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id="toc-Background_and_origin_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_and_origin_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Background and origin theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_origin_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empire's_peak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empire's_peak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Empire's peak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empire's_peak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Defeat and decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Social life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epigraphs_and_monetization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epigraphs_and_monetization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Epigraphs and monetization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epigraphs_and_monetization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travellers_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travellers_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Travellers and sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travellers_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 List of rulers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle List of rulers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sangama_dynasty_(1336–1485)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sangama_dynasty_(1336–1485)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Sangama dynasty (1336–1485) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sangama_dynasty_(1336–1485)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saluva_dynasty_(1485–1505)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saluva_dynasty_(1485–1505)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Saluva dynasty (1485–1505) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saluva_dynasty_(1485–1505)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuluva_dynasty_(1491–1570)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuluva_dynasty_(1491–1570)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Tuluva dynasty (1491–1570) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuluva_dynasty_(1491–1570)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aravidu_dynasty_(1542–1646)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aravidu_dynasty_(1542–1646)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Aravidu dynasty (1542–1646) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aravidu_dynasty_(1542–1646)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Fictional representations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Vijayanagara Empire</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" > 62 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="إمبراطورية فيجاياناغارا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطورية فيجاياناغارا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_vijayanagara" title="Imperiu vijayanagara – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu vijayanagara" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicayanaqar_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Vicayanaqar imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vicayanaqar imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="ویجایاناقار ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویجایاناقار ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="বিজয়নগর সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিজয়নগর সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Vijayanagara Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Vijayanagara Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Віджаянагарская імперыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Віджаянагарская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Виджаянагара (империя) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виджаянагара (империя)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_de_Vijayanagara" title="Imperi de Vijayanagara – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi de Vijayanagara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid%C5%BEajanagarsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Vidžajanagarská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vidžajanagarská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagar-kongeriget" title="Vijayanagar-kongeriget – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vijayanagar-kongeriget" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagar" title="Vijayanagar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vijayanagar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_vijayanagara" title="Imperio vijayanagara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio vijayanagara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C4%9Dajanagara_imperio" title="Viĝajanagara imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Viĝajanagara imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Inperioa" title="Vijayanagara Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vijayanagara Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="امپراتوری ویجایاناگارا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری ویجایاناگارا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Vijayanagara" title="Royaume de Vijayanagara – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Vijayanagara" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="વિજયનગર સામ્રાજ્ય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિજયનગર સામ્રાજ્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%9E%90%EC%95%BC%EB%82%98%EA%B0%80%EB%9D%BC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="비자야나가라 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비자야나가라 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="विजयनगर साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विजयनगर साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemaharajaan_Wijayanagara" title="Kemaharajaan Wijayanagara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kemaharajaan Wijayanagara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_di_Vijayanagara" title="Impero di Vijayanagara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero di Vijayanagara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8" title="אימפריית ויג'איאנגר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אימפריית ויג'איאנגר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვიჯაიანაგარის იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიჯაიანაგარის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid%C5%BEajanagaras" title="Vidžajanagaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vidžajanagaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="വിജയനഗര സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിജയനഗര സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="विजयनगरचे साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विजयनगरचे साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Vijayanagara" title="Empayar Vijayanagara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Vijayanagara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagararijk" title="Vijayanagararijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vijayanagararijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="विजयनगर