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id="toc-Dispute_on_molecular_assemblers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_on_molecular_assemblers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dispute on molecular assemblers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_on_molecular_assemblers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Advocacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fellowships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fellowships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fellowships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fellowships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_prizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Awards and prizes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Smalley</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ريتشارد سمولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد سمولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C3%A7ard_Smolli" title="Riçard Smolli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Riçard Smolli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ریچارد اسمالی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریچارد اسمالی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="রিচার্ড স্মোলি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রিচার্ড স্মোলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Рычард Смелі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рычард Смелі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ричард Смоли – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ричард Смоли" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Smalley" title="Richard E. Smalley – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard E. Smalley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Smalley" title="Richard E. Smalley – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Richard E. Smalley" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ریچارد اسمالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد اسمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Errett_Smalley" title="Richard Errett Smalley – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Richard Errett Smalley" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_%EC%8A%A4%EB%AA%B0%EB%A6%AC" title="리처드 스몰리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리처드 스몰리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Errett_Smalley" title="Richard Errett Smalley – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Richard Errett Smalley" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99" title="ריצ'רד סמולי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצ'רד סמולי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardus_E._Smalley" title="Richardus E. Smalley – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Richardus E. Smalley" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="რიჩარდ სმოლი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რიჩარდ სმოლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="ريتشارد سمولى (بروفسور من امريكا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد سمولى (بروفسور من امريكا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ریچارد اسمالی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ریچارد اسمالی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="リチャード・スモーリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リチャード・スモーリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Errett_Smalley" title="Richard Errett Smalley – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Richard Errett Smalley" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%92" title="رچرڈ سمالے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رچرڈ سمالے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Errett_Smalley" title="Richard Errett Smalley – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Richard Errett Smalley" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Смолли, Ричард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смолли, Ричард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93" title="රිචඩ් ස්මාලී – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රිචඩ් ස්මාලී" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رچرڈ سمالی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رچرڈ سمالی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Volapük" 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American chemist (1943–2005)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the English cricketer, see <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley_(cricketer)" title="Richard Smalley (cricketer)">Richard Smalley (cricketer)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Richard Errett Smalley</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Smalley.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Richard_Smalley.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="99" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Richard Errett Smalley</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1943-06-06</span>)</span>June 6, 1943<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Akron" class="mw-redirect" title="Akron">Akron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 28, 2005<span style="display:none">(2005-10-28)</span> (aged 62)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hope_College" title="Hope College">Hope College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">buckminsterfullerene</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir_Award" title="Irving Langmuir Award">Irving Langmuir Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Orlando_Lawrence_Award" title="Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award">E. O. Lawrence Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/EPS_Europhysics_Prize" title="EPS Europhysics Prize">EPS Europhysics Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39147024">The lower electronic states of 1,3,5 symtriazine</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1974)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Elliot R. Bernstein</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Richard Errett Smalley</b> (June 6, 1943 – October 28, 2005) was an American chemist who was the Gene and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Hackerman" title="Norman Hackerman">Norman Hackerman</a> Professor of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>. In 1996, along with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a>, also a professor of chemistry at Rice, and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Kroto" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Kroto">Harold Kroto</a>, a professor at the University of Sussex, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> for the discovery of a new form of carbon, <a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">buckminsterfullerene</a>, also known as buckyballs. He was an advocate of nanotechnology and its applications. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smalley, the youngest of 4 siblings, was born in <a href="/wiki/Akron" class="mw-redirect" title="Akron">Akron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> on June 6, 1943, to Frank Dudley Smalley, Jr., and Esther Virginia Rhoads.<sup id="cite_ref-Legacy.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legacy.