CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135f227c86735a4',cH: 'OoYQDC80UvmHCBLEgu1d1fJijvjOt6QDdf5cpCcdNnQ-1739797075-1.2.1.1-ht7uZWnXbVmpIN6UgGqsaF573n50VTyg5gkZETSVPAVQwRLLUPSZX9rMb.zNWYe1',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/27830\/strengthening-of-reinforced-concrete-beams-using-steel-plates?__cf_chl_tk=y_cIYM8QHI9_IsYy0yHnBJNhoKNCttGm6RUvX6BZB4g-1739797075-1.0.1.1-7HFM8BV09f1.kRW8cSaDfWl5R.K4mBqLCyTA3CnCdq0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739797075',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/27830\/strengthening-of-reinforced-concrete-beams-using-steel-plates?__cf_chl_f_tk=y_cIYM8QHI9_IsYy0yHnBJNhoKNCttGm6RUvX6BZB4g-1739797075-1.0.1.1-7HFM8BV09f1.kRW8cSaDfWl5R.K4mBqLCyTA3CnCdq0",md: "S4VDbVQgEhdgI8VsgjhVP5waq31f86JQTL1zaHKQleE-1739797075-1.2.1.1-FP0BMOtUiFLqN1QQLMFcQID4dDzAjhH_oxYWe1NSzSdpESDIGvT1me5pwLqjGPR.Np.Glxh86QUBrTHZsAwsCsYXhOA1yq32QH6cAbMz0Gizj7XK8OtmblVUItaOcfPm8Oku.b93sdRBD1L67hAoJKOxVnc7a3uSdZZWrCSa._68nL3IFpIk4W60f_QTVoTrnFtAhp5MdswAVLlUbINlaYmfgeuRbLP0FjF2MQ0d.TcdJuXpGoj79PFGo2M_eDqWvNVqocHaqlkgPeLXvyGBzlxqL9J.aHWm_fSJc8TTka2ropGTd0CQhCcv1sJNwW7cqHYtYDWfqMpYGeqVVdIOfoMfnd3fHBBXWQBvxEBWyfosmFKRQ_QnEUkDbNXfJbvyp_Rr1DrioBnQpxoiI22bKOURsRaCER.m2mO7JcbC3hxcT9qc5lKb5Ka7YXvUZuKHBSsVp4rTl.bgggIGO0kSGw3oU1wJtmmOXhB0HpvCd.ox451zxB2KAdjwfPUVXbodeOfTKGM6Kcu0eQlhPqfVpTSAbnAYYFeFHuvDW1H.DYFHU15vms1BYyWaPvHhVvQ8OMjZAJ.TrvPXp16knk1Neo28UqQN31B9SUjWXeL659Q8CM9qZA2uNUub4KZxN.Y7xcpYSBT.ykFWuqLtSdsT3FqSBbQ0emX0GjzvHA.AGXkCODoyX5bociiP4jgXev3aYy5uhQTYLaPKiao9BNOpE9PPW3qoS4zQFOumceFfU2QlnOnNdxsQg_3Vu8ey8MezR_3EFqOyBLug3qa1ygMT.Cp_gGgPySByBWpjaIF19KwnecFebm48b6x7uOrGpReXWO1T.KxzjmlTbssWrObPa5MmaaHOBpWulc6.BSNo4UK5D9y7OO41LFB8fCtMxypat7op4BJN80Z8I4emwcQAz0BOrtR0SP1NtysEpbtEt50TkrXWkk_yBm9nPJG7ZGuukwykfu.dekVkQBe3nmzMM5OuvFVh._.p651CFYui7Q_12K02ckUZFBgwcrS2vYUKJeVen38a4hMlGwtA0QDJpy49DLXd4HpBolKuk2Dt9eLqnN07mzNgDZGKTtwycYitbokGcObpfzK4xVz7muShGRpWY3mrp9dyNSgR5hLT5YWxydMHrrMOD.Q2VSM5GNK5QMO9nSSaw7Nmlg4uNJ4RFKOJSFcRJ742VgEHpdwQioVnfiz5P5FOLiG9Ln4cdSG.CdNf4cBrFbMuvDvO17PL._a6T_eUCmcX4RH3XDUPnzBt5qjBflZ854ZJ7iY7RI34.3IR1r7seZC1OsCBJuaLW5GLhjSi37VIJ0s_PaEKirgmVCFIMnC64cINaI2t9Q9tO72WGAM.idgv.dNSMLfOa0iXz.B3YSiLWCvzN4hi8xpegXVQAjMHDVbX8zXa0aWv7LHfNP2qw.DPc2SLtToY3ygVM.uAYU.ZOJd31a_97qeQLAjQrX6ct.puLJNIZB8iT0ZuijNHSBhDeNYLdhwxEnTzxwEo_1rUJxndbpUTPfnFocvyT.DlIvUZQ0zK4kqI4BsKODVDMrZ6L64zwQIzh.2YNH_sI_lwdQDaYB6xDo8mvl35pwrbieFY6.wQ8DMUvfjMT0MvTvPIu12U80SRoeVdZWAZdzOs2Uv1gz70nlEIdR6KUe9yGyK9RFEWfRUPKMfTR1AnbSx0c9lgWhG3piXw2gZVYDj8aEuDpXA.dAuhYoneBTyNjrMiLpOP23azfBKMZOBUCB35aZy6uyD8szxMlJvbOAvantYMWxmanp4xbzG92fGvn7_fjNQLdfgQAD_LOqn7q2LHj2g4bHy2FbROv0xOPqWJLJR1uoymCvx2HEJGemj3aoXs5xqQod1Ej6f8DYKlggPdwZhx4NSPiUaVEYX5HVSD0WJmVf5qMvWrxROFfh_SbkDJS1ecSvc5schQtOGQqqIhwecFVRKzvRTPvzyuiePt8pulXrPd574HxaIzFk3xDQYcb8UBq0uRALSqavo2WmXSigRudgxtpMhf1Ea1niZBCBfJo9OEdaqqOJHMtEn5l0bctiTcv5UtSEceA5um7OaqJuPkfxbYcg",mdrd: "Mf9V5PcTnpaS7HAkAM0NvuptznIqcAjl39WEy8pg_rE-1739797075-1.2.1.1-khTNIxAglKdQdmI1ILtN2hJeDQ3pWcJzZGqe7iIVZUqPiAALXQiYUt4APJBS24apbk8yLDHU7Eh70hO_j5JXTx2pULocZo7DZhktlXJ2SSWB5PKYpoQ9FyM2Odc9f47koRp.k1vO7dGxpEgiYn1gEzPnXayJO6BtcklHJi4.YmpxsV_JoWDYI0skqXrJpfLtLcqlyx4PDIikCXf5UKZXZYwB6PDJCZHtwV1uDO8WcaJ4yxixDLsfb0pw2Ur6Nyuht0tjM68d_OnL1ryrtF.C_jRU_9PwbogOphmkk7XsfQjDzKA1TpW17XLXTzCJDx_Nd0sdr0je.q2y8kkt5fk6nrMjt9xAhQJbmA8LxF_J1z2xHfggT5MJ8KUZyUBOUGB7ITlJbS2DTzFDck.g1rgzRxpwX6kCZTHXKmJKKPv2eCP4r.tKUx3K2JURhCiHfayadQfmoSaYz9kyKLNZBH5NC1shw1JLWZhLz7rwcFq47c74JfbB7CLqCOetktEK26Yr7Hcy2B3pdwlBdlTull.BAsIt1gpdYpqMsquiweulphuIgRM_i5A1qFSsqCj04bxyegLpee0_VYIvLAAZQQqVcjamb9RTVASjFJHRu6y28FXE3bXpI4gy52JRoXvUWtURbxRmuCno..DohkliHU_gQLXomoRwQWWTNi1l4YFpKGCAfQwckfjxOlt9KPSKKTfWWnjZM8p.UGvDjf4wbLjpzIGARjIMWrXMU86O5AADZgU2E1NOmS_BFNEcswME7n3QeMuXJ4T3d0iAQ3Cr_ExLB.ariSq5yApJQSF_yDBP9t0.bO.8fiz.D016XS_bcUemdAlBlm.MBNsrTwRr6uzGWtyd_lG8RJibkBwHld4Iv4pNHcONcseZHgKS97z3D5O2gM8_Ig1OOh_8zk2om5LeWilrgDKZyVeNhrHwp5W.p96hxN6uB3Q6Pdr4RR6bbOsp05wn7RZMeZoWvLPjGNjOLDQwejgsgsl6bVdcVS1eIa_TSwq3GG3PxLvfvKh_cim4WKxspp8toFYV5ORKp4fp20tM6GwCBudGNOnVHmqsIdfY0gb2RuxFmty2V_odM_NtxiqFUHG3LFxsuS7EBm.5kL7eJ1YAgIfHpOTtR5.X_BTgKYPDjklm1zkHa0luPzudXkvB36xUc2cv_MTwsn0FxfJYXF7JcZ.m4p8i_fo.X1O1ViJf77mXGXUHqf.HXUQCVnm6bu9dqnAyAmAoQt4LNqA5_ViOTn5LWCXfK9kBkm6iXZ60DALQGQIJtjWPvyaEAwUnqhoS9rYcToIZGzSyokQjSzby.h6eEjDjZXmVmN3AEPg1E1N5CUO8uAVmkGBuaqWDPC.tf40rlb5AZ3QEqS1QiMCA9bJ5xZMtD8jEBkpOoX7fpRe8NHSs4nc0VoOK2rL8kwjn.PrTPMVLr5utYl1dO9_G59zY3irO_BXCxjSxNPch4_zn4cO.U993VaGOyw9bFj1nDEzeoqx3jCcDRu64cYvLpcJLLgeF_znrkF0WnA03g8_abu8l71ClRXgRA8mMeTl1we0OlIjQnZuvLTVohPV9uQr9Sif88M8vd8KBk8G_rDb6TMB0bByVHvi0O9b8qk74iX6UdAT78KqilhLkEpOYx30uBsqDlTfAunzXaXRrjZ7KeGmZ2bFch_lrTxMHYvIyq0aUzDSBHeN0ytqnncQffm87oK6ksuh_XViy0xQr39oZhjtcwGkgmGrZdnQ2Gt8_g4F_Rdf6ZewgetTQqOPXLGtNFKW0_7sKH9qDvA_5plDL_UGDysMkvVtDZZju9Uk8JWBMTnkftEwfKREJMtyhvIERFtFx.NSqEWQbz8DvJ9OCNUhJAZzcqb8TmXF.PGrcJnxS8WbWAFWDWHTTmia6ur38YZWL6OTendUdN0CLr8GD2s.MC0C3kaaA.rh2DZStZXv.723k.LIQRZVVzMnl105nCTjf3A3F.DRPqy3CiAbvWwIMu8o2B.ced7YP6et_Wt10lNJ1caFcWA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135f227c86735a4';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/27830\/strengthening-of-reinforced-concrete-beams-using-steel-plates?__cf_chl_rt_tk=y_cIYM8QHI9_IsYy0yHnBJNhoKNCttGm6RUvX6BZB4g-1739797075-1.0.1.1-7HFM8BV09f1.kRW8cSaDfWl5R.K4mBqLCyTA3CnCdq0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>