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class="bza"><span></span><p></p></div> <div class="box_pic"></div> <p>　　信息时代，经济社会发展离不开互联网，网络空间治理与国家主权、安全、发展利益日益息息相关。习近平总书记强调“尊重网络主权”，深刻揭示了互联网发展的内在规律。国家主权原则适用于网络空间，是国家在网络空间行使管辖权以维护自身权益的法律前提，为国家依法治网提供了法律依据。这已经成为许多国家的共识。坚持以习近平法治思想和习近平总书记关于网络强国的重要思想为指导，运用法治思维和法治方式有效捍卫我国网络主权，是贯彻落实党的二十届三中全会《决定》提出的“加强网络空间法治建设”的题中之义和必然要求。</p> <p>　　在法律上，主权是一国领土范围之内的最高权力，不受其他国家控制和干涉，传统上具有明确的地域属性，国家的领土范围是主权行使的空间。网络主权是国家主权在网络空间的自然延伸。网络空间具有全球性、非中心性、泛在性等特点，互联互通的网络空间缺乏一个明确的国界。如何像现实世界那样在虚拟世界同样有效地维护国家主权、安全、发展利益，成为把国家主权原则适用于网络空间必须解答的重要课题。需要注意的是，产生于国土空间的国家主权原则，只有在适应网络空间的技术特征时，才能向网络空间有效延伸。</p> <p>　　从适用国家主权原则的需要来看，网络空间依其技术特征大致可分为由用户终端、路由器、服务器、光纤等构成的物理层；包括各种传输协议和标准，负责将信息和内容转化为计算机代码并进行传输的逻辑层；由文字、图片、音频等用户可理解信息构成的内容层。有效捍卫网络主权，需要分别在网络空间的物理层、逻辑层、内容层推进更为精细、更有针对性的法律制度建设，方能形成依法治网的有效模式。比如，在物理层，捍卫网络主权就要确保本国领土上的关键信息基础设施由本国法律管辖，外国不得干涉，依法保护关键信息基础设施安全；在逻辑层，尊重网络主权，就要保证各国拥有运用互联网进行数据通信的平等权利，尤其是确保拥有稳定的国家域名解析服务；在内容层，就要把网络主权切实体现到国家对信息、数据等内容的有效管理上；等等。</p> <p>　　党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视网络空间法治建设，在网络空间统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治，有效捍卫我国网络主权。我们制定新的国家安全法、网络安全法、数据安全法、个人信息保护法等法律法规，积极适应网络空间技术特征，切实保障关键信息基础设施安全、数据安全、内容安全等，有力回击反制外部干涉。我们提出尊重各国自主选择网络发展道路、网络管理模式、互联网公共政策和平等参与国际网络空间治理的权利，倡导共同参与全球网络治理体系变革，制定各方普遍接受的网络空间国际规则，携手构建网络空间命运共同体。中国坚持依法治网，创造性提出网络主权原则，强调各国有权根据本国国情，借鉴国际经验，制定有关网络空间的公共政策和法律法规，不仅维护了中国人民的福祉，也符合世界各国人民利益，为推动网络空间法治化贡献了中国智慧、中国方案。</p> <p>　　同时也应看到，随着国际竞争日趋激烈、互联网技术日新月异，地缘政治因素与技术创新因素叠加联动，有效捍卫我国网络主权面临着新的挑战。由于网络空间国际规则尚不健全，一些国家在网络空间滥用“长臂管辖”，侵害他国网络主权，干涉他国内政，甚至通过内容操控、网络攻击等方式从事、纵容或支持损害他国国家安全和利益的网络活动，又利用自身在关键技术领域的优势，通过“技术封锁”“脱钩断链”等手段阻碍他国提高管网治网技术能力，推行网络霸权主义。此外，由于人工智能、卫星互联网等新技术迅猛发展，网络空间的技术特征也在发展变化，出现更多不确定、难预料因素，一些法律规则可能出现不适应的情况，增加了维护网络主权的难度。</p> <p>　　有效捍卫我国网络主权，必须深入学习贯彻习近平总书记关于网络强国的重要思想和党的二十届三中全会精神，健全网络综合治理体系，协同推进立法、执法、司法、守法各环节改革，推进高水平科技自立自强，确保关键核心技术自主可控，不断提升有效治理网络空间的法律能力与技术能力。要加强网络法治国际交流合作，践行主权平等原则，推动国际社会共同管理和公平分配互联网基础资源，让包括域名系统在内的互联网核心资源技术系统更加安全、稳定和富有韧性，确保其不因任何政治或人为因素而导致服务中断或终止，促进全球共同分享互联网发展的机遇和成果。</p> <p>　　（作者单位：清华大学法学院）</p> <p></p> <p><span 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