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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizenship_and_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizenship_and_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Citizenship and diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizenship_and_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ethnic ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Canadians</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="كنديون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كنديون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="কানাডীয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কানাডীয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C4%8Fan%C3%A9" title="Kanaďané – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kanaďané" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadalased" title="Kanadalased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kanadalased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Καναδοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καναδοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadienses" title="Canadienses – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canadienses" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadanoj" title="Kanadanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kanadanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="کانادایی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانادایی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadiens_(peuple)" title="Canadiens (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canadiens (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B8" title="캐나다인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐나다인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կանադացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանադացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C4%91ani" title="Kanađani – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kanađani" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Kanada" title="Orang Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קנדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კანადელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კანადელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Канадалықтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Канадалықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Канадалыктар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Канадалыктар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%C4%81die%C5%A1i" title="Kanādieši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kanādieši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadie%C4%8Diai" title="Kanadiečiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kanadiečiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadaiak" title="Kanadaiak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kanadaiak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كاناديين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاناديين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Kanada" title="Orang Kanada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E4%BA%BA" title="カナダ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadaliklar" title="Kanadaliklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kanadaliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadyjczycy" title="Kanadyjczycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kanadyjczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadenses" title="Canadenses – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canadenses" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Канадцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канадцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Канаадалар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Канаадалар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Canadians" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadez%C3%ABt" title="Kanadezët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kanadezët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Canadians" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanad%C4%8Dani" title="Kanadčani – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kanadčani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="ชาวแคนาดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวแคนาดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadal%C4%B1lar" title="Kanadalılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kanadalılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%96" title="Канадці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Канадці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Canada" title="Người Canada – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Canada" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="קאנאדער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאנאדער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%BA" title="加拿大人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加拿大人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%BA" title="加拿大人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加拿大人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Canadian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Canadian (disambiguation)">Canadian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Canadians</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canada_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">National flag of Canada</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Canada</a>: <b>39,858,480</b> (<a href="/wiki/Calendar_year" title="Calendar year">Q2</a> 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnic origins</a>:</b><sup id="cite_ref-2021newsreleaseB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021newsreleaseB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-minority2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minority2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">White</a> (<span data-sort-value="7001698188955082755♠" style="display:none"></span>69.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asian</a> (<span data-sort-value="7000707819417137658♠" style="display:none"></span>7.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> (<span data-sort-value="7000497474777017202♠" style="display:none"></span>5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a> (<span data-sort-value="7000472294804557581♠" style="display:none"></span>4.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Black</a> (<span data-sort-value="7000426074862762612♠" style="display:none"></span>4.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Canadians" title="Arab Canadians">Arab</a> (<span data-sort-value="7000191040223956551♠" style="display:none"></span>1.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Canadians" title="Latin American Canadians">Latin American</a> (<span data-sort-value="7000159720439682645♠" style="display:none"></span>1.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> (<span data-sort-value="7000107447394915421♠" style="display:none"></span>1.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">West Asian</a> (<span data-sort-value="6999992306998848699♠" style="display:none"></span>1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Canadians" title="Korean Canadians">Korean</a> (<span data-sort-value="6999600451849410139♠" style="display:none"></span>0.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Japanese</a> (<span data-sort-value="6999272224474052379♠" style="display:none"></span>0.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial</a>/Other (<span data-sort-value="7000319874423575446♠" style="display:none"></span>3.2%)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a>: Overall total is greater than 100% due to multiple visible minority, population group, and Indigenous responses.<sup id="cite_ref-2021newsrelease_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021newsrelease-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Canadian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_the_Canadian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Canadian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_the_Canadian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/450px-Map_of_the_Canadian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_the_Canadian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/600px-Map_of_the_Canadian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_diaspora" title="Canadian diaspora">Canadian diaspora</a> in the world <hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="infobox-data">1,062,640<sup id="cite_ref-AP-estimate_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-estimate-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></th><td class="infobox-data">300,000<sup id="cite_ref-AP-estimate_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-estimate-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="infobox-data">73,000<sup id="cite_ref-AP-estimate_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-estimate-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="infobox-data">60,000<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data">45,000<sup id="cite_ref-AP-estimate_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-estimate-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40,000<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Italy</th><td class="infobox-data">30,000<sup id="cite_ref-PewResearch_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewResearch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="infobox-data">27,289<sup id="cite_ref-AP-estimate_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-estimate-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">China</th><td class="infobox-data">19,990<sup id="cite_ref-AP-estimate_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-estimate-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="infobox-data">15,750<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14,210<sup id="cite_ref-AP-estimate_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-estimate-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Japan</th><td class="infobox-data">11,016<sup id="cite_ref-AP-estimate_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-estimate-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><b><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-CensusProfile_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusProfile-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>54.9% <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li> <li>19.6% <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></li> <li>3.5% Chinese</li> <li>1.8% <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Punjabi</a></li> <li>1.5% Spanish</li> <li>1.4% Arabic</li> <li>1.3% Tagalog</li> <li>0.9% Italian</li> <li>0.7% German</li> <li>0.7% Portuguese</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><b><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religions of Canada</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-CensusProfile_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusProfile-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>53.3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Christianity_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christianity-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>4.9% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Muslim</a></li> <li>2.3% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hindu</a></li> <li>2.1% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikh</a></li> <li>1.0% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhist</a></li> <li>0.9% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Jewish</a></li> <li>0.2% <a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#Northern_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous spirituality</a></li> <li>0.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada#Other_religions" title="Religion in Canada">Other</a></li> <li>(34.6% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">No religion</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Canadians</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Canadiens</i>) are people identified with the country of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being <i>Canadian</i>. </p><p>Canada is a multilingual and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural</a> society home to people of groups of many different ethnic, religious, and national origins, with the majority of the population made up of <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">immigrants</a> and their descendants. Following the initial period of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">French</a> and then the much larger <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonization</a>, different waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non-indigenous peoples took place over the course of nearly two centuries and continue today. Elements of Indigenous, French, British, and more recent immigrant customs, languages, and religions have combined to form the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">culture of Canada</a>, and thus a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a>. Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic, and economic neighbour—the United States. </p><p>Canadian independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> grew gradually over the course of many years following the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> in 1867. The <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World Wars</a>, in particular, gave rise to a desire among Canadians to have their country recognized as a fully-fledged, sovereign state, with a distinct citizenship. Legislative independence was established with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster,_1931" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Westminster, 1931">Statute of Westminster, 1931</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Citizenship_Act,_1946" title="Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946">Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946</a>, took effect on January 1, 1947, and full sovereignty was achieved with the <a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">patriation</a> of the constitution in 1982. Canada's <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">nationality law</a> closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom. Legislation since the mid-20th century represents Canadians' commitment to <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic development">socioeconomic development</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Term">Term</h2></div> <p>The word <i>Canadian</i> originally applied, in its French form, <i>Canadien</i>, to the colonists residing in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>— in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>—during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The French colonists in Maritime Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island), were known as <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward</a> (a son of King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>) addressed, in English and French, a group of rioters at a poll in <a href="/wiki/Charlesbourg,_Quebec_City" title="Charlesbourg, Quebec City">Charlesbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> (today Quebec), during the election of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Lower_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada">Legislative Assembly</a> in June 1792,<sup id="cite_ref-Toffoli33_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toffoli33-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he stated, "I urge you to unanimity and concord. Let me hear no more of the odious distinction of English and French. You are all His Britannic Majesty's beloved Canadian subjects."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first-known use of the term <i>Canadian</i> to mean both <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a> settlers in <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">the Canadas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toffoli33_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toffoli33-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics of Canada</a></div> <p>As of 2010, Canadians make up 0.5% of the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world's total population</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having relied upon immigration for population growth and social development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorneliusTsudaMartinHollifield2004100_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorneliusTsudaMartinHollifield2004100-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first- or second-generation immigrants,<sup id="cite_ref-immigrantclass_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigrantclass-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 20% of Canadian residents in the 2000s were not born in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBybeeMcCrae200992_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBybeeMcCrae200992-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be <a href="/wiki/Foreign_born" title="Foreign born">foreign-born</a> or have one foreign-born parent.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2016_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 Census">2016 Canadian census</a>, numbered at 1,673,780 or 4.9% of the country's 35,151,728 population.<sup id="cite_ref-firstnations_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstnations-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration to Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada_immigration_statistics" title="Canada immigration statistics">Canada immigration statistics</a></div> <p>While the first contact with Europeans and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a> peoples in Canada had occurred a century or more before, the first group of permanent settlers were the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> settlements, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, during the early part of the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson200215_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson200215-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths20054_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths20054-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately 100 <a href="/wiki/Irish_Quebecers" title="Irish Quebecers">Irish-born families</a> would settle the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence Valley</a> by 1700, assimilating into the <i>Canadien</i> population and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGowan1999_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGowan1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1999736ff_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1999736ff-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 18th and 19th century; immigration westward (to the area known as <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a>) was carried out by "<a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a>"; French settlers working for the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a>; and by <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> settlers (<a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a>) representing the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>, coupled with independent entrepreneurial woodsman called <a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">coureur des bois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandford200042_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandford200042-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This arrival of newcomers led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis</a>, an ethnic group of mixed European and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> parentage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorrows2010134_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorrows2010134-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of the British <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_1760" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of 1760">Conquest of New France</a> in 1760 and the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a>, many families from the British colonies in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> moved over into Nova Scotia and other colonies in Canada, where the British made farmland available to British settlers on easy terms. More settlers arrived during and after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, when approximately 60,000 <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalists</a> fled to <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>, a large portion of whom settled in New Brunswick.