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extracellular enzymes</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: extracellular enzymes"> <meta name="keywords" content="extracellular enzymes"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="extracellular enzymes"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 906</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: extracellular enzymes</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">696</span> In vivo Inhibition and Restoration of Acetyl Cholinesterase Activities in Induced Clarias Gariepinus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20O.%20Ikpesu">T. O. Ikpesu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Tongo"> I. Tongo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ariyo"> A. Ariyo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was conducted to assess the effects of an organophosphate pesticide glyphosate formulation on neurological enzymes in the brain, liver and serum of juvenile Clarias gariepinus, and also to examine the antidotal prospect of Garcinia kola seeds extract. The fish divided into five groups were exposed to different treatments of glyphosate formulation and Garcinia kola seeds extract. Acetyl cholinesterase activities in the brain, liver and serum of the fish were estimated in the experimental and control fishes on day -7, 14, 21 and of 28 by spectrophotometrical methods. The enzyme was significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited in glyphosate formulation test. The inhibition percentages of AChE ranged for the brain, liver and serum between 40.7–59.4%, 50-57% and 27.5–51.3%, respectively. The aberrated parameters were recovered in G. kola seeds extract treated aquaria, and was dose and time dependent. The present study demonstrated that in vivo glyphosate formulation exposure caused AChE inhibition in the brain, liver and the serum. The brain tissue, however, might be suggested as a good indicator tissue for aquatic pollutants exposure in the fish and G. kola seeds extract has shown to be a good remedy for neurology restoration in a noxious circumstance. The findings has shown that xenobiotics could be eliminated from aquatic organisms, especially fish, and could be put into practice in areas at risk of pollutants. This approach can reduce the risks of biomagnification of poison in sea food. Hence, formulation of this plant extracts into capsule should be encouraged and supported. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glyphosate" title="glyphosate">glyphosate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Clarias%20gariepinus" title=" Clarias gariepinus"> Clarias gariepinus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brain" title=" brain"> brain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Garcinia%20kola" title=" Garcinia kola"> Garcinia kola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acetyl%20cholinesterase" title=" acetyl cholinesterase"> acetyl cholinesterase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzymes" title=" enzymes "> enzymes </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9259/in-vivo-inhibition-and-restoration-of-acetyl-cholinesterase-activities-in-induced-clarias-gariepinus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9259.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">391</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">695</span> Exploring the Strategy to Identify Seed-Specific Acyl-Hydrolases from Arabidopsis thaliana by Activity-Based Protein Profiling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Latha">M. Latha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Achintya%20K.%20Dolui"> Achintya K. Dolui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Vijayaraj"> P. Vijayaraj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vegetable oils mainly triacylglycerol (TAG) are an essential nutrient in the human diet as well as one of the major global commodity. There is a pressing need to enhance the yield of oil production to meet the world’s growing demand. Oil content is controlled by the balance between synthesis and breakdown in the cells. Several studies have established to increase the oil content by the overexpression of oil biosynthetic enzymes. Interestingly the significant oil accumulation was observed with impaired TAG hydrolysis. Unfortunately, the structural, as well as the biochemical properties of the lipase enzymes, is widely unknown, and so far, no candidate gene was identified in seeds except sugar-dependent1 (SDP1). Evidence has shown that SDP1directly responsible for initiation of oil breakdown in the seeds during germination. The present study is the identification of seed-specific acyl-hydrolases by activity based proteome profiling (ABPP) using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system. The ABPP reveals that around 8 to 10 proteins having the serine hydrolase domain and are expressed during germination of Arabidopsis seed. The N-term sequencing, as well as LC-MS/MS analysis, was performed for the differentially expressed protein during germination. The coding region of the identified proteins was cloned, and lipases activity was assessed with purified recombinant protein. The enzyme assay was performed against various lipid substrates, and we have observed the acylhydrolase activity towards lysophosphatidylcholine and monoacylglycerol. Further, the functional characteristic of the identified protein will reveal the physiological significance the enzyme in oil accumulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lipase" title="lipase">lipase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lipids" title=" lipids"> lipids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vegetable%20oil" title=" vegetable oil"> vegetable oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=triacylglycerol" title=" triacylglycerol"> triacylglycerol</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77901/exploring-the-strategy-to-identify-seed-specific-acyl-hydrolases-from-arabidopsis-thaliana-by-activity-based-protein-profiling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77901.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">694</span> Assessment of the Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Annona squamosa L. on Den Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Experimental Animals</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vanitha%20Varadharaj">Vanitha Varadharaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vijalakshmi%20Krishnamurthy"> Vijalakshmi Krishnamurthy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Annona squamosa Linn, commonly known as Sugar apple, belonging to the family Annonaceae, is said to show varied medicinal effects, including insecticide, antiovulatory and abortifacient. The alkaloid and flavonoids present in Annona squamosa leaf has proved to have antioxidant activity. The present work has been planned to investigate the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Annona squamosa leaf on Den Induced wistar albino rats. The study was carried out to analyze the biochemical Parmeters like Total Proteins, Bilirubin, Enzymatic and Non –Enzymatic enzymes, Marker enzymes and Tumor markers in serum and also the histopathological studies in liver is carried out in control and DEN induced rats. Supplementation of ELAS (Ethanolic Leaf Extract Of Annona squamosa) reduced the liver weight and also reduced the tumour incidence. Chemoprevention group showed near normal values of bilirubin when compared with the control rats. Total protein was decreased in the cancer bearing group and on treatment with the extract the levels of protein were restored. Both in pre and post treatment group, the activities of enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and Glutathione peroxidase were increased but in pre treated animals it was more effective than post treated animals. The non- enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E were brought back to normal level significantly in post and pre treated animals. Activities of marker enzymes such as SGOT, SGPT, ALP, γ GT were significantly elevated in the serum of cancer animals and the values returned to normal after treatment with the extract suggesting the hepato protective effect of the extract. Lipid peroxide was found to be elevated in the cancer induced group. This condition was brought back to the normal in the pre and post treated animals with ELAS. Histological examination also confirmed the anti- carcinogenic potential of ELAS, Cancer induced groups had a triple fold increase in their AFP values when compared to other groups. DEN treatment increased the level of AFP expression while ELAS partially counteracted the effect of it. So the scientific validation obtained from this study may pave way to many budding scientists to find new drugs from Annona squamosa for various ailments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=annona%20squamosa" title="annona squamosa">annona squamosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biochemical%20parmeters" title=" biochemical parmeters"> biochemical parmeters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer" title=" cancer"> cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaf%20extract" title=" leaf extract "> leaf extract </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14741/assessment-of-the-effect-of-ethanolic-leaf-extract-of-annona-squamosa-l-on-den-induced-hepatocellular-carcinoma-in-experimental-animals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14741.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">331</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">693</span> Streptavidin-Biotin Attachment on Modified Silicon Nanowires</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shalini%20Singh">Shalini Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20K.%20Srivastava"> Sanjay K. Srivastava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Govind"> Govind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mukhtar.%20A.%20Khan"> Mukhtar. A. Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20K.%20Singh"> P. K. Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanotechnology is revolutionizing the development of biosensors. Nanomaterials and nanofabrication technologies are increasingly being used to design novel biosensors. Sensitivity and other attributes of biosensors can be improved by using nanomaterials with unique chemical, physical, and mechanical properties in their construction. Silicon is a promising biomaterial that is non-toxic and biodegradable and can be exploited in chemical and biological sensing. Present study demonstrated the streptavidin–biotin interaction on silicon surfaces with different topographies such as flat and nanostructured silicon (nanowires) surfaces. Silicon nanowires with wide range of surface to volume ratio were prepared by electrochemical etching of silicon wafer. The large specific surface of silicon nanowires can be chemically modified to link different molecular probes (DNA strands, enzymes, proteins and so on), which recognize the target analytes, in order to enhance the selectivity and specificity of the sensor device. The interaction of streptavidin with biotin was carried out on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) functionalized silicon surfaces. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) studies have been performed to characterize the surface characteristics to ensure the protein attachment. Silicon nanowires showed the enhance protein attachment, as compared to flat silicon surface due to its large surface area and good molecular penetration to its surface. The methodology developed herein could be generalized to a wide range of protein-ligand interactions, since it is relatively easy to conjugate biotin with diverse biomolecules such as antibodies, enzymes, peptides, and nucleotides. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FTIR" title="FTIR">FTIR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silicon%20nanowires" title=" silicon nanowires"> silicon nanowires</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=streptavidin-biotin" title=" streptavidin-biotin"> streptavidin-biotin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XPS" title=" XPS"> XPS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34731/streptavidin-biotin-attachment-on-modified-silicon-nanowires" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34731.