מדליקות - חנוכה בתנועה הרפורמית

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בקהילות</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> <div class="logo-text-wrap"> <span class="header-text mobile">חנוכה</span> </div> </div> </header> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div class="hero-wrap long" style="background-image: url('https://hanukkah.reform.org.il/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2023/10/candle-lighting.jpg')"> <div class="hero-overlay"></div> <div class="hero-squares-wrap" style="background-image: url('https://hanukkah.reform.org.il/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2023/10/hanukkah-icon.png')"></div> <div class="opening-content"> <div class="title-wrap"> <h1> מדליקות?</h1> </div> <div class="sub-title-wrap"> <h2>מדוע ויתרו נשים על חובתן ההלכתית להדליק נרות</h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="breadcrumbs"><span id="breadcrumbs"><span><span><a href="https://hanukkah.reform.org.il/">חגים בתנועה הרפורמית</a></span> / <span><a href="https://hanukkah.reform.org.il/articles/women/">נשים בחנוכה</a></span> / <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">מדליקות</span></span></span></div> <main id="primary" class="site-main"> <article id="post-1197" class="post-1197 articles type-articles status-publish hentry article_category-women"> <div class="wrapper "> <div class="container main"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title">מדליקות</h1> <div class="excerpt-wrap"> <p>לפי מנהג "המהדרין" שאותו אימצה ההלכה האשכנזית, בנוסף למנהג "המהדרין שבמהדרין" , על מספר החנוכיות שמדליקים בבית להיות זהה למספר בני הבית החייבים בהדלקה, ומכאן בפשטות שגם על האישה שבבית להדליק נרות משלה. דא עקא, נשים ויתרו על קיום המצווה באופן עצמאי והסתפקו בהדלקה של "בעל-הבית".</p> </div> </header> <div class="more-info-strip"> <dl> <div class="item date"> <div class="item-detail"> <dd>07/11/2023</dd> </div> </div> <div class="item author"> <div class="item-detail"> <dt> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14.574" height="14.574" viewBox="0 0 14.574 14.574"> <g id="user" transform="translate(-3 -3)"> <path id="Path_6008" data-name="Path 6008" d="M10.626,10.1a3.884,3.884,0,0,0,2.3.746,4.009,4.009,0,0,0,3.924-3.924A3.924,3.924,0,1,0,10.626,10.1Z" transform="translate(-2.637 0)" fill="#116cac" /> <path id="Path_6009" data-name="Path 6009" d="M13.74,16.55a5.028,5.028,0,0,1-6.906,0A7.3,7.3,0,0,0,3,22.968a.562.562,0,0,0,.561.561H17.014a.562.562,0,0,0,.561-.561A7.3,7.3,0,0,0,13.74,16.55Z" transform="translate(0 -5.955)" fill="#116cac" /> </g> </svg> </dt> <dd>בטחה הר שפי</dd> </div> </div> <div class="item categories"> <div class="item-detail categories info-item" title="נשים בחנוכה" style="display:flex;"> <dt style="display: flex; align-items: center;"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.271" height="15.271" viewBox="0 0 15.271 15.271"> <path id="Path_4855" data-name="Path 4855" d="M0,7.519V1.432A1.432,1.432,0,0,1,1.432,0H7.519A1.432,1.432,0,0,1,8.532.419l6.319,6.319a1.432,1.432,0,0,1,0,2.025L8.763,14.851a1.432,1.432,0,0,1-2.025,0L.419,8.532A1.432,1.432,0,0,1,0,7.519ZM3.34,1.909A1.432,1.432,0,1,0,4.772,3.34,1.432,1.432,0,0,0,3.34,1.909Z" fill="#116cac"/> </svg> </dt> <div class="dd-wrap"> <dd style="margin:0 5px"><a href="https://hanukkah.reform.org.il/articles/women/" title="נשים בחנוכה" target="_blank">נשים בחנוכה</a> </dd> </div> </div> </div> </dl> </div> <div class="entry-content free-content"> <div class="article-content-wrapper"> <div class="article-row"> <div class="article-column"> <p>אידיאות עמוקות ואירועים היסטוריים ראויים לציון מתרגמים ביהדות להלכות דקדקניות, הנותנות להם צורה ממשית ודרך מעשית להעלאתם מחדש למודעות הכלל.