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrinJohnsonMcPhersonFahs2007172_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrinJohnsonMcPhersonFahs2007172-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, British (including British army regulars), Scottish, and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Rupert's Land, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeltes199919_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeltes199919-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America, mainly from the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_of_Canada" title="Great Migration of Canada">Great Migration of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarland-Jacobs2007177_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland-Jacobs2007177-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These new arrivals included some <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Gaelic-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Highland_Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Scots">Highland Scots</a> displaced by the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a> to Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampey2008122_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampey2008122-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine of Ireland</a> of the 1840s significantly increased the pace of Irish immigration to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a>, with over 35,000 distressed individuals landing in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> in 1847 and 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGowan200997_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGowan200997-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2004106_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2004106-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Canadians" title="Old Stock Canadians">Old Stock Canadians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Colony of Vancouver Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">Colony of British Columbia</a> peaked with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush" title="Fraser Canyon Gold Rush">Fraser Canyon Gold Rush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallHwang20019_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallHwang20019-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act_of_1885" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Immigration Act of 1885">Chinese Immigration Act of 1885</a></i> eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2006107_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2006107-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, growing <a href="/wiki/South_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asians">South Asian</a> immigration into British Columbia during the early 1900s<sup id="cite_ref-SinghHirap94_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghHirap94-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to the <a href="/wiki/Continuous_journey_regulation" title="Continuous journey regulation">continuous journey regulation</a> act of 1908 which indirectly halted <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> immigration to Canada, as later evidenced by the infamous 1914 <a href="/wiki/Komagata_Maru_incident" title="Komagata Maru incident"><i>Komagata Maru</i> incident</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float: left;margin:0 2em 0 0;"> <caption>Permanent residents admitted in 2021, by top 10 source countries<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Number</th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>127,795</td> <td>31.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>30,970</td> <td>7.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>17,990</td> <td>4.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td>15,580</td> <td>3.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>12,685</td> <td>3.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>11,930</td> <td>2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>11,420</td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>11,285</td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>8,550</td> <td>2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>8,410</td> <td>2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Top 10 Total</i></td> <td>256,615</td> <td>63.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><i>Other</i></td> <td>148,715</td> <td>36.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><b>Total</b></td> <td><b>405,330</b></td> <td><b>100</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">population of Canada</a> has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, since the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-to-late 19th century, Canada had a policy of assisting <a href="/wiki/European_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="European Canadian">immigrants from Europe</a>, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted "<a href="/wiki/Home_Children" title="Home Children">Home Children</a>" from Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobbsMacKechnieLavalette199933_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobbsMacKechnieLavalette199933-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Block_settlement" title="Block settlement">Block settlement</a> communities were established throughout <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartens200428_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartens200428-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada received mainly European immigrants, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>, Germans, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2000124_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2000124-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legislative restrictions on immigration (such as the continuous journey regulation and <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act,_1923" title="Chinese Immigration Act, 1923">Chinese Immigration Act, 1923</a></i>) that had favoured British and other European immigrants were amended in the 1960s, opening the doors to immigrants from all parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKsenychLiu2001407_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKsenychLiu2001407-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the 1950s had still seen high levels of immigration by Europeans, by the 1970s immigrants were increasingly Chinese, Indian, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaicans" title="Jamaicans">Jamaican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haitian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Multicultural_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multicultural-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Canada received many <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Draft evasion in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War draft dissenters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKusch20012_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKusch20012-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s, Canada's growing Pacific trade brought with it a large influx of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">South Asians</a>, who tended to settle in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgnew2007182_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgnew2007182-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immigrants of all backgrounds tend to settle in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">major urban centres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson1980200_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson1980200-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGood200913_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGood200913-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian public, as well as the major political parties, are tolerant of immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollifieldMartinOrrenius201411_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollifieldMartinOrrenius201411-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrants</a> come from the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China">southern provinces of the People's Republic of China</a>, with Asia as a whole, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2009367_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2009367-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of numbers of illegal immigrants range between 35,000 and 120,000.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizenship_and_diaspora">Citizenship and diaspora</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canadian nationality law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_diaspora" title="Canadian diaspora">Canadian diaspora</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Canadian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_the_Canadian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Canadian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_the_Canadian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/450px-Map_of_the_Canadian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_the_Canadian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/600px-Map_of_the_Canadian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_diaspora" title="Canadian diaspora">Canadian diaspora</a> in the world (might include people with Canadian citizenship and children of Canadians).<sup id="cite_ref-PewResearch_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewResearch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> Canada</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800000; color:white;"> </span> + 100,000</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d40000; color:white;"> </span> + 10,000</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8f98; color:black;"> </span> + 1,000</div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canadian citizenship</a> is typically obtained by birth in Canada or by birth or adoption abroad when at least one biological parent or adoptive parent is a Canadian citizen who was born in Canada or naturalized in Canada (and did not receive citizenship by being born outside of Canada to a Canadian citizen).<sup id="cite_ref-parent_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parent-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be granted to a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_resident_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent resident (Canada)">permanent resident</a> who lives in Canada for three out of four years and meets specific requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-rights_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rights-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_nationality_law" title="History of Canadian nationality law">established its own nationality law</a> in 1946, with the enactment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Citizenship_Act_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Citizenship Act 1946">Canadian Citizenship Act</a></i> which took effect on January 1, 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Refugee_Protection_Act" title="Immigration and Refugee Protection Act">Immigration and Refugee Protection Act</a></i> was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> in 2001 as Bill C-11, which replaced the <i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act,_1976" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration Act, 1976">Immigration Act, 1976</a></i> as the primary federal legislation regulating immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the conferring of legal status on Canadian citizenship, Canada's naturalization laws consisted of a multitude of Acts beginning with the <i>Immigration Act</i> of 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloemraad2006269_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloemraad2006269-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_and_Immigration_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship and Immigration Canada">Citizenship and Immigration Canada</a>, there are three main classifications for immigrants: <i>family class</i> (persons closely related to Canadian residents), <i>economic class</i> (admitted on the basis of a point system that accounts for age, health and labour-market skills required for cost effectively inducting the immigrants into Canada's labour market) and <i>refugee class</i> (those seeking protection by applying to remain in the country by way of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_immigration_and_refugee_law" title="Canadian immigration and refugee law">Canadian immigration and refugee law</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, there were 65,567 immigrants in the family class, 21,860 refugees, and 149,072 economic immigrants amongst the 247,243 total immigrants to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-immigrantclass_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immigrantclass-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada resettles over one in 10 of the world's <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman200851_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman200851-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of a 2010 report by the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Foundation_of_Canada" title="Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada">Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada</a>, there were 2.8 million <a href="/wiki/Canadian_diaspora" title="Canadian diaspora">Canadian citizens abroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVoretz2011_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVoretz2011-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This represents about 8% of the total Canadian population. Of those living abroad, the United States, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, Taiwan, China, Lebanon, United Arab Emirates, and Australia have the largest Canadian diaspora. Canadians in the United States constitute the greatest single expatriate community at over 1 million in 2009, representing 35.8% of all Canadians abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under current <a href="/wiki/Canadian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian law">Canadian law</a>, Canada does not restrict <a href="/wiki/Dual_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual citizenship">dual citizenship</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Passport_Canada" title="Passport Canada">Passport Canada</a> encourages its citizens to travel abroad on their <a href="/wiki/Canadian_passport" title="Canadian passport">Canadian passport</a> so that they can access Canadian <a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">consular services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2010302_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2010302-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_ancestry">Ethnic ancestry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png/260px-Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png/390px-Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png/520px-Canada_ethnic_origin_map_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the largest ethnic or cultural origins in Canada by census division in 2021.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cc3333; color:white;"> </span> Canadian/<br />Canadien<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fbb4ae; color:black;"> </span> English</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#33a02c; color:black;"> </span> Irish</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4eb3d3; color:black;"> </span> Scottish</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3264c8; color:white;"> </span> French</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d9d9d9; color:black;"> </span> German</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fed976; color:black;"> </span> Chinese</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fd8d3c; color:black;"> </span> Indian</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#009392; color:black;"> </span> Ukrainian</div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#253494; color:white;"> </span> Métis</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a6cee3; color:black;"> </span> Acadian</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bdbdbd; color:black;"> </span> Mennonite</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cf597e; color:black;"> </span> Inuit</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b9a087; color:black;"> </span> Cree</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dfc27d; color:black;"> </span> Ojibway</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e9e29c; color:black;"> </span> Dene</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bf812d; color:black;"> </span> Heiltsuk</div>  </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnic origins of people in Canada</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a>, over 450 "<a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">ethnic or cultural origins</a>" were self-reported by Canadians.