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">416</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">692</span> Impact of Elevated Temperature on Spot Blotch Development in Wheat and Induction of Resistance by Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jayanwita%20Sarkar">Jayanwita Sarkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Usha%20Chakraborty"> Usha Chakraborty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bishwanath%20Chakraborty"> Bishwanath Chakraborty</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Plants are constantly interacting with various abiotic and biotic stresses. In changing climate scenario plants are continuously modifying physiological processes to adapt to changing environmental conditions which profoundly affect plant-pathogen interactions. Spot blotch in wheat is a fast-rising disease in the warmer plains of South Asia where the rise in minimum average temperature over most of the year already affecting wheat production. Hence, the study was undertaken to explore the role of elevated temperature in spot blotch disease development and modulation of antioxidative responses by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for biocontrol of spot blotch at high temperature. Elevated temperature significantly increases the susceptibility of wheat plants to spot blotch causing pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. Two PGPR Bacillus safensis (W10) and Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense (IP8) isolated from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and blady grass (Imperata cylindrical L.) rhizophere respectively, showing in vitro antagonistic activity against Bipolaris sorokiniana were tested for growth promotion and induction of resistance against spot blotch in wheat. GC-MS analysis showed that Bacillus safensis (W10) and Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense (IP8) produced antifungal and antimicrobial compounds in culture. Seed priming with these two bacteria significantly increase growth, modulate antioxidative signaling and induce resistance and eventually reduce disease incidence in wheat plants at optimum as well as elevated temperature which was further confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay using polyclonal antibody raised against Bipolaris sorokiniana. Application of the PGPR led to enhancement in activities of plant defense enzymes- phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, chitinase and β-1,3 glucanase in infected leaves. Immunolocalization of chitinase and β-1,3 glucanase in PGPR primed and pathogen inoculated leaf tissue was further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy using PAb of chitinase, β-1,3 glucanase and gold labelled conjugates. Activity of ascorbate-glutathione redox cycle related enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase along with antioxidants such as carotenoids, glutathione and ascorbate and osmolytes like proline and glycine betain accumulation were also increased during disease development in PGPR primed plant in comparison to unprimed plants at high temperature. Real-time PCR analysis revealed enhanced expression of defense genes- chalcone synthase and phenyl alanineammonia lyase. Over expression of heat shock proteins like HSP 70, small HSP 26.3 and heat shock factor HsfA3 in PGPR primed plants effectively protect plants against spot blotch infection at elevated temperature as compared with control plants. Our results revealed dynamic biochemical cross talk between elevated temperature and spot blotch disease development and furthermore highlight PGPR mediated array of antioxidative and molecular alterations responsible for induction of resistance against spot blotch disease at elevated temperature which seems to be associated with up-regulation of defense genes, heat shock proteins and heat shock factors, less ROS production, membrane damage, increased expression of redox enzymes and accumulation of osmolytes and antioxidants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidative%20enzymes" title="antioxidative enzymes">antioxidative enzymes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defense%20enzymes" title=" defense enzymes"> defense enzymes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elevated%20temperature" title=" elevated temperature"> elevated temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20shock%20proteins" title=" heat shock proteins"> heat shock proteins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PGPR" title=" PGPR"> PGPR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Real-Time%20PCR" title=" Real-Time PCR"> Real-Time PCR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spot%20blotch" title=" spot blotch"> spot blotch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wheat" title=" wheat"> wheat</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85977/impact-of-elevated-temperature-on-spot-blotch-development-in-wheat-and-induction-of-resistance-by-plant-growth-promoting-rhizobacteria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85977.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">691</span> Magnetic Silica Nanoparticles as Viable Support for the Immobilization of Oxidative Enzymes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Moldes-Diz">Y. Moldes-Diz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Gamallo"> M. Gamallo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Eibes"> G. Eibes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Vazquez-Vazquez"> C. Vazquez-Vazquez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Feijoo"> G. Feijoo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20M.%20Lema"> J. M. Lema</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20T.%20Moreira"> M. T. Moreira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Laccases (benzenediol oxygen oxidoreductases, EC 1.10.3.2) are excellent biocatalysts for biotechnological and environmental applications because of their high activity, selectivity, and specificity. Specifically, these characteristics allow them to perform the oxidation of recalcitrant compounds with simple requirements for the catalysis (presence of molecular oxygen). Nevertheless, the low stability under unfavorable conditions (pH, inactivating agents or temperature) and high production costs still limits their use for practical applications. Immobilization of enzymes has proven particularly valuable to avoid some of the aforementioned drawbacks. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have received increasing attention as carriers for enzyme immobilization since they can potentially provide an easy recovery of the biocatalyst from the reaction medium under an external magnetic field. In the present work, silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2) were prepared, characterized and used for laccase immobilization by covalent binding. The synthesis of Fe3O4@SiO2 was performed in a two-step procedure: co-precipitation and reverse microemulsion. The influence of immobilization conditions: concentrations of the functionalization agent (3-aminopropyl-triethoxy-silane) and the cross-linker (glutaraldehyde) as well as the influence of pH, T or inactivating agents were evaluated. In general, immobilized laccase showed superior stability compared to that of free enzyme. The reusability of the biocatalyst was demonstrated in successive batch reactions, where enzyme activity was maintained above 65% after 8 cycles of oxidation of the substrate 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silica-coated%20magnetic%20nanoparticles" title="silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles">silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laccase" title=" laccase"> laccase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immobilization" title=" immobilization"> immobilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regeneration" title=" regeneration"> regeneration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55780/magnetic-silica-nanoparticles-as-viable-support-for-the-immobilization-of-oxidative-enzymes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55780.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">218</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">690</span> Evaluation of the Protective Effect of Pterocarpus mildbraedii Extract on Propanil-Induced Hepatotoxicity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chiagoziem%20A.%20Otuechere">Chiagoziem A. Otuechere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ebenezer%20O.%20Farombi"> Ebenezer O. Farombi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The protective effect of dichloromethane: methanol extract of Pterocarpus mildbraedii (PME), a widely consumed Nigerian leafy vegetable, on the toxicity of propanil was investigated in male rats. Animals were distributed into eight groups of five each. Group 1 served as control and received normal saline while rats in groups 2, 3, and 4 received 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg extract doses respectively. Group 5 rats were orally administered 200 mg/kg propanil while groups 6, 7, and 8 rats were given propanil plus extract. Oral administration of propanil elicited a 14.8%, 5%, 122%, and 78% increase in the activity of serum enzymes; alanine aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), Alkaline phoshatase (ALP) and Gamma glutamyl transferase (ﻻGT). There were also increase in Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, direct bilirubin and lipid peroxidation levels. Furthermore, PME significantly attenuated the marked hepatic oxidative damage that accompanied propanil treatment. The extract significantly decreased LDH activity and bilirubin levels following propanil treatment. Furthermore, propanil-induced alterations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes: Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione s-transferase (GST) in these rats were modulated by the extract. The percentage DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of the extract was determined as 55% and compared to those of Gallic acid (49%). Hepatic histology examination further confirmed the damage to the liver as it revealed severe periportal cellular infiltration of the hepatocytes. These biochemical and morphological alterations were attenuated in rats pre-treated with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg doses of the extract. These results suggest that PME possesses protective effect against propanil-induced hepatotoxicity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title="antioxidant">antioxidant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hepatoprotection" title=" hepatoprotection"> hepatoprotection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pterocarpus%20mildbraedii" title=" Pterocarpus mildbraedii"> Pterocarpus mildbraedii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propanil" title=" propanil"> propanil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17857/evaluation-of-the-protective-effect-of-pterocarpus-mildbraedii-extract-on-propanil-induced-hepatotoxicity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17857.