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aria-controls="toc-Attacks_and_limitations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attacks and limitations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attacks_and_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-End-to-end_traffic_correlation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End-to-end_traffic_correlation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 End-to-end traffic correlation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End-to-end_traffic_correlation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consensus_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consensus_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Consensus attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consensus_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Server-side_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Server-side_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Server-side restrictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Server-side_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relay_early_traffic_confirmation_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relay_early_traffic_confirmation_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Relay early traffic confirmation attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relay_early_traffic_confirmation_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulnerable_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulnerable_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Vulnerable applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulnerable_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fingerprinting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fingerprinting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Fingerprinting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fingerprinting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eavesdropping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eavesdropping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Eavesdropping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eavesdropping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firefox/Tor_browser_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firefox/Tor_browser_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3 Firefox/Tor browser attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firefox/Tor_browser_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onion_service_configuration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onion_service_configuration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.4 Onion service configuration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onion_service_configuration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Software </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Software-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Software subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tor_Browser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tor_Browser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tor Browser </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tor_Browser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tor_Messenger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tor_Messenger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Tor Messenger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tor_Messenger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tor_Phone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tor_Phone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tor Phone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tor_Phone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third-party_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third-party_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Third-party applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third-party_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security-focused_operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security-focused_operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Security-focused operating systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-focused_operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception,_impact,_and_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception,_impact,_and_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reception, impact, and legislation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception,_impact,_and_legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception, impact, and legislation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception,_impact,_and_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 2012 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 2013 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 2014 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 2015 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 2016 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 2017 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 2021 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 2022 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improved_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improved_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Improved security </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Improved_security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Improved security subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Improved_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Odds_of_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odds_of_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Odds of detection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odds_of_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levels_of_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levels_of_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Levels of security </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Levels_of_security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Levels of security subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Levels_of_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Standard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Safer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Safest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_Proof-of-Work_Defense_for_Onion_Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_Proof-of-Work_Defense_for_Onion_Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Introduction of Proof-of-Work Defense for Onion Services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_Proof-of-Work_Defense_for_Onion_Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tor (network)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9)" title="تور (شبكة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تور (شبكة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(internet)" title="Tor (internet) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tor (internet)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0" title="টর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(xarxa)" title="Tor (xarxa) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tor (xarxa)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(software)" title="Tor (software) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tor (software)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(rhwydwaith)" title="Tor (rhwydwaith) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tor (rhwydwaith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion_Router" title="The Onion Router – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="The Onion Router" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(Netzwerk)" title="Tor (Netzwerk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tor (Netzwerk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(red_de_anonimato)" title="Tor (red de anonimato) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tor (red de anonimato)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(programaro)" title="Tor (programaro) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tor (programaro)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(nabigatzailea)" title="Tor (nabigatzailea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tor (nabigatzailea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87)" title="تور (شبکه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تور (شبکه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(r%C3%A9seau)" title="Tor (réseau) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tor (réseau)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion_Router" title="The Onion Router – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="The Onion Router" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%B4_(%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC)" title="토르 (네트워크) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토르 (네트워크)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95)" title="टोर (नेटवर्क) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टोर (नेटवर्क)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(informatiko)" title="Tor (informatiko) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tor (informatiko)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(jaringan_anonim)" title="Tor (jaringan anonim) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tor (jaringan anonim)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(software)" title="Tor (software) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tor (software)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion_Router" title="The Onion Router – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="The Onion Router" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BB%8D" title="ທໍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທໍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(anonimit%C4%81tes_t%C4%ABkls)" title="Tor (anonimitātes tīkls) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tor (anonimitātes tīkls)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(tinklas)" title="Tor (tinklas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tor (tinklas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOR" title="TOR – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="TOR" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(szoftver)" title="Tor (szoftver) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tor (szoftver)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC_(%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D)" title="ടോർ (അജ്ഞാത നെറ്റ്‌വർക്ക്) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടോർ (അജ്ഞാത നെറ്റ്‌വർക്ക്)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)" title="Tor (anonymity network) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Tor (anonymity network)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(netwerk)" title="Tor (netwerk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tor (netwerk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(anonymitetsnettverk)" title="Tor (anonymitetsnettverk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tor (anonymitetsnettverk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion_Router" title="The Onion Router – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="The Onion Router" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B0_(%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95)" title="ଟର (ବେନାମୀ ନେଟୱାର୍କ) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଟର (ବେନାମୀ ନେଟୱାର୍କ)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(The_Onion_Router)" title="Tor (The Onion Router) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tor (The Onion Router)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0_(%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0)" title="ਟੌਰ (ਸਾਫਟਵੇਅਰ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੌਰ (ਸਾਫਟਵੇਅਰ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(sie%C4%87_anonimowa)" title="Tor (sieć anonimowa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tor (sieć anonimowa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(rede_de_anonimato)" title="Tor (rede de anonimato) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tor (rede de anonimato)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(re%C8%9Bea)" title="Tor (rețea) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tor (rețea)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(llika)" title="Tor (llika) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tor (llika)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(rrjet_anonimiteti)" title="Tor (rrjet anonimiteti) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tor (rrjet anonimiteti)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(software)" title="Tor (software) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tor (software)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(sie%C5%A5)" title="Tor (sieť) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tor (sieť)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1_(%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88)" title="تۆر (تۆڕی نەناسراو) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆر (تۆڕی نەناسراو)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(softver)" title="Tor (softver) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tor (softver)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(verkko)" title="Tor (verkko) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tor (verkko)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(n%C3%A4tverk)" title="Tor (nätverk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tor (nätverk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ரோர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரோர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1)" title="ทอร์ (เครือข่ายนิรนาม) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทอร์ (เครือข่ายนิรนาม)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(anonim_a%C4%9F)" title="Tor (anonim ağ) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tor (anonim ağ)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor" title="Tor – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Tor" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q202044#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Tor_(network)">reviewed</a> on 14 February 2025.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Free and open-source anonymity network based on onion routing</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the software and anonymity network. For the software's organization, see <a href="/wiki/The_Tor_Project" title="The Tor Project">The Tor Project</a>. For the magazine, see <a href="/wiki/Tor.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor.com">Tor.com</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Tor</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg/150px-Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg/225px-Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg/300px-Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="185" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/The_Tor_Project" title="The Tor Project">The Tor Project</a> logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Tor_Project" title="The Tor Project">The Tor Project</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">20 September 2002; 22 years ago (2002-09-20)<a href="#cite_note-prealpha-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release(s)</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Latest_stable_software_release/Tor?action=edit">[±]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">0.4.8.14<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-49556b4bdc08d80f9c4b775f244816d816f516a0-v18-2">[2]</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202044?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> (5 February 2025; 12 days ago (5 February 2025)) attack</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Preview release(s)</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Latest_preview_software_release/Tor?action=edit">[±]</a></th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/core/tor/">gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/core/tor/</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202044#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>,<a href="#cite_note-openhub-tor-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Python_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Python programming language">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Android_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Android operating system">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>), <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File_size" title="File size">Size</a></th><td class="infobox-data">101–198 MB</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Overlay_network" title="Overlay network">Overlay network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mix_network" title="Mix network">mix network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onion_routing" title="Onion routing">onion router</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anonymity_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymity application">Anonymity application</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses#3-clause_license_("BSD_License_2.0",_"Revised_BSD_License",_"New_BSD_License",_or_"Modified_BSD_License")" title="BSD licenses">BSD 3-clause license</a><a href="#cite_note-LICENSE_-_Tor-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torproject.org">torproject.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:File_sharing" title="Category:File sharing">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg/80px-Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg/120px-Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg/160px-Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Technologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_hosting_service" class="mw-redirect" title="File hosting service">File hosting services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">Online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">Peer to peer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_web_hosting" title="Peer-to-peer web hosting">Web hosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCC" title="XDCC">XDCC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Video on demand sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/123Movies" title="123Movies">123Movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dailymotion" title="Dailymotion">Dailymotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PeerTube" title="PeerTube">PeerTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putlocker" title="Putlocker">Putlocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">BitTorrent sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1337x" title="1337x">1337x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTDigg" title="BTDigg">BTDigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonoid" title="Demonoid">Demonoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExtraTorrent" title="ExtraTorrent">ExtraTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EZTV" title="EZTV">EZTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IsoHunt" title="IsoHunt">isoHunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FitGirl_Repacks" title="FitGirl Repacks">FitGirl Repacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KickassTorrents" title="KickassTorrents">KickassTorrents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaa_Torrents" title="Nyaa Torrents">Nyaa Torrents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RARBG" title="RARBG">RARBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutracker.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutracker.org">Rutracker.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Rockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Rockers">Tamil Rockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIFY" title="YIFY">YIFY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YourBittorrent" title="YourBittorrent">YourBittorrent</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Academic/scholarly</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna%27s_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">ICanHazPDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">File sharing networks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Connect_(file_sharing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Connect (file sharing)">Direct Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDonkey_network" title="EDonkey network">eDonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnutella" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnutella2" title="Gnutella2">Gnutella2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphanet" title="Hyphanet">Hyphanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2P" title="I2P">I2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulseek" title="Soulseek">Soulseek</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">P2P clients</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BitComet" title="BitComet">BitComet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC%2B%2B" title="DC++">DC++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMule" title="EMule">eMule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filetopia" title="Filetopia">Filetopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9CTorrent" title="ΜTorrent">μTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OnionShare" title="OnionShare">OnionShare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBittorrent" title="QBittorrent">qBittorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shareaza" title="Shareaza">Shareaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(BitTorrent_client)" title="Transmission (BitTorrent client)">Transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribler" title="Tribler">Tribler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuze" title="Vuze">Vuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinMX" title="WinMX">WinMX</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Streaming programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter_Project" title="Butter Project">Butter Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodi_(software)" title="Kodi (software)">Kodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popcorn_Time" title="Popcorn Time">Popcorn Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrents-Time" title="Torrents-Time">Torrents-Time</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Anonymous file sharing</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_P2P" title="Anonymous P2P">Anonymous P2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_(networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darknet (networking)">Darknet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend-to-friend" title="Friend-to-friend">Friend-to-friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_peer-to-peer" title="Private peer-to-peer">Private P2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">Proxy server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seedbox" title="Seedbox">Seedbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Development and societal aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_file_sharing" title="Timeline of file sharing">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_issues_with_BitTorrent" title="Legal issues with BitTorrent">BitTorrent issues</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing_in_Canada" title="File sharing in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing_in_Japan" title="File sharing in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing_in_Singapore" title="File sharing in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="File sharing in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing#United_States" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">USA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Comparisons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients" title="Comparison of BitTorrent clients">Comparison of BitTorrent clients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_BitTorrent_sites" title="Comparison of BitTorrent sites">Comparison of BitTorrent sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_eDonkey_software" title="Comparison of eDonkey software">Comparison of eDonkey software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Internet_Relay_Chat_clients" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients">Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Usenet_newsreaders" title="Comparison of Usenet newsreaders">Comparison of Usenet newsreaders</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:File_sharing_sidebar" title="Template:File sharing sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:File_sharing_sidebar" title="Template talk:File sharing sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:File_sharing_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:File sharing sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Tor<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> is a free <a href="/wiki/Overlay_network" title="Overlay network">overlay network</a> for enabling <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymous communication</a>. Built on <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> and more than seven thousand volunteer-operated relays worldwide, users can have their <a href="/wiki/Internet_traffic" title="Internet traffic">Internet traffic</a> routed via a random path through the network.<a href="#cite_note-usenix-design-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-torstatus-8">[8]</a> Using Tor makes it more difficult to trace a user's <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> activity by preventing any single point on the Internet (other than the user's device) from being able to view both where traffic originated from and where it is ultimately going to at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> This conceals a user's location and usage from anyone performing <a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance#Network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">network surveillance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Traffic_analysis#In_computer_security" title="Traffic analysis">traffic analysis</a> from any such point, protecting the user's freedom and ability to communicate confidentially.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The core principle of Tor, known as <a href="/wiki/Onion_routing" title="Onion routing">onion routing</a>, was developed in the mid-1990s by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory">United States Naval Research Laboratory</a> employees, <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Syverson" title="Paul Syverson">Paul Syverson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientists</a> Michael G. Reed and David Goldschlag, to protect <a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">American intelligence</a> communications online.