<sup id="cite_ref-2021newsrelease_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021newsrelease-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major <a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">panethnic</a> origin groups in Canada are: <a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">European</a> (<span data-sort-value="7001524715529622424♠" style="display:none"></span>52.5%), <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> (<span data-sort-value="7001229295201629025♠" style="display:none"></span>22.9%), <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Asia">Asian</a> (<span data-sort-value="7001193067146363837♠" style="display:none"></span>19.3%), <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North American Indigenous</a> (<span data-sort-value="7000606817379479870♠" style="display:none"></span>6.1%), <a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">African</a> (<span data-sort-value="7000383767829505642♠" style="display:none"></span>3.8%), <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin, Central and South American</a> (<span data-sort-value="7000247875805411595♠" style="display:none"></span>2.5%), <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_people" title="Caribbean people">Caribbean</a> (<span data-sort-value="7000213197773922522♠" style="display:none"></span>2.1%), <a href="/wiki/Oceanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanian people">Oceanian</a> (<span data-sort-value="6999289057000052988♠" style="display:none"></span>0.3%), and Other (<span data-sort-value="7000595505316421897♠" style="display:none"></span>6%).<sup id="cite_ref-2021newsrelease_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021newsrelease-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethnicpopulation2021_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnicpopulation2021-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistics Canada reports that 35.5% of the population reported multiple ethnic origins, thus the overall total is greater than 100%.<sup id="cite_ref-2021newsrelease_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021newsrelease-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethnic_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnic-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were <a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">Canadian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by <a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a> (14.7 percent), <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish</a> (12.1 percent), <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a> (12.1 percent), <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French</a> (11.0 percent), <a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German</a> (8.1 percent),<a href="/wiki/Indo-Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Canadians">Indian</a> (5.1 percent),<sup id="cite_ref-Indo-Canadian_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indo-Canadian-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a> (4.7 percent), <a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians" title="Italian Canadians">Italian</a> (4.3 percent), and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian</a> (3.5 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-ethnicpopulationordered2021_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnicpopulationordered2021-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethnicpopulation2021_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnicpopulation2021-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021 approximately 24.5 million reported being "<a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a>", representing 67.4 percent of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_Canada_2022_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2022-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-populationgroups2021_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-populationgroups2021-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_Canada_2022a_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2022a-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Visible_minority" title="Visible minority">visible minority</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-populationgroups2021_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-populationgroups2021-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest of which in 2021 were <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asian</a> (2.6 million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7 million; 4.7 percent) and <a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Black</a> (1.5 million; 4.3 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_Canada_2022_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2022-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2011 and 2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_Profile,_2016_Census_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_Profile,_2016_Census-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's population (about 300,000 people) were members of visible minority groups.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2021 Census indicated that 8.3 million people, or almost one-quarter (23.0 percent) of the population reported themselves as being or having been a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residency in Canada">landed immigrant or permanent resident</a> in Canada—above the <a href="/wiki/1921_Canadian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1921 Canadian Census">1921 Census</a> previous record of 22.3 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_Canada_2022b_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2022b-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021 India, China, and the Philippines were the top three countries of origin for immigrants moving to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canflagcartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Canflagcartoon.jpg/220px-Canflagcartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Canflagcartoon.jpg/330px-Canflagcartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Canflagcartoon.jpg/440px-Canflagcartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>A 1911 political cartoon on Canada's bicultural identity showing a flag combining symbols of Britain, France and Canada; titled "The next favor. 'A flag to suit the minority.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Canadian culture</a> is primarily a <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, with influences by First Nations and other cultures. It is a product of its <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">ethnicities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">political</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">legal system</a>(s). Canada has been shaped by waves of migration that have combined to form a unique blend of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_humour" title="Canadian humour">humour</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalman20094–7_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalman20094–7-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Canada has a diverse makeup of nationalities and constitutional protection for policies that promote <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRoccoChabot200813_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRoccoChabot200813-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">Quebec culture</a> distinct from English Canadian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklinBaun199561_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklinBaun199561-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as a whole, Canada is a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">cultural mosaic</a>: a collection of several regional, indigenous, and ethnic subcultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnglish2004111_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnglish2004111-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess200531_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess200531-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian government policies such as <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">official bilingualism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Canada">publicly funded health care</a>; <a href="/wiki/Income_taxes_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Income taxes in Canada">higher and more progressive taxation</a>; outlawing <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Canada" title="Capital punishment in Canada">capital punishment</a>; strong efforts to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">poverty</a>; strict <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun politics in Canada">gun control</a>; the legalizing of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Canada" title="Same-sex marriage in Canada">same-sex marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">pregnancy terminations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">euthanasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">cannabis</a> are social indicators of Canada's political and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">cultural values</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrickerWright200516_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrickerWright200516-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/American_media" class="mw-redirect" title="American media">American media</a> and entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the United States and worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackwell2005_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackwell2005-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> has also influenced culture with programs, laws, and institutions. It has created <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporations</a> to promote Canadian culture through media, and has also tried to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">protect Canadian culture</a> by setting legal minimums on <a href="/wiki/Canadian_content" title="Canadian content">Canadian content</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2010144_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2010144-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outside_Union_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Outside_Union_Station.jpg/170px-Outside_Union_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Outside_Union_Station.jpg/255px-Outside_Union_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Outside_Union_Station.jpg/340px-Outside_Union_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><i>Monument to Multiculturalism</i> by Francesco Pirelli in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>; four identical sculptures are located in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_City_Local_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo City Local Municipality">Buffalo City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Canadian culture has historically been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European culture</a> and traditions, especially <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">French</a>, and by its own <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada#Culture" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">indigenous cultures</a>. Most of Canada's territory was inhabited and developed later than other European colonies in the Americas, with the result that themes and symbols of pioneers, trappers, and traders were important in the early development of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pioneer_lit_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pioneer_lit-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First Nations played a critical part in the development of <a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">European colonies in Canada</a>, particularly for their role in assisting exploration of the continent during the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">North American fur trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiteFindlay199967_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteFindlay199967-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British conquest of New France in the mid-1700s brought a large <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> population under <a href="/wiki/Canada_under_British_Imperial_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada under British Imperial control">British Imperial rule</a>, creating a need for compromise and accommodation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDufour199025_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDufour199025-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new British rulers left alone much of the religious, political, and social culture of the French-speaking <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">habitants</a></i></span>, guaranteeing through the <i><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a></i> of 1774 the right of the <i>Canadiens</i> to practise the Catholic faith and to use <a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">French civil law</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Quebec_law" title="Quebec law">Quebec law</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i> was designed to meet the growing calls of Canadians for autonomy from British rule, while avoiding the overly strong decentralization that contributed to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-civil_war_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civil_war-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The compromises made by the <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation" title="Fathers of Confederation">Fathers of Confederation</a> set Canadians on a path to <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">bilingualism</a>, and this in turn contributed to an acceptance of diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaillancourtCoche200911_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaillancourtCoche200911-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20023_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20023-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a> and overall civilian participation in the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Canada during World War I">First World War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Canada during World War II">Second World War</a> helped to foster <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationalism" title="Canadian nationalism">Canadian nationalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENersessian2007_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENersessian2007-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIC22_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIC22-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, in 1917 and 1944, <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">conscription crisis'</a> highlighted the considerable rift along ethnic lines between Anglophones and Francophones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinteauDurocherRobert1983522_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinteauDurocherRobert1983522-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the First and Second World Wars, the Government of Canada became more assertive and less deferential to British authority.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the gradual loosening of political ties to the United Kingdom and the modernization of Canadian immigration policies, 20th-century immigrants with <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Africa">African</a>, Caribbean and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Asia">Asian</a> nationalities have added to the Canadian identity and its culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodvarssonVan_den_Berg2009380_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodvarssonVan_den_Berg2009380-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The multiple-origins immigration pattern continues today, with the arrival of large numbers of immigrants from non-British or non-French backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrato200950_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrato200950-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism in Canada</a> was adopted as the official policy of the government during the premiership of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> in the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanLey1993205_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanLey1993205-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology, because of its public emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="Economic impact of immigration to Canada">social importance of immigration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayland1997_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayland1997-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiculturalism is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada">Department of Citizenship and Immigration</a> and reflected in the law through the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Multiculturalism_Act" title="Canadian Multiculturalism Act">Canadian Multiculturalism Act</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Section_27_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">section 27 of the <i>Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion in Canada</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:HotPink; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2651.3256287233px; border-left-color:Turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Turquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 991.36510217697px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 583.79700587526px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 379.55753557188px; border-left-color:Crimson"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Crimson"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Crimson"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 272.37868371332px; border-left-color:MediumSeaGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:MediumSeaGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:MediumSeaGreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 162.04028779102px; border-left-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:White"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:88.523131133246px 46.515107807746px 0 0; border-top-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 116.34284724048px 100px 0; border-right-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Canada (2011 National Household Survey)<sup id="cite_ref-religion2011_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion2011-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkBlue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">Catholic</a> (38.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> Other <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christian</a> (28.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">Non-religious</a> (23.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:MediumSeaGreen; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam</a> (3.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Crimson; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hinduism</a> (1.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism</a> (1.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism</a> (1.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Turquoise; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Judaism</a> (1.