</p> <p>הדלקת הנרות בחנוכה היא המצווה המרכזית בחג ומטרתה – פרסום הנס. הנרות הדולקים כאות לנוכחות הא-ל בהיסטוריה, ועדויות לאפשרות הממשית של גאולה. בשלושה מן החגים עומד הנס כיסוד המכונן של החג. חגים אלה הם שלושת חגי הגאולה: פסח, המציין חירות מעבדות והתכוונות לקראת חירות רוחנית; פורים שבו חוגגים הצלה מאיום ממשי של השמדה פיסית; וחנוכה, שהעילה לכינונו היא ההצלה הרוחנית שהושגה על-ידי הניצחון על היוונים.</p> <p>לגבי כל הזמנים האלה קבעו חז"ל שנשים חייבות להשתתף במצוות החג, על אף הפטור הכללי שניתן להן ממצוות אשר לגורם הזמן יש חלק בהגדרתן ("מצוות עשה שהזמן גרמן").</p> <p>הנימוק המובא לכך הוא: "שאף הן היו באותו הנס" (שבת כג ע"א); הווי אומר: היות שלאותה התרחשות היסטורית ולמצוקה שקדמה לה ניתנת משמעות בהיותה אירוע כלל ישראלי מן הראוי לציינם על-ידי כלל העם, נשים וגברים כאחד.</p> <p>לא זו בלבד שנשים נכללו בגאולה, אלא שבכל האירועים האלה לקחו נשים חלק פעיל בהבאת הישועה. על גאולת מצרים נאמר: "בשכר נשים צדקניות שהיו באותו הדור נגאלו ישראל ממצרים" (סוטה יא ע"ב). על ההצלה שאנו מציינים בפורים אין צורך להכביר מלים. ובחנוכה מספרת לנו המסורת על שלוש נשים שונות אשר גבורתן תרמה למרד החשמונאים.</p> <p class="font_8 wixui-rich-text__text" dir="rtl"><span class="wixui-rich-text__text">על כל-פנים, נשים חויבו במצוות החגים האלה: בקריאת מגילת אסתר, או שמיעתה, בחג הפורים; ברוב רובן של מצוות חג הפסח, כולל שתיית "ארבע כוסות" דרך חירות; ובהדלקת נרות בחג החנוכה. בשונה משתי המצוות הראשונות, הדלקת הנרות אינה צריכה בהכרח להתבצע באופן אישי על-ידי כל אחד ואחת, ולכאורה די בזה שתודלק מנורה אחת בכל בית. עם זאת, כנראה מפני חיבובה של מצוות ההדלקה, נקבעו באופן ייחודי למצווה זו שלוש קטגורית שונות: קיום מינימאלי של נר אחד בכל לילה; קיום למהדרין שבו ההדלקה היא לפי מספר בני הבית; ו"מחלקה ראשונה" של קיום למהדרין מן המהדרין, שבה ההדלקה נעשית כדעת בית-הילל , בסדר עולה, בהתאם למספר ימי החג.</span></p> <p class="font_8 wixui-rich-text__text" dir="rtl"><span class="wixui-rich-text__text"><span class="wixGuard wixui-rich-text__text"></span></span></p> <p class="font_8 wixui-rich-text__text" dir="rtl"><span class="wixui-rich-text__text">לפי מנהג "המהדרין" שאותו אימצה ההלכה האשכנזית, בנוסף למנהג "המהדרין שבמהדרין" , על מספר החנוכיות שמדליקים בבית להיות זהה למספר בני הבית החייבים בהדלקה, ומכאן בפשטות שגם על האישה שבבית להדליק נרות משלה. דא עקא, נשים ויתרו על קיום המצווה באופן עצמאי והסתפקו בהדלקה של "בעל-הבית". סיכום המצב הוא אפוא כדלהלן:</span></p> <p class="font_8 wixui-rich-text__text" dir="rtl"><span class="wixui-rich-text__text">1. נשים חייבות בנר חנוכה.</span></p> <p class="font_8 wixui-rich-text__text" dir="rtl"><span class="wixui-rich-text__text">2. ההלכה האשכנזית אמצה את הנורמה של הדלקת נרות על ידי כל בני הבית.</span></p> <p class="font_8 wixui-rich-text__text" dir="rtl"><span class="wixui-rich-text__text">3. נשים לא נהגו בדרך כלל להדליק נרות חנוכה.</span></p> <p class="font_8 wixui-rich-text__text" dir="rtl"><span class="wixui-rich-text__text">יוצא שנשים לא רק ויתרו במקרה זה על הזכות לקיים מצוה באופן עצמאי, אלא שלמעשה הן זנחו מרצון חובה הלכתית החלה עליהן. וכך תמה על העניין בלשונו הציורית, החיד"א (הרב חיים יוסף דוד אזולאי, המאה הי"ח) הכותב כדברים האלה: מדוע זה פנה הודה והדרה של האישה, ולעומת הילדים הקטנים המדליקים ומשולים למאורות, נשארת היא בצל, רחוקה מן האורה ("ברכי יוסף" על השולחן ערוך, אורח חיים, סי' תרעא).