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He grew up in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a>, Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-Feder_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard Smalley credits his father, mother and aunt as formative influences in industry, science and chemistry. His father, Frank Dudley Smalley, Jr. worked with mechanical and electrical equipment and eventually became CEO of a trade journal for farm implements called <i>Implement and Tractor</i>. His mother, Esther Rhoads Smalley, completed her B.A. Degree while Richard was a teenager. She was particularly inspired by mathematician Norman N. Royall Jr., who taught Foundations of Physical Science, and communicated her love of science to her son through long conversations and joint activities. Smalley's maternal aunt, pioneering female chemist <a href="/wiki/Sara_Jane_Rhoads" title="Sara Jane Rhoads">Sara Jane Rhoads</a>, interested Smalley in the field of chemistry, letting him work in her organic chemistry laboratory, and suggesting that he attend Hope College, which had a strong chemistry program.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelBio_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelBio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smalley attended <a href="/wiki/Hope_College" title="Hope College">Hope College</a> for two years before transferring to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> where he received his Bachelor of Science in 1965, performing undergraduate research in the laboratory of <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Kopelman" title="Raoul Kopelman">Raoul Kopelman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hafner_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hafner-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between his studies, he also worked in industry, where he developed his unique managerial style. He received his Ph.D. from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in 1973 after completing a doctoral dissertation, titled "The lower electronic states of 1,3,5 (sym)-triazine", under the supervision of Elliot R. Bernstein.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did postdoctoral work at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> from 1973 to 1976, with <a href="/wiki/Donald_Levy" title="Donald Levy">Donald Levy</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lennard_Wharton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lennard Wharton (page does not exist)">Lennard Wharton</a> where he was a pioneer in the development of <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> beam <a href="/wiki/Laser_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser spectroscopy">laser spectroscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hargittai_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hargittai-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1976, Smalley joined <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hargittai_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hargittai-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, he was appointed to the Gene and Norman Hackerman Chair in Chemistry at Rice. He helped to found the Rice Quantum Institute in 1979, serving as chairman from 1986 to 1996. In 1990, he became also a professor in the department of physics. In 1990, he helped to found the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology. In 1996, he was appointed its director.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He became a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1990, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fullerenes">Fullerenes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fullerenes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smalley's research in <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a> investigated the formation of inorganic and semiconductor clusters using pulsed molecular beams and time-of-flight <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a>. As a consequence of this expertise, Robert Curl introduced him to Harry Kroto in order to investigate a question about the constituents of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">astronomical dust</a>. These are carbon-rich grains expelled by old stars such as <a href="/wiki/R_Coronae_Borealis" title="R Coronae Borealis">R Coronae Borealis</a>. The result of this collaboration was the discovery of C<sub>60</sub> (known as Buckyballs) and the fullerenes as the third <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropic</a> form of carbon.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smalley recognized that the structure of C<sub>60</sub> was like that of a soccer ball after cutting and tapping hexagons together in a three-dimensional manner, utilizing 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also responsible for the name of C<sub>60</sub>, naming it after Buckminster Fuller, an American architect who was known for his use of geodesic domes in his designs. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The research that earned Kroto, Smalley and Curl the Nobel Prize mostly comprised three articles. First was the discovery of C<sub>60</sub> in the November 14, 1985, issue of <i>Nature</i>, "C<sub>60</sub>: Buckminsterfullerene".<sup id="cite_ref-C60_publication_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C60_publication-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second article detailed the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Endohedral_fullerenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Endohedral fullerenes">endohedral fullerenes</a> in "Lanthanum Complexes of Spheroidal Carbon Shells" in the <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i> (1985).<sup id="cite_ref-Heath_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third announced the discovery of the fullerenes in "Reactivity of Large Carbon Clusters: Spheroidal Carbon Shells and Their Possible Relevance to the Formation and Morphology of Soot" in the <i>Journal of Physical Chemistry</i> (1986).<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although only three people can be cited for a Nobel Prize, graduate students <a href="/wiki/James_R._Heath" title="James R. Heath">James R. Heath</a>, Yuan Liu, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean_C._O%27Brien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sean C. O'Brien (page does not exist)">Sean C. O'Brien</a> participated in the work. Smalley mentioned Heath and O'Brien in his Nobel Lecture. Heath went on to become a professor at the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> (Caltech) and O'Brien joined <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> and is now at MEMtronics. Yuan Liu is a Senior Staff Scientist at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This research is significant for the discovery of a new allotrope of carbon known as a <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerene</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">allotropes of carbon</a> include <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, diamond and <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a>. Harry Kroto's 1985 paper entitled "C60: Buckminsterfullerine", published with colleagues