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:HotPink; color:black;"> </span> Other religions (0.6%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Canada as a nation is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range of groups, beliefs and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalesLauzon2009440_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalesLauzon2009440-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">preamble to the <i>Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</i></a> references "God", and the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarch</a> carries the title of "<a href="/wiki/Fidei_defensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidei defensor">Defender of the Faith</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates2006143_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates2006143-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Canada has no <a href="/wiki/Official_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Official religion">official religion</a>, and support for <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada" title="Freedom of religion in Canada">Freedom of religion in Canada</a>) is an important part of <a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Political culture of Canada">Canada's political culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiedema200515_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiedema200515-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the role of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in decline, it having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBramadatSeljak20093_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramadatSeljak20093-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commentators have suggested that Canada has come to enter a <a href="/wiki/Postchristianity" title="Postchristianity">post-Christian</a> period in a <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> state,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen2005174_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen2005174-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregoryJohnstonPrattWatts2009672_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoryJohnstonPrattWatts2009672-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">irreligion</a> on the rise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann2010493_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann2010493-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Canadians consider religion to be unimportant in their daily lives, but still believe in God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskell200950_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskell200950-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of religion is now generally considered a private matter throughout society and within the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyleSheen1997100–110_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleSheen1997100–110-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011 Canadian census</a> reported that 67.3% of Canadians identify as being <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>; of this number, <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholics</a> make up the largest group, accounting for 38.7 percent of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-religion2011_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion2011-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest Protestant denomination is the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a> (accounting for 6.1% of Canadians); followed by <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglicans</a> (5.0%), and <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> (1.9%).<sup id="cite_ref-religion2011_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion2011-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 23.9% of Canadians declare <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religious</a> affiliation, including <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanists</a>, and other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-religion2011_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion2011-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which is <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (3.2%), followed by <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (1.5%), <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (1.4%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (1.1%), and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (1.0%).<sup id="cite_ref-religion2011_109-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion2011-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the arrival of European colonists and explorers, First Nations followed a wide array of mostly <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">animistic religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooker198020_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooker198020-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the colonial period, the French settled along the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, including a number of <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuits</a> dedicated to converting indigenous peoples; an effort that eventually proved successful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindlingThackeray201052_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindlingThackeray201052-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first large <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> communities were formed in the <a href="/wiki/Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritimes">Maritimes</a> after the British conquest of New France, followed by American Protestant settlers displaced by the American Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacLeodPoutanen200423_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeodPoutanen200423-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The late nineteenth century saw the beginning of a substantive shift in Canadian immigration patterns. Large numbers of Irish and southern European immigrants were creating new Catholic communities in English Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2005152,_154_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2005152,_154-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlement of the west brought significant <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> immigrants from Eastern Europe and <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> immigrants from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartynowych199128_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartynowych199128-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest documentation of <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Jewish presence in Canada</a> occurs in the 1754 British Army records from the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomberg2004255_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomberg2004255-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1760, General <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst</a> attacked and won <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> for the British. In his regiment there were several Jews, including four among his officer corps, most notably Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Hart_(businessman)" title="Aaron Hart (businessman)">Aaron Hart</a> who is considered the father of Canadian Jewry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomberg2004255_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomberg2004255-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Canada" title="Jainism in Canada">Jains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hindu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhist</a> communities—although small—are as old as the nation itself. The 1871 Canadian Census (<a href="/wiki/Census_in_Canada" title="Census in Canada">first "Canadian" national census</a>) indicated thirteen Muslims among the populace,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowardKawamura197995_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowardKawamura197995-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> population stood at approximately 5,000 by 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowardHinnellsWilliams2000192_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowardHinnellsWilliams2000192-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Canadian <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> was constructed in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton, Alberta">Edmonton</a>, in 1938, when there were approximately 700 Muslims in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaughAbu-LabanQureshi199115_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaughAbu-LabanQureshi199115-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhism first arrived in Canada when Japanese immigrated during the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBramadatSeljak2009102_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramadatSeljak2009102-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Japanese Buddhist temple in Canada was built in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYamagishi201017_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamagishi201017-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influx of immigrants in the late 20th century, with <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> and Southeast Asian customs, has contributed to the recent expansion of the Jain, Sikh, Hindu, and Buddhist communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaik200332_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaik200332-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg/250px-Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg/375px-Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg/500px-Bilinguisme_au_Canada-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>Approximately 98% of Canadians can speak English or French (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-Highlights_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highlights-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFE400; color:black;"> </span> English – 56.9%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D8A820; color:black;"> </span> English and French (Bilingual) – 16.1% </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B07400; color:black;"> </span> French – 21.3%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F5F5DC; color:black;"> </span> Sparsely populated area (<0.4 km<sup>2</sup> (0.15 sq mi) per person)</div></small></i></figcaption></figure> <p>A multitude of languages are used by Canadians, with <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a>) being the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongues</a> of approximately 56% and 21% of Canadians, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Highlightsb_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highlightsb-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the 2016 Census, just over 7.3 million Canadians listed a non-official language as their mother tongue. Some of the most common non-official first languages include Chinese (1,227,680 first-language speakers), <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (501,680), Spanish (458,850), <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> (431,385), Arabic (419,895), German (384,040), and Italian (375,645).<sup id="cite_ref-Highlightsb_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highlightsb-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than one percent of Canadians (just over 250,000 individuals) can speak an <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada#Indigenous_languages" title="Languages of Canada">indigenous language</a>. About half this number (129,865) reported using an indigenous language on a daily basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2005_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2005-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Canadians speak several <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a>; the number of speakers is unknown of the most spoken ones, <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> (ASL) and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a> (LSQ),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKockaertSteurs2015490_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKockaertSteurs2015490-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it is of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes2000_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimesGrimes2000-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are only 47 speakers of the Inuit sign language <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuktitut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau2011_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuitBakerPfau2011-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English and French are recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a> as official languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Languages_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Languages-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All federal government laws are thus enacted in both English and French, with government services available in both languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Languages_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Languages-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of Canada's territories give official status to indigenous languages. In <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuinnaqtun language">Inuinnaqtun</a> are official languages, alongside the national languages of English and French, and Inuktitut is a common vehicular language in territorial government.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Official_Languages_Act_(Northwest_Territories)" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Languages Act (Northwest Territories)">Official Languages Act</a></i> declares that there are eleven different languages: <a href="/wiki/Dene_Suline_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dene Suline language">Chipewyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>, English, French, <a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in language">Gwich'in</a>, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">North Slavey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">South Slavey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Tłįchǫ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Multicultural_media_in_Canada" title="Multicultural media in Canada">Multicultural media</a> are widely accessible across the country and offer specialty television channels, newspapers, and other publications in many minority languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaGanahl200662_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaGanahl200662-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In Canada, as elsewhere in the world of <a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonies</a>, the frontier of European exploration and settlement tended to be a linguistically diverse and fluid place, as cultures using different languages met and interacted. The need for a common means of communication between the indigenous inhabitants and new arrivals for the purposes of trade, and (in some cases) intermarriage, led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinford2003183_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinford2003183-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Languages like <a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bungi_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi creole">Bungi creole</a> tended to be highly localized and were often spoken by only a small number of individuals who were frequently capable of speaking another language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWurmMuhlhauslerTyron19961491_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWurmMuhlhauslerTyron19961491-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plains_Sign_Talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains Sign Talk">Plains Sign Talk</a>—which functioned originally as a trade language used to communicate internationally and across linguistic borders—reached across Canada, the United States, and into Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfauSteinbachWoll2012540_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfauSteinbachWoll2012540-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canuck" title="Canuck">Canuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadians">List of Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of National Historic Significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">List of prime ministers of Canada</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Christianity-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christianity_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">Catholic</a> 29.9%, <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church</a> 3.3%, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican</a> 3.1%, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">Orthodox</a> 1.7%, <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_Canada" title="Baptists in Canada">Baptist</a> 1.2%, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Assemblies_of_Canada" title="Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada">Pentecostal</a> 1.1%, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Canada">Lutheran</a> 0.9%, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Canada" title="Presbyterian Church in Canada">Presbyterian</a> 0.8%, Anabaptist 0.4%, Jehovah's Witness 0.4%, Methodist 0.3%, Latter Day Saints 0.2%, Reformed 0.2%, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada#Monotheistic_religions" title="Religion in Canada">other Christian</a> 9.7%.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Officially, the People's Republic of China. Excludes <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (listed separately).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canadian-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canada's nationality laws</a>. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.<sup id="cite_ref-SimonPiché2013c_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimonPiché2013c-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude of reasons such as generational distance from ancestral lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnic-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ethnic_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 2021 census on ethnic or cultural origins, Statistics Canada states: "Given the fluid nature of this concept and the changes made to this question, 2021 Census data on ethnic or cultural origins are not comparable to data from previous censuses and should not be used to measure the growth or decline of the various groups associated with these origins".<sup id="cite_ref-2021newsrelease_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021newsrelease-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indo-Canadian-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Indo-Canadian_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Anglo-Indian" (3,340), "Bengali" (26,675), "Goan" (9,700), "Gujarati" (36,970), "Indian" (1,347,715), "Jatt" (22,785), "Kashmiri" (6,165), "Maharashtrian" (4,125), "Malayali" (12,490), "Punjabi" (279,950), "Tamil" (102,170), and "Telugu" (6,670)".