<a href="#cite_note-bw-tor-vs-11">[11]</a> Onion routing is implemented by means of <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">application layer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocol</a> stack, nested like the layers of an <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Alpha_version" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha version">alpha version</a> of Tor, developed by Syverson and computer scientists <a href="/wiki/Roger_Dingledine" title="Roger Dingledine">Roger Dingledine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nick_Mathewson" title="Nick Mathewson">Nick Mathewson</a> and then called The Onion Routing project (which was later given the acronym "Tor"), was launched on 20 September 2002.<a href="#cite_note-tor-history-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-torproject-faq-13">[13]</a> The first public release occurred a year later.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In 2004, the Naval Research Laboratory released the code for Tor under a free license, and the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (EFF) began funding Dingledine and Mathewson to continue its development.<a href="#cite_note-tor-history-12">[12]</a> In 2006, Dingledine, Mathewson, and five others founded <a href="/wiki/The_Tor_Project" title="The Tor Project">The Tor Project</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>-based <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> research-education <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> responsible for maintaining Tor. The EFF acted as The Tor Project's <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sponsorship" title="Fiscal sponsorship">fiscal sponsor</a> in its early years, and early financial supporters included the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Broadcasting_Bureau" title="International Broadcasting Bureau">International Broadcasting Bureau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internews" title="Internews">Internews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, and Netherlands-based <a href="/wiki/NLnet" title="NLnet">Stichting NLnet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographies_of_Tor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Geographies_of_Tor.png/220px-Geographies_of_Tor.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Geographies_of_Tor.png/330px-Geographies_of_Tor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Geographies_of_Tor.png/440px-Geographies_of_Tor.png 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cartogram" title="Cartogram">cartogram</a> illustrating Tor usage in 2013</figcaption></figure> Over the course of its existence, various <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Attacks_and_Limitations">Tor vulnerabilities</a> have been discovered and occasionally exploited. Attacks against Tor are an active area of academic research<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> that is welcomed by The Tor Project itself.<a href="#cite_note-tor-research-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dark_web" title="Dark web">Dark web</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1274038083">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0;border-spacing:0px}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart tbody{display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{display:block;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:3px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart tr:not(:first-child):hover{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#ffffff)}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{border:dashed 1pt grey}}</style> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-right"> <caption>Web-based <a href="/wiki/Onion_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Onion services">onion services</a> in February 2016<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Category </th> <th scope="col">% of total</th> <th scope="col">% of active </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Murder for hire, instructions for violent attacks"> Violence </abbr> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.2em;"></div>0.3</div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.2em;"></div>0.6</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Weapon trades"> Arms </abbr> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div>0.8</div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div>1.5</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Forums, social networks, & boards sharing illicit materials"> Illicit Social </abbr> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.6em;"></div>1.2</div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.6em;"></div>2.4</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Hacking for hire, malware/DDoS capabilities trades & distributions"> Hacking </abbr> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.9em;"></div>1.8</div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.9em;"></div>3.5</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Links to illicit websites and resources within darknet"> Illicit links </abbr> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.2em;"></div>2.3</div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.1em;"></div>4.3</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Pornography involving children, violence, animals or obtained without consent"> Illicit pornography </abbr> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.2em;"></div>2.3</div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.2em;"></div>4.5</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Extremist ideologies including texts, support for violence, how-to guides, and forums"> Extremism </abbr> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.4em;"></div>2.7</div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.3em;"></div>5.1</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Misc. illicit materials including illegal goods and fake identities"> Illicit Other </abbr> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.9em;"></div>3.8</div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.9em;"></div>7.3</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Money laundering, counterfeit notes, stolen accounts/credit cards"> Illicit Finance </abbr> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.2em;"></div>6.3</div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.2em;"></div>12</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Illegal drugs including prescription medicine obtained illegally"> Illicit Drugs </abbr> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.1em;"></div>8.1</div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.1em;"></div>15.5</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Includes ideological/political sites, secure drop sites, information depositories, other legitimate services, and unknown/uncategorized contents"> Non-illicit+Unknown </abbr> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:11.3em;"></div>22.6</div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:11.4em;"></div>43.2</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Illicit total </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:14.9em;"></div>29.7</div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:15em;"></div>56.8</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><abbr title="Inaccessible or no visible content including placeholder sites"> Inactive </abbr> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:23.9em;"></div>47.7</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Active </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:26.2em;"></div>52.3</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Tor enables its users to surf the Internet, chat and send instant messages <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymously</a>, and is used by a wide variety of people for both <a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">licit</a> and illicit purposes.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Tor has, for example, been used by criminal enterprises, <a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">hacktivism</a> groups, and law enforcement agencies at cross purposes, sometimes simultaneously;<a href="#cite_note-cso-black-market-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-muckrock-hunting-porn-24">[24]</a> likewise, agencies within the U.S. government variously fund Tor (the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a>, the National Science Foundation, and – through the Broadcasting Board of Governors, which itself partially funded Tor until October 2012 – <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>) and seek to subvert it.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-nsa-target-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-bw-tor-vs-11">[11]</a> Tor was one of a dozen circumvention tools evaluated by a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>-funded report based on user experience from China in 2010, which include <a href="/wiki/Ultrasurf" title="Ultrasurf">Ultrasurf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Shield" title="Hotspot Shield">Hotspot Shield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freegate" title="Freegate">Freegate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Tor is not meant to completely solve the issue of anonymity on the web. Tor is not designed to completely erase tracking but instead to reduce the likelihood for sites to trace actions and data back to the user.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Tor is also used for illegal activities. These can include privacy protection or censorship circumvention,<a href="#cite_note-scm-egyptians-28">[28]</a> as well as distribution of child abuse content, drug sales, or malware distribution.<a href="#cite_note-:1-29">[29]</a> Tor has been described by <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, in relation to <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_(marketplace)" title="Silk Road (marketplace)">Silk Road</a>, as being "a dark corner of the web".<a href="#cite_note-economist-bitcoin-30">[30]</a> It has been targeted by the American <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">GCHQ</a> <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> agencies, albeit with marginal success,<a href="#cite_note-guardian-nsa-target-25">[25]</a> and more successfully by the British <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">National Crime Agency</a> in its Operation Notarise.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> At the same time, GCHQ has been using a tool named "Shadowcat" for "end-to-end encrypted access to VPS over SSH using the Tor network".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Tor can be used for anonymous defamation, unauthorized <a href="/wiki/News_leak" title="News leak">news leaks</a> of sensitive information, <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a>, distribution of illegal sexual content,<a href="#cite_note-bbr-cleaning-up-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-jones-forensics-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-gawker-kiddie-porn-36">[36]</a> selling <a href="/wiki/Controlled_substance" title="Controlled substance">controlled substances</a>,<a href="#cite_note-gawker-any-drug-37">[37]</a> weapons, and stolen credit card numbers,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ars-feds-narcotics-39">[39]</a> bank fraud,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Credit_card_fraud" title="Credit card fraud">credit card fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">identity theft</a> and the exchange of <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfeit currency">counterfeit currency</a>;<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> utilizes the Tor infrastructure, at least in part, in conjunction with Bitcoin.<a href="#cite_note-cso-black-market-23">[23]</a> It has also been used to brick <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a> devices.<a href="#cite_note-BrickerBot-42">[42]</a> In its complaint against <a href="/wiki/Ross_William_Ulbricht" class="mw-redirect" title="Ross William Ulbricht">Ross William Ulbricht</a> of <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_(marketplace)" title="Silk Road (marketplace)">Silk Road</a>, the US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> acknowledged that Tor has "known legitimate uses".<a href="#cite_note-compaint-ulbricht-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-eff-silk-road-44">[44]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a>, Tor's anonymity function is "endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (EFF) and other civil liberties groups as a method for <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblowers</a> and human rights workers to communicate with journalists".<a href="#cite_note-cnet-arrested-45">[45]</a> EFF's Surveillance Self-Defense guide includes a description of where Tor fits in a larger strategy for protecting privacy and anonymity.<a href="#cite_note-eff-ssd-tor-46">[46]</a> In 2014, the EFF's <a href="/wiki/Eva_Galperin" title="Eva Galperin">Eva Galperin</a> told <a href="/wiki/Businessweek" class="mw-redirect" title="Businessweek">Businessweek</a> that "Tor's biggest problem is press. No one hears about that time someone wasn't <a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">stalked</a> by their abuser. They hear how somebody got away with downloading child porn."<a href="#cite_note-thecable-47">[47]</a> The Tor Project states that Tor users include "normal people" who wish to keep their Internet activities private from websites and advertisers, people concerned about cyber-spying, and users who are evading censorship such as activists, journalists, and military professionals. In November 2013, Tor had about four million users.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> According to the Wall Street Journal, in 2012 about 14% of Tor's traffic connected from the United States, with people in "Internet-censoring countries" as its second-largest user base.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Tor is increasingly used by victims of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Social worker">social workers</a> and agencies that assist them, even though shelter workers may or may not have had professional training on cyber-security matters.<a href="#cite_note-Where_Domestic_Violence_and_Cybersecurity_Intersect-50">[50]</a> Properly deployed, however, it precludes digital stalking, which has increased due to the prevalence of digital media in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Online">online</a> life.<a href="#cite_note-boston-domestic-abuse-51">[51]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/SecureDrop" title="SecureDrop">SecureDrop</a>, Tor is used by news organizations such as <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a> to protect the privacy of whistleblowers.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In March 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Office_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology">Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology</a> released a briefing which stated that "There is widespread agreement that banning online anonymity systems altogether is not seen as an acceptable policy option in the U.K." and that "Even if it were, there would be technical challenges." The report further noted that Tor "plays only a minor role in the online viewing and distribution of indecent images of children" (due in part to its inherent latency); its usage by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation" title="Internet Watch Foundation">Internet Watch Foundation</a>, the utility of its onion services for <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblowers</a>, and its circumvention of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a> of China were touted.<a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Dot-53">[53]</a> Tor's executive director, Andrew Lewman, also said in August 2014 that agents of the NSA and the GCHQ have anonymously provided Tor with bug reports.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The Tor Project's FAQ offers supporting reasons for the EFF's endorsement: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Criminals can already do bad things. Since they're willing to break laws, they already have lots of options available that provide better privacy than Tor provides... Tor aims to provide protection for ordinary people who want to follow the law. Only criminals have privacy right now, and we need to fix that... So yes, criminals could in theory use Tor, but they already have better options, and it seems unlikely that taking Tor away from the world will stop them from doing their bad things. At the same time, Tor and other privacy measures can fight identity theft, physical crimes like stalking, and so on.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tor Project FAQ<a href="#cite_note-torproject-faq-abuse-55">[55]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tor_Circuit_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A client, represented as a phone, sending traffic to an onion labelled "Guard" with four nested lines, then going to a "Middle" onion with three nested lines, then going to an "Exit" onion with two nested lines, and finally going to the Server with one line." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tor_Circuit_Diagram.svg/220px-Tor_Circuit_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tor_Circuit_Diagram.svg/330px-Tor_Circuit_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Tor_Circuit_Diagram.svg/440px-Tor_Circuit_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>The high-level design of Tor. Tor protects client anonymity by nesting layers of encryption over three proxy hops, known as relays, or onion routers: a guard relay, followed by a middle relay, then an exit relay. Nodes running Tor are here represented as onions.</figcaption></figure> Tor aims to conceal its users' identities and their online activity from surveillance and traffic analysis by separating identification and routing. It is an implementation of <a href="/wiki/Onion_routing" title="Onion routing">onion routing</a>, which encrypts and then randomly bounces communications through a network of relays run by volunteers around the globe. These onion routers employ <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a> in a multi-layered manner (hence the onion metaphor) to ensure <a href="/wiki/Perfect_forward_secrecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect forward secrecy">perfect forward secrecy</a> between relays, thereby providing users with anonymity in a network location. That anonymity extends to the hosting of censorship-resistant content by Tor's anonymous onion service feature.<a href="#cite_note-usenix-design-7">[7]</a> Furthermore, by keeping some of the entry relays (bridge relays) secret, users can evade <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a> that relies upon blocking public Tor relays.<a href="#cite_note-torproject-bridges-56">[56]</a> Because the <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> of the sender and the recipient are not both in <a href="/wiki/Cleartext" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleartext">cleartext</a> at any hop along the way, anyone eavesdropping at any point along the communication channel cannot directly identify both ends. Furthermore, to the recipient, it appears that the last Tor <a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">node</a> (called the exit node), rather than the sender, is the originator of the communication. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Originating_traffic">Originating traffic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Originating traffic">edit</a>]</div> A Tor user's <a href="/wiki/SOCKS" title="SOCKS">SOCKS</a>-aware applications can be configured to direct their network traffic through a Tor instance's SOCKS interface, which is listening on TCP port 9050 (for standalone Tor) or 9150 (for Tor Browser bundle) at <a href="/wiki/Localhost" title="Localhost">localhost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Tor periodically creates virtual circuits through the Tor network through which it can <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplex</a> and onion-route that traffic to its destination. Once inside a Tor network, the traffic is sent from router to router along the circuit, ultimately reaching an exit node at which point the <a href="/wiki/Cleartext" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleartext">cleartext</a> packet is available and is forwarded on to its original destination. Viewed from the destination, the traffic appears to originate at the Tor exit node. Tor's application independence sets it apart from most other anonymity networks: it works at the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP) stream level. Applications whose traffic is commonly anonymized using Tor include <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">Internet Relay Chat</a> (IRC), <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> browsing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onion_services">Onion services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Onion services">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tor_onion_services" title="List of Tor onion services">List of Tor onion services</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dark_web" title="Dark web">Dark web</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tor_Onion_Service_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A client, represented as a phone, sending traffic to an onion labelled the client's "Guard" with five nested lines, then going to a "Middle" onion with four nested lines, then going to another "Middle" with three nested lines, then going to the server's "Middle" via two nested lines, going to another "Middle" with three nested lines, going to a "Guard" with four nested lines, and finally going to the Server with five nested lines." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tor_Onion_Service_Diagram.svg/220px-Tor_Onion_Service_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tor_Onion_Service_Diagram.svg/330px-Tor_Onion_Service_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tor_Onion_Service_Diagram.svg/440px-Tor_Onion_Service_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>The high-level design of onion services. The client and onion service each select three relays (a guard and two middle relays) to route traffic to each other, never leaving the Tor network, and never transmitting <a href="/wiki/Plaintext" title="Plaintext">plaintext</a>.</figcaption></figure> Tor can also provide anonymity to websites and other servers. Servers configured to receive inbound connections only through Tor are called onion services (formerly, hidden services).<a href="#cite_note-onion-service-uses-58">[58]</a> Rather than revealing a server's IP address (and thus its network location), an onion service is accessed through its <a href="/wiki/.onion" title=".onion">onion address</a>, usually via the <a href="#Tor_Browser">Tor Browser</a> or some other software designed to use Tor. The Tor network understands these addresses by looking up their corresponding <a href="/wiki/Public_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Public key">public keys</a> and introduction points from a <a href="/wiki/Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">distributed hash table</a> within the network. It can route data to and from onion services, even those hosted behind <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewalls</a> or <a href="/wiki/Network_address_translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Network address translator">network address translators</a> (NAT), while preserving the anonymity of both parties. Tor is necessary to access these onion services.<a href="#cite_note-torproject-conf-hidden-59">[59]</a> Because the connection never leaves the Tor network, and is handled by the Tor application on both ends, the connection is always <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encrypted" class="mw-redirect" title="End-to-end encrypted">end-to-end encrypted</a>. Onion services were first specified in 2003<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> and have been deployed on the Tor network since 2004.<a href="#cite_note-or-locating-61">[61]</a> They are unlisted by design, and can only be discovered on the network if the onion address is already known,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> though a number of sites and services do catalog publicly known onion addresses. Popular sources of <a href="/wiki/.onion" title=".onion">.onion</a> links include <a href="/wiki/Pastebin.com" title="Pastebin.com">Pastebin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forums</a>, and tailored search engines.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> While onion services are often discussed in terms of websites, they can be used for any <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> service, and are commonly used for increased security or easier routing to non-web services, such as <a href="/wiki/Secure_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure shell">secure shell</a> remote login, chat services such as <a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a> and <a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a>, or <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-onion-service-uses-58">[58]</a> They have also become a popular means of establishing <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> connections in messaging<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and file sharing applications.<a href="#cite_note-Hassan2016-66">[66]</a> Web-based onion services can be accessed from a standard web browser without <a href="/wiki/Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">client-side</a> connection to the Tor network using services like <a href="/wiki/Tor2web" title="Tor2web">Tor2web</a>, which remove client anonymity.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attacks_and_limitations">Attacks and limitations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attacks and limitations">edit</a>]</div> Like all software with an <a href="/wiki/Attack_surface" title="Attack surface">attack surface</a>, Tor's protections have limitations, and Tor's implementation or design have been vulnerable to attacks at various points throughout its history.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-tor-research-19">[19]</a> While most of these limitations and attacks are minor, either being fixed without incident or proving inconsequential, others are more notable. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End-to-end_traffic_correlation">End-to-end traffic correlation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: End-to-end traffic correlation">edit</a>]</div> Tor is designed to provide relatively high performance network anonymity against an attacker with a single vantage point on the connection (e.g., control over one of the three relays, the destination server, or the user's <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service provider</a>). Like all current <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">low-latency</a> <a href="/wiki/Anonymity_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymity network">anonymity networks</a>, Tor cannot and does not attempt to protect against an attacker performing simultaneous monitoring of traffic at the boundaries of the Tor network—i.e., the traffic entering and exiting the network. While Tor does provide protection against <a href="/wiki/Traffic_analysis" title="Traffic analysis">traffic analysis</a>, it cannot prevent traffic confirmation via end-to-end correlation.