साम्राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विजयनगर साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="विजयनगर साम्राज्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="विजयनगर साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="ヴィジャヤナガル王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィジャヤナガル王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagarariket" title="Vijayanagarariket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vijayanagarariket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidjayanagarariket" title="Vidjayanagarariket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vidjayanagarariket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_de_Vijayanagar" title="Empèri de Vijayanagar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri de Vijayanagar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagar" title="Vijayanagar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vijayanagar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਵਿਜੈਨਗਰ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਜੈਨਗਰ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="وجیانگر سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وجیانگر سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Wid%C5%BAajanagaru" title="Królestwo Widźajanagaru – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Widźajanagaru" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Bisnaga" title="Reino de Bisnaga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Bisnaga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Vijayanagara" title="Imperiul Vijayanagara – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Vijayanagara" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Виджаянагарская империя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виджаянагарская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="विजयनगरसाम्राज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विजयनगरसाम्राज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Vixhajanagara" title="Perandoria Vixhajanagara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Vixhajanagara" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="විජයනගර අධිරාජ්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විජයනගර අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vijayanagara Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid%C5%BEajanagarsko_carstvo" title="Vidžajanagarsko carstvo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vidžajanagarsko carstvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vijayanagara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagar" title="Vijayanagar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vijayanagar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="விஜயநகரப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விஜயநகரப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3" title="จักรวรรดิวิชัยนคร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิวิชัยนคร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D2%B7%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Виҷаянагар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Виҷаянагар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagar_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Vijayanagar İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vijayanagar İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Віджаянагарська імперія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віджаянагарська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%92_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="وجے نگر سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وجے نگر سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Vijayanagara" title="Đế quốc Vijayanagara – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Vijayanagara" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E5%A5%A2%E8%80%B6%E9%82%A3%E4%BC%BD%E7%BD%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="毗奢耶那伽罗王朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="毗奢耶那伽罗王朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E5%A5%A2%E8%80%B6%E9%82%A3%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%85%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="毗奢耶那伽羅帝國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="毗奢耶那伽羅帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E5%A5%A2%E8%80%B6%E9%82%A3%E4%BC%BD%E7%BD%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="毗奢耶那伽罗王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="毗奢耶那伽罗王朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> 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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical empire. For the capital city, see <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Vijayanagar" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vijaynagar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Vijaynagar (disambiguation)">Vijaynagar</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Karnata Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1336–1646<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Vijayanagara_Empire_c.1485.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Vijayanagara Empire in 1485, tributaries not shown"><img alt="The Vijayanagara Empire in 1485, tributaries not shown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Vijayanagara_Empire_c.1485.png/250px-Vijayanagara_Empire_c.1485.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Vijayanagara_Empire_c.1485.png/375px-Vijayanagara_Empire_c.1485.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Vijayanagara_Empire_c.1485.png/500px-Vijayanagara_Empire_c.1485.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="505" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Vijayanagara Empire in 1485, tributaries not shown</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a> (1336–1565) <a href="/wiki/Penukonda" title="Penukonda">Penukonda</a> (1565–1592) <a href="/wiki/Chandragiri" title="Chandragiri">Chandragiri</a> (1592–1604) <a href="/wiki/Vellore" title="Vellore">Vellore</a> (1604–1646)<a href="#cite_note-capitals-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a><a href="#cite_note-Bridges2016-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vijayanagara_emperors" title="List of Vijayanagara emperors">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1336–1356 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harihara_Raya_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Harihara Raya I">Harihara I</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1356–1377 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bukka_Raya_I" title="Bukka Raya I">Bukka Raya I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1423–1446 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_II" title="Deva Raya II">Deva Raya II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1509–1529 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishna Deva Raya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1529–1542 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Achyuta_Deva_Raya" title="Achyuta Deva Raya">Achyuta Deva Raya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1642–1646 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sriranga_III" title="Sriranga