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">430</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">689</span> Effect of Aronia Juice on Cellular Redox Status in Women with Aerobic Training Activity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ana%20Jelenkovic">Ana Jelenkovic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nevena%20Kardum"> Nevena Kardum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vuk%20Stevanovic"> Vuk Stevanovic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivana%20%C5%A0arac"> Ivana Šarac</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kristina%20Dmitrovic"> Kristina Dmitrovic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stevan%20Stevanovic"> Stevan Stevanovic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Glibetic"> Maria Glibetic</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Physical activity is well known for its beneficial health implications, however, excess oxygen consumption may impair oxidative status of the cell and affect membrane fatty acid (FA) composition. Polyphenols are well-established antioxidants, which can incorporate in cell membranes and protect them from oxidation. Therefore, our aim was to investigate how an 8-week aerobic training alters erythrocyte FA composition and activities of enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase), and to what extent polyphenol-rich Aronia juice (AJ) counteracts these potential alterations. We included 28 healthy women aged 19-29, with mean body mass index (BMI) of 21.2±2.7kg/m² and assigned them into three groups. The first group performed 1 hour of aerobic training three times per week (T); the second group trained in the same way and received 100 ml/day AJ as a part of their regular diet (TAJ), while the third group was the control one (C). Study analyses were performed at baseline and at the end of the intervention and included: anthropometric and biochemical measurements, determination of erythrocyte FA profile with gas-liquid chromatography and determination of enzymes’ activity with spectrophotometry. Statistical analyses were carried out with SPSS 20.0, with p < 0.05 considered as significant. The paired t-test revealed a significant decrease in the saturated FA content and in ω6/ω3 ratio in TAJ group. Furthermore, ω3 and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content increased, as well as the percentage of polyunsaturated FA and unsaturation index, which clearly pointed out that AJ supplementation with aerobic training protected cellular membranes from lipid peroxidation. No significant changes were observed in the two other groups. The between-group comparisons (ANCOVA) confirmed the synergistic effect of AJ supplementation and physical activity: DHA and ω3 contents were much higher, while ω6/ω3 ratio was significantly lower in the TAJ group compared with C. We also found that after the 8 weeks period, participants in TAJ group had a higher unsaturation index and lower saturated FA concentration than subjects from T group, suggesting that AJ polyphenols might be involved in that particular pathway. We found no significant changes in enzymes’ activities apart from a significantly higher superoxide dismutase activity in T group compared with the other two groups. Our results imply that supplementation with polyphenol-rich AJ may prevent membrane lipids from peroxidation in healthy subjects with regular aerobic activity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aronia%20juice" title="Aronia juice">Aronia juice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerobic%20training" title=" aerobic training"> aerobic training</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatty%20acids" title=" fatty acids"> fatty acids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidative%20status" title=" oxidative status"> oxidative status</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81886/effect-of-aronia-juice-on-cellular-redox-status-in-women-with-aerobic-training-activity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81886.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">688</span> Effects of SNP in Semen Diluents on Motility, Viability and Lipid Peroxidation of Sperm of Bulls</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamid%20Reza%20Khodaei">Hamid Reza Khodaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Behnaz%20Mahdavi"> Behnaz Mahdavi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Banitaba"> Alireza Banitaba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in all sexual activities of animals. It is made in body from NO syntheses enzyme and L-arginin molecule. NO can make band with sulfur-iron complexes and due to production of steroid sexual hormones related to enzymes which have this complex, NO can change the activity of these enzymes. NO affects many cells including endothelial cells of veins, macrophages and mast cells. These cells are found in testis leydig cells and therefore are important source of NO in testis tissue. Minimizing damages to sperm at the time of sperm freezing and thawing is really important. The goal of this study was to determine the function of NO before freezing and its effects on quality and viability of sperms after thawing and incubation. 4 Holstein bulls were selected from the age of 4, and artificial insemination was done for 3 weeks (2 times a week). Treatments were 0, 10, 50 and 100 nm of sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Data analysis was performed by SAS98 program. Also, mean comparison was done using Duncan's multiple ranges test (P<0.05). Concentrations used were found to increase motility and viability of spermatozoa at 1, 2 and 3 hours after thawing significantly (P<0.05) but there was no significant difference at zero time. SNP levels reduced the amount of lipid peroxidation in sperm membrane, increased acrosome health and improved samples membranes especially in 50 and 100 nm treatments. According to results, adding SNP to semen diluents increases motility and viability of spermatozoa. Also, it reduces lipid peroxidation in sperm membrane and improves sperm function. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sperm%20motility" title="sperm motility">sperm motility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitric%20oxide" title=" nitric oxide"> nitric oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lipid%20peroxidation" title=" lipid peroxidation"> lipid peroxidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spermatozoa" title=" spermatozoa"> spermatozoa</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15112/effects-of-snp-in-semen-diluents-on-motility-viability-and-lipid-peroxidation-of-sperm-of-bulls" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15112.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">657</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">687</span> Positive effect of Cu2+ and Ca2+ on the Thermostability of Bambara Groundnut Peroxidase A6, and its Catalytic Efficiency Toward the Oxidation of 3,3,5,5 -Tetramethyl Benzidine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yves%20Mann%20Elate%20Lea%20Mbassi">Yves Mann Elate Lea Mbassi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marie%20Solange%20Evehe%20Bebandoue"> Marie Solange Evehe Bebandoue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wilfred%20Fon%20Mbacham"> Wilfred Fon Mbacham</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Improving the catalytic performance of enzymes has been a long-standing theme of analytical biochemistry research. Induction of peroxidase activity by metals is a common reaction in higher plants. We thought that this increase in peroxidase activity may be due, on the one hand, to the stimulation of the gene expression of these enzymes but also to a modification of their chemical reactivity following the binding of some metal ions on their active site. We tested the effect of some metal salts (MgCl₂, MnCl₂, ZnCl₂, CaCl₂ and CuSO₄) on the activity and thermostability of peroxidase A6, a thermostable peroxidase that we discovered and purified in a previous study. The chromogenic substrate used was 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine. Of all the metals tested for their effect on A6, only magnesium and copper had a significant effect on the activity of the enzyme at room temperature. The Mann-Whitney test shows a slight inhibitory effect of activity by the magnesium salt (P = 0.043), while the activity of the enzyme is 5 times higher in the presence of the copper salt (P = 0.002). Moreover, the thermostability of peroxidase A6 is increased when calcium and copper salts are present. The activity in the presence of CaCl₂ is 8 times higher than the residual activity of the enzyme alone after incubation at 80°C for 10 min and 35 times higher in the presence of CuSO4 under the same conditions. In addition, manganese and zinc salts slightly reduce the thermostability of the enzyme. The activity and structural stability of peroxidase A6 can clearly be activated by Cu₂+, which therefore enhance the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine, which was used in this study as a chromogenic substrate. Ca₂+ likely has a more stabilizing function for the catalytic site. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peroxidase%20activity" title="peroxidase activity">peroxidase activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20ions" title=" copper ions"> copper ions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcium%20ions" title=" calcium ions"> calcium ions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermostability" title=" thermostability"> thermostability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165588/positive-effect-of-cu2-and-ca2-on-the-thermostability-of-bambara-groundnut-peroxidase-a6-and-its-catalytic-efficiency-toward-the-oxidation-of-3355-tetramethyl-benzidine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165588.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">686</span> Reduced Tillage and Bio-stimulant Application Can Improve Soil Microbial Enzyme Activity in a Dryland Cropping System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Flackson%20Tshuma">Flackson Tshuma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=James%20Bennett"> James Bennett</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pieter%20Andreas%20Swanepoel"> Pieter Andreas Swanepoel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Johan%20Labuschagne"> Johan Labuschagne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephan%20van%20der%20Westhuizen"> Stephan van der Westhuizen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francis%20Rayns"> Francis Rayns</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Amongst other things, tillage and synthetic agrochemicals can be effective methods of seedbed preparation and pest control. Nonetheless, frequent and intensive tillage and excessive application of synthetic agrochemicals, such as herbicides and insecticides, can reduce soil microbial enzyme activity. A decline in soil microbial enzyme activity can negatively affect nutrient cycling and crop productivity. In this study, the effects of four tillage treatments; continuous mouldboard plough; shallow tine-tillage to a depth of about 75 mm; no-tillage; and tillage rotation (involving shallow tine-tillage once every four years in rotation with three years of no-tillage), and two rates of synthetic agrochemicals (standard: with regular application of synthetic agrochemicals; and reduced: fewer synthetic agrochemicals in combination with bio-chemicals/ or bio-stimulants) on soil microbial enzyme activity were investigated between 2018 and 2020 in a typical Mediterranean climate zone in South Africa. Four different bio-stimulants applied contained: Trichoderma asperellum, fulvic acid, silicic acid, and Nereocystis luetkeana extracts, respectively. The study was laid out as a complete randomised block design with four replicated blocks. Each block had 14 plots, and each plot measured 50 m x 6 m. The study aimed to assess the combined impact of tillage practices and reduced rates of synthetic agrochemical application on soil microbial enzyme activity in a dryland cropping system. It was hypothesised that the application of bio-stimulants in combination with minimum soil disturbance will lead to a greater increase in microbial enzyme activity than the effect of applying either in isolation. Six soil cores were randomly and aseptically collected from each plot for microbial enzyme activity analysis from the 0-150 mm layer of a field trial under a dryland crop rotation system in the Swartland region. The activities of four microbial enzymes, β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and urease, were assessed. The enzymes are essential for the cycling of glucose, phosphorus, and nitrogen, respectively. Microbial enzyme activity generally increased with a reduction of both tillage intensity and synthetic agrochemical application. The use of the mouldboard plough led to the least (P<0.05) microbial enzyme activity relative to the reduced tillage treatments, whereas the system with bio-stimulants (reduced synthetic agrochemicals) led to the highest (P<0.05) microbial enzyme activity relative to the standard systems. The application of bio-stimulants in combination with reduced tillage, particularly no-tillage, could be beneficial for enzyme activity in a dryland farming system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-stimulants" title="bio-stimulants">bio-stimulants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20microbial%20enzymes" title=" soil microbial enzymes"> soil microbial enzymes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synthetic%20agrochemicals" title=" synthetic agrochemicals"> synthetic agrochemicals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tillage" title=" tillage"> tillage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172240/reduced-tillage-and-bio-stimulant-application-can-improve-soil-microbial-enzyme-activity-in-a-dryland-cropping-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172240.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">685</span> Stress as Risk Factor for Onset of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in Visakhapatnam Tribal Community of Andhra Pradesh, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vijaya%20Nirmala%20Pangi">Vijaya Nirmala Pangi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20V.