<a href="#cite_note-torproject-one-cell-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-torproject-fail-both-ends-70">[70]</a> There are no documented cases of this limitation being used at scale; as of the 2013 <a href="/wiki/2010s_global_surveillance_disclosures" title="2010s global surveillance disclosures">Snowden leaks</a>, law enforcement agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a> were unable to perform <a href="/wiki/Dragnet_(policing)" title="Dragnet (policing)">dragnet</a> surveillance on Tor itself, and relied on attacking other software used in conjunction with Tor, such as <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computer_security)" title="Vulnerability (computer security)">vulnerabilities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Web_browsers" class="mw-redirect" title="Web browsers">web browsers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-how-nsa-71">[71]</a> However, targeted attacks have been able to make use of traffic confirmation on individual Tor users, via police surveillance or investigations confirming that a particular person already under suspicion was sending Tor traffic at the exact times the connections in question occurred.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The <a href="#Relay_early_attack">relay early traffic confirmation attack</a> also relied on traffic confirmation as part of its mechanism, though on requests for onion service descriptors, rather than traffic to the destination server. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consensus_attacks">Consensus attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consensus attacks">edit</a>]</div> Like many decentralized systems, Tor relies on a <a href="/wiki/Consensus_(computer_science)" title="Consensus (computer science)">consensus mechanism</a> to periodically update its current operating parameters. For Tor, these include network parameters like which nodes are good and bad relays, exits, guards, and how much traffic each can handle. Tor's architecture for deciding the consensus relies on a small number of directory authority nodes voting on current network parameters. Currently, there are nine directory authority nodes, and their health is publicly monitored.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The IP addresses of the authority nodes are <a href="/wiki/Hard_coded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard coded">hard coded</a> into each Tor client. The authority nodes vote every hour to update the consensus, and clients download the most recent consensus on startup.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> A compromise of the majority of the directory authorities could alter the consensus in a way that is beneficial to an attacker. Alternatively, a network congestion attack, such as a <a href="/wiki/DDoS" class="mw-redirect" title="DDoS">DDoS</a>, could theoretically prevent the consensus nodes from communicating, and thus prevent voting to update the consensus (though such an attack would be visible).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server-side_restrictions">Server-side restrictions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Server-side restrictions">edit</a>]</div> Tor makes no attempt to conceal the IP addresses of exit relays, or hide from a destination server the fact that a user is connecting via Tor.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Operators of Internet sites therefore have the ability to prevent traffic from Tor exit nodes or to offer reduced functionality for Tor users. For example, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> generally forbids all editing when using Tor or when using an IP address also used by a Tor exit node,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> blocks the IP addresses of all known Tor exit nodes from its <a href="/wiki/IPlayer" class="mw-redirect" title="IPlayer">iPlayer</a> service.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Apart from intentional restrictions of Tor traffic, Tor use can trigger defense mechanisms on websites intended to block traffic from IP addresses observed to generate malicious or abnormal traffic.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Because traffic from all Tor users is shared by a comparatively small number of exit relays, tools can misidentify distinct sessions as originating from the same user, and attribute the actions of a malicious user to a non-malicious user, or observe an unusually large volume of traffic for one IP address. Conversely, a site may observe a single session connecting from different exit relays, with different <a href="/wiki/Internet_geolocation" title="Internet geolocation">Internet geolocations</a>, and assume the connection is malicious, or trigger <a href="/wiki/Geo-blocking" title="Geo-blocking">geo-blocking</a>. When these defense mechanisms are triggered, it can result in the site blocking access, or presenting <a href="/wiki/Captcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Captcha">captchas</a> to the user. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relay_early_traffic_confirmation_attack">Relay early traffic confirmation attack</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relay early traffic confirmation attack">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/CERT_Coordination_Center#Operation_Onymous" title="CERT Coordination Center">CERT Coordination Center § Operation Onymous</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Onymous#Tor_0-day_exploit" title="Operation Onymous">Operation Onymous § Tor 0-day exploit</a></div> In July 2014, the Tor Project issued a security advisory for a "relay early traffic confirmation" attack, disclosing the discovery of a group of relays attempting to de-anonymize onion service users and operators.<a href="#cite_note-relay-early-attack-83">[83]</a> A set of onion service directory nodes (i.e., the Tor relays responsible for providing information about onion services) were found to be modifying traffic of requests. The modifications made it so the requesting client's guard relay, if controlled by the same adversary as the onion service directory node, could easily confirm that the traffic was from the same request. This would allow the adversary to simultaneously know the onion service involved in the request, and the IP address of the client requesting it (where the requesting client could be a visitor or owner of the onion service).<a href="#cite_note-relay-early-attack-83">[83]</a> The attacking nodes joined the network on 30 January, using a <a href="/wiki/Sybil_attack" title="Sybil attack">Sybil attack</a> to comprise 6.4% of guard relay capacity, and were removed on 4 July.<a href="#cite_note-relay-early-attack-83">[83]</a> In addition to removing the attacking relays, the Tor application was patched to prevent the specific traffic modifications that made the attack possible. In November 2014, there was speculation in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Onymous" title="Operation Onymous">Operation Onymous</a>, resulting in 17 arrests internationally, that a Tor weakness had been exploited. A representative of <a href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a> was secretive about the method used, saying: "This is something we want to keep for ourselves. The way we do this, we can't share with the whole world, because we want to do it again and again and again."<a href="#cite_note-Wired-2014-11-07-84">[84]</a> A <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> source cited a "technical breakthrough"<a href="#cite_note-BBC-2014-11-07-85">[85]</a> that allowed tracking physical locations of servers, and the initial number of infiltrated sites led to the exploit speculation. A Tor Project representative downplayed this possibility, suggesting that execution of more traditional police work was more likely.<a href="#cite_note-crisis-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In November 2015, court documents suggested a connection between the attack and arrests, and raised concerns about security research ethics.<a href="#cite_note-Motherboard2015-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-tor-blog-FBI-89">[89]</a> The documents revealed that the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> obtained IP addresses of onion services and their visitors from a "university-based research institute", leading to arrests. Reporting from <a href="/wiki/Motherboard_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motherboard (website)">Motherboard</a> found that the timing and nature of the relay early traffic confirmation attack matched the description in the court documents. Multiple experts, including a senior researcher with the <a href="/wiki/International_Computer_Science_Institute" title="International Computer Science Institute">ICSI</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Felten" title="Edward Felten">Edward Felten</a> of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Tor_Project" title="The Tor Project">the Tor Project</a> agreed that the <a href="/wiki/CERT_Coordination_Center" title="CERT Coordination Center">CERT Coordination Center</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> was the institute in question.<a href="#cite_note-Motherboard2015-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Felton2014-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-tor-blog-FBI-89">[89]</a> Concerns raised included the role of an academic institution in policing, sensitive research involving non-consenting users, the non-targeted nature of the attack, and the lack of disclosure about the incident.<a href="#cite_note-Motherboard2015-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Felton2014-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-tor-blog-FBI-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulnerable_applications">Vulnerable applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vulnerable applications">edit</a>]</div> Many attacks targeted at Tor users result from flaws in applications used with Tor, either in the application itself, or in how it operates in combination with Tor. E.g., researchers with <a href="/wiki/French_Institute_for_Research_in_Computer_Science_and_Automation" title="French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation">Inria</a> in 2011 performed an attack on <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> users by attacking clients that established connections both using and not using Tor, then associating other connections shared by the same Tor circuit.<a href="#cite_note-usenix-bad-apple-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fingerprinting">Fingerprinting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fingerprinting">edit</a>]</div> When using Tor, applications may still provide data tied to a device, such as information about screen resolution, installed fonts, language configuration, or supported graphics functionality, reducing the set of users a connection could possibly originate from, or uniquely identifying them.<a href="#cite_note-tbb-anti-fingerprinting-92">[92]</a> This information is known as the <a href="/wiki/Device_fingerprint" title="Device fingerprint">device fingerprint</a>, or browser fingerprint in the case of web browsers. Applications implemented with Tor in mind, such as Tor Browser, can be designed to minimize the amount of information leaked by the application and reduce its fingerprint.<a href="#cite_note-tbb-anti-fingerprinting-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eavesdropping">Eavesdropping</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Eavesdropping">edit</a>]</div> Tor cannot encrypt the traffic between an exit relay and the destination server. If an application does not add an additional layer of <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">end-to-end encryption</a> between the client and the server, such as <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">Transport Layer Security</a> (TLS, used in <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a>) or the <a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">Secure Shell</a> (SSH) protocol, this allows the exit relay to capture and modify traffic.<a href="#cite_note-ssl-strip-attack-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Attacks from malicious exit relays have recorded usernames and passwords,<a href="#cite_note-wired-rogue-nodes-96">[96]</a> and modified <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a> addresses to redirect transactions.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Some of these attacks involved actively removing the HTTPS protections that would have otherwise been used.<a href="#cite_note-ssl-strip-attack-94">[94]</a> To attempt to prevent this, Tor Browser has since made it so only connections via onion services or HTTPS are allowed by default.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Firefox/Tor_browser_attacks">Firefox/Tor browser attacks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Firefox/Tor browser attacks">edit</a>]</div> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the Netherlands">Dutch authority</a> investigating <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a> discovered the IP address of a Tor onion service site from an unprotected administrator's account and gave it to the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>, who traced it to Aaron McGrath.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> After a year of surveillance, the FBI launched "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Torpedo" title="Operation Torpedo">Operation Torpedo</a>" which resulted in McGrath's arrest and allowed them to install their <a href="/wiki/Network_Investigative_Technique" title="Network Investigative Technique">Network Investigative Technique</a> (NIT) malware on the servers for retrieving information from the users of the three onion service sites that McGrath controlled.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The technique exploited a vulnerability in Firefox/Tor Browser that had already been patched, and therefore targeted users that had not updated. A <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Flash</a> application sent a user's IP address directly back to an FBI server,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and resulted in revealing at least 25 US users as well as numerous users from other countries.<a href="#cite_note-WiredDeFoggi-105">[105]</a> McGrath was sentenced to 20 years in prison in early 2014, while at least 18 others (including a former Acting <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">HHS</a> Cyber Security Director) were sentenced in subsequent cases.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In August 2013, it was discovered<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> browsers in many older versions of the Tor Browser Bundle were vulnerable to a JavaScript-deployed <a href="/wiki/Shellcode" title="Shellcode">shellcode</a> attack, as NoScript was not enabled by default.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-peeling-110">[110]</a> Attackers used this vulnerability to extract users' MAC and IP addresses and Windows computer names.<a href="#cite_note-iw-info-stealing-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-wired-feds-are-suspects-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-ghowen-fby-analysis-113">[113]</a> News reports linked this to a FBI operation targeting <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Hosting" title="Freedom Hosting">Freedom Hosting</a>'s owner, Eric Eoin Marques, who was arrested on a provisional <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a> warrant issued by a United States' court on 29 July.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The FBI extradited Marques from Ireland to the state of Maryland on 4 charges: distributing; conspiring to distribute; and advertising child pornography, as well as aiding and abetting advertising of child pornography.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-mirror-marques-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-torproject-old-vulnerable-117">[117]</a> The FBI acknowledged the attack in a 12 September 2013 court filing in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>;<a href="#cite_note-wired-fbi-controlled-118">[118]</a> further technical details from a training presentation leaked by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> revealed the code name for the exploit as "EgotisticalGiraffe".<a href="#cite_note-guardian-how-nsa-71">[71]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Kaspersky_Lab" title="Kaspersky Lab">Kaspersky</a> researchers found that when looking up "Tor Browser" in Chinese on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a> provided under the top-ranked Chinese-language video actually pointed to malware disguised as Tor Browser. Once installed, it saved browsing history and form data that genuine Tor forgot by default, and downloaded malicious components if the device's IP addresses was in China. Kaspersky researchers noted that the malware was not stealing data to sell for profit, but was designed to identify users.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Onion_service_configuration">Onion service configuration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Onion service configuration">edit</a>]</div> Like client applications that use Tor, servers relying on onion services for protection can introduce their own weaknesses. Servers that are reachable through Tor onion services and the public Internet can be subject to correlation attacks, and all onion services are susceptible to misconfigured services (e.g., identifying information included by default in web server error responses), leaking uptime and downtime statistics, intersection attacks, or various user errors.<a href="#cite_note-torproject-hidden-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-register-embassy-passwd-121">[121]</a> The OnionScan program, written by independent security researcher <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jamie_Lewis" title="Sarah Jamie Lewis">Sarah Jamie Lewis</a>, comprehensively examines onion services for such flaws and vulnerabilities.<a href="#cite_note-OnionScan-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Software">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Tor_Project#Tools" title="The Tor Project">The Tor Project § Tools</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Project_(software)#Projects" title="Guardian Project (software)">Guardian Project (software) § Projects</a></div> The main implementation of Tor is written primarily in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tor-gitlab-repoanalytics-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tor_Browser">Tor Browser</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tor Browser">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Tor Browser</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Tor_Browser_icon_(New).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tor_Browser_icon_%28New%29.png/70px-Tor_Browser_icon_%28New%29.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tor_Browser_icon_%28New%29.png/105px-Tor_Browser_icon_%28New%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tor_Browser_icon_%28New%29.png/140px-Tor_Browser_icon_%28New%29.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Tor_Browser_September_2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tor_Browser_September_2023.png/250px-Tor_Browser_September_2023.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tor_Browser_September_2023.png/375px-Tor_Browser_September_2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tor_Browser_September_2023.png/500px-Tor_Browser_September_2023.png 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="786" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Tor Browser showing its start page – about:tor</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tor Project</td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release(s)</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="margin:0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Android</th><td class="infobox-data">14.0.6<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-8f6aeb3d3e2ddd910601f6344f1e9d62b1d14743-v18-124">[124]</a><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15397253?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a>  / 7 February 2025 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Linux</th><td class="infobox-data">14.0.6<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-8f6aeb3d3e2ddd910601f6344f1e9d62b1d14743-v18-124">[124]</a><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15397253?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> / 7 February 2025</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">macOS</th><td class="infobox-data">14.0.6<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-8f6aeb3d3e2ddd910601f6344f1e9d62b1d14743-v18-124">[124]</a><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15397253?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> / 7 February 2025</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Windows</th><td class="infobox-data">14.0.6<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-8f6aeb3d3e2ddd910601f6344f1e9d62b1d14743-v18-124">[124]</a><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15397253?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> / 7 February 2025</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Preview release(s)</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="margin:0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Android</th><td class="infobox-data">14.5a3<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-adaaf034e49b748e69fccd1862b633f80d004923-v18-125">[125]</a><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15397253?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> / 11 February 2025</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Linux</th><td class="infobox-data">14.5a3<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-adaaf034e49b748e69fccd1862b633f80d004923-v18-125">[125]</a><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15397253?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> / 11 February 2025</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">macOS</th><td class="infobox-data">14.5a3<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-adaaf034e49b748e69fccd1862b633f80d004923-v18-125">[125]</a><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15397253?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> / 11 February 2025</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Windows</th><td class="infobox-data">14.5a3<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-adaaf034e49b748e69fccd1862b633f80d004923-v18-125">[125]</a><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15397253?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> / 11 February 2025</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor-browser.git/">gitweb.torproject.org/tor-browser.git/</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_engine" title="Software engine">Engine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> and later</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> (inc. <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File_size" title="File size">Size</a></th><td class="infobox-data">90–165 MB</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">37 languages<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Onion_routing" title="Onion routing">Onion routing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feed_reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Feed reader">feed reader</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">Mozilla Public License</a><a href="#cite_note-license-128">[128]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torproject.org">torproject.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Tor Browser<a href="#cite_note-tbb-129">[129]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> capable of accessing the Tor network. It was created as the Tor Browser Bundle by <a href="/wiki/Steven_J._Murdoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven J. Murdoch">Steven J. Murdoch</a><a href="#cite_note-torproject-corepeople-130">[130]</a> and announced in January 2008.<a href="#cite_note-tbbannounce-131">[131]</a> The Tor Browser consists of a modified Mozilla <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> ESR web browser, the TorButton, TorLauncher, <a href="/wiki/NoScript" title="NoScript">NoScript</a> and the Tor proxy.<a href="#cite_note-tbb-design-document-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-wu8-ubuntu-ppa-133">[133]</a> Users can run the Tor Browser from <a href="/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">removable media</a>. It can operate under <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lj-portable-134">[134]</a> The default <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a> is <a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a> (until version 4.5, <a href="/wiki/Startpage.com" title="Startpage.com">Startpage.com</a> was its default). The Tor Browser automatically starts Tor background processes and routes traffic through the Tor network. Upon termination of a session the browser deletes privacy-sensitive data such as HTTP cookies and the browsing history.<a href="#cite_note-wu8-ubuntu-ppa-133">[133]</a> This is effective in reducing <a href="/wiki/Web_tracking" title="Web tracking">web tracking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canvas_fingerprinting" title="Canvas fingerprinting">canvas fingerprinting</a>, and it also helps to prevent creation of a <a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">filter bubble</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] To allow download from places where accessing the Tor Project URL may be risky or blocked, a <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> repository is maintained with links for releases hosted in other domains.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tor_Messenger">Tor Messenger</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tor Messenger">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Tor Messenger</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Tor-messenger.