III">Sriranga III</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 April 1336</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Earliest records </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1343</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota" title="Battle of Talikota">Battle of Talikota</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 January 1565</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1646<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 1500 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">18,000,000<a href="#cite_note-auto12-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_coinage" title="Vijayanagara coinage">Varaha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Vijayanagara Empire,<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> also known as the Karnata Kingdom, was a late medieval <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> empire that ruled much of <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">southern India</a>. It was established in 1336 by the brothers <a href="/wiki/Harihara_I" title="Harihara I">Harihara I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukka_Raya_I" title="Bukka Raya I">Bukka Raya I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sangama_dynasty" title="Sangama dynasty">Sangama dynasty</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Yadava" title="Yadava">Yadava</a> clan of <a href="/wiki/Lunar_dynasty" title="Lunar dynasty">Chandravamsa</a> lineage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhere2011243-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESewell201122,_23,_420-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dhere2011p243-8">[b]</a> The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off <a href="/wiki/Muslim_invasions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim invasions of India">Muslim invasions</a> by the end of the 13th century. At its peak in the early 16th century under <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a>, it subjugated almost all of Southern India's ruling dynasties and pushed the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a> beyond the <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra_River" title="Tungabhadra River">Tungabhadra</a>-<a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a> River <a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">doab</a> region, in addition to annexing the <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapati Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>) up to the Krishna River, becoming one of the most prominent states in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1989xi-9">[7]</a> The empire's territory covered most of the lands of the modern-day Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> The empire lasted until 1646, although its power declined greatly after a major military defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota" title="Battle of Talikota">Battle of Talikota</a> in 1565 by the combined armies of the Deccan sultanates. The empire is named after its capital city of <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a>) whose extensive ruins are now a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in Karnataka. The wealth and fame of the empire inspired visits by and writings of medieval European travelers such as <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Paes" title="Domingo Paes">Domingo Paes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Nunes" title="Fernão Nunes">Fernão Nunes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%B2_de%27_Conti" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolò de' Conti">Nicolò de' Conti</a>. These travelogues, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_literature" title="Contemporary literature">contemporary literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a> in the local languages, and modern archeological excavations at Vijayanagara have provided ample information about the history and power of the empire. The empire's legacy includes monuments spread over Southern India, the best known of which is the group at Hampi. Different temple building traditions in South and <a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a> were merged into the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara architectural style</a>. This synthesis inspired architectural innovations in the construction of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a>. Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies to the region such as <a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">water management</a> systems for irrigation. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> with topics such as <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theater</a> gaining popularity. The classical music of Southern India, <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a>, evolved into its current form. The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in the history of Southern India that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as an unifying factor. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background: #EEEEEE;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vijayanagara Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#BBDDFF; border-bottom: #000000 5px;"> Ruling dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEEEEE; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangama_dynasty" title="Sangama dynasty">Sangama dynasty</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Harihara_I" title="Harihara I">Harihara I</a></td><td>1336–1356</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Bukka_Raya_I" title="Bukka Raya I">Bukka Raya I</a></td><td>1356–1377</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Harihara_Raya_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Harihara Raya II">Harihara Raya II</a></td><td>1377–1404</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Virupaksha_Raya" title="Virupaksha Raya">Virupaksha Raya</a></td><td>1404–1405</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Bukka_Raya_II" title="Bukka Raya II">Bukka Raya II</a></td><td>1405–1406</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_I" title="Deva Raya I">Deva Raya I</a></td><td>1406–1422</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Raya" title="Ramachandra Raya">Ramachandra Raya</a></td><td>1422</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Vira_Vijaya_Bukka_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya">Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya</a></td><td>1422–1424</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_II" title="Deva Raya II">Deva Raya II</a></td><td>1424–1446</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjuna_Raya" title="Mallikarjuna Raya">Mallikarjuna Raya</a></td><td>1446–1465</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Virupaksha_Raya_II" title="Virupaksha Raya II">Virupaksha Raya II</a></td><td>1465–1485</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Praudha_Raya" title="Praudha Raya">Praudha Raya</a></td><td>1485</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEEEEE; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Saluva_dynasty" title="Saluva