (inorgánica, orgánica y bioquímica)</i></a>. 8{487} ed., reimp.&#32; Barcelona:&#32;Marín,&#32;imp. 1979. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/8471029979" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/8471029979">ISBN 8471029979</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Qu%C3%ADmica+general+moderna+%3A+una+introducci%C3%B3n+a+la+qu%C3%ADmica+f%C3%ADsica+y+a+la+qu%C3%ADmica+descriptiva+superior+%28inorg%C3%A1nica%2C+org%C3%A1nica+y+bioqu%C3%ADmica%29&amp;rft.aulast=Babor%2C+Joseph+A.&amp;rft.date=imp.+1979&amp;rft.edition=8%7B487%7D+ed.%2C+reimp&amp;rft.pub=Mar%C3%ADn&amp;rft.place=Barcelona&amp;rft.isbn=8471029979&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F627005760"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diccionari.cat/EC-GDLC-e{{{id}}}.xml">àlcali</a>».&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Diccionari_de_la_Llengua_Catalana" title="Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana">Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana</a></i>.&#32; Barcelona:&#32; <a href="/wiki/Grup_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana">Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>.&#32;[Consulta: 2 gener 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2">3,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3">3,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4">3,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5">3,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBertomeu_SánchezGarcía_Belmar2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bertomeu Sánchez</span>, José Ramón;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">García Belmar</span>, Antonio. <i>La revolución química: entre la historia y la memoria</i>.&#32; València:&#32;Universitat de València,&#32;2006. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-84-370-6549-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-84-370-6549-6">ISBN 978-84-370-6549-6</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+revoluci%C3%B3n+qu%C3%ADmica%3A+entre+la+historia+y+la+memoria&amp;rft.aulast=Bertomeu+S%C3%A1nchez&amp;rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ram%C3%B3n&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pub=Universitat+de+Val%C3%A8ncia&amp;rft.place=Val%C3%A8ncia&amp;rft.isbn=978-84-370-6549-6"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHertwig1843"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hertwig</span>, C.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=hz49AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA97&amp;hl=ca&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Chemische Untersuchung einiger Pfanzenaschen</a>».&#32;<i>Ann. der Chem. u Pharm.</i>,&#32;XLVI,&#32;1843,&#32;pàg.&#160;97.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diccionari.cat/EC-GDLC-e{{{id}}}.xml">potassa</a>».&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Diccionari_de_la_Llengua_Catalana" title="Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana">Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana</a></i>.&#32; Barcelona:&#32; <a href="/wiki/Grup_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana">Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>.&#32;[Consulta: 3&#160;gener 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:03_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:03_6-1">6,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFWisniak2003"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wisniak</span>, Jaime&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236233805_Sodium_Carbonate_-_From_Natural_Sources_to_Leblanc_and_Back">Sodium Carbonate – From Natural Sources to Leblanc and Back</a>».&#32;<i>Indian Journal of Chemical Technology</i>,&#32;10,&#32;01-01-2003,&#32;pàg.&#160;99–112.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diccionari.cat/EC-GDLC-e{{{id}}}.xml">sosa</a>».&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Diccionari_de_la_Llengua_Catalana" title="Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana">Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana</a></i>.&#32; Barcelona:&#32; <a href="/wiki/Grup_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana">Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>.&#32;[Consulta: 3&#160;gener 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:02_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:02_8-1">8,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFWisniak2003"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wisniak</span>, Jaime&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236233805_Sodium_Carbonate_-_From_Natural_Sources_to_Leblanc_and_Back">Sodium Carbonate – From Natural Sources to Leblanc and Back</a>».&#32;<i>Indian Journal of Chemical Technology</i>,&#32;10,&#32;01-01-2003,&#32;pàg.&#160;99–112.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiefer-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kiefer_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKiefer2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kiefer</span>, David M.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/tcaw/11/i01/html/01chemchron.html">It was all about alkali</a>».&#32;<i>Today's Chemist at Work</i>,&#32;11,&#32;1,&#32;1-2002,&#32;pàg.&#160;45–6.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lazonby</span>, John.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/chemicals/sodium-carbonate.html">Sodium carbonate</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;[Consulta: 12 novembre 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Christian Thieme. <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>.&#32; Weinheim:&#32;Wiley-VCH,&#32;2000. <span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a24_299">10.1002/14356007.a24_299</a></span>. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-3527306732" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-3527306732">ISBN 978-3527306732</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&amp;rft.au=Christian+Thieme&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&amp;rft.place=Weinheim&amp;rft.isbn=978-3527306732&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F14356007.a24_299"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lazonby</span>, John.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/chemicals/sodium-carbonate.html">Sodium carbonate</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;[Consulta: 12 novembre 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ASALE</span>, RAE-&#59; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">RAE</span>.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/amoniaco">amoniaco | Diccionario de la lengua española</a>»&#32;(en castellà).&#32;[Consulta: 19 novembre 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBalmaceda2011"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Balmaceda</span>, D. <i>Historia de las palabras</i>.&#32; Argentina:&#32;Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial,&#32;2011. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9789500736848" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9789500736848">ISBN 9789500736848</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Historia+de+las+palabras&amp;rft.aulast=Balmaceda&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+Grupo+Editorial&amp;rft.place=Argentina&amp;rft.isbn=9789500736848"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxtoby-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Oxtoby_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFOxtoby2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Oxtoby</span>, D. W.. <i>Principles of Modern Chemistry</i>&#32;(en anglès). 5a ed..&#32; Thomson Brooks/Cole,&#32;2002. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-03-035373-4" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-03-035373-4">ISBN 0-03-035373-4</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Principles+of+Modern+Chemistry&amp;rft.aulast=Oxtoby&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+W.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.edition=5a+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Thomson+Brooks%2FCole&amp;rft.isbn=0-03-035373-4"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:13_16-0">16,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:13_16-1">16,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lazonby</span>, John.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/chemicals/sodium-hydroxide.html">Sodium hydroxide</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32;[Consulta: 12 novembre 2019].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann2_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Christian Thieme. <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>.&#32; Weinheim:&#32;Wiley-VCH,&#32;2000. <span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a24_299">10.1002/14356007.a24_299</a></span>. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-3527306732" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-3527306732">ISBN 978-3527306732</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&amp;rft.au=Christian+Thieme&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&amp;rft.place=Weinheim&amp;rft.isbn=978-3527306732&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F14356007.a24_299"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80lcali&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_(qu%C3%ADmica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Base (química)">Base (química)</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d&#39;autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560340">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐59f69494b‐t5szz Cached time: 20241212152636 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.442 seconds Real time usage: 0.700 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6367/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 27283/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7961/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18957/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.137/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2884129/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 494.821 1 -total 58.54% 289.656 1 Plantilla:Infotaula_compost_químic 51.32% 253.920 1 Plantilla:Infotaula 27.48% 135.984 1 Plantilla:Referències 8.81% 43.608 7 Plantilla:Ref-web 8.36% 41.345 6 Plantilla:Ref-llibre 6.44% 31.847 1 Plantilla:Autoritat 5.31% 26.258 1 Plantilla:OpenDivRTL 5.20% 25.752 4 Plantilla:Ref-publicació 5.10% 25.228 2 Plantilla:Dir --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key cawiki:pcache:807431:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241212152636 and revision id 33978824. 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