J. R. Heath, S. C. O'Brien, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley, was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>, presented to Rice University in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Award_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Award-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breakthrough_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breakthrough-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of fullerenes was recognized in 2010 by the designation of a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Chemical_Landmarks" title="National Historic Chemical Landmarks">National Historic Chemical Landmark</a> by the American Chemical Society at the Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology at Rice University in Houston, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-ChemLandmark_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChemLandmark-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nanotechnology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following nearly a decade's worth of research into the formation of alternate fullerene compounds (e.g. C<sub>28</sub>, C<sub>70</sub>), as well as the synthesis of endohedral <a href="/wiki/Metallofullerenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallofullerenes">metallofullerenes</a> (M@C<sub>60</sub>), reports of the identification of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotube</a> structures led Smalley to begin investigating their iron-catalyzed synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consequence of this research, Smalley was able to persuade the administration of Rice University, under then-president <a href="/wiki/S._Malcolm_Gillis" title="S. Malcolm Gillis">Malcolm Gillis</a>, to create Rice's Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) focusing on any aspect of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology" title="Molecular nanotechnology">molecular nanotechnology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Death_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Almond_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almond-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was renamed The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology after Smalley's death in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-InterNano_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InterNano-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has since merged with the Rice Quantum Institute, becoming the Smalley-Curl Institute (SCI) in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Smalley-Curl_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smalley-Curl-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smalley's latest research was focused on carbon nanotubes, specifically focusing on the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">chemical synthesis</a> side of nanotube research. He is well known for his group's invention of the high-pressure <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> (HiPco) method of producing large batches of high-quality nanotubes.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smalley spun off his work into a company, Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc. and associated <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnologies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sparks_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sparks-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smalley and his lab worked solely in this area of study and nothing else for approximately 10 years, up until the end of his life. His research lab carried the slogan "If it ain't tubes, we don't do it" proudly.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispute_on_molecular_assemblers">Dispute on molecular assemblers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dispute on molecular assemblers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drexler%E2%80%93Smalley_debate_on_molecular_nanotechnology" title="Drexler–Smalley debate on molecular nanotechnology">Drexler–Smalley debate on molecular nanotechnology</a></div> <p>He was an outspoken <a href="/wiki/Scientific_scepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific scepticism">skeptic</a> of the idea of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_assembler" title="Molecular assembler">molecular assemblers</a>, as advocated by <a href="/wiki/K._Eric_Drexler" title="K. Eric Drexler">K. Eric Drexler</a>. His main scientific objections, which he termed the "fat fingers problem" and the "sticky fingers problem", argued against the feasibility of molecular assemblers being able to precisely select and place individual atoms. He also believed that Drexler's speculations about <a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">apocalyptic dangers of molecular assemblers</a> threatened the public support for development of nanotechnology.<sup id="cite_ref-Ford_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He debated Drexler in an exchange of letters which were published in <i><a href="/wiki/Chemical_%26_Engineering_News" title="Chemical & Engineering News">Chemical & Engineering News</a></i> as a point-counterpoint feature.<sup id="cite_ref-Baum_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baum-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in the late 1990s, Smalley advocated for the need for cheap, <a href="/wiki/Clean_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean energy">clean energy</a>, which he described as the number one problem facing humanity in the 21st century. He described what he called "The Terawatt Challenge", the need to develop a new power source capable of increasing "our energy output by a minimum factor of two, the generally agreed-upon number, certainly by the middle of the century, but preferably well before that."<sup id="cite_ref-Terawatt_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terawatt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norris_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also presented a list entitled "Top Ten Problems of Humanity for Next 50 Years".<sup id="cite_ref-Terawatt_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terawatt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be interesting to compare his list, in order of priority, to the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Threats">Ten Threats</a> formulated by the U.N.'s <a href="/wiki/High_Level_Threat_Panel" class="mw-redirect" title="High Level Threat Panel">High Level Threat Panel</a> in 2004. Smalley's list, in order of priority, was: </p> <ol><li>Energy</li> <li>Water</li> <li>Food</li> <li>Environment</li> <li>Poverty</li> <li>Terrorism & war</li> <li>Disease</li> <li>Education</li> <li>Democracy</li> <li>Population<sup id="cite_ref-Terawatt_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terawatt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Smalley regarded several problems as interlinked: the lack of people entering the fields of science and engineering, the need for an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>, and the need to address <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Terawatt_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terawatt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He felt that improved science education was essential, and strove to encourage young students to consider careers in science. His slogan for this effort was "Be a scientist, save the world."