<sup id="cite_ref-ethnicpopulationordered2021_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnicpopulationordered2021-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority in Statistics Canada calculations. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Meanwhile, there are some 30,000 to 50,000 Canadians in Pakistan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=HC+highlights+growing+ties+between+Canada%2C+Pakistan&rft.date=2019-08-20&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Shazia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1500450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1221/umfrage/anzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland/">"Ausländeranteil in Deutschland bis 2018"</a>. <i>Statista</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Ausl%C3%A4nderanteil+in+Deutschland+bis+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F1221%2Fumfrage%2Fanzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CensusProfile-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CensusProfile_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CensusProfile_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1,4&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. 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Dundurn Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-1165-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-1165-5"><bdi>978-1-4597-1165-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Tours+1786%E2%80%932010%3A+Home+to+Canada&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-1165-5&rft.aulast=Bousfuield&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Toffoli%2C+Garry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2022" class="citation cs2">Harris, Caroline (February 3, 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/royals-who-lived-in-canada">"Royals Who Lived in Canada"</a>, <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>, Historica Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Royals+Who+Lived+in+Canada&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Froyals-who-lived-in-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTidridge2013" class="citation book cs1">Tidridge, Nathan (2013). <i>Prince Edward, Duke of Kent: Father of the Canadian Crown</i>. Dundurn Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0790-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0790-0"><bdi>978-1-4597-0790-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prince+Edward%2C+Duke+of+Kent%3A+Father+of+the+Canadian+Crown&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-0790-0&rft.aulast=Tidridge&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171104141104/http://www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=64">"Environment – Greenhouse Gases (Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Person)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environment+%E2%80%93+Greenhouse+Gases+%28Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions+per+Person%29&rft.pub=Human+Resources+and+Skills+Development+Canada&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.hrsdc.gc.ca%2F.3ndic.1t.4r%40-eng.jsp%3Fiid%3D64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorneliusTsudaMartinHollifield2004100-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorneliusTsudaMartinHollifield2004100_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorneliusTsudaMartinHollifield2004">Cornelius et al. 2004</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-immigrantclass-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-immigrantclass_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immigrantclass_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091108021204/http://www.cic.gc.ca/EnGLIsh/resources/statistics/facts2008/permanent/01.asp">"Canada – Permanent residents by gender and category, 1984 to 2008"</a>. <i>Facts and figures 2008 – Immigration overview: Permanent and temporary residents</i>. <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_and_Immigration_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship and Immigration Canada">Citizenship and Immigration Canada</a>. August 25, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2008/permanent/01.asp">the original</a> on November 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facts+and+figures+2008+%E2%80%93+Immigration+overview%3A+Permanent+and+temporary+residents&rft.atitle=Canada+%E2%80%93+Permanent+residents+by+gender+and+category%2C+1984+to+2008&rft.date=2009-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cic.gc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fresources%2Fstatistics%2Ffacts2008%2Fpermanent%2F01.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBybeeMcCrae200992-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBybeeMcCrae200992_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBybeeMcCrae2009">Bybee & McCrae 2009</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=5126&lang=en&db=imdb&adm=8&dis=2">"Projections of the Diversity of the Canadian Population"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Projections+of+the+Diversity+of+the+Canadian+Population&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2010-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcgi-bin%2Fimdb%2Fp2SV.pl%3FFunction%3DgetSurvey%26SDDS%3D5126%26lang%3Den%26db%3Dimdb%26adm%3D8%26dis%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-firstnations-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-firstnations_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-011-x/99-011-x2011001-eng.cfm">"Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: First Nations People, Métis, and Inuit"</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishlanguagec00bobe/page/n115">97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139491440" title="Special:BookSources/9781139491440"><bdi>9781139491440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Language+in+Canada%3A+Status%2C+History%2C+and+Comparative+Analysis&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139491440&rft.aulast=Boberg&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishlanguagec00bobe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChown,_MarcoOtis,_Daniel2015" class="citation news cs1">Chown, Marco; Otis, Daniel (September 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/09/18/who-are-old-stock-canadians.html">"Who are 'old stock Canadians'? 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href="#CITEREFBloomberg2004">Bloomberg 2004</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowardKawamura197995-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowardKawamura197995_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowardKawamura1979">Coward & Kawamura 1979</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowardHinnellsWilliams2000192-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowardHinnellsWilliams2000192_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowardHinnellsWilliams2000">Coward, Hinnells & Williams 2000</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaughAbu-LabanQureshi199115-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaughAbu-LabanQureshi199115_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaughAbu-LabanQureshi1991">Waugh, Abu-Laban & Qureshi 1991</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li 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Toronto UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1038-5"><bdi>978-1-4426-1038-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Indigenous+Constitution&rft.pub=Toronto+UP&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1038-5&rft.aulast=Borrows&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdrjJJ56qRxcC%26pg%3DPT134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKockaertSteurs2015" class="citation book cs1">Kockaert, Hendrik J.; Steurs, Frieda (March 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQZoBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA490"><i>Handbook of Terminology</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6956-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6956-0"><bdi>978-90-272-6956-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Terminology&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft.isbn=978-90-272-6956-0&rft.aulast=Kockaert&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+J.&rft.au=Steurs%2C+Frieda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQZoBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2005" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Kurt (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__38sGZLrvYC&pg=PA174"><i>Christians in a Secular World: The Canadian Experience</i></a>. MQUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2712-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2712-6"><bdi>978-0-7735-2712-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+a+Secular+World%3A+The+Canadian+Experience&rft.pub=MQUP&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2712-6&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__38sGZLrvYC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyleSheen1997" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, Kevin & Sheen, Juliet, eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxgFWwK8dXwC&pg=PA100"><i>Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report</i></a>. U Essex – Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15977-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15977-7"><bdi>978-0-415-15977-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Religion+and+Belief%3A+A+World+Report&rft.pub=U+Essex+%E2%80%93+Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15977-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJxgFWwK8dXwC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramadatSeljak2009" class="citation book cs1">Bramadat, Paul & Seljak, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VymssyK1Hs0C"><i>Religion and Ethnicity in Canada</i></a>. U Toronto P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1018-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1018-7"><bdi>978-1-4426-1018-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Ethnicity+in+Canada&rft.pub=U+Toronto+P&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1018-7&rft.aulast=Bramadat&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Seljak%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVymssyK1Hs0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrickerWright2005" class="citation book cs1">Bricker, Darrell & Wright, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oCWHHfJhUvEC&pg=PT16"><i>What Canadians Think About Almost Everything</i></a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-65985-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-65985-7"><bdi>978-0-385-65985-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Canadians+Think+About+Almost+Everything&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-385-65985-7&rft.aulast=Bricker&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rft.au=Wright%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoCWHHfJhUvEC%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2005" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Ann Carroll (2005). <i>Guide to Western Canada</i>. GPP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-2987-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-2987-6"><bdi>978-0-7627-2987-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Western+Canada&rft.pub=GPP&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-2987-6&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Ann+Carroll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBybeeMcCrae2009" class="citation book cs1">Bybee, Rodger W. & McCrae, Barry (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ3zu2130AUC&pg=PA92"><i>Pisa Science 2006: Implications for Science Teachers and Teaching</i></a>. NSTA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933531-31-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933531-31-1"><bdi>978-1-933531-31-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pisa+Science+2006%3A+Implications+for+Science+Teachers+and+Teaching&rft.pub=NSTA&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-933531-31-1&rft.aulast=Bybee&rft.aufirst=Rodger+W.&rft.au=McCrae%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiZ3zu2130AUC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2004" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Elspeth, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zakCX5XPnAAC&pg=PA5"><i>Multiculturalism and Immigration in Canada: An Introductory Reader</i></a>. Canadian Scholars'. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-249-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-249-2"><bdi>978-1-55130-249-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiculturalism+and+Immigration+in+Canada%3A+An+Introductory+Reader&rft.pub=Canadian+Scholars%27&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55130-249-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzakCX5XPnAAC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampey2008" class="citation book cs1">Campey, Lucille H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Writa2bcjaEC&pg=PA122"><i>Unstoppable Force: The Scottish Exodus to Canada</i></a>. Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-811-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-811-9"><bdi>978-1-55002-811-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unstoppable+Force%3A+The+Scottish+Exodus+to+Canada&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-811-9&rft.aulast=Campey&rft.aufirst=Lucille+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWrita2bcjaEC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaseCurryGalloway2008" class="citation news cs1">Chase, Steven; Curry, Bill & Galloway, Gloria (May 6, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/thousands-of-illegal-immigrants-missing-a-g/article23003590/">"Thousands of illegal immigrants missing: A-G"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918114536/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/thousands-of-illegal-immigrants-missing-a-g/article23003590/">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+illegal+immigrants+missing%3A+A-G&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Curry%2C+Bill&rft.au=Galloway%2C+Gloria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fthousands-of-illegal-immigrants-missing-a-g%2Farticle23003590%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2006" class="citation book cs1">Coates, Colin MacMillan, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FhFyvhpPx8MC&pg=PA143"><i>Majesty in Canada: Essays on the Role of Royalty</i></a>. Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-586-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-586-6"><bdi>978-1-55002-586-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Majesty+in+Canada%3A+Essays+on+the+Role+of+Royalty&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-586-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFhFyvhpPx8MC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorneliusTsudaMartinHollifield2004" class="citation book cs1">Cornelius, Wayne A.; Tsuda, Takeyuk; Martin, Philip; Hollifield, James, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i0d10wbGkWEC&pg=PA100"><i>Controlling immigration: a global perspective</i></a>. Stanford UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4490-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4490-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-4490-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controlling+immigration%3A+a+global+perspective&rft.pub=Stanford+UP&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4490-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di0d10wbGkWEC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowardHinnellsWilliams2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Coward" title="Harold Coward">Coward, Harold G.</a>; Hinnells, John Russell & Williams, Raymond Brady (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zsj7MfYXSZ4C&pg=PA192"><i>The South Asian religious diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9302-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9302-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-9302-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Asian+religious+diaspora+in+Britain%2C+Canada%2C+and+the+United+States&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9302-1&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=Harold+G.&rft.au=Hinnells%2C+John+Russell&rft.au=Williams%2C+Raymond+Brady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZsj7MfYXSZ4C%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowardKawamura1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Coward" title="Harold Coward">Coward, Harold G.</a> & Kawamura, Leslie S. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=un5ytiNTS3kC&pg=PA95"><i>Religion and Ethnicity: Essays</i></a>. Wilfrid Laurier UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-064-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-064-7"><bdi>978-0-88920-064-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Ethnicity%3A+Essays&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+UP&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-064-7&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=Harold+G.&rft.au=Kawamura%2C+Leslie+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dun5ytiNTS3kC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2000" class="citation book cs1">Day, Richard J. F. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S4bPrHKui5EC&pg=PA124"><i>Multiculturalism and the History of Canadian Diversity</i></a>. Toronto UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8075-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8075-2"><bdi>978-0-8020-8075-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiculturalism+and+the+History+of+Canadian+Diversity&rft.pub=Toronto+UP&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8075-2&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS4bPrHKui5EC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeRoccoChabot2008" class="citation book cs1">DeRocco, David & Chabot, John F. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eqg8e7LLEOYC&pg=PA13"><i>From Sea to Sea to Sea: A Newcomer's Guide to Canada</i></a>. 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Toronto UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4486-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4486-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-4486-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Side+of+Heaven%3A+Determining+the+Donnelly+Murders%2C+1880&rft.pub=Toronto+UP&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-4486-0&rft.aulast=Feltes&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D57k295ba3wEC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlingThackeray2010" class="citation book cs1">Findling, John E. & Thackeray, Frank W., eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D8ZHHz7AQN8C&pg=PA52"><i>What Happened? 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-416-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-416-2"><bdi>978-1-56324-416-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Culture+and+Constitutionalism%3A+A+Comparative+Approach&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-416-2&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Baun%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNtvKidOH9pgC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood2009" class="citation book cs1">Good, Kristin R. 