%20Subhramanyam"> K. V. Subhramanyam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Vijay%20Lakshmi"> C. Vijay Lakshmi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is increasing drastically at a vigorous rate all over the world population. Aim: The present study aims to determine the prevalence of type-2 diabetes mellitus in Paderu tribal area population of Visakhapatnam district, located in northeastern region of Andhra Pradesh. Methods: A random sampling method was followed in 1025 subjects including controls (n=25) and determined 75-g oral glucose tolerance test to assess the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The effect of anthropometric factors like age, gender, literacy, socio economic status, and environmental risk factors such as body fat response, hypertension and psychophysical stress response were determined in the studied subjects. Results: 78 (7.8%) were diabetic. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus was found to be comparable between the two genders. Prevalence of diabetes was observed to be high in illiterate, low economic status subjects. Body fat response was comparable between control and diabetic subjects. However hypertension, stress associated enzymes showed significant (p < 0.05) decrease in diabetic subjects compared to controls in both the genders. Conclusion: It appears that there is a rising pattern in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in tribal area, Paderu, Andhra Pradesh, India compared to previous rural studies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anthropometric%20studies" title="anthropometric studies">anthropometric studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypertension" title=" hypertension"> hypertension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oral%20glucose%20tolerance%20test" title=" oral glucose tolerance test"> oral glucose tolerance test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress%20enzymes" title=" stress enzymes"> stress enzymes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=type-2%20diabetes%20mellitus" title=" type-2 diabetes mellitus"> type-2 diabetes mellitus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62431/stress-as-risk-factor-for-onset-of-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-in-visakhapatnam-tribal-community-of-andhra-pradesh-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62431.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">470</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">684</span> Protective Effects of Urtica dioica Seed Extract in Aflatoxicosis: Histopathological and Biochemical Findings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmet%20Uyar">Ahmet Uyar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zabit%20Yener"> Zabit Yener</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulahad%20Dogan"> Abdulahad Dogan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> (1). The ameliorative potential and antioxidant capacity of an extract of Urtica dioica seeds (UDS) were investigated using histopathological changes in liver and kidney of broiler, measuring serum marker enzymes, antioxidant defence systems and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA)) content in various tissues of broilers exposed to aflatoxin (AF). (2). A total of 32 broilers were divided randomly into 4 groups: control, UDS extract-treated, AF-treated and AF+UDS extract-treated. Broilers in control and UDS extract-treated groups were fed on a diet without AF. The AF-treated group and AF+UDS extract-treated groups were treated with an estimated 1 mg total AF/kg feed. The AF+UDS extract groups received in addition 30 ml UDS extract/kg diet for 21 days. (3). The AF-treated group had significantly decreased body weight gain when compared to the other groups. (4). Biochemical analysis showed a small increase in the concentrations of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and lactate dehydrogenase in the AF-treated group compared to that of the control group, whereas concentrations of these enzymes were decreased in the AF+UDS group compared to that of the AF-treated group. (5). Administration of supplementary UDS extract helped restore the AF-induced increase in MDA and reduced the antioxidant system towards normality, particularly in the liver, brain, kidney and heart. Hepatorenal protection by UDS extracts was further supported by the almost normal histology in AF +UDS extract-treated group as compared to the degenerative changes in the AF-treated broilers. (6). It was concluded that UDS extract has a protective hepatorenal effect in broilers affected by aflatoxicosis, probably acting by promoting the antioxidative defence systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aflatoxicosis" title="aflatoxicosis">aflatoxicosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biochemistry" title=" biochemistry"> biochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=broiler" title=" broiler"> broiler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histopathology" title=" histopathology"> histopathology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Urtica%20dioica%20seed%20extract" title=" Urtica dioica seed extract "> Urtica dioica seed extract </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47946/protective-effects-of-urtica-dioica-seed-extract-in-aflatoxicosis-histopathological-and-biochemical-findings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47946.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">683</span> Fungal Cellulase/Xylanase Complex and Their Industrial Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Kutateldze">L. Kutateldze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Urushadze"> T. Urushadze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Khvedelidze"> R. Khvedelidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Zakariashvili"> N. Zakariashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Khokhashvili"> I. Khokhashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Sadunishvili"> T. Sadunishvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Microbial cellulase/xylanase have shown their potential application in various industries including pulp and paper, textile, laundry, biofuel production, food and feed industry, brewing, and agriculture. Extremophilic micromycetes and their enzymes that are resistant to critical values of temperature and pH, and retaining enzyme activity for a long time are of great industrial interest. Among strains of microscopic fungi from the collection of S. Durmishidze Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, strains isolated from different ecological niches of Southern Caucasus-active producers of cellulase/xylanase have been selected by means of screening under deep cultivation conditions. Extremophilic micromycetes and their enzymes that are resistant to critical values of temperature and pH, and retaining enzyme activity for a long time are of great industrial interest. Among strains of microscopic fungi from the collection of S. Durmishidze Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, strains isolated from different ecological niches of Southern Caucasus-active producers of cellulase/xylanase have been selected by means of screening under deep cultivation conditions. Representatives of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Trichoderma are outstanding by relatively high activities of these enzymes. Among the producers were revealed thermophilic strains, representatives of the genus Aspergillus-Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus wentii, also strains of Sporotrichum pulverulentum and Chaetomium thermophile. As a result of optimization of cultivation media and conditions, activities of enzymes produced by the strains have been increased by 4 -189 %. Two strains, active producers of cellulase/xylanase – Penicillium canescence E2 (mesophile) and Aspergillus versicolor Z17 (thermophile) were chosen for further studies. Cellulase/xylanase enzyme preparations from two different genera of microscopic fungi Penicillium canescence E2 and Aspergillus versicolor Z 17 were obtained with activities 220 U/g /1200 U/g and 125 U/g /940 U/g, correspondingly. Main technical characteristics were as follows: the highest enzyme activities were obtained for mesophilic strain Penicillium canescence E2 at 45-500C, while almost the same enzyme activities were fixed for the thermophilic strain Aspergillus versicolor Z 17 at temperature 60-65°C, exceeding the temperature optimum of the mesophile by 150C. Optimum pH of action of the studied cellulase/xylanases from mesophileic and thermophilic strains were similar and equaled to 4.5-5.0 It has been shown that cellulase/xylanase technical preparations from selected strains of Penicillium canescence E2 and Aspergillus versicolor Z17 hydrolyzed cellulose of untreated wheat straw to reducible sugars by 46-52%, and to glucose by 22-27%. However the thermophilic enzyme preparations from the thermophilic A.versicolor strains conducted the process at 600C higher by 100C as compared to mesophlic analogue. Rate of hydrolyses of the pretreated substrate by the same enzyme preparations to reducible sugars and glucose conducted at optimum for their action 60 and 500C was 52-61% and 29-33%, correspondingly. Thus, maximum yield of glucose and reducible sugars form untreated and pretreated wheat straw was achieved at higher temperature (600C) by enzyme preparations from thermophilic strain, which gives advantage for their industrial application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulase%2Fxylanase" title="cellulase/xylanase">cellulase/xylanase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulose%20hydrolysis" title=" cellulose hydrolysis"> cellulose hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microscopic%20fungi" title=" microscopic fungi"> microscopic fungi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermophilic%20strain" title=" thermophilic strain"> thermophilic strain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27128/fungal-cellulasexylanase-complex-and-their-industrial-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27128.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">285</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">682</span> Effect of Salinity and Heavy Metal Toxicity on Gene Expression, and Morphological Characteristics in Stevia rebaudiana Plants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Umara%20Nissar%20Rafiqi">Umara Nissar Rafiqi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irum%20Gul"> Irum Gul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nazima%20Nasrullah"> Nazima Nasrullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monica%20Saifi"> Monica Saifi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malik%20Z.%20Abdin"> Malik Z. Abdin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Stevia rebaudiana, a member of Asteraceae family is an important medicinal plant and produces a commercially used non-caloric natural sweetener, which is also an alternate herbal cure for diabetes. Steviol glycosides are the main sweetening compounds present in these plants. Secondary metabolites are crucial to the adaption of plants to the environment and its overcoming stress conditions. In agricultural procedures, the abiotic stresses like salinity, high metal toxicity and drought, in particular, are responsible for the majority of the reduction that differentiates yield potential from harvestable yield. Salt stress and heavy metal toxicity lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To avoid oxidative damage due to ROS and osmotic stress, plants have a system of anti-oxidant enzymes along with several stress induced enzymes. This helps in scavenging the ROS and relieve the osmotic stress in different cell compartments. However, whether stress induced toxicity modulates the activity of these enzymes in Stevia rebaudiana is poorly understood. Aim: The present study focussed on the effect of salinity, heavy metal toxicity (lead and mercury) on physiological traits and transcriptional profiling of Stevia rebaudiana. Method: Stevia rebaudiana plants were collected from the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic plants (CIMAP), Patnagar, India and maintained under controlled conditions in a greenhouse at Hamdard University, Delhi, India. The plants were subjected to different concentrations of salt (0, 25, 50 and 75 mM respectively) and heavy metals, lead and mercury (0, 100, 200 and 300 µM respectively). The physiological traits such as shoot length, root numbers, leaf growth were evaluated. The samples were collected at different developmental stages and analysed for transcription profiling by RT-PCR. Transcriptional studies in stevia rebaudiana involves important antioxidant enzymes: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) and stress induced aquaporin (AQU), auxin repressed protein (ARP-1), Ndhc gene. The data was analysed using GraphPad Prism and expressed as mean ± SD. Result: Low salinity and lower metal toxicity did not affect the fresh weight of the plant. However, this was substantially decreased by 55% at high salinity and heavy metal treatment. With increasing salinity and heavy metal toxicity, the values of all studied physiological traits were significantly decreased. Chlorosis in treated plants was also observed which could be due to changes in Fe:Zn ratio. At low concentrations (upto 25 mM) of NaCl and heavy metals, we did not observe any significant difference in the gene expressions of treated plants compared to control plants. Interestingly, at high salt concentration and high metal toxicity, a significant increase in the expression profile of stress induced genes was observed in treated plants compared to control (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Stevia rebaudiana is tolerant to lower salt and heavy metal concentration. This study also suggests that with the increase in concentrations of salt and heavy metals, harvest yield of S. rebaudiana was hampered. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stevia%20rebaudiana" title="Stevia rebaudiana">Stevia rebaudiana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20sweetener" title=" natural sweetener"> natural sweetener</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salinity" title=" salinity"> salinity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metal%20toxicity" title=" heavy metal toxicity"> heavy metal toxicity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95497/effect-of-salinity-and-heavy-metal-toxicity-on-gene-expression-and-morphological-characteristics-in-stevia-rebaudiana-plants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95497.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">196</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">681</span> Use of 3D Printed Bioscaffolds from Decellularized Umbilical Cord for Cartilage Regeneration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tayyaba%20Bari">Tayyaba Bari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Hamza%20Anjum"> Muhammad Hamza Anjum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samra%20Kanwal"> Samra Kanwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fakhera%20Ikram"> Fakhera Ikram</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Osteoarthritis, a degenerative condition, affects more than 213 million individuals globally. Since articular cartilage has no or limited vessels, therefore, after deteriorating, it is unable to rejuvenate. Traditional approaches for cartilage repair, like autologous chondrocyte implantation, microfracture and cartilage transplantation are often associated with postoperative complications and lead to further degradation. Decellularized human umbilical cord has gained interest as a viable treatment for cartilage repair. Decellularization removes all cellular contents as well as debris, leaving a biologically active 3D network known as extracellular matrix (ECM). This matrix is biodegradable, non-immunogenic and provides a microenvironment for homeostasis, growth and repair. UC derived bioink function as 3D scaffolding material, not only mediates cell-matrix interactions but also adherence, proliferation and propagation of cells for 3D organoids. This study comprises different physical, chemical and biological approaches to optimize the decellularization of human umbilical cord (UC) tissues followed by the solubilization of these tissues to bioink formation. The decellularization process consisted of two cycles of freeze thaw where the umbilical cord at -20˚C was thawed at room temperature followed by dissection in small sections from 0.5 to 1cm. Similarly decellularization with ionic and non-ionic detergents Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton-X 100 revealed that both concentrations of SDS i.e 0.1% and 1% were effective in complete removal of cells from the small UC tissues. The results of decellularization was further confirmed by running them on 1% agarose gel. Histological analysis revealed the efficacy of decellularization, which involves paraffin embedded samples of 4μm processed for Hematoxylin-eosin-safran and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). ECM preservation was confirmed by Alcian Blue, and Masson’s trichrome staining on consecutive sections and images were obtained. Sulfated GAG’s content were determined by 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue (DMMB) assay, similarly collagen quantification was done by hydroxy proline assay. This 3D bioengineered scaffold will provide a typical atmosphere as in the extracellular matrix of the tissue, which would be seeded with the mesenchymal cells to generate the desired 3D ink for in vitro and in vivo cartilage regeneration applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=umbilical%20cord" title="umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3d%20printing" title=" 3d printing"> 3d printing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioink" title=" bioink"> bioink</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tissue%20engineering" title=" tissue engineering"> tissue engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cartilage%20regeneration" title=" cartilage regeneration"> cartilage regeneration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164184/use-of-3d-printed-bioscaffolds-from-decellularized-umbilical-cord-for-cartilage-regeneration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164184.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">680</span> Soil Enzyme Activity as Influenced by Post-emergence Herbicides Applied in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uditi%20Dhakad">Uditi Dhakad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baldev%20Ram"> Baldev Ram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaman%20K.%20Jadon"> Chaman K. Jadon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20K.%20Yadav"> R. K. Yadav</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20L.%20Yadav"> D. L. Yadav</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pratap%20Singh"> Pratap Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shalini%20Meena"> Shalini Meena</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2021 at Agricultural Research Station, Kota, to evaluate the effect of different post-emergence herbicides applied to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] on soil enzymes activity viz. dehydrogenase, phosphatase, and urease. The soil of the experimental site was clay loam (vertisols) in texture and slightly alkaline in reaction with 7.7 pH. The soil was low in organic carbon (0.49%), medium in available nitrogen (210 kg/ha), phosphorus (23.5 P2O5 kg/ha), and high in potassium (400 K2O kg/ha) status. The results elucidated that no significant adverse effect on soil dehydrogenase, urease, and phosphatase activity was determined with the application of post-emergence herbicides over the untreated control. Two hands weeding at 20 and 40 DAS registered maximum dehydrogenase enzyme activity (0.329 μgTPF/g soil/d) closely followed by herbicides mixtures and sole herbicide while pre-emergence application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr 960 g a.i./ha and pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i./ha significantly reduced dehydrogenase enzyme activity compared to control. Urease enzyme activity was not much affected under different weed control treatments and weedy checks. The treatments were found statistically non-significant, and values ranged between 1.16-1.25 μgNH4N/g soil/d. Phosphatase enzyme activity was also not influenced significantly due to various weed control treatments. Though maximum phosphatase enzyme activity (30.17 μgpnp/g soil/hr) was observed under two-hand weeding, followed by fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl 220 g a.i./ha. Herbicidal weed control measures did not influence the total bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes population. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dehydrogenase" title="dehydrogenase">dehydrogenase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphatase" title=" phosphatase"> phosphatase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-emergence" title=" post-emergence"> post-emergence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20enzymes" title=" soil enzymes"> soil enzymes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urease." title=" urease."> urease.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157378/soil-enzyme-activity-as-influenced-by-post-emergence-herbicides-applied-in-soybean-glycine-max-l-merrill" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157378.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">679</span> Cellulolytic and Xylanolytic Enzymes from Mycelial Fungi</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Sadunishvili">T. Sadunishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Kutateladze"> L. Kutateladze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Urushadze"> T. Urushadze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Khvedelidze"> R. Khvedelidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Zakariashvili"> N. Zakariashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Jobava"> M. Jobava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Kvesitadze"> G. Kvesitadze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Multiple repeated soil-climatic zones in Georgia determines the diversity of microorganisms. Hundreds of microscopic fungi of different genera have been isolated from different ecological niches, including some extreme environments. Biosynthetic ability of microscopic fungi has been studied. Trichoderma ressei, representative of the Ascomycetes secrete cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes that act in synergy to hydrolyze polysaccharide polymers to glucose, xylose and arabinose, which can be fermented to biofuels. The other mesophilic strains producing cellulases are Allesheria terrestris, Chaetomium thermophile, Fusarium oxysporium, Piptoporus betulinus, Penicillium echinulatum, P. purpurogenum, Aspergillus niger, A. wentii, A. versicolor, A. fumigatus etc. In the majority of the cases the cellulases produced by strains of genus Aspergillus usually have high β-glucosidase activity and average endoglucanases levels (with some exceptions), whereas strains representing Trichoderma have high endo enzyme and low β-glucosidase, and hence has limited efficiency in cellulose hydrolysis. Six producers of stable cellulases and xylanases from mesophilic and thermophilic fungi have been selected. By optimization of submerged cultivation conditions, high activities of cellulases and xylanases were obtained. For enzymes purification, their sedimentation by organic solvents such as ethyl alcohol, acetone, isopropanol and by ammonium sulphate in different ratios have been carried out. Best results were obtained with precipitation by ethyl alcohol (1:3.5) and ammonium sulphate. The yields of enzyme according to cellulase activities were 80-85% in both cases. Cellulase activity of enzyme preparation obtained from the strain Trichoderma viride X 33 is 126 U/g, from the strain Penicillium canescence D 85–185U/g and from the strain Sporotrichum pulverulentum T 5-0 110 U/g. Cellulase activity of enzyme preparation obtained from the strain Aspergillus sp. Av10 is 120 U/g, xylanase activity of enzyme preparation obtained from the strain Aspergillus niger A 7-5–1155U/g and from the strain Aspergillus niger Aj 38-1250 U/g. Optimum pH and temperature of operation and thermostability, of the enzyme preparations, were established. The efficiency of hydrolyses of different agricultural residues by the microscopic fungi cellulases has been studied. The glucose yield from the residues as a result of enzymatic hydrolysis is highly determined by the ratio of enzyme to substrate, pH, temperature, and duration of the process. Hydrolysis efficiency was significantly increased as a result of different pretreatment of the residues by different methods. Acknowledgement: The Study was supported by the ISTC project G-2117, funded by Korea. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulase" title="cellulase">cellulase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=xylanase" title=" xylanase"> xylanase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microscopic%20fungi" title=" microscopic fungi"> microscopic fungi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzymatic%20hydrolysis" title=" enzymatic hydrolysis"> enzymatic hydrolysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78640/cellulolytic-and-xylanolytic-enzymes-from-mycelial-fungi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78640.