<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smalley was a leading advocate of the <a href="/wiki/National_Nanotechnology_Initiative" title="National Nanotechnology Initiative">National Nanotechnology Initiative</a> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suffering from hair loss and weakness as a result of his chemotherapy treatments, Smalley testified before the congressional testimonies, arguing for the potential benefits of nanotechnology in the development of targeted cancer therapies. Bill 189, the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act, was introduced in the Senate on January 16, 2003, by Senator <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a>, passed the Senate on November 18, 2003, and at the House of Representatives the next day with a 405–19 vote. President George W. Bush signed the act into law on December 3, 2003, as Public Law 108- 153. Smalley was invited to attend.<sup id="cite_ref-Schottel_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schottel-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smalley was married four times, to Judith Grace Sampieri (1968–1978), Mary L. Chapieski (1980–1994), JoNell M. Chauvin (1997–1998) and Deborah Sheffield (2005), and had two sons, Chad Richard Smalley (born June 8, 1969) and Preston Reed Smalley (born August 8, 1997).<sup id="cite_ref-Feder_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CV_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, Smalley was diagnosed with cancer. Smalley died of leukemia,<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphoma_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphoma-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> variously reported as <a href="/wiki/Non-Hodgkin%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma">non-Hodgkin's lymphoma</a><sup id="cite_ref-Service_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia" title="Chronic lymphocytic leukemia">chronic lymphocytic leukemia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Feder_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on October 28, 2005, at <a href="/wiki/M.D._Anderson_Cancer_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="M.D. Anderson Cancer Center">M.D. Anderson Cancer Center</a> in Houston, Texas, at the age of 62.<sup id="cite_ref-Feder_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon Smalley's death, the US Senate passed a resolution to honor Smalley, crediting him as the "Father of Nanotechnology."<sup id="cite_ref-Wasey_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasey-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_during_final_years">Religion during final years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion during final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smalley, who had taken classes in religion as well as science at <a href="/wiki/Hope_College" title="Hope College">Hope College</a>, rediscovered his religious foundation in later life, particularly during his final years while battling cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Alumni_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alumni-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the final year of his life, Smalley wrote: "Although I suspect I will never fully understand, I now think the answer is very simple: it's true. God did create the universe about 13.7 billion years ago, and of necessity has involved Himself with His creation ever since."<sup id="cite_ref-Alumni_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alumni-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_University" title="Tuskegee University">Tuskegee University</a>'s 79th Annual Scholarship Convocation/Parents' Recognition Program he was quoted making the following statement regarding the subject of evolution while urging his audience to take seriously their role as the higher species on this planet. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Genesis' was right, and there was a creation, and that Creator is still involved ... We are the only species that can destroy the Earth or take care of it and nurture all that live on this very special planet. I'm urging you to look on these things. For whatever reason, this planet was built specifically for us. Working on this planet is an absolute moral code. ... Let's go out and do what we were put on Earth to do."<sup id="cite_ref-Tuskegee_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuskegee-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth creationist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Ross_(creationist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Ross (creationist)">Hugh Ross</a> spoke at Smalley's funeral, November 2, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Smalley, R.E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/527522-supersonic-bare-metal-cluster-beams-final-report">"Supersonic bare metal cluster beams. Final report"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>—Office of Energy Research, (October 14, 1997).</li> <li>Smalley, R.E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5545551-supersonic-metal-cluster-beams-technical-progress-report-march-april">"Supersonic Bare Metal Cluster Beams. Technical Progress Report, March 16, 1984 – April 1, 1985"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>—Office of Basic Energy Sciences, (January 1, 1985).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fellowships">Fellowships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fellowships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Harold W. Dodds Fellow, Princeton University, 1973</li> <li>Alfred P. Sloan Fellow, 1978–1980</li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a>, 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_AAAS" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the AAAS">Fellow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, 2003</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_and_prizes">Awards and prizes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Awards and prizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> Prize in Chemical Physics, American Physical Society, 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a> Magazine Grand Award in Science & Technology, 1991</li> <li>APS <a href="/wiki/International_Prize_for_New_Materials" class="mw-redirect" title="International Prize for New Materials">International Prize for New Materials</a>, 1992 (Joint with R. F. Curl & H. W. Kroto)</li> <li>Ernest O. Lawrence Memorial Award, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>, 1992</li> <li>Welch Award in Chemistry, <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Welch_Foundation" title="Robert A. Welch Foundation">Robert A. Welch Foundation</a>, 1992</li> <li>Auburn-G.M. Kosolapoff Award, Auburn Section, <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>, 1992</li> <li>Southwest Regional Award, American Chemical Society, 1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Nichols" title="William H. Nichols">William H. Nichols</a> Medal, New York Section, American Chemical Society, 1993</li> <li>The John Scott Award, City of Philadelphia, 1993</li> <li>Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize, <a href="/wiki/European_Physical_Society" title="European