CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "wiki.osdev.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '917c3b967bb0cdf9',cH: 'FY3Tg056.Qe41mp2OrEGeqny6erUAbZrY_K4p6_nUsQ-1740534086-1.2.1.1-a.oUn2a6YO3LwU7N.otD8pSeBgCmyQ3sBqRHY2nFBs2OvPsMwSjd3n3TxVikCFVJ',cUPMDTk: "\/index.php?title=Special:Categories&offset=&limit=20&__cf_chl_tk=ciqKtzMfEptJiOF0BG.h1ZF68j4TpUqzlZ7LxQonu9Q-1740534086-1.0.1.1-YqtopyphcyXlLdB9kqyZrWEx_hEuDvwER9vTMrDijzk",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740534086',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/index.php?title=Special:Categories&offset=&limit=20&__cf_chl_f_tk=ciqKtzMfEptJiOF0BG.h1ZF68j4TpUqzlZ7LxQonu9Q-1740534086-1.0.1.1-YqtopyphcyXlLdB9kqyZrWEx_hEuDvwER9vTMrDijzk",md: "wz70MC8v8_XZNr6lNKJYs6.a3oWZAfUlSUhPBgAHgAE-1740534086-1.2.1.1-2AiGZvK7f03UrzYYgQvaPo0tWU8OgQPOlnmhKRRN8PtG38UcguwNbtJrK1en4BAsfGJGBl4Mq3xYlue5JTIou1xX1NHBwRGLWAR44dm80Ze3KE8wjLu4L6AUSxFSQSoaHR78gD0dEZLK8JBF5bBb2rZuMe1uZ93JcBoUz_ggdV0yhz7caAEtPsMfRne.7du5JwCUWCTldE_gunRXvFI5dv8BfrFu2Lck7S_K5xJmteyRLx.odOoxX._IhICKb1krC2P8_nzTz_wNkm_kDcnF0cGd_N9Z44x0mh34QDGiIeMSLp76wavMrPeyFHgnDgaQqaeZuRgmVPxpHmrSOndJsFjwwAQIvvGE7.l9tbbB_6WsZX9xw3LtG51nqCCYP817sGDoSneYrQ4xBY2zDrAvnbBDJEO9PRHXW7TIEuCLGJLIFVKHIejJ_LGATSYiH7STX8CYzagL1cp909KxwpzvU_qHF3NQHab_Xdov4txurK6wK6dTZsabdFJU219Gtkiao0gHABclbquEmLyjWBvC7VFTNl.J94rrRGx6tew1M1ybIYyy5K_CCD64Z9NfVH.n560Il.cTsNMrfeT7gH274V3PccnFjiUGf8CHfCRDCBVTFCItD6KaMgTeWVgLprWpdfVtP.TBtl_jemAd8xPuCljWQuoVy_hsEpTPI_zbWKJ_ipLajvoA1XcFrr_6NjA13C.EjCL67Nx0uAijozCDyol8J.vSeYWV4gclDiTfquJ70jIG2IGBa9gGiJiT8DUnyl6qg_2Gn1KrKQBlhP1cvUz7KK8mB597WO60zkic1.cl7q8NkGd5FREpTjQmlON.jXxQfV4ljh2GH_ki7_e8NdlZRK79FypiUYUlbRprhmtrnj7vjQodoQrWOKPjucvfHTd01jCm.ZPBoA9Rw2XUcrEEfDoJIawYhMt0kUnO0eK7Rz7rnMWIneMN_b070mZaNT9iuMbf5A48vUMYVrd_1aPd5Kc4e70E0z7W3TnBeY2KRYL0Kb8jI779Jk7Jnq7qFJNRp.5bbPIvmdMqnd2LTSNftoomGa_VOOoW1B18MZU9sXCygzxolJwmHaX1sN5NxNNV2fcVKbshPsJmNZYAnCIDO98qEHn.8i7fLpyaG0EHewE59VZ88wbTx2Tz4q9hsMLOymXm94oGFD8q62GlQLKSO_3mTcBv2huL48BhBL.JDh63IBEAwsQ6Qc_6jcUMsbvwfZUXQAOF2Map1ZMDvggkhzJaU.lo1MoJ310OX4LR95swVRhR.qk_3_F.ZnQfpjTf7zXM5mhvlMitwVn.Mx5D.17b0nvUsGzfwzo2Avzo3h9hl789546.F.cT_Rb.ei3_L8Nk3PnabSWj4iLHSgHl8Tvj0Mk3dnYpim_odYJXrfard4qKPctOvRkgk.t6DxTZyhyWGCyAM4fOx7H.CpD2b4WV4585QJc.GtxHgrI63002gc8ucd7OB_YiFTH6ROcDZicWMoSXW5TIQTeMOew0k9VUAo7z2L8S2_krhTrgBMZNjc6M1UWQ83Am.zDfObKkJtL3XB17NnNNUFznO7lqU58oxJZCnlJuiNsVaih21stjIjHf_Ypuk1mEiMktlcPGkhQuuXO9jhk88jP0inBGKpeMZbfnMCpz5GBgWIzVG9Vf2_gBW9OMTWqV746oRmoUVagSAVf3vnUPeT9M6BuK.sKZBgQU7cvlwS7Jfqp501N1L3uqCArm_bHYtbemrvTnBqf7aT46aEQbjbfsZsfWgElW2GdoiteJNlalB2ZVN2eG6gZodlSLyGUuISh8TSKeO7iRdzBG0_GbPI0xO3754VU6sVsHHGENJ3pY0JHd__vS3o8iQ11cQ_ryOF27jRGaeYQ00rNIvmHzNszchYxTBd5ovFWcFML4ESnK8ummmA51G1yGIwZFmG5hWDcXEIQjLklHgnCvxl2ueaV.8V4aEDPa8pdsGHtvF96ouwfYAHbOQ6Ha6NGRaNdiXTeHTXx5ieQ9_epWJVmR0xoKvkiY9BKXb_kCNKyDoOsSL55jOLIPRZqey31iykJvBW9YGmi_m6Ms8VQaYZyGeIclF30vZOJOd5GZPCifD2EWo_qwQiJgERlQuHEFdf3TrPZ9nsrIdiTUoNDHwmpgx14tl.shGRJ65xce0lof8.hMVCzMzECAnqzG6rcWn6uIbVOXGvIPyJ5U9iuKDlEvJ2HoXD2o8NKWYJIz7NHZFQISqJyZcvdZm0xS_lUdqqO9WiXiYnvgnTuJimutzd.rV6tto6Uw5HYSnZ8vgb7Skot83szff4pvgxaVGpEm4UW3JRBrQI0YzF_1dvJZpMyUInrWDw9zS50UYnW_N6CQRSPSAFHzcanHLHuhD43mqvn.otbpAygCQFEtVXVi_F_GDO.gw77kPjRUlqG54nyZJq7WSSysbMMWTdsPFBDg8vYD4omBki_JHBFxCuhvpVlSKtJQQAwTeF4HsuHCNlMlR3lMqRPbUZnOpQCGUVpEe0WmoCo5ZzWihntJEY7RwOQUzypZBfeWx0mSIImWtuhR_Tc.6WRddXnCurN8Cfh8VHpoNWWCBZNpRsyC97bPadgIY2wQKc0_ecwNUAmf5.5Ci6ibRAU",mdrd: "6fnAS9ogTxLZAFaI.fJWF2x6cK3jnz2Amuu7hjVIctc-1740534086-1.2.1.1-m4zOxfk083xd8lWxexsCsRqxFw_wJfsTt_TuaBZ7h6ShjmerRGLuxtv1cwYjQVqr8NCOJXn9y6MTOgRD5wHQRFAzpzpjvHUY87Y8UdxQrREvMKELoqPV.n5.wF_8mxL9VPN2gv.MktaJWbCPIJf2ARwayy_JoUs0o_UrmF5T4mFJus.ptlnaTtFE08FnPmXcllGiydT.FznQVsr7UC_.yiCV8Oa0hVVx93tR4X_XdR_uoWfInnI4nGPkanwxF1UAMddRgHRyjTqswT0fz1Z7EGNG1pQzmZZZlMXL0igLjeQ_Yi7NdDRVikNowDdfSeMCClgbAzNjq9ifSaVWIeDdz3_tC_NvZ0k9XE2yeWCzsHJIVuxdWf6j9Gidz_nVPr8P3mNeABXulUThjqPzQUVb7YSxHcL91HOvu0g13Ncnfz8NxLezyorEJYcGzzqdwuJSQ.6dbRNuDiEwOmp9FxzseCtEB2OWAnbUPM.Z_eTfCo.iOH7Qy.i0E9cSKlg_l2YxunSGJkoHEzj3o18JD8xrWlzMolBNxTdBa0cDeso8olNwOOO0Vx34Ph92s5JDpn.UP4iZ0P8WBgpEginmWVENLdRqRRRC7G1LmbVurZnRtJze0nX52k5m8Lnnpre45c4ysqT.Y4Y8nO_SeQ5b.YEOdgf3Kulw_S9DysfBVvtMyhA0HE5gGU4_9yj_Q9zZlXd."};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=917c3b967bb0cdf9';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/index.php?title=Special:Categories&offset=&limit=20&__cf_chl_rt_tk=ciqKtzMfEptJiOF0BG.h1ZF68j4TpUqzlZ7LxQonu9Q-1740534086-1.0.1.1-YqtopyphcyXlLdB9kqyZrWEx_hEuDvwER9vTMrDijzk" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>