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">392</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">678</span> Combined Effect of Zinc Supplementation and Ascaridia galli Infection on Oxidative Status in Broiler Chicks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Veselin%20Nanev">Veselin Nanev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Margarita%20Gabrashanska"> Margarita Gabrashanska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neli%20Tsocheva-Gaytandzieva"> Neli Tsocheva-Gaytandzieva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ascaridiasis in chicks is one of the major causes for the reduction in body weights, higher mortality, and reduction in egg production, worse meat quantity, pathological lesions, blood losses, and secondary infections. It is responsible for economic losses to the poultry. Despite being economically important parasite, little work has been carried out on the role of antioxidants in the pathogenesis of ascaridiasis. Zinc is a trace elements with multiple functions and one of them is its antioxidant ability. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of organic zinc compound (2Gly.ZnCl22H20) and Ascaridia galli infection on the antioxidant status of broiler chicks. The activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, the level of lipid peroxidation, expressed by malonyl dialdexyde and plasma zinc in chicks experimentally infected with Ascaridia galli was investigated. Parasite burden was studied as well. The study was performed on 80 broiler chicks, Cobb 500 hybrids. They were divided into four groups – 1st group – control (non-treated and non-infected, 2nd group – infected with embryonated eggs of A. galli and without treatment, 3rd group- only treated with 2Gly.ZnCl22H20 compound and gr. 4 - infected and supplemented with Zn-compound. The chicks in gr. 2 and 4 were infected orally with 450 embryonated eggs of A.galli on day 14 post infection. The chicks from gr. 3 and 4 received 40 mg Zn compound /kg of feed after the 1st week of age during 10 days. All chicks were similarly fed, managed and killed at 60 day p.i. Helminthological, biochemical and statistical methods were applied. Reduced plasma Zn content was observed in the infected chicks compared to controls. Zinc supplementation did not restored the lower Zn content. Cu, Zn-SOD was decreased significantly in the infected chicks compared to controls. The GPx – activity was significantly increased in the infected chicks than the controls. Increased GPx activity together with decreased Cu/ZnSOD activity revealed unbalanced antioxidant defense capacity. The increased MDA level in chicks and changes in the activity of the enzymes showed a development of oxidative stress during the infection with A.galli. Zn compound supplementation has been shown to influence the activity of both antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx) and reduced MDA in the infected chicks. Organic zinc supplementation improved the antioxidant defense and protect hosts from oxidant destruction, but without any effect on the parasite burden. The number of helminths was similar in both groups. Zn supplementation did not changed the number of parasites. Administration of oral 2Gly.ZnCl22H20 compound has been shown to be useful in chicks infected with A. galli by its improvement of their antioxidant potential. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ascaridia%20galli" title="Ascaridia galli">Ascaridia galli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidants" title=" antioxidants"> antioxidants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=broiler%20chicks" title=" broiler chicks"> broiler chicks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc%20supplementation" title=" zinc supplementation"> zinc supplementation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82289/combined-effect-of-zinc-supplementation-and-ascaridia-galli-infection-on-oxidative-status-in-broiler-chicks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82289.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">677</span> Efficiency of PCR-RFLP for the Identification of Adulteries in Meat Formulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hela%20Gargouri">Hela Gargouri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nizar%20Moalla"> Nizar Moalla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassen%20Hadj%20Kacem"> Hassen Hadj Kacem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Meat adulteration affecting the safety and quality of food is becoming one of the main concerns of public interest across the world. The drastic consequences on the meat industry highlighted the urgent necessity to control the products' quality and to point out the complexity of both supply and processing circuits. Due to the expansion of this problem, the authentic testing of foods, particularly meat and its products, is deemed crucial to avoid unfair market competition and to protect consumers from fraudulent practices of meat adulteration. The adoption of authentication methods by the food quality-control laboratories is becoming a priority issue. However, in some developing countries, the number of food tests is still insignificant, although a variety of processed and traditional meat products are widely consumed. Little attention has been paid to provide an easy, fast, reproducible, and low-cost molecular test, which could be conducted in a basic laboratory. In the current study, the 359 bp fragment of the cytochrome-b gene was mapped by PCR-RFLP using firstly fresh biological supports (DNA and meat) and then turkey salami as an example of commercial processed meat. This technique has been established through several optimizations, namely: the selection of restriction enzymes. The digestion with BsmAI, SspI, and TaaI succeed to identify the seven included animal species when meat is formed by individual species and when the meat is a mixture of different origin. In this study, the PCR-RFLP technique using universal primer succeed to meet our needs by providing an indirect sequencing method identifying by restriction enzymes the specificities characterizing different species on the same amplicon reducing the number of potential tests. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adulteration" title="adulteration">adulteration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=animal%20species" title=" animal species"> animal species</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authentication" title=" authentication"> authentication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meat" title=" meat"> meat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mtDNA" title=" mtDNA"> mtDNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PCR-RFLP" title=" PCR-RFLP"> PCR-RFLP</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137599/efficiency-of-pcr-rflp-for-the-identification-of-adulteries-in-meat-formulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137599.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">112</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">676</span> Effects of Adding Sodium Nitroprusside in Semen Diluents on Motility, Viability and Lipid Peroxidation of Sperm of Holstein Bulls</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leila%20Karshenas">Leila Karshenas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamid%20Reza%20Khodaei"> Hamid Reza Khodaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Behnaz%20Mahdavi"> Behnaz Mahdavi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We know that nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in all sexual activities of animals. It is made in body from NO synthase enzyme and L-arginin molecule. NO can bound with sulfur-iron complexes and because production of steroid sexual hormones is related to enzymes which have this complex, NO can change the activity of these enzymes. NO affects many cells including endothelial cells of veins, macrophages and mast cells. These cells are found in testis leydig cells and therefore are important source of NO in testis tissue. Minimizing damages to sperm at the time of sperm freezing and thawing is really important. The goal of this study was to determine the function of NO before freezing and its effects on quality and viability of sperms after thawing and incubation. 4 Holstein bulls were selected from the age of 4, and artificial insemination was done for 3 weeks (2 times a week). Treatments were 0, 10, 50 and 100 nm of sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Data analysis was performed by SAS98 program. Also, mean comparison was done using Duncan's multiple ranges test (P<0.05). Concentrations used was found to increase motility and viability of spermatozoa at 1, 2 and 3 hours after thawing significantly (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference at zero time. SNP levels reduced the amount of lipid peroxidation in sperm membrane, increased acrosome health and improved sample membranes especially in 50 and 100 nm treatments. According to results, adding SNP to semen diluents increases motility and viability of spermatozoa. Also, it reduces lipid peroxidation in sperm membrane and improves sperm function. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sperm%20motility" title="sperm motility">sperm motility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitric%20oxide" title=" nitric oxide"> nitric oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lipid%20peroxidation" title=" lipid peroxidation"> lipid peroxidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spermatozoa" title=" spermatozoa"> spermatozoa</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12296/effects-of-adding-sodium-nitroprusside-in-semen-diluents-on-motility-viability-and-lipid-peroxidation-of-sperm-of-holstein-bulls" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12296.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">675</span> Sulforaphane Attenuates Muscle Inflammation in Dystrophin-Deficient Mdx Mice via Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chengcao%20Sun">Chengcao Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cuili%20Yang"> Cuili Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shujun%20Li"> Shujun Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruilin%20Xue"> Ruilin Xue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yongyong%20Xi"> Yongyong Xi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liang%20Wang"> Liang Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dejia%20Li"> Dejia Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Backgrounds: Inflammation is widely distributed in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and ultimately leads to progressive deterioration of muscle function with the co-effects of chronic muscle damage, oxidative stress, and reduced oxidative capacity. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a critical role in defending against inflammation in different tissues via activation of phase II enzymes, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). However, whether Nrf2/HO-1 pathway can attenuate muscle inflammation on DMD remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of Sulforaphane (SFN) on DMD. Methods: 4-week-old male mdx mice were treated with SFN by gavage (2 mg/kg body weight per day) for 4 weeks. Gastrocnemius, tibial anterior and triceps brachii muscles were collected for related analysis. Immune cell infiltration in skeletal muscles was analyzed by H&E staining and immuno-histochemistry. Moreover, the expressions of inflammatory cytokines,pro-inflammatory cytokines and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway were detected by western blot, qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assays. Results: Our results demonstrated that SFN treatment increased the expression of muscle phase II enzymes HO-1 in Nrf2 dependent manner. Inflammation in mdx skeletal muscles was reduced by SFN treatment as indicated by decreased immune cell infiltration and lower expressions of the inflammatory cytokines CD45, pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in the skeletal muscles of mdx mice. Conclusions: Collectively, these results show that SFN can ameliorate muscle inflammation in mdx mice by Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, which indicates Nrf2/HO-1 pathway may represent a new therapeutic target for DMD. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sulforaphane" title="sulforaphane">sulforaphane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nrf2" title=" Nrf2"> Nrf2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HO-1" title=" HO-1"> HO-1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inflammation" title=" inflammation"> inflammation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19664/sulforaphane-attenuates-muscle-inflammation-in-dystrophin-deficient-mdx-mice-via-nrf2ho-1-signaling-pathway" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19664.