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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-royal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-royal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Non-royal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-royal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Royal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="مصطبة (آثار) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصطبة (آثار)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Мастаба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мастаба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Мастаба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мастаба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Μασταμπάς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μασταμπάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastabo" title="Mastabo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mastabo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="مصطبه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصطبه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EB%B0%94" title="마스타바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마스타바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1" title="Մաստաբա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաստաբա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%91%D7%94" title="מסטבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסטבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მასტაბა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მასტაბა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Мастаба – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мастаба" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masztaba" title="Masztaba – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Masztaba" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="مصطبه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مصطبه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%90" title="マスタバ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マスタバ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Мастаба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мастаба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Мастаба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мастаба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81)" title="நித்திய வீடு (பண்டைய எகிப்து) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நித்திய வீடு (பண்டைய எகிப்து)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2" title="แมสตาบา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมสตาบา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mastaba" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Мастаба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мастаба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of tomb in ancient Egypt</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mastaba-faraoun-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mastaba-faraoun-3.jpg/220px-Mastaba-faraoun-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mastaba-faraoun-3.jpg/330px-Mastaba-faraoun-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mastaba-faraoun-3.jpg/440px-Mastaba-faraoun-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Example of a mastaba, the <a href="/wiki/Mastabat_al-Fir%27aun" title="Mastabat al-Fir'aun">Mastabat al-Fir'aun</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>mastaba</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MASS</span>-tə-bə</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MAHSS</span>-tah-bah</i></a> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">mahss-<span style="font-size:90%">TAH</span>-bah</i></a>), also <b>mastabah</b> or <b>mastabat</b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian tomb">ancient Egyptian tomb</a> in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with inward sloping sides, constructed out of <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbricks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. These edifices marked the burial sites of many eminent Egyptians during Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a>. Non-royal use of mastabas continued for over a thousand years. </p><p>The word <i>mastaba</i> comes from the Arabic word <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مصطبة</span></span> (maṣṭaba) "stone bench".<sup id="cite_ref-Bench_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bench-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">Ancient Egyptian</a> name was <b><a href="/wiki/Pr_(hieroglyph)" title="Pr (hieroglyph)">pr</a>-<a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djt</a></b>, meaning "house of stability", "<a href="/wiki/House_of_Eternity_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="House of Eternity (Ancient Egypt)">house of eternity</a>", or "eternal house". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastaba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">afterlife</a> was centralized in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">religion of ancient Egyptians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Their architecture</a> reflects this, most prominently by the enormous amounts of time and labor involved in building tombs.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamlin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamlin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Egyptians believed that the needs from the world of the living would be continued in the afterlife; it was therefore necessary to build tombs that would fulfill them, and be sturdy enough to last for an eternity. These needs would also have to be attended to by the living.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Predynastic</a> era (before 3100 BCE) and continuing into later dynasties, the ancient Egyptians developed increasingly complex and effective methods for preserving and protecting the bodies of the dead. They first buried their dead in pit graves dug from the sand with the body placed on a mat, usually along with some items believed to help them in the afterlife. The first tomb structure the Egyptians developed was the <i>mastaba,</i> composed of earthen bricks made from soil along the Nile. It provided better protection from scavenging animals and grave robbers. The origins of the mastaba can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Tarkhan_(Egypt)" title="Tarkhan (Egypt)">Tarkhan</a>, where tombs would be split into two distinct portions. One side would contain a body, oriented in a north-south position, and the other would be open for the living to deliver offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the remains were not in contact with the dry desert sand, natural <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummification</a> could not take place; therefore the Egyptians devised a system of artificial mummification.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until at least the Old Period or First Intermediate Period, only high officials and royalty were buried in these mastabas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastaba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mastaba_schematics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mastaba_schematics.svg/220px-Mastaba_schematics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mastaba_schematics.svg/330px-Mastaba_schematics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mastaba_schematics.svg/440px-Mastaba_schematics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1975" data-file-height="1217" /></a><figcaption>Structure of a mastaba</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>mastaba</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word for "a bench of mud".