Physical Society">European Physical Society</a>, 1994 (with Wolfgang Kraetschmer, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Huffman" title="Donald Huffman">Don Huffman</a> and Harold Kroto)</li> <li>Harrison Howe Award, Rochester Section, American Chemical Society, 1994</li> <li>Madison Marshall Award, North Alabama Section, American Chemical Society, 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute">The Franklin Institute</a>, 1996<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>, 1996</li> <li>Distinguished Civilian Public Service Award, Department of the Navy, 1997</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Carbon_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Carbon Society (page does not exist)">American Carbon Society</a> Medal, 1997</li> <li>Top 75 Distinguished Contributors, Chemical & Engineering News, 1998</li> <li>Lifetime Achievement Award, Small Times Magazine, 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg_Medal" title="Glenn T. Seaborg Medal">Glenn T. Seaborg Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_at_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Los Angeles">University of California at Los Angeles</a>, 2002</li> <li>Distinguished Alumni Award, Hope College, 2005</li> <li>50th Anniversary Visionary Award, <a href="/wiki/SPIE" title="SPIE">SPIE</a> – International Society for Optical Engineering, 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Chemical_Landmarks" title="National Historic Chemical Landmarks">National Historic Chemical Landmark</a>, American Chemical Society, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-ChemLandmark_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChemLandmark-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award, Division of History of Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 2015<sup id="cite_ref-Award_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Award-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breakthrough_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breakthrough-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Legacy.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Legacy.com_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/houstonchronicle/obituary.aspx?n=richard-errett-smalley&pid=15564204">"Dr. Richard Errett Smalley"</a>. <i>Legacy.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legacy.com&rft.atitle=Dr.+Richard+Errett+Smalley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legacy.com%2Fobituaries%2Fhoustonchronicle%2Fobituary.aspx%3Fn%3Drichard-errett-smalley%26pid%3D15564204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feder-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feder_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feder_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feder_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feder_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2005" class="citation news cs1">Feder, Barnaby J. (October 29, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/29/science/richard-e-smalley-62-dies-chemistry-nobel-winner.html">"Richard E. Smalley, 62, Dies; Chemistry Nobel Winner"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Richard+E.+Smalley%2C+62%2C+Dies%3B+Chemistry+Nobel+Winner&rft.date=2005-10-29&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Barnaby+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F10%2F29%2Fscience%2Frichard-e-smalley-62-dies-chemistry-nobel-winner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelBio-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NobelBio_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/smalley-bio.html">"Richard E. Smalley – Biographical"</a>. <i>Nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Richard+E.+Smalley+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1996%2Fsmalley-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hafner-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hafner_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafner2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hafner, Jason H. (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2216973">"Obituary: Richard Errett Smalley"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>59</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">71–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhT....59e..71H">2006PhT....59e..71H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2216973">10.1063/1.2216973</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Richard+Errett+Smalley&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2216973&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PhT....59e..71H&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Jason+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1063%252F1.2216973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmalley1974" class="citation book cs1">Smalley, Richard Errett (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/1639967"><i>The lower electronic states of 1,3,5 (sym)-triazine</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lower+electronic+states+of+1%2C3%2C5+%28sym%29-triazine&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Smalley&rft.aufirst=Richard+Errett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.princeton.edu%2Fcatalog%2F1639967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hargittai-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hargittai_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hargittai_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargittaiHargittai2000" class="citation book cs1">Hargittai, István; Hargittai, Magdolna (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_u3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA363"><i>Candid science</i></a>. London: Imperial College Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">363–</span>373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-151-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-151-1"><bdi>978-1-86094-151-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Candid+science&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E373&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86094-151-1&rft.aulast=Hargittai&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Hargittai%2C+Magdolna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_u3CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fi.edu/laureates/richard-e-smalley">"Richard E. 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SMALLEY Curriculum Vitae"</a>. <i>Rice University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lymphoma+Research+Foundation&rft.atitle=Understanding+CLL%2FSLL+Chronic+Lymphocytic+Leukemia+and+Small+Lymphocytic+Lymphoma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lymphoma.org%2Fatf%2Fcf%2F%257Baaf3b4e5-2c43-404c-afe5-fd903c87b254%257D%2FUNDERSTANDING_CLLSLL_BOOKLET.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Service-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Service_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2005" class="citation news cs1">Service, Robert F. 