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">334</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">674</span> Biostimulant Activity of Chitooligomers: Effect of Different Degrees of Acetylation and Polymerization on Wheat Seedlings under Salt Stress</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoqian%20Zhang">Xiaoqian Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ping%20Zou"> Ping Zou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pengcheng%20Li"> Pengcheng Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Salt stress is one of the most serious abiotic stresses, and it can lead to the reduction of agricultural productivity. High salt concentration makes it more difficult for roots to absorb water and disturbs the homeostasis of cellular ions resulting in osmotic stress, ion toxicity and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Compared with the normal physiological conditions, salt stress could inhibit the photosynthesis, break metabolic balance and damage cellular structures, and ultimately results in the reduction of crop yield. Therefore it is vital to develop practical methods for improving the salt tolerance of plants. Chitooligomers (COS) is partially depolymerized products of chitosan, which is consisted of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. In agriculture, COS has the ability to promote plant growth and induce plant innate immunity. The bioactivity of COS closely related to its degree of polymerization (DP) and acetylation (DA). However, most of the previous reports fail to mention the function of COS with different DP and DAs in improving the capacity of plants against salt stress. Accordingly, in this study, chitooligomers (COS) with different degrees of DAs were used to test wheat seedlings response to salt stress. In addition, the determined degrees of polymerization (DPs) COS(DP 4-12) and a heterogeneous COS mixture were applied to explore the relationship between the DP of COSs and its effect on the growth of wheat seedlings in response to salt stress. It showed that COSs, the exogenous elicitor, could promote the growth of wheat seedling, reduce the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The results of mRNA expression level test for salt stress-responsive genes indicated that COS keep plants away from being hurt by the salt stress via the regulation of the concentration and the increased antioxidant enzymes activities. Moreover, it was found that the activities of COS was closely related to its Das and COS (DA: 50%) displayed the best salt resistance activity to wheat seedlings. The results also showed that COS with different DP could promote the growth of wheat seedlings under salt stress. COS with a DP (6-8) showed better activities than the other tested samples, implied its activity had a close relationship with its DP. After treatment with chitohexaose, chitoheptaose, and chitooctaose, the photosynthetic parameters were improved obviously. The soluble sugar and proline contents were improved by 26.7%-53.3% and 43.6.0%-70.2%, respectively, while the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) was reduced by 36.8% - 49.6%. In addition, the antioxidant enzymes activities were clearly activated. At the molecular level, the results revealed that they could obviously induce the expression of Na+/H+ antiporter genes. In general, these results were fundamental to the study of action mechanism of COS on promoting plant growth under salt stress and the preparation of plant growth regulator. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chitooligomers%20%28COS%29" title="chitooligomers (COS)">chitooligomers (COS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=degree%20of%20polymerization%20%28DP%29" title=" degree of polymerization (DP)"> degree of polymerization (DP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=degree%20of%20acetylation%20%28DA%29" title=" degree of acetylation (DA)"> degree of acetylation (DA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salt%20stress" title=" salt stress"> salt stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80333/biostimulant-activity-of-chitooligomers-effect-of-different-degrees-of-acetylation-and-polymerization-on-wheat-seedlings-under-salt-stress" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80333.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">673</span> Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Cobb 500 Broilers Fed Phytase and Tannase Treated Sorghum-Based Diets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magaya%20Rutendo%20P.">Magaya Rutendo P.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mutibvu%20Tonderai"> Mutibvu Tonderai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nyahangare%20emmanuel%20T."> Nyahangare emmanuel T.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ncube%20Sharai"> Ncube Sharai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aimed to evaluate the effects of phytase and tannase addition in broiler diets on growth performance and meat quality of broilers fed sorghum-based diets. Twelve experimental diets were formulated at three sorghum levels, which include 0, 50, and 100%, and 4 enzyme levels: No enzyme, 5000FTU phytase, 25TU tannase, and a combination of 5000FTU phytase plus 25TU tannase. Data on voluntary feed intake, average weekly weight gain and feed conversion ratio were recorded and used to assess growth performance. Meat technical and nutritional parameters were used to determine meat quality. Broilers fed total sorghum diets with phytase and tannase enzyme combination had the highest feed intake in the first (24.4 ± 0.04g/bird/day) and second weeks of life (23.0 ± 1.06g/bird/day), respectively. Complete sorghum diets with phytase (83.0 ± 0.88g/bird/day) and tannase (122.0 ± 0.88g/bird/day) showed the highest feed intake in the third and fourth weeks, respectively. Broilers fed 50% sorghum diets with tannase (135.3 ± 0.05g/bird/day) and complete maize diets with phytase (158.1 ± 0.88g/bird/day) had the highest feed intake during weeks five and six, respectively. Broilers fed a 50% sorghum diet without enzymes had the highest weight gain in the final week (606.5 ± 32.39g). Comparable feed conversion was observed in birds fed complete maize and 50% sorghum diets. Dietary treatment significantly influences the live body, carcass, liver, kidneys, abdominal fat pad weight, and intestinal length. However, it did not affect Pectoralis major meat nutritional and technical parameters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feed%20efficiency" title="feed efficiency">feed efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sorghum" title=" sorghum"> sorghum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carcass" title=" carcass"> carcass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exogenous%20enzymes" title=" exogenous enzymes"> exogenous enzymes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182189/growth-performance-and-meat-quality-of-cobb-500-broilers-fed-phytase-and-tannase-treated-sorghum-based-diets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182189.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">55</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">672</span> Hemato-Biochemical Studies on Naturally Infected Camels with Trypanosomiasis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20Mehmood">Khalid Mehmood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riaz%20Hussain"> Riaz Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rao%20Z.%20Abbas"> Rao Z. Abbas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tariq%20Abbas"> Tariq Abbas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Ghaffar"> Abdul Ghaffar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20J.%20Sabir"> Ahmad J. Sabir </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Blood born diseases such as trypanosomiasis have negative impacts on health, production and working efficiency of camels in different camel-rearing areas of the world including Pakistan. In present study blood samples were collected from camels kept at the desert condition of cholistan to estimate the prevalence of trypanosomiasis and hemato-biochemical changes in naturally infected cases. Results showed an overall 9.31% prevalence of trypanosomiasis in camels. Various clinical signs such as pyrexia, occasional shivering, inappetence, urticaria, swelling, lethargy, going down in condition and edema of pads were observed in few cases. The statistical analysis did not show significant association of age and sex with trypanosomiasis. However, results revealed significantly decreased values of total erythrocyte counts, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, serum total proteins and albumin while increased values of mean corpuscular volume was recorded in infected animals as compared to healthy. A significant (P<0.01) increased values of total leukocyte count, monocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophils, and eosinophils was recorded in infected animals. Moreover, microscopic examination of blood films obtained from naturally infected cases showed the presence of parasite and various morphological changes in cells such as stomatocyte, hyperchromasia, and polychromasia. Significantly increased values of different hepatic enzymes including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were also recorded. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=camel" title="camel">camel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hematological%20indices" title=" hematological indices"> hematological indices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=serum%20enzymes" title=" serum enzymes"> serum enzymes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trypanosomiasis" title=" Trypanosomiasis"> Trypanosomiasis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25644/hemato-biochemical-studies-on-naturally-infected-camels-with-trypanosomiasis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25644.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">526</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">671</span> Salt-Induced Modulation in Biomass Production, Pigment Concentration, Ion Accumulation, Antioxidant System and Yield in Pea Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Noreen">S. Noreen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Ahmad"> S. Ahmad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Salinity is one of the most important environmental factors that limit the production of crop plants to the greatest proportion than any other ones. Salt-induced changes in growth, pigment concentration, water status, malondialdehydes (MDA) and H₂O₂ content, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, Na⁺, K⁺ content and yield attributes were examined in the glasshouse on ten pea (Pisum Sativum L.) accessions, namely ‘13240’, ‘18302’, ‘19666’, ‘19700’, ‘19776’, ‘19785’, ‘19788’, ‘20153’, ‘20155’, ‘26719’ were subjected to non-stress (0 mM NaCl) and salt stress (100 mM and150 mM NaCl) in pots containing sand medium. The results showed that salt stress at level150 mM substantially reduced biomass production, leaf water status, pigment concentration (chlorophyll ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘carotenoid content’ total chlorophyll), K⁺ content, quantum yield and yield attributes as compared to plants treated with 100 mM NaCl. Antioxidant enzymes, Catalase (CAT), Peroxidase (POD), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), proline content, total soluble protein, total amino acids, Malondialdehyde content (MDA), Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content and Na⁺ uptake markedly enhanced due to the influence of salt stress. On the basis of analyses (expressed as percent of control), of 10 accessions of pea plant, two were ranked as salt tolerant namely (‘19666’, ‘20153’), four were moderately tolerant namely (‘19700’, ‘19776’, ‘19785’, ‘20155’), and three were salt sensitive namely (‘13240’, ‘18302’, ‘26719’) at 150 mM NaCl level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant%20enzymes" title="antioxidant enzymes">antioxidant enzymes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ion%20uptake" title=" ion uptake"> ion uptake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pigment%20concentration" title=" pigment concentration"> pigment concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salt%20stress" title=" salt stress"> salt stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yield%20attributes" title=" yield attributes"> yield attributes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99795/salt-induced-modulation-in-biomass-production-pigment-concentration-ion-accumulation-antioxidant-system-and-yield-in-pea-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99795.