</span></p> <p class="font_8 wixui-rich-text__text" dir="rtl"><span class="wixui-rich-text__text">התירוצים שנתנו רבנים לעניין: "אשתו כגופו" ובעיית הצניעות, שיקפו תפיסות חברתיות מקובלות, יותר משביטאו אמת הלכתית. הדלקה פעילה בטקס דתי, גם אם הוא תוך ביתי, לא התאימה לתפיסה המקובלת של מקומה של האישה בבית ובחברה. נשים העדיפו שלא להשתתף באופן פעיל בהדלקה.</span></p> <p class="font_8 wixui-rich-text__text" dir="rtl"><span class="wixui-rich-text__text">לעומת זאת, הן ציינו את החג בדרך המיוחדת להן: "ונוהגות הנשים שלא לעשות מלאכה בעוד שהנרות דולקות" (שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים סימן תרע) והיו גם מנהגים של הימנעות ממלאכה במשך ימים שלמים בחג. אופן ציון החג – פסיבי, אבל המסר – עצמאות משעבוד תמידי לעבודות הבית וקביעה עצמית של צביון החג.</span></p> <p class="font_8 wixui-rich-text__text" dir="rtl"><span class="wixui-rich-text__text">נשאלת השאלה: האם ויתרו נשים על החירות המתבטאת בעשיית מצווה וביטאו על-ידי כך את הפער בין מצבן לבין מצוות הדלקת הנרות, המבטא חירות ועצמאות רוחנית? או שמא דווקא הימנעותן מן המצווה בטאה חירות אמיתית, על ידי בחירתן (הפסיבית, יש לומר) שלא לקיים את המצווה ככתבה ולציין את החג בדרך משלהן?</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container side"> <div class="sidebar-wrap"> </div> <div class="sidebar-wrap"> <section id="post_block_widget-2" class="widget pages"> <div class="container post-block"> <div class="item post-widget"> <a href='https://hanukkah.reform.org.il/shades/' class='secondary-action button-icon' title="גוונים רבים לאור"> <img width="1920" height="704" src="https://hanukkah.reform.org.il/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2023/10/shades-main.jpg" class="widget-img" alt=""> <div class="bottom-content"> <div class="ellipsis-2lines"><h2><p>גוונים רבים לאור</p> </h2></div> <div class="ellipsis-1line"><p><p>המשמעויות של חנוכה</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section><section id="post_block_widget-3" class="widget pages"> <div class="container post-block"> <div class="item post-widget"> <a href='https://hanukkah.reform.org.il/events/' 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12-5 17.25-46 75.75-130.25 126.75-219 126.75s-173-51.25-219-126.75c-3-5.25-5-11-5-17.25s2-12 5-17.25c46-75.5 130.25-126.75 219-126.75s173 51.25 219 126.75c3 5.25 5 11 5 17.25z"></path></svg></span><span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-text">ניגודיות הפוכה</span> </a> </li> <li class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-item"> <a href="#" class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-link pojo-a11y-btn-background-group pojo-a11y-btn-light-background" data-action="light-background" data-action-group="schema" tabindex="-1" role="button"> <span class="pojo-a11y-toolbar-icon"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 448"><title>רקע בהיר</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M184 144c0 4.25-3.75 8-8 8s-8-3.75-8-8c0-17.25-26.75-24-40-24-4.25 0-8-3.75-8-8s3.75-8 8-8c23.25 0 56 12.25 56 40zM224 144c0-50-50.75-80-96-80s-96 30-96 80c0 16 6.5 32.75 17 45 4.75 5.5 10.25 10.75 15.25 16.5 17.75 21.25 32.75 46.25 35.25 74.5h57c2.5-28.25 17.5-53.25 35.25-74.5 5-5.75 10.5-11 15.25-16.5 10.5-12.25 17-29 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