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Archived from the original on January 14, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SEEDMAGAZINE.COM&rft.atitle=Nobelist+in+chemistry+for+co-discovering+fullerenes%2C+Rice+University+Homecoming+Queen&rft.date=2016-07-18&rft.aulast=Wasey&rft.aufirst=Adnaan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseedmagazine.com%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Frichard_errett_smalley_father_of_nanotechnology_dies_at_62%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alumni-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alumni_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alumni_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmalley2005" class="citation web cs1">Smalley, Richard (October 29, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hope.edu/news/2005/10/29/remarks-by-richard-smalley-at-alumni-banquet.html">"Remarks by Richard Smalley at 2005 Alumni Banquet"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2017</span>. <q>My short two years at Hope starting as a freshman in 1961 were immensely important to me. I went to chapel, studied religion, and attended church more than I had ever done before, and was with people who took to these issues seriously. I valued that greatly back then. Recently I have gone back to church regularly with a new focus to understand as best I can what it is that makes Christianity so vital and powerful in the lives of billions of people today, even though almost 2000 years have passed since the death and resurrection of Christ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+by+Richard+Smalley+at+2005+Alumni+Banquet&rft.date=2005-10-29&rft.aulast=Smalley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hope.edu%2Fnews%2F2005%2F10%2F29%2Fremarks-by-richard-smalley-at-alumni-banquet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuskegee-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuskegee_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210153849/http://www.tuskegee.edu/Articles/scholarship_convocation_speaker_challenges_scholars_to_serve_the_greater_good.aspx">"Scholarship Convocation Speaker Challenges Scholars to Serve the Greater Good"</a>. <i>Tuskegee University</i>. October 3, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuskegee.edu/Articles/scholarship_convocation_speaker_challenges_scholars_to_serve_the_greater_good.aspx">the original</a> on February 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tuskegee+University&rft.atitle=Scholarship+Convocation+Speaker+Challenges+Scholars+to+Serve+the+Greater+Good&rft.date=2004-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuskegee.edu%2FArticles%2Fscholarship_convocation_speaker_challenges_scholars_to_serve_the_greater_good.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmtour.com/media/smalley_funeral.mp3">"Funeral Service for Professor Richard Smalley – Speakers: James Tour, Hugh Ross and Ben Young, 2005-11-02, mp3 audio"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Funeral+Service+for+Professor+Richard+Smalley+%E2%80%93+Speakers%3A+James+Tour%2C+Hugh+Ross+and+Ben+Young%2C+2005-11-02%2C+mp3+audio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmtour.com%2Fmedia%2Fsmalley_funeral.mp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Smalley</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106746#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/science-july-dec03-hydrogen_10-20/">Interview: Nobel Prize Winner Dr. Richard Smalley</a> – PBS Online NewsHour, "The Future of Fuel: Advances in Hydrogen Fuel Technology"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807032733/http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/feature_pro.html?DOC=professionals%5cpro_energyplan.html">Energy: the 50-year Plan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived August 7, 2007) – Chemistry.org</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroto2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kroto, Harold (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200504094">"Richard E. Smalley: Fullerenes"</a>. <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>. <b>45</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200504094">10.1002/anie.200504094</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Richard+E.+Smalley%3A+Fullerenes&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200504094&rft.aulast=Kroto&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fanie.200504094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/richard-smalley-robert-curl-harold-kroto">"Richard E. Smalley, Robert F. Curl, Jr., and Harold W. Kroto"</a>. <i>Science History Institute</i>. June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=Richard+E.+Smalley%2C+Robert+F.+Curl%2C+Jr.%2C+and+Harold+W.+Kroto&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fhistorical-profile%2Frichard-smalley-robert-curl-harold-kroto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Otto Wallach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Victor Grignard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1919</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis Aston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Fritz Pregl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Richard Zsigmondy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Wieland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Adolf Windaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Arthur Harden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Hans Fischer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Friedrich Bergius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1933</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haworth" title="Norman Haworth">Norman Haworth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Paul Karrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Leopold Ružička">Leopold Ružička</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Artturi Virtanen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" title="James B. Sumner">James B. Sumner</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">John Northrop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">William Giauque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Otto Diels</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Kurt Alder</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Archer_Martin" title="Archer Martin">Archer Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge">Richard Synge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Hinshelwood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Semyonov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander Todd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Karl Ziegler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Ronald Norrish</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Odd Hassel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Luis Federico Leloir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Gerhard Herzberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen" title="Christian B. Anfinsen">Christian B. Anfinsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Stanford Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Stein" title="William Howard Stein">William Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">Ernst Otto Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Geoffrey Wilkinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Vladimir Prelog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">William Lipscomb</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Robert Merrifield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Jerome Karle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John Polanyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Jean-Marie Lehn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Sidney Altman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias Corey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Richard R. Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary Mullis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">George Olah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina">Mario Molina</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">F. Sherwood Rowland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harold Kroto</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Smalley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Paul D. Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Jens Christian Skou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Alan J. Heeger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">William Knowles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryoji Noyori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">K. Barry Sharpless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Fenn" title="John B. Fenn">John B. Fenn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Kurt Wüthrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Aaron Ciechanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Avram Hershko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Irwin Rose</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Grubbs" title="Robert H. Grubbs">Robert H. Grubbs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard R. Schrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Yves Chauvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg" title="Roger D. Kornberg">Roger D. Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Osamu Shimomura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada E. Yonath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Akira Suzuki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Ei-ichi Negishi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert Lefkowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Brian Kobilka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Martin Karplus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt_(biophysicist)" title="Michael Levitt (biophysicist)">Michael Levitt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Arieh Warshel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Eric Betzig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan Hell</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_E._Moerner" title="William E. Moerner">William E. Moerner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Modrich" title="Paul L. Modrich">Paul L. Modrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Aziz Sancar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Jean-Pierre Sauvage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Jacques Dubochet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Joachim Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(chemist)" title="George Smith (chemist)">George Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">M. Stanley Whittingham</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">David MacMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">Benjamin List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn R. Bertozzi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Morten_P._Meldal" title="Morten P. Meldal">Morten P. Meldal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Moungi G. Bawendi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ekimov" title="Alexey Ekimov">Alexei I. Ekimov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">David Baker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">John M. Jumper</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1996_Nobel_Prize_laureates753" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1996_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1996 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1996_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1996 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1996_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1996 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1996_Nobel_Prize_laureates753" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1996 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert F. Curl Jr.</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harold W. Kroto</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard E. Smalley</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1996_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1996 Nobel Prize in Literature">1996</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a> (Poland)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo</a> (East Timor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a> (East Timor)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">David Morris Lee</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Douglas D. Osheroff</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">Robert Coleman Richardson</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a> (Switzerland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Mirrlees" title="James Mirrlees">James Mirrlees</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a> (Canada/United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1991_Nobel_Prizes" title="1991 Nobel Prizes">1991</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1992_Nobel_Prizes" title="1992 Nobel Prizes">1992</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1993_Nobel_Prizes" title="1993 Nobel Prizes">1993</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1994_Nobel_Prizes" title="1994 Nobel Prizes">1994</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1995_Nobel_Prizes" title="1995 Nobel Prizes">1995</a></dd> <dd><b>1996 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1997_Nobel_Prizes" title="1997 Nobel Prizes">1997</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1998_Nobel_Prizes" title="1998 Nobel Prizes">1998</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1999_Nobel_Prizes" title="1999 Nobel Prizes">1999</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prizes" title="2000 Nobel Prizes">2000</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prizes" title="2001 Nobel Prizes">2001</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106746#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1129" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106746#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1129" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106746#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/18362512">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/333041/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdRvTrGbDjRHbFkQ3jwG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131655094">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr93051469">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7103216169">Scopus</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/092276520">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qz5jgs">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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