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Toronto UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0993-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0993-8"><bdi>978-1-4426-0993-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Municipalities+and+Multiculturalism%3A+The+Politics+of+Immigration+in+Toronto+and+Vancouver&rft.pub=Toronto+UP&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0993-8&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=Kristin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DngMCCV64WrkC%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2005" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Raymond G., ed. 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MQUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2699-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2699-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-2699-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Migrant+to+Acadian%3A+A+North+American+Border+People%2C+1604%E2%80%931755&rft.pub=MQUP&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2699-0&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=N.+E.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcG4wSmIlziYC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimesGrimes2000" class="citation book cs1">Grimes, Barbara F. & Grimes, Joseph Evans, eds. 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Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-650009-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-650009-2"><bdi>978-0-17-650009-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Invitation+to+Health&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-17-650009-2&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.aufirst=Dianne+R.&rft.au=Lauzon%2C+Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO3Y9-P_Sj7oC%26pg%3DPA440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallHwang2001" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Patricia Wong & Hwang, Victor M., eds. 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Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0459-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0459-2"><bdi>978-0-7425-0459-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Asian+Violence+in+North+America%3A+Asian+American+and+Asian+Canadian+Reflections+on+Hate%2C+Healing%2C+and+Resistance&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-0459-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdfX7UCyDuQC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarland-Jacobs2007" class="citation book cs1">Harland-Jacobs, Jessica L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KE2ddOJieM8C&pg=PA177"><i>Builders of Empire: Freemasonry and British Imperialism, 1717–1927</i></a>. NCUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3088-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3088-8"><bdi>978-0-8078-3088-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Builders+of+Empire%3A+Freemasonry+and+British+Imperialism%2C+1717%E2%80%931927&rft.pub=NCUP&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3088-8&rft.aulast=Harland-Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Jessica+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKE2ddOJieM8C%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaskell2009" class="citation book cs1">Haskell, David M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TzJMfNOR5O0C&pg=PA50"><i>Through a Lens Darkly: How the News Media Perceive and Portray Evangelicals</i></a>. Clements Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894667-92-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-894667-92-0"><bdi>978-1-894667-92-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+a+Lens+Darkly%3A+How+the+News+Media+Perceive+and+Portray+Evangelicals&rft.pub=Clements+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-894667-92-0&rft.aulast=Haskell&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTzJMfNOR5O0C%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbsMacKechnieLavalette1999" class="citation book cs1">Hobbs, Sandy; MacKechnie, Jim & Lavalette, Michael (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LH30IGx2tlQC&pg=PA33"><i>Child Labour: A World History Companion</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-956-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-956-4"><bdi>978-0-87436-956-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Labour%3A+A+World+History+Companion&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-956-4&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=Sandy&rft.au=MacKechnie%2C+Jim&rft.au=Lavalette%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLH30IGx2tlQC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollifieldMartinOrrenius2014" class="citation book cs1">Hollifield, James; Martin, Philip & Orrenius, Pia, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ys9jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11"><i>Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective</i></a> (third ed.). Stanford UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8627-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8627-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-8627-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controlling+Immigration%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Stanford+UP&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8627-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYs9jBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2006" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Annian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9sVX209FW0C&pg=PA107"><i>The Silent Spikes - Chinese Laborers and the Construction of North American Railroads</i></a>. Translated by Juguo Zhang. China Intercontinental Press | 中信出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0988-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0988-4"><bdi>978-7-5085-0988-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silent+Spikes+-+Chinese+Laborers+and+the+Construction+of+North+American+Railroads&rft.pub=China+Intercontinental+Press+%7C+%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-0988-4&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Annian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx9sVX209FW0C%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2002" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, John C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQUbfAWhh-oC&pg=PA15"><i>Across This Land: A Regional Geography of the United States and Canada</i></a>. JHUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6567-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6567-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-6567-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+This+Land%3A+A+Regional+Geography+of+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.pub=JHUP&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6567-1&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFQUbfAWhh-oC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalman2009" class="citation book cs1">Kalman, Bobbie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gPEItATPByoC&pg=PA4"><i>Canada: The culture</i></a>. Crabtree. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7787-9284-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7787-9284-0"><bdi>978-0-7787-9284-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%3A+The+culture&rft.pub=Crabtree&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7787-9284-0&rft.aulast=Kalman&rft.aufirst=Bobbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgPEItATPByoC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKsenychLiu2001" class="citation book cs1">Ksenych, Edward & Liu, David, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GdvsIo7V9HgC&pg=PA407"><i>Conflict, Order, and Action : Readings in Sociology</i></a>. Canadian Scholars'. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-192-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-192-1"><bdi>978-1-55130-192-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict%2C+Order%2C+and+Action+%3A+Readings+in+Sociology&rft.pub=Canadian+Scholars%27&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55130-192-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGdvsIo7V9HgC%26pg%3DPA407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusch2001" class="citation book cs1">Kusch, Frank (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0MnNYvkmBnoC&pg=PA2"><i>All American Boys: Draft Dodgers in Canada from the Vietnam War</i></a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97268-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97268-4"><bdi>978-0-275-97268-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+American+Boys%3A+Draft+Dodgers+in+Canada+from+the+Vietnam+War&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97268-4&rft.aulast=Kusch&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0MnNYvkmBnoC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinteauDurocherRobert1983" class="citation book cs1">Linteau, Paul-André; Durocher, René & Robert, Jean-Claude (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_vA0o0e0PdgC&pg=PA522"><i>Quebec: A History 1867–1929</i></a>. Translated by Robert Chodos. Lorimer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88862-604-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88862-604-2"><bdi>978-0-88862-604-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quebec%3A+A+History+1867%E2%80%931929&rft.pub=Lorimer&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-88862-604-2&rft.aulast=Linteau&rft.aufirst=Paul-Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Durocher%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Robert%2C+Jean-Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_vA0o0e0PdgC%26pg%3DPA522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeodPoutanen2004" class="citation book cs1">MacLeod, Roderick & Poutanen, Mary Anne (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_tfubwEbb0C&pg=PA23"><i>Meeting of the People: School Boards and Protestant Communities in Quebec, 1801–1998</i></a>. MQUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2742-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2742-3"><bdi>978-0-7735-2742-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meeting+of+the+People%3A+School+Boards+and+Protestant+Communities+in+Quebec%2C+1801%E2%80%931998&rft.pub=MQUP&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2742-3&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft.au=Poutanen%2C+Mary+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_tfubwEbb0C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1999). Multicultural History Society of Ontario (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&pg=PA736"><i>Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples</i></a>. U Toronto P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2938-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2938-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-2938-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Canada%27s+Peoples&rft.pub=U+Toronto+P&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbUuX0mnvQMC%26pg%3DPA736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkAuYRVjlE8C&pg=PA3"><i>Aboriginal Peoples of Canada: A Short Introduction</i></a>. U Toronto P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8469-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8469-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-8469-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+Peoples+of+Canada%3A+A+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=U+Toronto+P&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8469-9&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGkAuYRVjlE8C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartens2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martens, Klaus, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=njiFCaSIbzIC&pg=PA28"><i>The Canadian Alternative</i></a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigshausen_%26_Neumann" title="Königshausen & Neumann">Königshausen & Neumann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8260-2636-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8260-2636-2"><bdi>978-3-8260-2636-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Alternative&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nigshausen+%26+Neumann&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-8260-2636-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnjiFCaSIbzIC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartynowych1991" class="citation book cs1">Martynowych, Orest T (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=71Wnflm9lYgC&pg=PR28"><i>Ukrainians in Canada: The Formative Period, 1891–1924</i></a>. CIUS Press, U Alberta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920862-76-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920862-76-6"><bdi>978-0-920862-76-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukrainians+in+Canada%3A+The+Formative+Period%2C+1891%E2%80%931924&rft.pub=CIUS+Press%2C+U+Alberta&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-920862-76-6&rft.aulast=Martynowych&rft.aufirst=Orest+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D71Wnflm9lYgC%26pg%3DPR28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowan1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McGowan, Mark G., ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307135602/http://multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/i8/2">"Irish Catholics: Migration, Arrival, and Settlement before the Great Famine"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples</i>. Multicultural Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/i8/2">the original</a> on March 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irish+Catholics%3A+Migration%2C+Arrival%2C+and+Settlement+before+the+Great+Famine&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Canada%27s+Peoples&rft.pub=Multicultural+Canada&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multiculturalcanada.ca%2FEncyclopedia%2FA-Z%2Fi8%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowan2009" class="citation book cs1">McGowan, Mark (2009). <i>Death or Canada: the Irish Famine Migration to Toronto 1847</i>. Novalis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-89646-129-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-89646-129-5"><bdi>978-2-89646-129-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+or+Canada%3A+the+Irish+Famine+Migration+to+Toronto+1847&rft.pub=Novalis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-89646-129-5&rft.aulast=McGowan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon & Baumann, Martin, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA493"><i>Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. 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(Wadsworth) Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-11606-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-11606-6"><bdi>978-0-495-11606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%2C+Equality%2C+Power%2C+A+History+of+the+American+People%3A+To+1877&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=%28Wadsworth%29+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-495-11606-6&rft.aulast=Murrin&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Paul+E.&rft.au=McPherson%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Fahs%2C+Alice&rft.au=Gerstle%2C+Gary&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+Emily+S.&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+Norman+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlyz-YK4oG8C%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaik2003" class="citation book cs1">Naik, C. 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Sarup. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-418-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-418-2"><bdi>978-81-7625-418-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thoughts+and+Philosophy+of+Doctor+B.+R.+Ambedkar&rft.pub=Sarup&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-418-2&rft.aulast=Naik&rft.aufirst=C.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Bo0Rjlp-0QC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNersessian2007" class="citation web cs1">Nersessian, Mary (April 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbwf-provisional-post.blogspot.co.uk/2007/04/vimy-battle-marks-birth-of-canadian.html">"Vimy battle marks birth of Canadian nationalism"</a>. CTV Television Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918085312/http://dbwf-provisional-post.blogspot.co.uk/2007/04/vimy-battle-marks-birth-of-canadian.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7173-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7173-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-7173-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+multiculturalism%3A+Views+from+Anthropology&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7173-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dny7fs5qL23sC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2009" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Stephen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO8jKSn25DAC&pg=PA367"><i>Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada</i></a>. 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(1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2qFeaC_ojQC&pg=PA67"><i>Power and Place in the North American West</i></a>. UWP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97773-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97773-7"><bdi>978-0-295-97773-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Place+in+the+North+American+West&rft.pub=UWP&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97773-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY2qFeaC_ojQC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1980" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Paul F. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ff4NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA200"><i>In celebration of play: an integrated approach to play and child development</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-41078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-41078-0"><bdi>978-0-312-41078-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+celebration+of+play%3A+an+integrated+approach+to+play+and+child+development&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-312-41078-0&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dff4NAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinford2003" class="citation book cs1">Winford, Donald (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc1DFju-FlYC&pg=PA183"><i>An Introduction to Contact Linguistics</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21250-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21250-8"><bdi>978-0-631-21250-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Contact+Linguistics&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21250-8&rft.aulast=Winford&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLc1DFju-FlYC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurmMuhlhauslerTyron1996" class="citation book cs1">Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Muhlhausler, Peter & Tyron, Darrell T., eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glU0vte5gSkC&pg=PA1491"><i>Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas</i></a>. de Gruyter / Mouton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013417-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013417-9"><bdi>978-3-11-013417-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Languages+of+Intercultural+Communication+in+the+Pacific%2C+Asia%2C+and+the+Americas&rft.pub=de+Gruyter+%2F+Mouton&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-11-013417-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DglU0vte5gSkC%26pg%3DPA1491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamagishi2010" class="citation book cs1">Yamagishi, N. Rochelle (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mE1VabcuBMIC&pg=PA17"><i>Japanese Canadian Journey: The Nakagama Story</i></a>. Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4269-8148-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4269-8148-7"><bdi>978-1-4269-8148-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Canadian+Journey%3A+The+Nakagama+Story&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4269-8148-7&rft.aulast=Yamagishi&rft.aufirst=N.+Rochelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmE1VabcuBMIC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2008" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Karla (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kv4nlSWLT8UC&pg=PA51"><i>Canada</i></a> (tenth ed.). Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-571-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-571-0"><bdi>978-1-74104-571-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada&rft.edition=tenth&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-571-0&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Karla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkv4nlSWLT8UC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography of Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatyBritonFilax2010" class="citation book cs1">Beaty, Bart; Briton, Derek; Filax, Gloria (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jjqitK-cRb4C&pg=PP1"><i>How Canadians Communicate III: Contexts of Canadian Popular Culture</i></a>. Athabasca University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897425-59-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897425-59-6"><bdi>978-1-897425-59-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Canadians+Communicate+III%3A+Contexts+of+Canadian+Popular+Culture&rft.pub=Athabasca+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-897425-59-6&rft.aulast=Beaty&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft.au=Briton%2C+Derek&rft.au=Filax%2C+Gloria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjjqitK-cRb4C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBumsted2003" class="citation book cs1">Bumsted, J. M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pb5AvfpCZZkC&pg=PP1"><i>Canada's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-672-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-672-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-672-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+diverse+peoples%3A+a+reference+sourcebook&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-672-9&rft.aulast=Bumsted&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPb5AvfpCZZkC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmentBercuson2008" class="citation book cs1">Carment, David; Bercuson, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZJFUAPGh_0C&pg=PP1"><i>The World in Canada: Diaspora, Demography, and Domestic Politics</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7455-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7455-7"><bdi>978-0-7735-7455-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+in+Canada%3A+Diaspora%2C+Demography%2C+and+Domestic+Politics&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-7455-7&rft.aulast=Carment&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Bercuson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZJFUAPGh_0C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Andrew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glcBcaMC6doC&pg=PP1"><i>The Unfinished Canadian: The People We Are</i></a>. McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-2286-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-2286-9"><bdi>978-0-7710-2286-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unfinished+Canadian%3A+The+People+We+Are&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-2286-9&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DglcBcaMC6doC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillmorTurgeon2002" class="citation book cs1">Gillmor, Don; Turgeon, Pierre (2002). CBC (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PPdMoARR46wC&pg=PA1"><i>Canada: A People's History</i></a>. Vol. 1. McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-3324-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-3324-7"><bdi>978-0-7710-3324-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%3A+A+People%27s+History&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-3324-7&rft.aulast=Gillmor&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Turgeon%2C+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPPdMoARR46wC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillmorTurgeonMichaud2002" class="citation book cs1">Gillmor, Don; Turgeon, Pierre; Michaud, Achille (2002). CBC (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_72vh91NlIC&pg=PA1"><i>Canada: A People's History</i></a>. Vol. 2. McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-3336-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-3336-0"><bdi>978-0-7710-3336-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%3A+A+People%27s+History&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-3336-0&rft.aulast=Gillmor&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Turgeon%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Michaud%2C+Achille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ_72vh91NlIC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearneyRay2009" class="citation book cs1">Kearney, Mark; Ray, Randy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RoBytz0-XuQC&pg=PP1"><i>The Big Book of Canadian Trivia</i></a>. Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77070-614-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77070-614-9"><bdi>978-1-77070-614-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Book+of+Canadian+Trivia&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-77070-614-9&rft.aulast=Kearney&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Ray%2C+Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRoBytz0-XuQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelleyTrebilcock2010" class="citation book cs1">Kelley, Ninette; Trebilcock, M. J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3IHyRvsCiKMC&pg=PP1"><i>The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9536-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9536-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-9536-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Mosaic%3A+A+History+of+Canadian+Immigration+Policy&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9536-7&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Ninette&rft.au=Trebilcock%2C+M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3IHyRvsCiKMC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResnick2005" class="citation book cs1">Resnick, Philip (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JJLOERVCUg0C&pg=PP1"><i>The European Roots of Canadian Identity</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-705-8"><bdi>978-1-55111-705-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Roots+of+Canadian+Identity&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-705-8&rft.aulast=Resnick&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJJLOERVCUg0C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard1992" class="citation book cs1">Richard, Madeline A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y00ho38YLGMC&pg=PP1"><i>Ethnic Groups and Marital Choices: Ethnic History and Marital Assimilation in Canada, 1871 and 1971</i></a>. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0431-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0431-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-0431-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+and+Marital+Choices%3A+Ethnic+History+and+Marital+Assimilation+in+Canada%2C+1871+and+1971&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0431-8&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Madeline+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy00ho38YLGMC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2000" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Jeffrey (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/starspangledcana0000simp"><i>Star-Spangled Canadians: Canadians Living the American Dream</i></a>. Harper-Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255767-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255767-2"><bdi>978-0-00-255767-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star-Spangled+Canadians%3A+Canadians+Living+the+American+Dream&rft.pub=Harper-Collins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255767-2&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstarspangledcana0000simp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudin2006" class="citation book cs1">Studin, Irvin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=madTgTiR5KUC&pg=PP1"><i>What Is a Canadian?: Forty-Three Thought-Provoking Responses</i></a>. McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-8321-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-8321-1"><bdi>978-0-7710-8321-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+a+Canadian%3F%3A+Forty-Three+Thought-Provoking+Responses&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-8321-1&rft.aulast=Studin&rft.aufirst=Irvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmadTgTiR5KUC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-402-x/11-402-x2010000-eng.htm">Canada Year Book 2010</a> – Statistics Canada</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/history/">Canada: A People's History – Teacher Resources</a> – Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/lhn-nhs/page1_E.asp?nhslisttype=persons&nhslistsort=name&list1=Generate+List">Persons of National Historic Significance in Canada</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> – Parks Canada</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504020748/http://multiculturalcanada.ca/">Multicultural Canada</a> – Department of Canadian Heritage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/immigrants/index-e.html">The Canadian Immigrant Experience</a> – Library and Archives Canada</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/index-e.html">The Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a> – Library and Archives Canada</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/canadiana/index-e.html">Canadiana: The National Bibliography of Canada</a> – Library and Archives Canada</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_First_Nations_band_governments" title="List of First Nations band governments">by band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">Canadian ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a 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Canadians">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Canadians" title="Moroccan Canadians">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Canadians" title="Tunisian Canadians">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Canadians" title="Coptic Canadians">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Canadians" title="Egyptian Canadians">Egyptian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Canadians" title="South Sudanese Canadians">South Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Canadians" title="Sudanese Canadians">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Canadians" title="South African Canadians">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Canadians" title="Zimbabwean Canadians">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">West Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Canadians" title="Ghanaian Canadians">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Canadians" title="Nigerian Canadians">Nigerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Canadians" title="Igbo Canadians">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Canadians" title="Yoruba Canadians">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadians" title="American Canadians">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Canadians" title="Mexican Canadians">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Canadians" title="Barbadian Canadians">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Canadians">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican Canadians">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Guyanese Canadians">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Canadians" title="Haitian Canadians">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Canadians" title="Jamaican Canadians">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Canadians">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Canadians" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Canadians">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Central and South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Canadians">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Canadians">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean Canadians">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Canadians">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemalan Canadians">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Canadians">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran Canadians">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguayan Canadians">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Canadians">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Canadians" title="Asian Canadians">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">Central Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Canadians" title="Afghan Canadians">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Canadians" title="Kazakh Canadians">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Canadians" title="Tajik Canadians">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Canadians" title="Tatar Canadians">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Canadians" title="Uzbek Canadians">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Canadians" title="Hong Kong Canadians">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Canadians" title="Korean Canadians">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Canadians" title="Mongolian Canadians">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Canadians" title="Taiwanese Canadians">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Canadians" title="Tibetan Canadians">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Canadians" title="Bangladeshi Canadians">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Canadians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_Canadians" title="Anglo-Indian Canadians">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Canadians" title="Nepalese Canadians">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Canadians" title="Pakistani Canadians">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Punjabi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Canada" title="Romani people in Canada">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Canadians" title="Sri Lankan Canadians">Sri Lankan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Canadians" title="Southeast Asian Canadians">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Canadians" title="Cambodian Canadians">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Canadians" title="Filipino Canadians">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Canadians" title="Indonesian Canadians">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Canadians" title="Laotian Canadians">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Canadians" title="Malaysian Canadians">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Canadians" title="Singaporean Canadians">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Canadians" title="Thai Canadians">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Canadians" title="Vietnamese Canadians">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Canadians" title="West Asian Canadians">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Canadians" title="Arab Canadians">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Canadians" title="Iraqi Canadians">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Canadians" title="Jordanian Canadians">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Canadians" title="Lebanese Canadians">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Canadians" title="Palestinian Canadians">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Canadians" title="Saudi Canadians">Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Canadians" title="Syrian Canadians">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Canadians" title="Yemeni Canadians">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Canadians" title="Armenian Canadians">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Canadians" title="Assyrian Canadians">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Canadians" title="Azerbaijani Canadians">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Canadians" title="Iranian Canadians">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Canadians" title="Israeli Canadians">Israeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Canadians" title="Kurdish Canadians">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Canadians" title="Turkish Canadians">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Canadians" title="Austrian Canadians">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Canadians" title="Czech Canadians">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Canadians" title="Hungarian Canadians">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Canadians" title="Slovak Canadians">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Canadians" title="Slovene Canadians">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Canadians" title="Swiss Canadians">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Canadians" title="Belarusian Canadians">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Canadians" title="Russian Canadians">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Ukrainian Canadians">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Canadians" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Canadians">Nordic and Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Canadians" title="Danish Canadians">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Canadians" title="Finnish Canadians">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Canadians" title="Icelandic Canadians">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Canadians" title="Norwegian Canadians">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Canadians" title="Swedish Canadians">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Canadians" title="Estonian Canadians">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Canadians" title="Latvian Canadians">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Canadians" title="Lithuanian