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">107</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">670</span> Effect of Feed Supplement Optipartum C+ 200 (Alfa- Amylase and Beta-Glucanase) in In-Line Rumination Parameters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ram%C5%ABnas%20Antanaitis">Ramūnas Antanaitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lina%20Anskien%C4%97"> Lina Anskienė</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robertas%20Sto%C5%A1kus"> Robertas Stoškus</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was conducted during 2021.05.01 – 2021.08.31 at the Lithuanian University of health sciences and one Lithuanian dairy farm with 500 dairy cows (55.911381565736, 21.881321760608195). Average calving – 50 cows per month. Cows (n=20) in the treatment group (TG) were fed with feed supplement Optipartum C+ 200 (Enzymes: Alfa- Amylase 57 Units; Beta-Glucanase 107 Units) from 21 days before calving till 30 days after calving with feeding rate 200g/cow/day. Cows in the control group (CG) were fed a feed ration without feed supplement. Measurements started from 6 days before calving and continued till 21 days after calving. The following indicators were registered: with the RumiWatch System: Rumination time; Eating time; Drinking time; Rumination chews; Eating chews; Drinking gulps; Bolus; Chews per minute; Chews per bolus. With SmaXtec system - the temperature, pH of the contents of cows' reticulorumens and cows' activity. According to our results, we found that feeding of cows, from 21 days before calving to 30 days after calving, with a feed supplement with alfa- amylase and beta-glucanase (Optipartum C+ 200) (with dose 200g/cow/day) can produce an increase in: 9% rumination time and eating time, 19% drinking time, 11% rumination chews, 16% eating chews,13% number of boluses per rumination, 5% chews per minute and 16% chews per bolus. We found 1.28 % lower reiticulorumen pH and 0.64% lower reticulorumen temperature in cows fed with the supplement compared with control group cows. Also, cows feeding with enzymes were 8.80% more active. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alfa-Amylase" title="Alfa-Amylase">Alfa-Amylase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beta-Glucanase" title=" Beta-Glucanase"> Beta-Glucanase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cows" title=" cows"> cows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-line" title=" in-line"> in-line</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensors" title=" sensors"> sensors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143264/effect-of-feed-supplement-optipartum-c-200-alfa-amylase-and-beta-glucanase-in-in-line-rumination-parameters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143264.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">669</span> EDTA Enhanced Plant Growth, Antioxidant Defense System, and Phytoextraction of Copper by Brassica napus L.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ume%20Habiba">Ume Habiba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shafaqat%20Ali"> Shafaqat Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mujahid%20Farid"> Mujahid Farid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Bilal%20Shakoor"> Muhammad Bilal Shakoor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient for normal plant growth and development, but in excess, it is also toxic to plants. The present study investigated the influence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in enhancing Cu uptake and tolerance as well as the morphological and physiological responses of Brassica napus L. seedlings under Cu stress. Four-week-old seedlings were transferred to hydroponics containing Hoagland’s nutrient solution. After 2 weeks of transplanting, three levels (0, 50, and 100 μM) of Cu were applied with or without application of 2.5 mM EDTA and plants were further grown for 8 weeks in culture media. Results showed that Cu alone significantly decreased plant growth, biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange characteristics. Cu stress also reduced the activities of antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) along with protein contents. Cu toxicity increased the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as indicated by the increased production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in both leaves and roots. The application of EDTA significantly alleviated Cu-induced toxic effects in B. napus, showing remarkable improvement in all these parameters. EDTA amendment increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes by decreasing the concentrations of MDA and H2O2 both in leaves and roots of B. napus. Although, EDTA amendment with Cu significantly increased Cu uptake in roots, stems, and leaves in decreasing order of concentration but increased the growth, photosynthetic parameters, and antioxidant enzymes. These results showed that the application of EDTA can be a useful strategy for phytoextraction of Cu by B. napus from contaminated soils. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidants" title="antioxidants">antioxidants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass" title=" biomass"> biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper" title=" copper"> copper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EDTA" title=" EDTA"> EDTA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytoextraction" title=" phytoextraction"> phytoextraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tolerance" title=" tolerance"> tolerance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17716/edta-enhanced-plant-growth-antioxidant-defense-system-and-phytoextraction-of-copper-by-brassica-napus-l" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17716.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">411</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">668</span> Increasing Photosynthetic H2 Production by in vivo Expression of Re-Engineered Ferredoxin-Hydrogenase Fusion Protein in the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dake%20Xiong">Dake Xiong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ben%20Hankamer"> Ben Hankamer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ian%20Ross"> Ian Ross</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The most urgent challenge of our time is to replace the depleting resources of fossil fuels by sustainable environmentally friendly alternatives. Hydrogen is a promising CO2-neutral fuel for a more sustainable future especially when produced photo-biologically. Hydrogen can be photosynthetically produced in unicellular green alga like Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, catalysed by the inducible highly active and bidirectional [FeFe]-hydrogenase enzymes (HydA). However, evolutionary and physiological constraints severely restrict the hydrogen yield of algae for industrial scale-up, mainly due to its competition among other metabolic pathways on photosynthetic electrons. Among them, a major challenge to be resolved is the inferior competitiveness of hydrogen production (catalysed by HydA) with NADPH production (catalysed by ferredoxin-NADP+-reductase (FNR)), which is essential for cell growth and takes up ~95% of photosynthetic electrons. In this work, the in vivo hydrogen production efficiency of mutants with ferredoxin-hydrogenase (Fd*-HydA1*) fusion protein construct, where the electron donor ferredoxin (Fd*) is fused to HydA1* and expressed in the model organism C. reinhardtii was investigated. Once Fd*-HydA1* fusion gene is expressed in algal cells, the fusion enzyme is able to draw the redistributed photosynthetic electrons and use them for efficient hydrogen production. From preliminary data, mutants with Fd*-HydA1* transgene showed a ~2-fold increase in the photosynthetic hydrogen production rate compared with its parental strain, which only possesses the native HydA in vivo. Therefore, a solid method of having more efficient hydrogen production in microalgae can be achieved through the expression of the synthetic enzymes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chlamydomonas%20reinhardtii" title="Chlamydomonas reinhardtii">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferredoxin" title=" ferredoxin"> ferredoxin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fusion%20protein" title=" fusion protein"> fusion protein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20production" title=" hydrogen production"> hydrogen production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogenase" title=" hydrogenase"> hydrogenase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86797/increasing-photosynthetic-h2-production-by-in-vivo-expression-of-re-engineered-ferredoxin-hydrogenase-fusion-protein-in-the-green-alga-chlamydomonas-reinhardtii" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86797.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">262</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">667</span> Biodegradation of Malathion by Acinetobacter baumannii Strain AFA Isolated from Domestic Sewage in Egypt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20F.%20Azmy">Ahmed F. Azmy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amal%20E.%20Saafan"> Amal E. Saafan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamer%20M.%20Essam"> Tamer M. Essam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magdy%20A.%20Amin"> Magdy A. Amin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shaban%20H.%20Ahmed"> Shaban H. Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bacterial strains capable of degradation of malathion from the domestic sewage were isolated by an enrichment culture technique. Three bacterial strains were screened and identified as Acinetobacter baumannii (AFA), Pseudomonas aeruginosae (PS1),andPseudomonas mendocina (PS2) based on morphological, biochemical identification and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Acinetobacter baumannii AFA was the most efficient malathion degrading bacterium, so used for further biodegradation study. AFA was able to grow in mineral salt medium (MSM) supplemented with malathion (100 mg/l) as a sole carbon source, and within 14 days, 84% of the initial dose was degraded by the isolate measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Strain AFA could also degrade other organophosphorus compounds including diazenon, chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion. The effect of different culture conditions on the degradation of malathion like inoculum density, other carbon or nitrogen sources, temperature and shaking were examined. Degradation of malathion and bacterial cell growth were accelerated when culture media were supplemented with yeast extract, glucose and citrate. The optimum conditions for malathion degradation by strain AFA were; an inoculum density of 1.5x 1012CFU/ml at 30°C with shaking. A specific polymerase chain reaction primers were designed manually using multiple sequence alignment of the corresponding carboxylesterase enzymes of Acinetobacter species. Sequencing result of amplified PCR product and phylogenetic analysis showed low degree of homology with the other carboxylesterase enzymes of Acinetobacter strains, so we suggested that this enzyme is a novel esterase enzyme. Isolated bacterial strains may have potential role for use in bioremediation of malathion contaminated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Acinetobacter%20baumannii" title="Acinetobacter baumannii">Acinetobacter baumannii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodegradation" title=" biodegradation"> biodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malathion" title=" malathion"> malathion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organophosphate%20pesticides" title=" organophosphate pesticides"> organophosphate pesticides</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17465/biodegradation-of-malathion-by-acinetobacter-baumannii-strain-afa-isolated-from-domestic-sewage-in-egypt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17465.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">487</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extracellular%20enzymes&page=7" rel="prev">&lsaquo;</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extracellular%20enzymes&page=1">1</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extracellular%20enzymes&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extracellular%20enzymes&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extracellular%20enzymes&page=6">6</a></li> <li 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