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When seen from a distance, a flat-topped mastaba does resemble a bench. Historians speculate that the Egyptians may have borrowed architectural ideas from Mesopotamia, since at the time they were both building similar structures.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The above-ground structure of a mastaba is rectangular in shape with inward-sloping sides and a flat roof. The exterior building materials were initially bricks made of the sun-dried mud readily available from the Nile River. Even after more durable materials such as stone came into use, the majority were built from <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbricks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monumental mastabas, such as those at <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>, were often constructed out of limestone.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mastabas were often about four times as long as they were wide, and many rose to at least 10 metres (30 ft) in height. They were oriented north–south, which the Egyptians believed was essential for access to the afterlife. The roofs of the mastabas were of slatted wood or slabs of limestone, with skylights illuminating the tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The above-ground structure had space for a small offering chapel equipped with a <a href="/wiki/False_door#Ancient_Egypt" title="False door">false door</a>. Priests and family members brought food and other offerings for the soul, or <i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(Egyptian_soul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba (Egyptian soul)">ba</a></i>, of the deceased, which had to be maintained in order to continue to exist in the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>. The construction of mastabas was standardized, with several treatments being common for masonry.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mastabas were highly decorated, both with paintings on the walls and ceilings, and carvings of organic elements such as palm trees out of limestone. Due to the spiritual significance of the color, it was preferable to construct mastabas from white limestone. If this was not available, the yellow limestone or mudbrick of the tomb would be whitewashed and plastered.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mastabas for royalty were especially extravagant on the exterior, meant to resemble a palace.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interior">Interior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastaba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A mastaba was essentially meant to provide the <i>ba</i> with a house in the afterlife, and they were laid out accordingly. Some would be used to house families, rather than individuals, with several burial shafts acting as "rooms".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burial chambers were cut deep, into the bedrock, and were lined with wood.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second hidden chamber called a <i><a href="/wiki/Serdab" title="Serdab">serdab</a></i> (سرداب), from the Persian word for "cellar",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was used to store anything that may have been considered essential for the comfort of the deceased in the afterlife, such as beer, grain, clothes and precious items.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mastaba housed a statue of the deceased that was hidden within the masonry for its protection. High up the walls of the <i>serdab</i> were small openings that would allow the <i>ba</i> to leave and return to the body (represented by the statue); Ancient Egyptians believed the <i>ba</i> had to return to its body or it would die. These openings "were not meant for viewing the statue but rather for allowing the fragrance of burning incense, and possibly the spells spoken in rituals, to reach the statue".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statues were nearly always oriented in one direction, facing the opening. The serdab could also feature inscriptions, such as the testament and <a href="/wiki/Mortuary_cult" title="Mortuary cult">mortuary cult</a> of the owner.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More elaborate mastabas would feature open courtyards, which would be used to house more statues and allow the dead to perform rites. Over time, the courtyards grew into magnificent columned halls, which served the same purposes. These halls would typically be the largest room in the mastaba, and they could be used for sacrifices of livestock. Larger mastabas also included a network of storerooms, which the presiding <a href="/wiki/Phyle" title="Phyle">phyle</a> would use to maintain the mortuary cult of the mastaba's owner. Generally, there would be five of these storerooms, used by the living to store equipment needed for performing rites; unlike the serdab, they were not meant to be used by the deceased. These lacked any form of decoration, again distinguishing their function from that of the rest of the tomb. Due to the great expense of adding a complex of storerooms, these were only constructed in the largest of mastabas, for the royal family and viziers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architectural_evolution">Architectural evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastaba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Architectural evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giza_pyramid_complex_(map).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg/220px-Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg/330px-Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg/440px-Giza_pyramid_complex_%28map%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Giza_Plateau" title="Giza Plateau">Giza Plateau</a>, showing the mastabas constructed within the complex</figcaption></figure> <p>The mastaba was the standard type of tomb in pre-dynastic and early dynastic Egypt for both the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> and the social elite. The ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a> was the location chosen for many of the <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaphs</a>. The royal cemetery was at <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>, overlooking the capital of early times, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mastabas evolved over the early dynastic period (c. 3100–2686 BCE). During the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">1st Dynasty</a>, a mastaba was constructed simulating house plans of several rooms, a central one containing the sarcophagus and others surrounding it to receive the abundant funerary offerings. The whole was built in a shallow pit above which a brick superstructure covering a broad area. The typical <a href="/wiki/2nd_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Dynasty">2nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Dynasty">3rd Dynasty</a> (c. 2686–2313) mastabas was the 'stairway mastaba', the tomb chamber of which sank deeper than before and was connected to the top with an inclined shaft and stairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the features of mastabas grew into those of the pyramids, indicating their importance as a transitory construction of tombs. This notably includes the exterior appearance of the tombs, as the sloped sides of the mastabas extended to form a pyramid. The first and most striking example of this was <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">Djoser's step pyramid</a>, which combined many traditional features of mastabas with a more monumental stone construction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even after pyramids became more prevalent for pharaohs in the 3rd and 4th Dynasties, members of the nobility continued to be buried in mastaba tombs. This is especially evident on the <a href="/wiki/Giza_Plateau" title="Giza Plateau">Giza Plateau</a>, where at least 150 mastaba tombs have been constructed alongside the pyramids.