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tor-messenger.svg/128px-Tor-messenger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tor-messenger.svg/192px-Tor-messenger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tor-messenger.svg/256px-Tor-messenger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">The Tor Project</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">29 October 2015; 9 years ago (2015-10-29)<a href="#cite_note-auto-136">[136]</a></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">0.5.0-beta-1 / 28 September 2017; 7 years ago (2017-09-28)<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-sunset-tormes-138">[138]</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor-messenger-build.git">https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor-messenger-build.git</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C/C%2B%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="C/C++">C/C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/XUL" title="XUL">XUL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> and later</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> (inc. <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/doc/TorMessenger">trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/doc/TorMessenger</a></td></tr></tbody></table> On 29 October 2015, the Tor Project released Tor Messenger Beta, an instant messaging program based on <a href="/wiki/Instantbird" title="Instantbird">Instantbird</a> with Tor and <a href="/wiki/Off-the-Record_Messaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-the-Record Messaging">OTR</a> built in and used by default.<a href="#cite_note-auto-136">[136]</a> Like <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_(software)" title="Pidgin (software)">Pidgin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adium" title="Adium">Adium</a>, Tor Messenger supports multiple different instant messaging protocols; however, it accomplishes this without relying on libpurple, implementing all chat protocols in the memory-safe language JavaScript instead.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> According to Lucian Armasu of Toms Hardware, in April 2018, the Tor Project shut down the Tor Messenger project for three reasons: the developers of "Instabird" [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] discontinued support for their own software, limited resources and known metadata problems.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The Tor Messenger developers explained that overcoming any vulnerabilities discovered in the future would be impossible due to the project relying on outdated software dependencies.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tor_Phone">Tor Phone</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tor Phone">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, Tor developer Mike Perry announced a prototype tor-enabled smartphone based on <a href="/wiki/CopperheadOS" title="CopperheadOS">CopperheadOS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> It was meant as a direction for Tor on mobile.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The project was called 'Mission Improbable'. Copperhead's then lead developer Daniel Micay welcomed the prototype.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third-party_applications">Third-party applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Third-party applications">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Vuze" title="Vuze">Vuze</a> (formerly Azureus) <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> client,<a href="#cite_note-vuze-tor-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bitmessage" title="Bitmessage">Bitmessage</a> anonymous messaging system,<a href="#cite_note-bitmessage-faq-148">[148]</a> and <a href="/wiki/TorChat" title="TorChat">TorChat</a> instant messenger include Tor support. The <a href="/wiki/Briar_(software)" title="Briar (software)">Briar</a> messenger routes all messaging via Tor by default. <a href="/wiki/OnionShare" title="OnionShare">OnionShare</a> allows users to share files using Tor.<a href="#cite_note-Hassan2016-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Project_(software)" title="Guardian Project (software)">The Guardian Project</a> is actively developing a free and open-source suite of applications and firmware for the <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android operating system</a> to improve the security of mobile communications.<a href="#cite_note-guardianproject-about-149">[149]</a> The applications include the <a href="/wiki/ChatSecure" title="ChatSecure">ChatSecure</a> instant messaging client,<a href="#cite_note-guardianproject-chatsecure-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orbot" title="Orbot">Orbot</a> Tor implementation<a href="#cite_note-guardianproject-orbot-151">[151]</a> (also available for iOS),<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Orweb (discontinued) privacy-enhanced mobile browser,<a href="#cite_note-guardianproject-orweb-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-n8fr8-154">[154]</a> Orfox, the mobile counterpart of the Tor Browser, ProxyMob <a href="/wiki/Firefox_add-on" class="mw-redirect" title="Firefox add-on">Firefox add-on</a>,<a href="#cite_note-guardianproject-proxymob-155">[155]</a> and ObscuraCam.<a href="#cite_note-guardianproject-obscuracam-156">[156]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_Browser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onion Browser (page does not exist)">Onion Browser</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> is open-source, privacy-enhancing web browser for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, which uses Tor.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> It is available in the iOS <a href="/wiki/App_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store">App Store</a>,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> and source code is available on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-github-OnionBro-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a> added support for Tor in its desktop browser's <a href="/wiki/Private_browsing" title="Private browsing">private-browsing</a> mode.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orbot-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orbot logo"><img alt="Orbot logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Orbot-logo.svg/120px-Orbot-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Orbot-logo.svg/180px-Orbot-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Orbot-logo.svg/240px-Orbot-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Orbot logo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orbot,_running_under_Samsung_Internet.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Orbot 16.6.3, running under Samsung Internet"><img alt="Orbot 16.6.3, running under Samsung Internet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Orbot%2C_running_under_Samsung_Internet.png/54px-Orbot%2C_running_under_Samsung_Internet.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Orbot%2C_running_under_Samsung_Internet.png/81px-Orbot%2C_running_under_Samsung_Internet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Orbot%2C_running_under_Samsung_Internet.png/108px-Orbot%2C_running_under_Samsung_Internet.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Orbot 16.6.3, running under <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Internet" title="Samsung Internet">Samsung Internet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Onion_Browser_on_iPad.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Onion Browser on iPad"><img alt="Onion Browser on iPad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Onion_Browser_on_iPad.png/120px-Onion_Browser_on_iPad.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Onion_Browser_on_iPad.png/180px-Onion_Browser_on_iPad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Onion_Browser_on_iPad.png/240px-Onion_Browser_on_iPad.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Onion Browser on <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security-focused_operating_systems">Security-focused operating systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Security-focused operating systems">edit</a>]</div> In September of 2024, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)" title="Tails (operating system)">Tails</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Security-focused_operating_system" title="Security-focused operating system">security-focused operating system</a>, had become part of the Tor Project.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Other security-focused operating systems that make or made extensive use of Tor include <a href="/wiki/Hardened_Linux_From_Scratch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardened Linux From Scratch">Hardened Linux From Scratch</a>, Incognito, <a href="/wiki/Security-focused_operating_system#Liberté_Linux" title="Security-focused operating system">Liberté Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qubes_OS" title="Qubes OS">Qubes OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subgraph_(operating_system)" title="Subgraph (operating system)">Subgraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parrot_OS" title="Parrot OS">Parrot OS</a>, Tor-ramdisk, and <a href="/wiki/Whonix" title="Whonix">Whonix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-xakep-whole-hog-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception,_impact,_and_legislation">Reception, impact, and legislation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Reception, impact, and legislation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm/220px--TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm/TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm/TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm/TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm/TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm/TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm/TorPluggable_transports-animation.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATorPluggable_transports-animation.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>A very brief animated primer on Tor pluggable transports,<a href="#cite_note-Tor_Project:_Pluggable_Transports-165">[165]</a> a method of accessing the anonymity network</figcaption></figure> Tor has been praised for providing privacy and anonymity to vulnerable Internet users such as political activists fearing surveillance and arrest, ordinary web users seeking to circumvent censorship, and people who have been threatened with violence or abuse by stalkers.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) has called Tor "the king of high-secure, low-latency Internet anonymity",<a href="#cite_note-guardian-nsa-target-25">[25]</a> and <a href="/wiki/BusinessWeek" class="mw-redirect" title="BusinessWeek">BusinessWeek</a> magazine has described it as "perhaps the most effective means of defeating the online surveillance efforts of intelligence agencies around the world".<a href="#cite_note-bw-tor-vs-11">[11]</a> Other media have described Tor as "a sophisticated privacy tool",<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> "easy to use"<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> and "so secure that even the world's most sophisticated electronic spies haven't figured out how to crack it".<a href="#cite_note-thecable-47">[47]</a> Advocates for Tor say it supports <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>, including in countries where the Internet is censored, by protecting the privacy and anonymity of users. The mathematical underpinnings of Tor lead it to be characterized as acting "like a piece of <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, and governments naturally fall into paying for infrastructure they want to use".<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The project was originally developed on behalf of the U.S. intelligence community and continues to receive U.S. government funding, and has been criticized as "more resembl[ing] a spook project than a tool designed by a culture that values accountability or transparency".<a href="#cite_note-pando-171">[171]</a> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit">[update]</a>, 80% of The Tor Project's $2M annual budget came from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Board_of_Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting Board of Governors">Broadcasting Board of Governors</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> as major contributors,<a href="#cite_note-boston-free-speech-tech-172">[172]</a> aiming "to aid democracy advocates in authoritarian states".<a href="#cite_note-NDR-173">[173]</a> Other public sources of funding include <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory">U.S. Naval Research Laboratory</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Government of Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-torproject-sponsors-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsj-anonymous-contraversial-175">[175]</a> Some have proposed that the government values Tor's commitment to free speech, and uses the darknet to gather intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] Tor also receives funding from <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a> including <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, and private sponsors including <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Dingledine said that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> funds are more similar to a <a href="/wiki/Research_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Research grant">research grant</a> than a <a href="/wiki/Procurement" title="Procurement">procurement contract</a>. Tor executive director Andrew Lewman said that even though it accepts funds from the U.S. federal government, the Tor service did not collaborate with the NSA to reveal identities of users.<a href="#cite_note-wp-feds-pay-178">[178]</a> Critics say that Tor is not as secure as it claims,<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> pointing to U.S. law enforcement's investigations and shutdowns of Tor-using sites such as web-hosting company <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Hosting" title="Freedom Hosting">Freedom Hosting</a> and online marketplace <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_(marketplace)" title="Silk Road (marketplace)">Silk Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pando-171">[171]</a> In October 2013, after analyzing documents leaked by Edward Snowden, The Guardian reported that the NSA had repeatedly tried to crack Tor and had failed to break its core security, although it had had some success attacking the computers of individual Tor users.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-nsa-target-25">[25]</a> The Guardian also published a 2012 NSA classified slide deck, entitled "Tor Stinks", which said: "We will never be able to de-anonymize all Tor users all the time", but "with manual analysis we can de-anonymize a very small fraction of Tor users".<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> When Tor users are arrested, it is typically due to human error, not to the core technology being hacked or cracked.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> On 7 November 2014, for example, a joint operation by the FBI, ICE Homeland Security investigations and European Law enforcement agencies led to 17 arrests and the seizure of 27 sites containing 400 pages.<a href="#cite_note-arrests-182">[182]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tor_(network)#Dubious" title="Talk:Tor (network)">discuss</a>] A late 2014 report by <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> using a new cache of Snowden leaks revealed, however, that as of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit">[update]</a> the NSA deemed Tor on its own as a "major threat" to its mission, and when used in conjunction with other privacy tools such as <a href="/wiki/Off-the-Record_Messaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-the-Record Messaging">OTR</a>, Cspace, <a href="/wiki/ZRTP" title="ZRTP">ZRTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/RedPhone" class="mw-redirect" title="RedPhone">RedPhone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)" title="Tails (operating system)">Tails</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TrueCrypt" title="TrueCrypt">TrueCrypt</a> was ranked as "catastrophic," leading to a "near-total loss/lack of insight to target communications, presence..."<a href="#cite_note-spiegel1-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-spiegel2-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011">2011</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2011">edit</a>]</div> In March 2011, The Tor Project received the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>'s 2010 Award for Projects of Social Benefit. The citation read, "Using free software, Tor has enabled roughly 36 million people around the world to experience freedom of access and expression on the Internet while keeping them in control of their privacy and anonymity. Its network has proved pivotal in dissident movements in both <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and more recently <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>."<a href="#cite_note-fsf-award-185">[185]</a> Iran tried to block Tor at least twice in 2011. One attempt simply blocked all servers with 2-hour-expiry security certificates; it was successful for less than 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012">2012</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2012">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> magazine named Dingledine, Mathewson, and Syverson among its Top 100 Global Thinkers "for making the web safe for whistleblowers".<a href="#cite_note-fp-top100-thinkers-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013">2013</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 2013">edit</a>]</div> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Appelbaum" title="Jacob Appelbaum">Jacob Appelbaum</a> described Tor as a "part of an ecosystem of software that helps people regain and reclaim their autonomy. It helps to enable people to have agency of all kinds; it helps others to help each other and it helps you to help yourself. It runs, it is open and it is supported by a large community spread across all walks of life."<a href="#cite_note-verge-applebaum-189">[189]</a> In June 2013, whistleblower <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> used Tor to send information about <a href="/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">PRISM</a> to <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-erste-darknet-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014">2014</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2014">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, the Russian government offered a $111,000 contract to "study the possibility of obtaining technical information about users and users' equipment on the Tor anonymous network".<a href="#cite_note-ars-111k-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-pcw-111k-192">[192]</a> In September 2014, in response to reports that <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a> had been discouraging customers from using the Tor Browser, <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a> issued a public statement that "We have no policy against Tor, or any other browser or software."<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> In October 2014, The Tor Project hired the public relations firm Thomson Communications to improve its public image (particularly regarding the terms "Dark Net" and "hidden services," which are widely viewed as being problematic) and to educate journalists about the technical aspects of Tor.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkey" title="Censorship in Turkey">Turkey blocked</a> downloads of Tor Browser from the Tor Project.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015">2015</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2015">edit</a>]</div> In June 2015, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_special_rapporteur" title="United Nations special rapporteur">special rapporteur</a> from the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> specifically mentioned Tor in the context of the debate in the U.S. about allowing so-called <a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">backdoors</a> in encryption programs for law enforcement purposes<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> in an interview for The Washington Post. In July 2015, the Tor Project announced an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Library_Freedom_Project" title="Library Freedom Project">Library Freedom Project</a> to establish exit nodes in public libraries.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> The pilot program, which established a middle relay running on the excess bandwidth afforded by the Kilton Library in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_New_Hampshire" title="Lebanon, New Hampshire">Lebanon, New Hampshire</a>, making it the first library in the U.S. to host a Tor node, was briefly put on hold when the local city manager and deputy sheriff voiced concerns over the cost of defending search warrants for information passed through the Tor exit node. Although the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> (DHS) had alerted New Hampshire authorities to the fact that Tor is sometimes used by criminals, the Lebanon Deputy Police Chief and the Deputy City Manager averred that no pressure to strong-arm the library was applied, and the service was re-established on 15 September 2015.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> U.S. Rep. <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Lofgren" title="Zoe Lofgren">Zoe Lofgren</a> (D-Calif) released a letter on 10 December 2015, in which she asked the <abbr title="US. Department of Homeland Security">DHS</abbr> to clarify its procedures, stating that "While the Kilton Public Library's board ultimately voted to restore their Tor relay, I am no less disturbed by the possibility that <abbr title="US. Department of Homeland Security">DHS</abbr> employees are pressuring or persuading public and private entities to discontinue or degrade services that protect the privacy and anonymity of U.S. citizens."<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kopstein2015-202">[202]</a> In a 2016 interview, Kilton Library IT Manager Chuck McAndrew stressed the importance of getting libraries involved with Tor: "Librarians have always cared deeply about protecting privacy, intellectual freedom, and <a href="/wiki/Access_to_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Access to information">access to information</a> (the freedom to read). Surveillance has a very well-documented chilling effect on intellectual freedom. It is the job of librarians to remove barriers to information."<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> The second library to host a Tor node was the Las Naves Public Library in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia, Spain</a>, implemented in the first months of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In August 2015, an <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> security research group, called "X-Force", put out a quarterly report that advised companies to block Tor on security grounds, citing a "steady increase" in attacks from Tor exit nodes as well as botnet traffic.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> In September 2015, Luke Millanta created OnionView (now defunct), a web service that plots the location of active Tor relay nodes onto an interactive map of the world. The project's purpose was to detail the network's size and escalating growth rate.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> In December 2015, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a>),<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Boing_Boing" title="Boing Boing">Boing Boing</a>),<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>,<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> and artist-activist <a href="/wiki/Molly_Crabapple" title="Molly Crabapple">Molly Crabapple</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> amongst others, announced their support of Tor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016">2016</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 2016">edit</a>]</div> In March 2016, New Hampshire state representative <a href="/wiki/Keith_Ammon" title="Keith Ammon">Keith Ammon</a> introduced a bill<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> allowing public libraries to run privacy software. The bill specifically referenced Tor. The text was crafted with extensive input from <a href="/wiki/Alison_Macrina" title="Alison Macrina">Alison Macrina</a>, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Library_Freedom_Project" title="Library Freedom Project">Library Freedom Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Proposed_New_Hampshire_bill-212">[212]</a> The bill was passed by the House 268–62.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Also in March 2016, the first Tor node, specifically a middle relay, was established at a library in Canada, the Graduate Resource Centre (GRC) in the Faculty of Information and Media Studies (FIMS) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Western_FIMS_relay-214">[214]</a> Given that the running of a Tor exit node is an unsettled area of Canadian law,<a href="#cite_note-Legality_of_running_a_Tor_exit_node_in_Canada-215">[215]</a> and that in general institutions are more capable than individuals to cope with legal pressures, Alison Macrina of the Library Freedom Project has opined that in some ways she would like to see intelligence agencies and law enforcement attempt to intervene in the event that an exit node were established.<a href="#cite_note-Fighting_the_Feds_on_running_a_Tor_node-216">[216]</a> On 16 May 2016, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> reported on the case of core Tor developer "isis agora lovecruft",<a href="#cite_note-lovecruft_2020_tweet-217">[217]</a> who had fled to Germany under the threat of a subpoena by the FBI during the Thanksgiving break of the previous year. The <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> legally represented lovecruft.<a href="#cite_note-Harassment_of_Isis_Agora_Lovecruft-218">[218]</a> On 2 December 2016, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> reported on burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Digital_privacy" title="Digital privacy">digital privacy</a> and security workshops in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, particularly at the <a href="/wiki/Hackerspace" title="Hackerspace">hackerspace</a> <a href="/wiki/Noisebridge" title="Noisebridge">Noisebridge</a>, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a>; downloading the Tor browser was mentioned.<a href="#cite_note-Trump_Preparerdness-219">[219]</a> Also, in December 2016, Turkey has blocked the usage of Tor, together with ten of the most used <a href="/wiki/VPN" class="mw-redirect" title="VPN">VPN</a> services in Turkey, which were popular ways of accessing banned social media sites and services.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Tor (and <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>) was fundamental to the operation of the dark web marketplace <a href="/wiki/AlphaBay" title="AlphaBay">AlphaBay</a>, which was taken down in an international law enforcement operation in July 2017.<a href="#cite_note-forfeit-221">[221]</a> Despite federal claims that Tor would not shield a user, however,<a href="#cite_note-Ten_times_the_size_of_Silk_Road.-222">[222]</a> elementary <a href="/wiki/Operational_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational security">operational security</a> errors outside of the ambit of the Tor network led to the site's downfall.