Canadians">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southeast Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Canadians">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Canadians" title="Bosnian Canadians">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Canadians" title="Bulgarian Canadians">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Canadians" title="Croatian Canadians">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Canadians" title="Greek Canadians">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Canadians" title="Macedonian Canadians">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Canadians" title="Montenegrin Canadians">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Canadians" title="Romanian Canadians">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Canadians" title="Serbian Canadians">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians" title="Italian Canadians">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Canadians" title="Maltese Canadians">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Canadians" title="Portuguese Canadians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Canadians" title="Spanish Canadians">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Canadians" title="Basque Canadians">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Canadians" title="Belgian Canadians">Belgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish Canadians">Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Canadians" title="British Canadians">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Canadians" title="Cornish Canadians">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Canadians" title="Scotch-Irish Canadians">Scotch-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Canadians" title="Breton Canadians">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Canadian">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Canadians" title="Luxembourgish Canadians">Luxembourger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Canadians" title="Oceanian Canadians">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Canadians" title="Australian Canadians">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Canadians" title="New Zealand Canadians">New Zealander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canadian_identity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_identity" title="Template:Canadian identity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_identity" title="Template talk:Canadian identity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_identity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian identity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_identity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture of Canada</a></b> <ul><li><b> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Canadian cultural protectionism</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics of Canada</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Canadian values</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National identities in Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationalism" title="Canadian nationalism">Canadian nationalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">Canadian ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">Culture of Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_alienation_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Western alienation in Canada">Western alienation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_separatism" title="Alberta separatism">Alberta separatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_movements_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation movements of Canada">Annexationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism#Canada" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li>Debates and legislation:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Name</a> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Citizenship_Act,_1946" title="Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946">Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">National Anthem Act</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_monarchy_in_Canada" title="Debate on the monarchy in Canada">Debate on the monarchy in Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Canada" title="Monarchism in Canada">Monarchism in Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Republicanism in Canada</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Canadian_flag_debate" title="Great Canadian flag debate">Great Flag Debate</a> (1963–64)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture of Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadiana" title="Canadiana">Canadiana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Hockey in Canada">Hockey in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens" title="Montreal Canadiens">Montreal Canadiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs" title="Toronto Maple Leafs">Toronto Maple Leafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadiens%E2%80%93Maple_Leafs_rivalry" title="Canadiens–Maple Leafs rivalry">Canadiens–Maple Leafs rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers" title="Edmonton Oilers">Edmonton Oilers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Flames" title="Calgary Flames">Calgary Flames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays" title="Toronto Blue Jays">Toronto Blue Jays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poutine" title="Poutine">Poutine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Canada" title="List of festivals in Canada">Festivals</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampede" title="Calgary Stampede">Calgary Stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Winter_Carnival" title="Quebec Winter Carnival">Carnaval</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Canada" title="Media of Canada">Media of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_humour" title="Canadian humour">Canadian humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks, parks and nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Parks_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Parks of Canada">List of National Parks of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada#Climatology" title="Geography of Canada">Winter in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_Tower" title="CN Tower">CN Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chateau_Frontenac" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau Frontenac">Chateau Frontenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_of_Abraham" title="Plains of Abraham">Plains of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War and peacekeeping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_peacekeeping_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian peacekeeping missions">List of Canadian peacekeeping missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_I" title="Canada in World War I">Canada in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Cold_War" title="Canada in the Cold War">Canada in the Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Korean_War" title="Canada in the Korean War">Canada in the Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan" title="Canada in the War in Afghanistan">Canada in the War in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crown corporations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mint" title="Royal Canadian Mint">Royal Canadian Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIA_Rail_Canada_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="VIA Rail Canada Inc">VIA Rail Canada Inc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations between <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/French_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canada">French</a> Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">Acadian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Acadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Deportation of the Acadians">Great Upheaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Anti-Quebec sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_question_(Quebec)" title="National question (Quebec)">National question (Quebec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Quebec" title="Federalism in Quebec">Federalism in Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Solitudes_(Canadian_society)" title="Two Solitudes (Canadian society)">Two Solitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinct_society" title="Distinct society">Distinct society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="État québécois">État québécois</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Charter_of_Human_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_French_Language" title="Charter of the French Language">Charter of the French Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Quebec" title="Civil Code of Quebec">Civil Code of Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li>Notable events:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellion</a> (1837-1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Report" title="Durham Report">Durham Report</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Schools_Question" title="Manitoba Schools Question">Manitoba Schools Question</a> (1890–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_17" title="Regulation 17">Regulation 17</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">Conscription Crisis of 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vive_le_Qu%C3%A9bec_libre" title="Vive le Québec libre">Vive le Québec libre</a> speech (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">October Crisis</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_referendum,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec referendum, 1980">Quebec referendum, 1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_referendum,_1995" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec referendum, 1995">Quebec referendum, 1995</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Rally" title="Unity Rally">Unity Rally</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsorship_scandal" title="Sponsorship scandal">Sponsorship scandal</a> (1996-2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_nation_motion" title="Québécois nation motion">Québécois nation motion</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">Official bilingualism in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Situation_of_the_French_Language_and_Linguistic_Rights_in_Quebec" title="Commission of Inquiry on the Situation of the French Language and Linguistic Rights in Quebec">Gendron Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policies_of_Canada%27s_provinces_and_territories" title="Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories">Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_dispute_over_Quebec%27s_language_policy" title="Legal dispute over Quebec's language policy">Legal dispute over Quebec's language policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_the_public_service_of_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada">Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Bilingualism_and_Biculturalism" title="Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism">Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_official_languages_policy_in_Canada" title="Timeline of official languages policy in Canada">Timeline of official languages policy in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Federal–Provincial–<br />Territorial relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Province building">Province building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838" title="Rebellions of 1837–1838">Rebellions of 1837–1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Dominion-Provincial_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations">Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations</a> (1937–40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_Constitutional_Problems" title="Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems">Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems</a> (1953–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">Patriation</a> debate (1960s to 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton%E2%80%93Favreau_formula" title="Fulton–Favreau formula">Fulton–Favreau formula</a> (to 1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canada_Act_1982" title="Canada Act 1982">Canada Act 1982</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Act" title="Canada Health Act">Canada Health Act</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Charter" title="Victoria Charter">Victoria Charter</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a> (1987–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Forum_on_National_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's Forum on National Unity">Citizen's Forum on National Unity</a> (1990–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Declaration" title="Calgary Declaration">Calgary Declaration</a> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aboriginal politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_Orgs_Canada" title="Template:Aboriginal Orgs Canada">National organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Metis" title="Template:Metis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a></i> (1876-present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Register" title="Indian Register">Indian Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_self-government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal self-government in Canada">Self-Government</a></li> <li>Inuit territories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit</a> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NunatuKavut" title="NunatuKavut">NunatuKavut</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">claimed</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a> (no final agreement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut_Land_Claims_Agreement" title="Nunavut Land Claims Agreement">agreement 1993</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>First Nations territories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eeyou_Istchee_James_Bay_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Eeyou Istchee James Bay Territory">Eeyou Istchee James Bay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitassinan" title="Nitassinan">Nitassinan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">claimed</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples">Royal Commission</a> (1991–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Canadian_pipeline_and_railway_protests" title="2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests">2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International relationships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada–United States relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">CUSMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Canada–United Kingdom relations">Canada–United Kingdom relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Canada–France relations">Canada–France relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada (New France)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_property_bubble" title="Canadian property bubble">Canadian property bubble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Canada&#124;link=Canada_Canadians_abroad_and_their_descendants" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadians_abroad" title="Template:Canadians abroad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadians_abroad" title="Template talk:Canadians abroad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadians_abroad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadians abroad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Canada&#124;link=Canada_Canadians_abroad_and_their_descendants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_diaspora" title="Canadian diaspora">Canadians abroad and their descendants</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotian_Settlers" title="Nova Scotian Settlers">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Canadian Flag"><img alt="The Canadian Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/110px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/165px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/220px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Brazilians" title="Canadian Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Americans_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Americans in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_Haiti" title="Canadians in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_immigration_to_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian immigration to Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">French Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (United States)">Métis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_China" title="Canadians in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_Hong_Kong" title="Canadians in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_India" title="Canadians in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_Lebanon" title="Canadians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_Pakistan" title="Canadians in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_Turkey" title="Canadians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Canadians in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_France" title="Canadians in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Canadians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Australians" title="Canadian Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_New_Zealanders" title="Canadian New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Quebec_diaspora" title="Quebec diaspora">Quebec diaspora</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canadians</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a></b> <br />(<b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196645#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196645#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196645#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Canadians"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/845200/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kanadier"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4381522-4">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Canadians"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85019415">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11983389n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11983389n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kanaďané"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117664&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283374705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10645561">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadians&oldid=1252695299">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadians&oldid=1252695299</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-10-19T23:20:32Z","dateModified":"2024-10-22T15:13:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d9\/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg","headline":"citizens and nationals of Canada"}</script> </body> </html>