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/4th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Dynasty">4th Dynasty</a> (c. 2613 to 2494 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock-cut tombs">rock-cut tombs</a> began to appear. These were tombs built into the rock cliffs in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> in an attempt to further thwart grave robbers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mastabas, then, were developed with the addition of offering chapels and vertical shafts. <a href="/wiki/5th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Dynasty">5th Dynasty</a> mastabas had elaborate chapels consisting of several rooms, columned halls and '<a href="/wiki/Serdab" title="Serdab">serdab</a>'. The actual tomb chamber was built below the south-end of mastaba, connected by a slanting passage to a stairway emerging in the center of a columned hall or court. </p><p>Mastabas are still well attested in the Middle Kingdom, where they had a revival. They were often solid structures with the decoration only on the outside.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (which began with the <a href="/wiki/18th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Dynasty">18th Dynasty</a> around 1550 BC), "the mastaba becomes rare, being largely superseded by the independent pyramid chapel above a burial chamber".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastaba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-royal">Non-royal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastaba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Non-royal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastaba_of_Hesy-Re" title="Mastaba of Hesy-Re">Mastaba of Hesy-Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaba_of_Kaninisut" title="Mastaba of Kaninisut">Mastaba of Kaninisut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaba_of_Seshemnefer" title="Mastaba of Seshemnefer">Mastaba of Seshemnefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaba_S3503" title="Mastaba S3503">Mastaba S3503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaba_S3504" title="Mastaba S3504">Mastaba S3504</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal">Royal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastaba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Royal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buried_Pyramid" title="Buried Pyramid">Buried Mastaba</a> (Sekhemkhet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastabat_al-Fir%27aun" title="Mastabat al-Fir'aun">Mastabat al-Fir'aun</a> (Shepseskaf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferefre" title="Pyramid of Neferefre">Mastaba of Neferefre</a> (Neferefre)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastaba&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mastabas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mastabas">Mastabas</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_GIS" title="Cemetery GIS">Cemetery GIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meidum" title="Meidum">Meidum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Palestine" title="Architecture of Palestine">Architecture of Palestine</a>: <i>mastabeh</i> or <i>mastaba</i> as raised, indoor or outdoor "unsoiled" area in traditional Palestinian architecture<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastaba&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/mastaba?showCookiePolicy=true">"Mastaba: definition"</a>. Collins Dictionary. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mastaba%3A+definition&rft.pub=Collins+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fmastaba%3FshowCookiePolicy%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMastaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bench-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bench_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/543937">"Mastaba Tomb of Perneb"</a>. <i>Met Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Met+Museum&rft.atitle=Mastaba+Tomb+of+Perneb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F543937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMastaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamlin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamlin_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamlin1954" class="citation book cs1">Hamlin, Talbot (1954). <i>Architecture through the Ages</i>. New York: Putnam. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+through+the+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Hamlin&rft.aufirst=Talbot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMastaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeeter2011" class="citation book cs1">Teeter, Emily (2011). <i>Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">146–</span>163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139230483" title="Special:BookSources/9781139230483"><bdi>9781139230483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Ritual+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139230483&rft.aulast=Teeter&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMastaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnape2011" class="citation book cs1">Snape, Steven (2011). <i>Ancient Egyptian Tombs : The Culture of Life and Death</i>. 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Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+in+Ancient+Egypt+and+the+Near+East&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Badawy&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMastaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Awad, Shaden, <i>The Peasant House: Contemporary Meanings, Syntactic Qualities and Rehabilitation Challenges.</i>, Graz University of Technology 2010. Accesses 24 Feb 2021.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Egyptian obelisks">Obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">Pylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Portraiture in ancient Egypt">Portraiture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_towns_and_cities" title="List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Clothing in ancient Egypt">Clothing</a></li> <li><a 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title="History of ancient Egypt">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Military of ancient Egypt">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptians" title="List of ancient Egyptians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Titulary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population history of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_pottery" title="Ancient Egyptian pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_scribes" title="List of ancient Egyptian scribes">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_sites" title="List of ancient Egyptian sites">Sites</a> <ul><li><a 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