<a href="#cite_note-Operational_Security_Nonexistant-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017">2017</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 2017">edit</a>]</div> In June 2017 the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a> recommended intermittent Tor usage for politically active organizations and individuals as a defensive mitigation against <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a> threats.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> And in August 2017, according to reportage, cybersecurity firms which specialize in monitoring and researching the dark web (which relies on Tor as its infrastructure) on behalf of banks and retailers routinely share their findings with the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> and with other law enforcement agencies "when possible and necessary" regarding illegal content. The Russian-speaking underground offering a crime-as-a-service model is regarded as being particularly robust.<a href="#cite_note-Dark_Web_Mainstream_Media_Coverage-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018">2018</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 2018">edit</a>]</div> In June 2018, Venezuela blocked access to the Tor network. The block affected both direct connections to the network and connections being made via bridge relays.<a href="#cite_note-Venezuela_Blocks_Tor-227">[227]</a> On 20 June 2018, Bavarian police raided the homes of the board members of the non-profit <a href="/wiki/Zwiebelfreunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwiebelfreunde">Zwiebelfreunde</a>, a member of <a href="/wiki/Torservers.net" title="Torservers.net">torservers.net</a>, which handles the European financial transactions of <a href="/wiki/Riseup.net" class="mw-redirect" title="Riseup.net">riseup.net</a> in connection with a blog post there which apparently promised violence against the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> convention.<a href="#cite_note-June_2018_Bavarian_Raid-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-Police_searches_homes_of_Zwiebelfreunde_board_members_as_well_as_OpenLab_in_Augsburg-229">[229]</a> Tor came out strongly against the raid on its support organization, which provides legal and financial aid for the setting up and maintenance of high-speed relays and exit nodes.<a href="#cite_note-In_Support_of_Torservers-230">[230]</a> According to torservers.net, on 23 August 2018 the German court at Landgericht München ruled that the raid and seizures were illegal. The hardware and documentation seized had been kept under seal, and purportedly were neither analyzed nor evaluated by the Bavarian police.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Since October 2018, <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Chinese online communities</a> within Tor have begun to dwindle due to increased efforts to stop them by the Chinese government.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019">2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 2019">edit</a>]</div> In November 2019, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> called for a full, unabridged <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified Chinese">simplified Chinese</a> translation of his autobiography, <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Record_(autobiography)" title="Permanent Record (autobiography)">Permanent Record</a>, as the Chinese publisher had violated their agreement by expurgating all mentions of Tor and other matters deemed politically sensitive by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edward_Snowden_blew_the_whistle_on_how_Chinese_censors_scrubbed_his_book-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021">2021</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 2021">edit</a>]</div> On 8 December 2021, the Russian government agency <a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Supervision_of_Communications,_Information_Technology_and_Mass_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media">Roskomnadzor</a> announced it has banned Tor and six VPN services for failing to abide by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Internet_blacklist" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Internet blacklist">Russian Internet blacklist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Russian ISPs unsuccessfully attempted to block Tor's main website as well as several bridges beginning on 1 December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> The Tor Project has appealed to Russian courts over this ban.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022">2022</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 2022">edit</a>]</div> In response to <a href="/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">Internet censorship</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/VOA" class="mw-redirect" title="VOA">VOA</a> have directed Russian audiences to Tor.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> The Russian government increased efforts to block access to Tor through technical and political means, while the network reported an increase in traffic from Russia, and increased Russian use of its anti-censorship <a href="/wiki/Snowflake_(software)" title="Snowflake (software)">Snowflake tool</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wired-240">[240]</a> Russian courts temporarily lifted the blockade on Tor's website (but not connections to relays) on May 24, 2022<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> due to Russian law requiring that the Tor Project be involved in the case. However, the blockade was reinstated on July 21, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Iran implemented rolling internet blackouts during the <a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">Mahsa Amini protests</a>, and Tor and <a href="/wiki/Snowflake_(software)" title="Snowflake (software)">Snowflake</a> were used to circumvent them.<a href="#cite_note-skyrocket-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FAZ-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-rnd-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-EFF-246">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">China, with its highly centralized control of its internet</a>, had effectively blocked Tor.<a href="#cite_note-wired-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Improved_security">Improved security</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Improved security">edit</a>]</div> Tor responded to earlier vulnerabilities listed above by patching them and improving security. In one way or another, human (user) errors can lead to detection. The Tor Project website provides the best practices (instructions) on how to properly use the Tor browser. When improperly used, Tor is not secure. For example, Tor warns its users that not all traffic is protected; only the traffic routed through the Tor browser is protected. Users are also warned to use <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a> versions of websites, not to <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">torrent</a> with Tor, not to enable browser plugins, not to open documents downloaded through Tor while online, and to use safe bridges.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Users are also warned that they cannot provide their name or other revealing information in web forums over Tor and stay anonymous at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-stayan-248">[248]</a> Despite intelligence agencies' claims that 80% of Tor users would be de-anonymized within 6 months in the year 2013,<a href="#cite_note-arstechnica.com-249">[249]</a> that has still not happened. In fact, as late as September 2016, the FBI could not locate, de-anonymize and identify the Tor user who hacked into the email account of a staffer on <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>'s email server.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> The best tactic of law enforcement agencies to de-anonymize users appears to remain with Tor-relay adversaries running poisoned nodes, as well as counting on the users themselves using the Tor browser improperly. For example, downloading a video through the Tor browser and then opening the same file on an unprotected hard drive while online can make the users' real IP addresses available to authorities.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odds_of_detection">Odds of detection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Odds of detection">edit</a>]</div> When properly used, odds of being de-anonymized through Tor are said to be extremely low. Tor project's co-founder <a href="/wiki/Nick_Mathewson" title="Nick Mathewson">Nick Mathewson</a> explained that the problem of "Tor-relay adversaries" running poisoned nodes means that a theoretical adversary of this kind is not the network's greatest threat: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"No adversary is truly global, but no adversary needs to be truly global," he says. "Eavesdropping on the entire Internet is a several-billion-dollar problem. Running a few computers to eavesdrop on a lot of traffic, a selective denial of service attack to drive traffic to your computers, that's like a tens-of-thousands-of-dollars problem." At the most basic level, an attacker who runs two poisoned Tor nodes—one entry, one exit—is able to analyse traffic and thereby identify the tiny, unlucky percentage of users whose circuit happened to cross both of those nodes. In 2016 the Tor network offers a total of around 7,000 relays, around 2,000 guard (entry) nodes and around 1,000 exit nodes. So the odds of such an event happening are one in two million (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄2000 × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄1000), give or take."<a href="#cite_note-arstechnica.com-249">[249]</a></blockquote> Tor does not provide protection against <a href="/wiki/Timing_attack" title="Timing attack">end-to-end timing attacks</a>: if an attacker can watch the traffic coming out of the target computer, and also the traffic arriving at the target's chosen destination (e.g. a server hosting a .onion site), that attacker can use statistical analysis to discover that they are part of the same circuit.<a href="#cite_note-stayan-248">[248]</a> A similar attack has been used by German authorities to track down users related to <a href="/wiki/Boystown_(website)" title="Boystown (website)">Boystown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Levels_of_security">Levels of security</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Levels of security">edit</a>]</div> Depending on individual user needs, Tor browser offers three levels of security located under the Security Level (the small gray shield at the top-right of the screen) icon > Advanced Security Settings. In addition to encrypting the data, including constantly changing an IP address through a virtual circuit comprising successive, randomly selected Tor relays, several other layers of security are at a user's disposal:<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard">Standard</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Standard">edit</a>]</div> At this level, all features from the Tor Browser and other websites are enabled. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safer">Safer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Safer">edit</a>]</div> This level eliminates website features that are often pernicious to the user. This may cause some sites to lose functionality. JavaScript is disabled on all non-HTTPS sites; some fonts and mathematical symbols are disabled. Also, audio and video (HTML5 media) are click-to-play. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safest">Safest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Safest">edit</a>]</div> This level only allows website features required for static sites and basic services. These changes affect images, media, and scripts. Javascript is disabled by default on all sites; some fonts, icons, math symbols, and images are disabled; audio and video (HTML5 media) are click-to-play. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_Proof-of-Work_Defense_for_Onion_Services">Introduction of Proof-of-Work Defense for Onion Services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Introduction of Proof-of-Work Defense for Onion Services">edit</a>]</div> In a recent development, Tor has unveiled a new defense mechanism to safeguard its onion services against denial of service (DoS) attacks. With the release of Tor 0.4.8, this proof-of-work (PoW) defense promises to prioritize legitimate network traffic while deterring malicious attacks.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_P2P" title="Anonymous P2P">Anonymous P2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_web" title="Dark web">Anonymous web browsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet" title="Darknet">Darknet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_web" title="Deep web">Deep web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Freenet">Freenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUnet" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2P" title="I2P">I2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">Internet censorship circumvention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Internet privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_software" title="Privacy software">Privacy software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privoxy" title="Privoxy">Privoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">Proxy server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psiphon" title="Psiphon">Psiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Phone">Tor Phone</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/19px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/29px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/38px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/19px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/29px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/38px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/21px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/32px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/42px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="288" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Freedom_of_speech" title="Portal:Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/19px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/29px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/38px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-prealpha-1"><a href="#cite_ref-prealpha_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDingledine2002" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Dingledine, Roger (20 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.seul.org/or/dev/Sep-2002/msg00019.html">"Pre-alpha: run an onion proxy now!"</a>. or-dev@freehaven.net (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726062025/http://archives.seul.org/or/dev/Sep-2002/msg00019.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pre-alpha%3A+run+an+onion+proxy+now%21&rft.date=2002-09-20&rft.aulast=Dingledine&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.seul.org%2For%2Fdev%2FSep-2002%2Fmsg00019.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-49556b4bdc08d80f9c4b775f244816d816f516a0-v18-2"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-49556b4bdc08d80f9c4b775f244816d816f516a0-v18_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"dgoulet"2025" class="citation web cs1">"dgoulet" (5 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.torproject.org/t/stable-release-0-4-8-14/17242">"Stable release 0.4.8.14"</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stable+release+0.4.8.14&rft.date=2025-02-05&rft.au=%22dgoulet%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforum.torproject.org%2Ft%2Fstable-release-0-4-8-14%2F17242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-openhub-tor-3"><a href="#cite_ref-openhub-tor_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openhub.net/p/tor">"Tor"</a>. Open HUB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903192951/https://www.openhub.net/p/tor">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+HUB&rft.atitle=Tor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openhub.net%2Fp%2Ftor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.torproject.org/announcing-arti">"Announcing Arti, a pure-Rust Tor implementation"</a>. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210710043732/https://blog.torproject.org/announcing-arti">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+Arti%2C+a+pure-Rust+Tor+implementation&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.torproject.org%2Fannouncing-arti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LICENSE_-_Tor-5"><a href="#cite_ref-LICENSE_-_Tor_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor.git/tree/LICENSE">"LICENSE – Tor's source code"</a>. tor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105121901/https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor.git/tree/LICENSE">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tor&rft.atitle=LICENSE+%E2%80%93+Tor%27s+source+code&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgitweb.torproject.org%2Ftor.git%2Ftree%2FLICENSE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier2024" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Ben (16 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5761/TorFrom-the-Dark-Web-to-the-Future-of-Privacy">Tor: From the Dark Web to the Future of Privacy</a>. The MIT Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-37892-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-37892-5"><bdi>978-0-262-37892-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 May 2024. <q>Even years later, getting this wrong (by calling it The Onion Router, or writing TOR rather than Tor) remains a surefire way to get tripped up by the security community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tor%3A+From+the+Dark+Web+to+the+Future+of+Privacy&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2024-04-16&rft.isbn=978-0-262-37892-5&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirect.mit.edu%2Fbooks%2Foa-monograph%2F5761%2FTorFrom-the-Dark-Web-to-the-Future-of-Privacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usenix-design-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usenix-design_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usenix-design_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingledineMathewsonSyverson2004" class="citation conference cs1">Dingledine, Roger; Mathewson, Nick; Syverson, Paul (13 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usenix.org/events/sec04/tech/dingledine.html">"Tor: The Second-Generation Onion Router"</a>. Proc. 13th USENIX Security Symposium. San Diego, California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809060244/http://www.usenix.org/events/sec04/tech/dingledine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2011. 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Tor Project – Metrics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607104824/https://metrics.torproject.org/networksize.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tor+Server+Status&rft.pub=Tor+Project+%E2%80%93+Metrics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetrics.torproject.org%2Fnetworksize.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tb-manual.torproject.org/about/#:~:text=Tor%20is%20a%20network%20of,out%20onto%20the%20public%20Internet.">"ABOUT TOR BROWSER | Tor Project | Tor Browser Manual"</a>. tb-manual.torproject.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419173947/https://tb-manual.torproject.org/about/#:~:text=Tor%20is%20a%20network%20of,out%20onto%20the%20public%20Internet.">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2022. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-01-23/tor-anonymity-software-vs-dot-the-national-security-agency">the original</a> on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft.atitle=The+Inside+Story+of+Tor%2C+the+Best+Internet+Anonymity+Tool+the+Government+Ever+Built&rft.date=2014-01-23&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Dune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Farticles%2F2014-01-23%2Ftor-anonymity-software-vs-dot-the-national-security-agency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tor-history-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tor-history_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tor-history_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torproject.org/about/history/">"History"</a>. Tor Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113015314/https://www.torproject.org/about/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tor+Project&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.torproject.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-torproject-faq-13"><a href="#cite_ref-torproject-faq_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torproject.org/docs/faq#WhyCalledTor">"Tor FAQ: Why is it called Tor?"</a>. Tor Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117155232/https://www.torproject.org/docs/faq#WhyCalledTor">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tor+Project&rft.atitle=Tor+FAQ%3A+Why+is+it+called+Tor%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.torproject.org%2Fdocs%2Ffaq%23WhyCalledTor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingledine2003" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Dingledine, Rogert (8 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-dev/2003-October/002185.html">"Tor is free"</a>. tor-dev (Mailing list). Tor Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213031700/https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-dev/2003-October/002185.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tor+is+free&rft.pub=Tor+Project&rft.date=2003-10-08&rft.aulast=Dingledine&rft.aufirst=Rogert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.torproject.org%2Fpipermail%2Ftor-dev%2F2003-October%2F002185.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629102518/https://www.torproject.org/about/findoc/2008-TorProject-Form990.pdf">"Tor Project Form 990 2008"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 30 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Tor%3A+An+Anonymous%2C+And+Controversial%2C+Way+to+Web-Surf&rft.date=2012-12-17&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FSB10001424127887324677204578185382377144280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Where_Domestic_Violence_and_Cybersecurity_Intersect-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Where_Domestic_Violence_and_Cybersecurity_Intersect_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTveten2017" class="citation web cs1">Tveten, Julianne (12 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rewire.news/article/2017/04/12/domestic-violence-cybersecurity-intersect/">"Where Domestic Violence and Cybersecurity Intersect"</a>. Rewire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810052253/https://rewire.news/article/2017/04/12/domestic-violence-cybersecurity-intersect/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017. 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Retrieved 8 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=As+domestic+abuse+goes+digital%2C+shelters+turn+to+counter-surveillance+with+Tor&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft.aulast=LeVines&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbetaboston.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F05%2F07%2Fas-domestic-abuse-goes-digital-shelters-turn-to-counter-surveillance-with-tor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2014" class="citation news cs1">Ellis, Justin (5 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niemanlab.org/2014/06/the-guardian-introduces-securedrop-for-document-leaks/">"The Guardian introduces SecureDrop for document leaks"</a>. Nieman Journalism Lab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140817181552/http://www.niemanlab.org/2014/06/the-guardian-introduces-securedrop-for-document-leaks/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nieman+Journalism+Lab&rft.atitle=The+Guardian+introduces+SecureDrop+for+document+leaks&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niemanlab.org%2F2014%2F06%2Fthe-guardian-introduces-securedrop-for-document-leaks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Daily_Dot-53"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Daily_Dot_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2015" class="citation web cs1">O'Neill, Patrick Howell (9 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailydot.com/politics/uk-briefing-tor-child-abuse-minor-role/">"U.K. Parliament says banning Tor is unacceptable and impossible"</a>. The Daily Dot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091025/http://www.dailydot.com/politics/uk-briefing-tor-child-abuse-minor-role/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202041855/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-28886462">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=NSA+and+GCHQ+agents+%27leak+Tor+bugs%27%2C+alleges+developer&rft.date=2014-08-22&rft.aulast=Kelion&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-28886462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-torproject-faq-abuse-55"><a href="#cite_ref-torproject-faq-abuse_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torproject.org/docs/faq-abuse.html.en#WhatAboutCriminals">"Doesn't Tor enable criminals to do bad things?"</a>. Tor Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130817133027/https://www.torproject.org/docs/faq-abuse.html.en#WhatAboutCriminals">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tor+Project&rft.atitle=Doesn%27t+Tor+enable+criminals+to+do+bad+things%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.torproject.org%2Fdocs%2Ffaq-abuse.html.en%23WhatAboutCriminals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-torproject-bridges-56"><a href="#cite_ref-torproject-bridges_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torproject.org/docs/bridges">"Tor: Bridges"</a>. Tor Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512012603/https://www.torproject.org/docs/bridges">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tor+Project&rft.atitle=Tor%3A+Bridges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.torproject.org%2Fdocs%2Fbridges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netresec.com/?page=Blog&month=2018-12&post=TorPCAP---Tor-Network-Forensics">"TorPCAP – Tor Network Forensics"</a>. 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Tor Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215205835/https://www.torproject.org/docs/tor-onion-service">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tor+Project&rft.atitle=Configuring+Onion+Services+for+Tor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.torproject.org%2Fdocs%2Ftor-onion-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathewson2003" class="citation web cs1">Mathewson, Nick (12 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor.git/commit/?id=3d538f6d702937c23bec33b3bdd62ff9fba9d2a3">"Add first draft of rendezvous point document"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tor+Source+Code&rft.atitle=Add+first+draft+of+rendezvous+point+document&rft.date=2003-06-12&rft.aulast=Mathewson&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgitweb.torproject.org%2Ftor.git%2Fcommit%2F%3Fid%3D3d538f6d702937c23bec33b3bdd62ff9fba9d2a3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-or-locating-61"><a href="#cite_ref-or-locating_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFØverlierSyverson2006" class="citation conference cs1">Øverlier, Lasse; Syverson, Paul (21 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onion-router.net/Publications/locating-hidden-servers.pdf">"2006 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P'06)"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee-security.org/TC/SP-Index.html">IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy</a>. Oakland, Calif.: IEEE CS Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FSP.2006.24">10.1109/SP.2006.24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7695-2574-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7695-2574-1"><bdi>0-7695-2574-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810105459/http://www.onion-router.net/Publications/locating-hidden-servers.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=2006+IEEE+Symposium+on+Security+and+Privacy+%28S%26P%2706%29&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2006+IEEE+Symposium+on+Security+and+Privacy&rft.place=Oakland%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=IEEE+CS+Press&rft.date=2006-06-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FSP.2006.24&rft.isbn=0-7695-2574-1&rft.aulast=%C3%98verlier&rft.aufirst=Lasse&rft.au=Syverson%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onion-router.net%2FPublications%2Flocating-hidden-servers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spec.torproject.org/rend-spec/protocol-overview.html">"Protocol overview"</a>. 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Motherboard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222205738/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-closest-thing-to-a-map-of-the-dark-net-pastebin">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motherboard&rft.atitle=The+Closest+Thing+to+a+Map+of+the+Dark+Net%3A+Pastebin&rft.date=2015-02-23&rft.aulast=Koebler&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmotherboard.vice.com%2Fread%2Fthe-closest-thing-to-a-map-of-the-dark-net-pastebin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ricochetrefresh.net/#about">"About Ricochet Refresh"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 August 2015. <q>Our plan is to actively encourage users to move from Orweb to Orfox, and stop active development of Orweb, even removing to from the Google Play Store.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guardianproject.info&rft.atitle=Orfox%3A+Aspiring+to+bring+Tor+Browser+to+Android&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft.au=n8fr8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguardianproject.info%2F2015%2F06%2F30%2Forfox-aspiring-to-bring-tor-browser-to-android%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-guardianproject-proxymob-155"><a href="#cite_ref-guardianproject-proxymob_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511074722/https://guardianproject.info/apps/proxymob-firefox-add-on/">"ProxyMob: Firefox Mobile Add-on"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 January 2021. <q>The report may have generated a lot of clicks but is totally inaccurate. Comcast is not asking customers to stop using Tor, or any other browser for that matter. We have no policy against Tor, or any other browser or software. Customers are free to use their Xfinity Internet service to visit any website, use any app, and so forth. ... Comcast doesn't monitor our customer's browser software, web surfing or online history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Setting+the+Record+Straight+on+Tor&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft.aulast=Livingood&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporate.comcast.com%2Fcomcast-voices%2Fsetting-the-record-straight-on-tor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2015" class="citation web cs1">O'Neill, Patrick Howell (26 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailydot.com/politics/tor-media-public-relations-perception/">"Tor's great rebranding"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chaos+Computer+Club&rft.atitle=Police+searches+homes+of+%22Zwiebelfreunde%22+board+members+as+well+as+%22OpenLab%22+in+Augsburg&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft.aulast=n%2Fa&rft.aufirst=46halbe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccc.de%2Fen%2Fupdates%2F2018%2Fhausdurchsuchungen-bei-vereinsvorstanden-der-zwiebelfreunde-und-im-openlab-augsburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-In_Support_of_Torservers-230"><a href="#cite_ref-In_Support_of_Torservers_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStelle2018" class="citation web cs1">Stelle, Sharon (5 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.torproject.org/support-torservers">"In Support of Torservers"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter+%28%40Snowden%29&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+edition+of+my+new+book%2C+%23PermanentRecord%2C+has+just+been+censored.&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft.aulast=Snowden&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FSnowden%2Fstatus%2F1194092273170038784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/12/08/russia-bans-more-vpn-products-and-tor/">"Russia Bans More VPN Products and TOR – December 8, 2021"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechRadar&rft.atitle=Tor+GitLab+%E2%80%93+%5BRussia%5D+Some+ISPs+are+blocking+Tor&rft.date=2021-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgitlab.torproject.org%2Ftpo%2Fcommunity%2Fsupport%2F-%2Fissues%2F40050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-skyrocket-243"><a href="#cite_ref-skyrocket_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne" class="citation news cs1">Browne, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/07/vpn-use-skyrockets-in-iran-as-citizens-navigate-internet-censorship.html">"VPN use skyrockets in Iran as citizens navigate internet censorship under Tehran's crackdown"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010185748/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/07/vpn-use-skyrockets-in-iran-as-citizens-navigate-internet-censorship.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=VPN+use+skyrockets+in+Iran+as+citizens+navigate+internet+censorship+under+Tehran%27s+crackdown&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F10%2F07%2Fvpn-use-skyrockets-in-iran-as-citizens-navigate-internet-censorship.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAZ-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FAZ_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKüchemann2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Küchemann, Fridtjof (27 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/zugang-fuer-iraner-per-snowflake-ins-tor-netzwerk-18346679.html">"Per Snowflake ins TOR-Netzwerk: Online-Gasse für Menschen in Iran"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010215912/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/zugang-fuer-iraner-per-snowflake-ins-tor-netzwerk-18346679.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Per+Snowflake+ins+TOR-Netzwerk%3A+Online-Gasse+f%C3%BCr+Menschen+in+Iran&rft.date=2022-09-27&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCchemann&rft.aufirst=Fridtjof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Ffeuilleton%2Fmedien%2Fzugang-fuer-iraner-per-snowflake-ins-tor-netzwerk-18346679.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rnd-245"><a href="#cite_ref-rnd_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzer2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schwarzer, Matthias (30 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnd.de/digital/netzsperre-im-iran-umgehen-wie-snowflake-einen-weg-ins-freie-internet-ermoeglicht-so-kann-der-westen-SE3LNI5BKNHJHGJJK2UZHWHXRA.html">"Netzsperre im Iran umgehen: Wie "Snowflake" einen Weg ins freie Internet ermöglicht – so kann der Westen helfen"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Redaktions_Netzwerk_Deutschland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redaktions Netzwerk Deutschland (page does not exist)">Redaktions Netzwerk Deutschland</a> (in German). www.rnd.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010215914/https://www.rnd.de/digital/netzsperre-im-iran-umgehen-wie-snowflake-einen-weg-ins-freie-internet-ermoeglicht-so-kann-der-westen-SE3LNI5BKNHJHGJJK2UZHWHXRA.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Redaktions+Netzwerk+Deutschland&rft.atitle=Netzsperre+im+Iran+umgehen%3A+Wie+%22Snowflake%22+einen+Weg+ins+freie+Internet+erm%C3%B6glicht+%E2%80%93+so+kann+der+Westen+helfen&rft.date=2022-09-30&rft.aulast=Schwarzer&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnd.de%2Fdigital%2Fnetzsperre-im-iran-umgehen-wie-snowflake-einen-weg-ins-freie-internet-ermoeglicht-so-kann-der-westen-SE3LNI5BKNHJHGJJK2UZHWHXRA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFF-246"><a href="#cite_ref-EFF_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintin2022" class="citation web cs1">Quintin, Cooper (4 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2022/10/snowflake-makes-it-easy-anyone-fight-censorship">"Snowflake Makes It Easy For Anyone to Fight Censorship"</a>. Electronic Frontier Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010215913/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2022/10/snowflake-makes-it-easy-anyone-fight-censorship">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Frontier+Foundation&rft.atitle=Snowflake+Makes+It+Easy+For+Anyone+to+Fight+Censorship&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft.aulast=Quintin&rft.aufirst=Cooper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Fdeeplinks%2F2022%2F10%2Fsnowflake-makes-it-easy-anyone-fight-censorship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torproject.org/">"The Tor Project | Privacy & Freedom Online"</a>. torproject.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031195458/https://www.torproject.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=torproject.org&rft.atitle=The+Tor+Project+%26%23124%3B+Privacy+%26+Freedom+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorproject.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stayan-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stayan_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stayan_248-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torproject.org/about/overview.html.en">"Tor: Overview – Staying anonymous"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150606002957/https://www.torproject.org/about/overview.html.en">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tor%3A+Overview+%E2%80%93+Staying+anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.torproject.org%2Fabout%2Foverview.html.en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arstechnica.com-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arstechnica.com_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arstechnica.com_249-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/security/2016/08/building-a-new-tor-that-withstands-next-generation-state-surveillance/">"Building a new Tor that can resist next-generation state surveillance"</a>. arstechnica.com. 31 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911030754/http://arstechnica.com/security/2016/08/building-a-new-tor-that-withstands-next-generation-state-surveillance/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arstechnica.com&rft.atitle=Building+a+new+Tor+that+can+resist+next-generation+state+surveillance&rft.date=2016-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fsecurity%2F2016%2F08%2Fbuilding-a-new-tor-that-withstands-next-generation-state-surveillance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrollFrancis2016" class="citation web cs1">Groll, Elias; Francis, David (2 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/02/fbi-an-account-on-clintons-private-email-server-was-hacked/">"FBI: An Account on Clinton's Private Email Server Was Hacked"</a>. Foreign Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031022316/https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/02/fbi-an-account-on-clintons-private-email-server-was-hacked/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=FBI%3A+An+Account+on+Clinton%27s+Private+Email+Server+Was+Hacked&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft.aulast=Groll&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft.au=Francis%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2016%2F09%2F02%2Ffbi-an-account-on-clintons-private-email-server-was-hacked%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/08/aussie-cops-ran-child-porn-site-for-months-revealed-30-us-ips/">"Aussie cops ran child porn site for months, revealed 30 US IPs"</a>. arstechnica.com. 16 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160908002444/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/08/aussie-cops-ran-child-porn-site-for-months-revealed-30-us-ips/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arstechnica.com&rft.atitle=Aussie+cops+ran+child+porn+site+for+months%2C+revealed+30+US+IPs&rft.date=2016-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2F2016%2F08%2Faussie-cops-ran-child-porn-site-for-months-revealed-30-us-ips%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heise.de/news/Boystown-Ermittlungen-Mit-der-Stoppuhr-auf-Taeterfang-im-Darknet-9885038.html">"Darknet: Ermittler nutzten Timing-Analyse zur Deanonymisierung von Tor-Nutzern"</a>. 19 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darknet%3A+Ermittler+nutzten+Timing-Analyse+zur+Deanonymisierung+von+Tor-Nutzern&rft.date=2024-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heise.de%2Fnews%2FBoystown-Ermittlungen-Mit-der-Stoppuhr-auf-Taeterfang-im-Darknet-9885038.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjaz2023" class="citation web cs1">Ajaz, Shigraf (26 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beencrypted.com/privacy/anonymous-browsing/tor-browser-privacy-setting/">"Tor Browser Privacy Setting-How to Setup Properly?"</a>. Beencrypted. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206134734/https://beencrypted.com/privacy/anonymous-browsing/tor-browser-privacy-setting/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beencrypted&rft.atitle=Tor+Browser+Privacy+Setting-How+to+Setup+Properly%3F&rft.date=2023-01-26&rft.aulast=Ajaz&rft.aufirst=Shigraf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeencrypted.com%2Fprivacy%2Fanonymous-browsing%2Ftor-browser-privacy-setting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tb-manual.torproject.org/security-settings/">"SECURITY SETTINGS | Tor Project | Tor Browser Manual"</a>. tb-manual.torproject.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206134739/https://tb-manual.torproject.org/security-settings/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tb-manual.torproject.org&rft.atitle=SECURITY+SETTINGS+%7C+Tor+Project+%7C+Tor+Browser+Manual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftb-manual.torproject.org%2Fsecurity-settings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavel_(Tor_blog_writer)2023" class="citation web cs1">Pavel (Tor blog writer) (23 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.torproject.org/introducing-proof-of-work-defense-for-onion-services/">"Introducing Proof-of-Work Defense for Onion Services"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introducing+Proof-of-Work+Defense+for+Onion+Services&rft.date=2023-08-23&rft.au=Pavel+%28Tor+blog+writer%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.torproject.org%2Fintroducing-proof-of-work-defense-for-onion-services%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier2024" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Ben (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5761/TorFrom-the-Dark-Web-to-the-Future-of-Privacy">Tor: From the Dark Web to the Future of Privacy</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262378925" title="Special:BookSources/9780262378925"><bdi>9780262378925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tor%3A+From+the+Dark+Web+to+the+Future+of+Privacy&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780262378925&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirect.mit.edu%2Fbooks%2Foa-monograph%2F5761%2FTorFrom-the-Dark-Web-to-the-Future-of-Privacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundBeckstrom2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lund, Brady; Beckstrom, Matt (2021). "The Integration of Tor into Library Services: An Appeal to the Core Mission and Values of Libraries". Public Library Quarterly. 40 (1): 60–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01616846.2019.1696078">10.1080/01616846.2019.1696078</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214213117">214213117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Library+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Integration+of+Tor+into+Library+Services%3A+An+Appeal+to+the+Core+Mission+and+Values+of+Libraries&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01616846.2019.1696078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214213117%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=Brady&rft.au=Beckstrom%2C+Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurmi2019" class="citation book cs1">Nurmi, Juha (24 May 2019). Understanding the Usage of Anonymous Onion Services: Empirical Experiments to Study Criminal Activities in the Tor Network. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-03-1091-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-03-1091-2"><bdi>978-952-03-1091-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Usage+of+Anonymous+Onion+Services%3A+Empirical+Experiments+to+Study+Criminal+Activities+in+the+Tor+Network&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft.isbn=978-952-03-1091-2&rft.aulast=Nurmi&rft.aufirst=Juha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneier1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier">Schneier, Bruce</a> (1 November 1995). Applied Cryptography. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-11709-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-11709-4"><bdi>978-0-471-11709-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Cryptography&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1995-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-471-11709-4&rft.aulast=Schneier&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneier1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier">Schneier, Bruce</a> (25 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emailsecurityhow0000schn">Email Security</a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-05318-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-05318-7"><bdi>978-0-471-05318-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Email+Security&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1995-01-25&rft.isbn=978-0-471-05318-7&rft.aulast=Schneier&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femailsecurityhow0000schn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATor+%28network%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tor_(network)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tor_project" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tor project">Tor project</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torproject.org">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202044#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freehaven.net/anonbib/">Anonymity Bibliography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2019.www.torproject.org">Old website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220172642/https://www.torproject.org/getinvolved/mirrors.html.en">Archived: Official List of mirror websites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JWII85UlzKw&t=0">"How Tor Browser Protects Your Privacy and Identity Online"</a>—Animated introduction on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.ccc.de/v/31c3_-_6112_-_en_-_saal_2_-_201412301715_-_tor_hidden_services_and_deanonymisation_-_dr_gareth_owen">Tor: Hidden Services and Deanonymisation</a>—Presentation at the 31st Chaos Computer Conference</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torflow.uncharted.software/">TorFlow</a>, a dynamic visualization of data flowing over the Tor network</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.ccc.de/v/32c3-7322-tor_onion_services_more_useful_than_you_think">Tor onion services: more useful than you think</a> in a 2016 presentation at the 32nd Annual <a href="/wiki/Chaos_Communication_Congress" title="Chaos Communication Congress">Chaos Communication Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGIE7KTJiBY&t=0">A core Tor developer lectures</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Radboud_University_Nijmegen" title="Radboud University Nijmegen">Radboud University Nijmegen</a> in The Netherlands on anonymity systems in 2016</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019151220/https://people.torproject.org/~isis/slides/2016-10-13-waterloo-handout.pdf">A technical presentation</a> given at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a> in Canada: Tor's Circuit-Layer Cryptography: Attacks, Hacks, and Improvements</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShrZ4B9R3NQ&t=0">A Presentation at the March 2017 BSides Vancouver Conference on security practices on Tor's hidden services</a> given by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jamie_Lewis" title="Sarah Jamie Lewis">Sarah Jamie Lewis</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tor_—_Onion_routing139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tor_(anonymity_network)" title="Template:Tor (anonymity network)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tor_(anonymity_network)" title="Template talk:Tor (anonymity network)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tor_(anonymity_network)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tor (anonymity network)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tor_—_Onion_routing139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tor</a> — <a href="/wiki/Onion_routing" title="Onion routing">Onion routing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authors of <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Haven_Project" title="Free Haven Project">Free Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Tor_Project,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tor Project, Inc">The Tor Project, Inc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Blaze" title="Matt Blaze">Matt Blaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Seltzer" title="Wendy Seltzer">Wendy Seltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Goldberg" title="Ian Goldberg">Ian Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Dingledine" title="Roger Dingledine">Roger Dingledine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriella_Coleman" title="Gabriella Coleman">Gabriella Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Cohn" title="Cindy Cohn">Cindy Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megan_Price" title="Megan Price">Megan Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier">Bruce Schneier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Appelbaum" title="Jacob Appelbaum">Jacob Appelbaum</a> (former)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sponsors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_Global_Media" title="U.S. Agency for Global Media">U.S. Agency for Global Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Foundation" title="Knight Foundation">Knight Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_International_Development_Cooperation_Agency" title="Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency">Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Realisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proxifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Proxifier">Proxifiers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbot" title="Orbot">Orbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical user interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F0F0F0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)#Nyx_status_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Nyx status monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidalia_(software)" title="Vidalia (software)">Vidalia</a> (outdated)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PirateBrowser" title="PirateBrowser">PirateBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Browser_Bundle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Browser Bundle">Tor Browser Bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XB_Browser" title="XB Browser">xB Browser</a> (outdated)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F0F0F0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonym.OS" title="Anonym.OS">Anonym.OS</a> (outdated)</li> <li>Incognito (outdated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)" title="Tails (operating system)">TAILS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whonix" title="Whonix">Whonix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XB_Machine" title="XB Machine">xB Machine</a> (outdated)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Briar_(software)" title="Briar (software)">Briar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet_(software)" title="Ricochet (software)">Ricochet</a> (outdated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TorChat" title="TorChat">TorChat</a> (outdated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)#Tor_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor Messenger</a> (outdated)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F0F0F0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribler" title="Tribler">Tribler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuze" title="Vuze">Vuze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_web_hosting" title="Peer-to-peer web hosting">Peer-to-peer web hosting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZeroNet" title="ZeroNet">ZeroNet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_appliance" title="Computer appliance">Computer appliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F0F0F0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snowflake_(software)" title="Snowflake (software)">Snowflake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Phone">Tor Phone</a>(outdated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_onion_router" title="Wireless onion router">Wireless onion router</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-top-level_domain" title="Pseudo-top-level domain">Pseudo-top-level domains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.exit" class="mw-redirect" title=".exit">.exit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.onion" title=".onion">.onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.tor" title=".tor">.tor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law Enforcement Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bayonet_(darknet)" title="Operation Bayonet (darknet)">Operation Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dark_Huntor" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Dark Huntor">Operation Dark Huntor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-CODE" title="J-CODE">J-CODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Onymous" title="Operation Onymous">Operation Onymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pacifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Pacifier">Operation Pacifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torpedo" title="Operation Torpedo">Operation Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lobos_1" title="Operation Lobos 1">Operation Lobos 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Habitance" title="Project Habitance">Project Habitance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tor_onion_services904" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tor_onion_services" title="Template:Tor onion services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tor_onion_services" title="Template talk:Tor onion services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tor_onion_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tor onion services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tor_onion_services904" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Onion_services">Tor onion services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tor_onion_services" title="List of Tor onion services">List</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tor_onion_services" title="Category:Tor onion services">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">Search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmia" title="Ahmia">Ahmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_Search" title="Brave Search">Brave Search</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliqz" title="Cliqz">Cliqz</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grams_(search)" title="Grams (search)">Grams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetaGer" title="MetaGer">MetaGer</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searx" title="Searx">Searx</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Time_TV" title="Current Time TV">Current Time TV</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung" title="Die Tageszeitung">Die Tageszeitung</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknetlive" title="Darknetlive">Darknetlive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepDotWeb" title="DeepDotWeb">DeepDotWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indymedia" title="Indymedia">Independent Media Center</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File storage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BTDigg" title="BTDigg">BTDigg</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Hosting" title="Freedom Hosting">Freedom Hosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Haven_Project" title="Free Haven Project">Free Haven Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KickassTorrents" title="KickassTorrents">KickassTorrents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mailbox_provider" title="Mailbox provider">Email</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitmessage" title="Bitmessage">Bitmessage.ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briar_(software)" title="Briar (software)">Briar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keybase" title="Keybase">Keybase</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_Mail" title="Proton Mail">Proton Mail</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riseup" title="Riseup">Riseup</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Mail" title="Tor Mail">Tor Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TorChat" title="TorChat">TorChat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">forums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark0de" title="Dark0de">Dark0de</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dread_(forum)" title="Dread (forum)">Dread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_onion_address" title="Facebook onion address"> Facebook</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HackBB" title="HackBB">HackBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hub_(forum)" title="The Hub (forum)">The Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_Farms" title="Kiwi Farms">Kiwi Farms</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hidden_Wiki" title="The Hidden Wiki">The Hidden Wiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockchain.com" title="Blockchain.com">Blockchain.com</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grams_(search)#Helix" title="Grams (search)">Helix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet markets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora_(online_marketplace)" title="Agora (online marketplace)">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaBay" title="AlphaBay">AlphaBay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_(market)" title="Atlantis (market)">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archetyp_Market" title="Archetyp Market">Archetyp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Market_Reloaded" title="Black Market Reloaded">Black Market Reloaded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Market" title="Dream Market">Dream Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_(marketplace)" title="Evolution (marketplace)">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Farmer%27s_Market" title="The Farmer's Market">The Farmer's Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa_(market)" title="Hansa (market)">Hansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_Market" title="Hydra Market">Hydra Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_Marketplace" title="Sheep Marketplace">Sheep Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_(marketplace)" title="Silk Road (marketplace)">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TheRealDeal" title="TheRealDeal">TheRealDeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Anonymous_Marketplace" title="Russian Anonymous Marketplace">Russian Anonymous Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Carding_Forum" title="Tor Carding Forum">Tor Carding Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia_(marketplace)" title="Utopia (marketplace)">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Market" title="White House Market">White House Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Document archives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">Archive.today</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxbin_(darknet)" title="Doxbin (darknet)">Doxbin (darknet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_Foundation" title="Freedom of the Press Foundation">Freedom of the Press Foundation</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Line_Defenders" title="Front Line Defenders">Front Line Defenders</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Quadrature_du_Net" title="La Quadrature du Net">La Quadrature du Net</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_International" title="Privacy International">Privacy International</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecomix" title="Telecomix">Telecomix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DivestOS" title="DivestOS">DivestOS</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubes_OS" title="Qubes OS">Qubes OS</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)" title="Tails (operating system)">Tails</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whonix" title="Whonix">Whonix</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Whistleblowing" title="Whistleblowing">Whistleblowing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Denial_of_Secrets" title="Distributed Denial of Secrets">Distributed Denial of Secrets</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Whistleblowing_Press#Filtrala" title="Associated Whistleblowing Press">Filtrala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobaLeaks" title="GlobaLeaks">GlobaLeaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Whistleblowing_Press#Ljost" title="Associated Whistleblowing Press">Ljost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaat#Nawaatleaks" title="Nawaat">NawaatLeaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SecureDrop" title="SecureDrop">SecureDrop</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_Action_League#WildLeaks_Project" title="Elephant Action League">WildLeaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boystown_(website)" title="Boystown (website)">Boystown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childs_Play_(website)" title="Childs Play (website)">Childs Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolita_City" title="Lolita City">Lolita City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playpen_(website)" title="Playpen (website)">Playpen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornhub" title="Pornhub">Pornhub</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_Video_case" title="Welcome to Video case">Welcome to Video</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1.1.1.1" title="1.1.1.1">1.1.1.1</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEF_CON" title="DEF CON">DEF CON</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-Droid" title="F-Droid">F-Droid</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailpile" title="Mailpile">Mailpile</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullvad" title="Mullvad">Mullvad</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njalla" title="Njalla">Njalla</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OnionShare" title="OnionShare">OnionShare</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Service;_Didn%27t_Read" title="Terms of Service; Didn't Read">Terms of Service; Didn't Read</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Sites in italics are now offline or discontinued (not counting ambiguously <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forked</a> sites). <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Onion_services">Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.onion" title=".onion">.onion domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor2web" title="Tor2web">Tor2web</a></li> <li> *Maintains additional presence on the surface web </li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_censorship_circumvention_technologies492" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_censorship_circumvention_technologies" title="Template:Internet censorship circumvention technologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_censorship_circumvention_technologies" title="Template talk:Internet censorship circumvention technologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_censorship_circumvention_technologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet censorship circumvention technologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_censorship_circumvention_technologies492" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">Internet censorship circumvention</a> technologies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_intranet" title="National intranet">National intranet</a></li></ul></li> <li>Censorship and blocking technologies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IP_address_blocking" title="IP address blocking">IP address blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNS_spoofing" title="DNS spoofing">DNS cache poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wordfilter" title="Wordfilter">Wordfilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall of China</a></li></ul></li> <li>Blocks on specific websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Facebook" title="Censorship of Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_GitHub" title="Censorship of GitHub">GitHub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Twitter" title="Censorship of Twitter">Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">proxy server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">P2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_proxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Web proxies">Web proxies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_auto-config" title="Proxy auto-config">PAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Without a proxy server</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6_transition_mechanism" title="IPv6 transition mechanism">IPv6 transition mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosts_(file)" title="Hosts (file)">hosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNSCrypt" title="DNSCrypt">DNSCrypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_fronting" title="Domain fronting">Domain fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refraction_networking" title="Refraction networking">Refraction networking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-censorship software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psiphon" title="Psiphon">Psiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadowsocks" title="Shadowsocks">Shadowsocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OnionShare" title="OnionShare">OnionShare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbot" title="Orbot">Orbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_VPN" title="Outline VPN">Outline VPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoAgent" title="GoAgent">GoAgent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PirateBox" title="PirateBox">PirateBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftEther_VPN" title="SoftEther VPN">VPN Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WireGuard" title="WireGuard">WireGuard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lantern_(software)" title="Lantern (software)">Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freegate" title="Freegate">Freegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasurf" title="Ultrasurf">Ultrasurf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Shield" title="Hotspot Shield">Hotspot Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex_(anti-censorship_system)" title="Telex (anti-censorship system)">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxify" title="Proxify">Proxify</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Browser extensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snowflake_(software)" title="Snowflake (software)">Snowflake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UProxy" title="UProxy">uProxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anonymity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anonymous software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Anon_Proxy" title="Java Anon Proxy">JAP (JonDonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_proxy" title="Flash proxy">Flash proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixmaster_anonymous_remailer" title="Mixmaster anonymous remailer">Mixmaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_P2P" title="Anonymous P2P">Anonymous P2P</a> network</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Freenet">Freenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2P" title="I2P">I2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StealthNet" title="StealthNet">StealthNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribler" title="Tribler">Tribler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZeroNet" title="ZeroNet">ZeroNet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical circumvention methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneakernet" title="Sneakernet">Sneakernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_dead_drop" title="USB dead drop">USB dead drop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relevant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GreatFire" title="GreatFire">GreatFire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeWeibo" title="FreeWeibo">FreeWeibo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OONI" title="OONI">OONI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Blocks" title="Turkey Blocks">Turkey Blocks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Cannon" title="Great Cannon">Great Cannon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates that maintenance of the tool has been discontinued. <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_censorship" title="Category:Internet censorship">Category</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Internet_censorship" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Internet censorship">Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cryptographic_software793" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptographic_software" title="Template:Cryptographic software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cryptographic_software" title="Template talk:Cryptographic software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptographic_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptographic software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cryptographic_software793" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Encryption_software" title="Encryption software">Cryptographic software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Email_client" title="Email client">Email clients</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Apple Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocrypt" title="Autocrypt">Autocrypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claws_Mail" title="Claws Mail">Claws Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigmail" title="Enigmail">Enigmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard" title="GNU Privacy Guard">GPG</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gpg4win" title="Gpg4win">Gpg4win</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontact" title="Kontact">Kontact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Outlook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Easy_privacy" title="Pretty Easy privacy">p≡p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy" title="Pretty Good Privacy">PGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylpheed" title="Sylpheed">Sylpheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secure_communication" title="Secure communication">Secure communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Off-the-Record_Messaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-the-Record Messaging">OTR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adium" title="Adium">Adium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitlBee" title="BitlBee">BitlBee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centericq" title="Centericq">Centericq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatSecure" title="ChatSecure">ChatSecure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climm" title="Climm">climm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitsi" title="Jitsi">Jitsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopete" title="Kopete">Kopete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profanity_(instant_messaging_client)" title="Profanity (instant messaging client)">Profanity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dropbear_(software)" title="Dropbear (software)">Dropbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lsh" title="Lsh">lsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSSH" title="OpenSSH">OpenSSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PuTTY" title="PuTTY">PuTTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SecureCRT" title="SecureCRT">SecureCRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinSCP" title="WinSCP">WinSCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WolfSSH" title="WolfSSH">wolfSSH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS & SSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBM_Enterprise" title="BBM Enterprise">BBM Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncy_Castle_(cryptography)" title="Bouncy Castle (cryptography)">Bouncy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSSL#BoringSSL" title="OpenSSL">BoringSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botan_(programming_library)" title="Botan (programming library)">Botan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptlib" title="Cryptlib">cryptlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnuTLS" title="GnuTLS">GnuTLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Secure_Socket_Extension" title="Java Secure Socket Extension">JSSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreSSL" title="LibreSSL">LibreSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MatrixSSL" title="MatrixSSL">MatrixSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Security_Services" title="Network Security Services">NSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSSL" title="OpenSSL">OpenSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbed_TLS" title="Mbed TLS">mbed TLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSAFE" title="BSAFE">BSAFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Support_Provider_Interface" title="Security Support Provider Interface">SChannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSLeay" title="SSLeay">SSLeay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunnel" title="Stunnel">stunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeamNote" title="TeamNote">TeamNote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WolfSSL" title="WolfSSL">wolfSSL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_Point_VPN-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Check Point VPN-1">Check Point VPN-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LogMeIn_Hamachi" title="LogMeIn Hamachi">Hamachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openswan" title="Openswan">Openswan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVPN" title="OpenVPN">OpenVPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftEther_VPN" title="SoftEther VPN">SoftEther VPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StrongSwan" title="StrongSwan">strongSwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinc_(protocol)" title="Tinc (protocol)">Tinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WireGuard" title="WireGuard">WireGuard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ZRTP" title="ZRTP">ZRTP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jitsi" title="Jitsi">Jitsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linphone" title="Linphone">Linphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami_(software)" title="Jami (software)">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zfone" title="Zfone">Zfone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">P2P</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitmessage" title="Bitmessage">Bitmessage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briar_(software)" title="Briar (software)">Briar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RetroShare" class="mw-redirect" title="RetroShare">RetroShare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Double_Ratchet_Algorithm" title="Double Ratchet Algorithm">DRA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(protocol)" title="Matrix (protocol)">Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMEMO" title="OMEMO">OMEMO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocat" title="Cryptocat">Cryptocat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatSecure" title="ChatSecure">ChatSecure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_Swiss" title="Wire Swiss">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_(software)" title="Session (software)">Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Protocol" title="Signal Protocol">Signal Protocol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Allo" title="Google Allo">Google Allo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Messages" title="Google Messages">Google Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TextSecure" title="TextSecure">TextSecure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disk_encryption" title="Disk encryption">Disk encryption</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_disk_encryption_software" title="Comparison of disk encryption software">Comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BestCrypt" title="BestCrypt">BestCrypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrossCrypt" title="CrossCrypt">CrossCrypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptoloop" title="Cryptoloop">Cryptoloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dm-crypt" title="Dm-crypt">dm-crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DriveSentry" title="DriveSentry">DriveSentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E4M" title="E4M">E4M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileVault" title="FileVault">FileVault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeOTFE" title="FreeOTFE">FreeOTFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBDE" title="GBDE">GBDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geli_(software)" title="Geli (software)">geli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup" title="Linux Unified Key Setup">LUKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGPDisk" title="PGPDisk">PGPDisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Disk" title="Private Disk">Private Disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramdisk" title="Scramdisk">Scramdisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_2020" title="Sentry 2020">Sentry 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueCrypt" title="TrueCrypt">TrueCrypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TrueCrypt_version_history" title="TrueCrypt version history">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VeraCrypt" title="VeraCrypt">VeraCrypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anonymity#Anonymity_on_the_Internet" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNUnet#File_sharing" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2P" title="I2P">I2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Anon_Proxy" title="Java Anon Proxy">Java Anon Proxy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidalia_(software)" title="Vidalia (software)">Vidalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RetroShare" class="mw-redirect" title="RetroShare">RetroShare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet_(software)" title="Ricochet (software)">Ricochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickr" title="Wickr">Wickr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_file_systems" title="List of cryptographic file systems">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EncFS" title="EncFS">EncFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup" title="Linux Unified Key Setup">LUKS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PEFS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PEFS (page does not exist)">PEFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberhose_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubberhose (file system)">Rubberhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StegFS" title="StegFS">StegFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahoe-LAFS" title="Tahoe-LAFS">Tahoe-LAFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Security-focused_operating_system" title="Security-focused operating system">Security-focused operating system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)" title="Tails (operating system)">Tails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Qubes">Qubes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Service providers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Freenet">Freenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tresorit" title="Tresorit">Tresorit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuala" title="Wuala">Wuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NordLocker" title="NordLocker">NordLocker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Educational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CrypTool" title="CrypTool">CrypTool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93computer_forensics" title="Anti–computer forensics">Anti–computer forensics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USBKill" title="USBKill">USBKill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BusKill" title="BusKill">BusKill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cryptography" title="Outline of cryptography">Outline of cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cryptography" title="Timeline of cryptography">Timeline of cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_function" title="Hash function">Hash functions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">Cryptographic hash function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hash_functions" title="List of hash functions">List of hash functions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homomorphic_encryption" title="Homomorphic encryption">Homomorphic encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">End-to-end encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/MIME" title="S/MIME">S/MIME</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cryptographic_software" title="Category:Cryptographic software">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cryptographic_software" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cryptographic software">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Privacy271" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Privacy" title="Template:Privacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Privacy" title="Template talk:Privacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Privacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Privacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Privacy271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_access_to_personal_data" title="Right of access to personal data">Right of access to personal data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expectation_of_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Expectation of privacy">Expectation of privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_be_forgotten" title="Right to be forgotten">Right to be forgotten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_privacy" title="Post-mortem privacy">Post-mortem privacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Privacy_law" title="Privacy law">Privacy laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_in_Australian_law" title="Privacy in Australian law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Personal_Data_Protection_Law" title="General Personal Data Protection Law">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_privacy_law" title="Canadian privacy law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Information_Protection_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_law_in_Denmark" title="Privacy law in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_in_English_law" title="Privacy in English law">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesdatenschutzgesetz" title="Bundesdatenschutzgesetz">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Act,_2012" title="Data Protection Act, 2012">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy_in_New_Zealand" title="Right to privacy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_protection_(privacy)_laws_in_Russia" title="Data protection (privacy) laws in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Data_Protection_Act_2012_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (Singapore)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Data_Protection_Act_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Personal Data Protection Act (Sri Lanka)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Data_Protection_and_Information_Commissioner" title="Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy laws of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Consumer_Privacy_Act" title="California Consumer Privacy Act">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_Privacy_Rights_Act" title="California Privacy Rights Act">amended in 2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_data_protection_authority" title="National data protection authority">Data protection authorities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Australian_Information_Commissioner" title="Office of the Australian Information Commissioner">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Data_Protection_Agency" title="Danish Data Protection Agency">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_nationale_de_l%27informatique_et_des_libert%C3%A9s" title="Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Commissioner_for_Data_Protection_and_Freedom_of_Information" title="Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Board_of_India" title="Data Protection Board of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Data_Protection_Authority_Institute" title="Personal Data Protection Authority Institute">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Commissioner" title="Data Protection Commissioner">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="Office of the Data Protection Supervisor">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Data_Protection_Authority" title="Dutch Data Protection Authority">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Data_Protection_Authority" title="Norwegian Data Protection Authority">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Privacy_Commission" title="National Privacy Commission">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Data_Protection_Commissioner" title="Polish Data Protection Commissioner">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Information_Protection_Commission_(South_Korea)" title="Personal Information Protection Commission (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Data_Protection_Agency" title="Spanish Data Protection Agency">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Data_Protection_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Data Protection Authority">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Data_Protection_and_Information_Commissioner" title="Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Personal_Data_Protection_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Personal Data Protection Committee">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Data_Protection_Authority" title="Turkish Data Protection Authority">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_privacy" title="Consumer privacy">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_privacy" title="Digital privacy">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_in_education" title="Privacy in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_privacy" title="Medical privacy">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_privacy" title="Workplace privacy">Workplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">Information privacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_privacy_law" title="Information privacy law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_Facebook" title="Privacy concerns with Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_regarding_Google" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy concerns regarding Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_Twitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy concerns with Twitter">Twitter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_privacy" title="Email privacy">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_data" title="Personal data">Personal data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identifier" title="Personal identifier">Personal identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_social_networking_services" title="Privacy concerns with social networking services">Social networking services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy-enhancing_technologies" title="Privacy-enhancing technologies">Privacy-enhancing technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_engineering" title="Privacy engineering">Privacy engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy-invasive_software" title="Privacy-invasive software">Privacy-invasive software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_software" title="Privacy software">Privacy software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant_privacy" title="Virtual assistant privacy">Virtual assistant privacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Professionals_for_Social_Responsibility" title="Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility">Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Privacy_Lab" title="Data Privacy Lab">Data Privacy Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Digital_Rights" title="European Digital Rights">European Digital Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Privacy_Forum" title="Future of Privacy Forum">Future of Privacy Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Network_Initiative" title="Global Network Initiative">Global Network Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Privacy_Professionals" title="International Association of Privacy Professionals">International Association of Privacy Professionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOYB" title="NOYB">NOYB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_International" title="Privacy International">Privacy International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellphone_surveillance" title="Cellphone surveillance">Cellphone surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">Data security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">Eavesdropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance" title="Global surveillance">Global surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">Identity theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panopticon" title="Panopticon">Panopticon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM" title="PRISM">PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">Search warrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiretapping" title="Wiretapping">Wiretapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_rights" title="Personality rights">Personality rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Privacy" title="Category:Privacy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Routing_software208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Routing_software" title="Template:Routing software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Routing_software" title="Template talk:Routing software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Routing_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Routing software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Routing_software208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_router_firmware_projects" title="List of router firmware projects">Routing software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a> & <a href="/wiki/Network_operating_system" title="Network operating system">network operating systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux</a>- based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Entirely free</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endian_Firewall" title="Endian Firewall">Endian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fli4l" title="Fli4l">fli4l</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppyfw" title="Floppyfw">Floppyfw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPFire" title="IPFire">IPFire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWrt#LEDE" title="OpenWrt">LEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreCMC" title="LibreCMC">libreCMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWrt" title="OpenWrt">OpenWrt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VyOS" title="VyOS">VyOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeroshell" title="Zeroshell">Zeroshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Partly proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquiti_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubiquiti Networks">AirOS & EdgeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlliedWare_Plus" title="AlliedWare Plus">Alliedware Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DD-WRT" title="DD-WRT">DD-WRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExtremeXOS" title="ExtremeXOS">ExtremeXOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz!Box" title="Fritz!Box">FRITZ!Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MikroTik#RouterOS" title="MikroTik">RouterOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmoothWall" class="mw-redirect" title="SmoothWall">SmoothWall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato_(firmware)" title="Tomato (firmware)">Tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyatta" title="Vyatta">Vyatta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>- based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Entirely free</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M0n0wall" title="M0n0wall">m0n0wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPNsense" title="OPNsense">OPNsense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PfSense" title="PfSense">pfSense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Partly proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junos_OS" title="Junos OS">Junos OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisco_IOS" title="Cisco IOS">Cisco IOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Networks" title="Extreme Networks">ExtremeWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisco_NX-OS" title="Cisco NX-OS">NX-OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">TiMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">VRP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Routing daemons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babel_(protocol)" title="Babel (protocol)">Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.A.T.M.A.N." title="B.A.T.M.A.N.">B.A.T.M.A.N.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Internet_routing_daemon" title="Bird Internet routing daemon">BIRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FRRouting" title="FRRouting">FRRouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Zebra" title="GNU Zebra">GNU Zebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBGPD" title="OpenBGPD">OpenBGPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenOSPFD" title="OpenOSPFD">OpenOSPFD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quagga_(software)" title="Quagga (software)">Quagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XORP" title="XORP">XORP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captive_portal" title="Captive portal">Captive portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbornode" title="Neighbornode">Neighbornode</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_firewalls" title="Comparison of firewalls">Comparison of firewalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_router_and_firewall_distributions" title="List of router and firewall distributions">List of router and firewall distributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_router_firmware_projects" title="List of router firmware projects">List of router firmware projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency#Software_backdoors" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency#Software backdoors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_browsers182" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_browsers" title="Template:Web browsers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Web_browsers" title="Template talk:Web browsers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_browsers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web browsers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_browsers182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Features_*_standards_*_protocols182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Features</li> <li>standards</li> <li>protocols</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark_(digital)" title="Bookmark (digital)">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_browsing" title="Private browsing">Privacy mode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">v5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">Cookies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_cookies" title="Third-party cookies">third-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol" title="Online Certificate Status Protocol">OCSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Active182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Active</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_(web_browser)" title="Arc (web browser)">Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avast_Secure_Browser" title="Avast Secure Browser">Avast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%91c_C%E1%BB%91c" title="Cốc Cốc">Coc Coc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_Dragon" title="Comodo Dragon">Comodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_(web_browser)" title="Epic (web browser)">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mobile_Services" title="Huawei Mobile Services">Huawei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxthon" title="Maxthon">Maxthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opera_Mobile" title="Opera Mobile">Mobile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffin_Browser" title="Puffin Browser">Puffin </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QQ_Browser" title="QQ Browser">QQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Internet" title="Samsung Internet">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Silk" title="Amazon Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir_(web_browser)" title="Sleipnir (web browser)">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRWare_Iron" title="SRWare Iron">SRWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Browser" title="UC Browser">UC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaldi_(web_browser)" title="Vivaldi (web browser)">Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naver_Whale" title="Naver Whale">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandex_Browser" title="Yandex Browser">Yandex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_Open_Source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and Open Source">FOSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooble" title="Dooble">Dooble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkon" title="Falkon">Falkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_Browser" title="Otter Browser">Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermium" title="Supermium">Supermium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungoogled-chromium" title="Ungoogled-chromium">ungoogled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorp" title="Floorp">Floorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">GNU IceCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreWolf" title="LibreWolf">LibreWolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midori_(web_browser)" title="Midori (web browser)">Midori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlimBrowser" title="SlimBrowser">SlimBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Browser">Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Browser" title="Zen Browser">Zen</a></li> <li>Gecko <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(web_browser)" title="Basilisk (web browser)">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-Meleon" title="K-Meleon">K-Meleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Moon" title="Pale Moon">Pale Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfox" title="Waterfox">Waterfox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Web" title="GNOME Web">GNOME Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICab" title="ICab">iCab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagi_(search_engine)#Orion_Browser" title="Kagi (search engine)">Orion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-<a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/360_Secure_Browser" title="360 Secure Browser">360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo_Private_Browser" title="DuckDuckGo Private Browser">DuckDuckGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konqueror" title="Konqueror">Konqueror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunascape" title="Lunascape">Lunascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetFront" title="NetFront">NetFront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutebrowser" title="Qutebrowser">qutebrowser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eww_(web_browser)" title="Eww (web browser)">eww</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(web_browser)" title="Flow (web browser)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladybird_(web_browser)" title="Ladybird (web browser)">Ladybird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_(web_browser)" title="Links (web browser)">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)" title="Lynx (web browser)">Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetSurf" title="NetSurf">NetSurf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mini" title="Opera Mini">Opera Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3m" title="W3m">w3m</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discontinued182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Discontinued</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaker_(web_browser)" title="Beaker (web browser)">Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrio" title="Citrio">Citrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_(web_browser)" title="Flock (web browser)">Flock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcore" title="Redcore">Redcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockmelt" title="Rockmelt">Rockmelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SalamWeb" title="SalamWeb">SalamWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(search_engine)#Browser" title="Sputnik (search engine)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_(web_browser)" title="Torch (web browser)">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conkeror" title="Conkeror">Conkeror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Lite" title="Firefox Lite">Firefox Lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeon" title="Galeon">Galeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostzilla" title="Ghostzilla">Ghostzilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_IceDragon" title="Comodo IceDragon">IceDragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazehakase" title="Kazehakase">Kazehakase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylo_(web_browser)" title="Kylo (web browser)">Kylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Symphony" title="IBM Lotus Symphony">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroB" title="MicroB">MicroB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimo" title="Minimo">Minimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PirateBrowser" title="PirateBrowser">PirateBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Pogo" title="AT&T Pogo">Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirix_Strata" title="Kirix Strata">Strata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftfox" title="Swiftfox">Swiftfox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftweasel" title="Swiftweasel">Swiftweasel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TenFourFox" class="mw-redirect" title="TenFourFox">TenFourFox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timberwolf_(web_browser)" title="Timberwolf (web browser)">Timberwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XB_Browser" title="XB Browser">xB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOL_Explorer" title="AOL Explorer">AOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepnet_Explorer" title="Deepnet Explorer">Deepnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenBrowser" title="GreenBrowser">GreenBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaBrowser" title="MediaBrowser">MediaBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeoPlanet" title="NeoPlanet">NeoPlanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetCaptor" title="NetCaptor">NetCaptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceTime_(software)#SpaceTime_Browser" title="SpaceTime (software)">SpaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAC_Browser" title="ZAC Browser">ZAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arora_(web_browser)" title="Arora (web browser)">Arora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(web_browser)" title="Bolt (web browser)">BOLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_Browser" title="Dolphin Browser">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_(web_browser)" title="Fluid (web browser)">Fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(smart_TV_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Google TV (smart TV platform)">Google TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Browser" title="Iris Browser">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Browser" title="Mercury Browser">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Browser_for_Symbian" title="Nokia Browser for Symbian">Nokia Symbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniWeb" title="OmniWeb">OmniWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Coast" title="Opera Coast">Opera Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origyn_Web_Browser" title="Origyn Web Browser">Origyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QtWeb" title="QtWeb">QtWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiira" title="Shiira">Shiira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_(web_browser)" title="Steel (web browser)">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_(web_browser)" title="Surf (web browser)">surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbl" title="Uzbl">Uzbl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="WebPositive">WebPositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xombrero" title="Xombrero">xombrero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaco_(web_browser)" title="Abaco (web browser)">abaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachne_(web_browser)" title="Arachne (web browser)">Arachne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazer_(web_browser)" 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