dynasty">Saluva dynasty</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Saluva_Narasimha_Deva_Raya" title="Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya">Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya</a></td><td>1485–1491</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Thimma_Bhupala" title="Thimma Bhupala">Thimma Bhupala</a></td><td>1491</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Raya_II" title="Narasimha Raya II">Narasimha Raya II</a></td><td>1491–1505</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEEEEE; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tuluva_dynasty" title="Tuluva dynasty">Tuluva dynasty</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Tuluva_Narasa_Nayaka" title="Tuluva Narasa Nayaka">Tuluva Narasa Nayaka</a></td><td>1491–1503</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Viranarasimha_Raya" title="Viranarasimha Raya">Vira Narasimha Raya</a></td><td>1503–1509</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishna Deva Raya</a></td><td>1509–1529</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Achyuta_Deva_Raya" title="Achyuta Deva Raya">Achyuta Deva Raya</a></td><td>1529–1542</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Venkata_I" title="Venkata I">Venkata I</a></td><td>1542</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Sadasiva_Raya" title="Sadasiva Raya">Sadasiva Raya</a></td><td>1542–1570</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEEEEE; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aravidu_dynasty" title="Aravidu dynasty">Aravidu dynasty</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Rama_Raya_(statesman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama Raya (statesman)">Rama Raya</a></td><td>1542–1565</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Tirumala_Deva_Raya" title="Tirumala Deva Raya">Tirumala Deva Raya</a></td><td>1565–1572</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Sriranga_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sriranga I">Sriranga I</a></td><td>1572–1586</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Venkata_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkata II">Venkata II</a></td><td>1586–1614</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Sriranga_II" title="Sriranga II">Sriranga II</a></td><td>1614</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Rama_Deva_Raya" title="Rama Deva Raya">Rama Deva Raya</a></td><td>1617–1632</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Venkata_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkata III">Venkata III</a></td><td>1632–1642</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><a href="/wiki/Sriranga_III" title="Sriranga III">Sriranga III</a></td><td>1642–1646</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Vijayanagara ruins, 19th century</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_Bala_Krishna_Temple_Vijayanagara_Hampi_1868_Edmund_Lyon_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ruins_of_Bala_Krishna_Temple_Vijayanagara_Hampi_1868_Edmund_Lyon_photo.jpg/202px-Ruins_of_Bala_Krishna_Temple_Vijayanagara_Hampi_1868_Edmund_Lyon_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ruins_of_Bala_Krishna_Temple_Vijayanagara_Hampi_1868_Edmund_Lyon_photo.jpg/303px-Ruins_of_Bala_Krishna_Temple_Vijayanagara_Hampi_1868_Edmund_Lyon_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ruins_of_Bala_Krishna_Temple_Vijayanagara_Hampi_1868_Edmund_Lyon_photo.jpg/404px-Ruins_of_Bala_Krishna_Temple_Vijayanagara_Hampi_1868_Edmund_Lyon_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="712" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Krishna temple in 1868</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_Vijianuggur,_the_Volkonda_Ramachandra_temple_in_Hampi,_Vijayanagara,_1868_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ruins_of_Vijianuggur%2C_the_Volkonda_Ramachandra_temple_in_Hampi%2C_Vijayanagara%2C_1868_photo.jpg/182px-Ruins_of_Vijianuggur%2C_the_Volkonda_Ramachandra_temple_in_Hampi%2C_Vijayanagara%2C_1868_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ruins_of_Vijianuggur%2C_the_Volkonda_Ramachandra_temple_in_Hampi%2C_Vijayanagara%2C_1868_photo.jpg/273px-Ruins_of_Vijianuggur%2C_the_Volkonda_Ramachandra_temple_in_Hampi%2C_Vijayanagara%2C_1868_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ruins_of_Vijianuggur%2C_the_Volkonda_Ramachandra_temple_in_Hampi%2C_Vijayanagara%2C_1868_photo.jpg/364px-Ruins_of_Vijianuggur%2C_the_Volkonda_Ramachandra_temple_in_Hampi%2C_Vijayanagara%2C_1868_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="676" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Rama temple in 1868</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Vitthala_temple_mandapa_in_Hampi,_Vijayanagara_1880_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Interior_of_Vitthala_temple_mandapa_in_Hampi%2C_Vijayanagara_1880_photo.jpg/192px-Interior_of_Vitthala_temple_mandapa_in_Hampi%2C_Vijayanagara_1880_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Interior_of_Vitthala_temple_mandapa_in_Hampi%2C_Vijayanagara_1880_photo.jpg/288px-Interior_of_Vitthala_temple_mandapa_in_Hampi%2C_Vijayanagara_1880_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Interior_of_Vitthala_temple_mandapa_in_Hampi%2C_Vijayanagara_1880_photo.jpg/384px-Interior_of_Vitthala_temple_mandapa_in_Hampi%2C_Vijayanagara_1880_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Vitthala temple in 1880</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hampi_King%27s_Balance_Vitthala_temple_street_entrance_near_river_1856_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hampi_King%27s_Balance_Vitthala_temple_street_entrance_near_river_1856_photo.jpg/192px-Hampi_King%27s_Balance_Vitthala_temple_street_entrance_near_river_1856_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hampi_King%27s_Balance_Vitthala_temple_street_entrance_near_river_1856_photo.jpg/288px-Hampi_King%27s_Balance_Vitthala_temple_street_entrance_near_river_1856_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hampi_King%27s_Balance_Vitthala_temple_street_entrance_near_river_1856_photo.jpg/384px-Hampi_King%27s_Balance_Vitthala_temple_street_entrance_near_river_1856_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1875" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">King's balance in 1858</div></div></div></div></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> 'Vijaynagar' translates to 'City of Victory'. Karnata Rajya (Karnata Kingdom) was another name for the Vijayanagara Empire, used in some inscriptions and literary works of the Vijayanagara times including the Sanskrit work Jambavati Kalyanam by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> and Telugu work Vasu Charitamu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzMichell200114-11">[9]</a> Europeans referred to the Vijayanagara Empire as "The Kingdom of Narasinga".<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a> a name derived from "Narasimha" by the Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> It is not clear whether the name was derived from <a href="/wiki/Saluva_Narasimha_Deva_Raya" title="Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya">Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya</a> or <a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Raya_II" title="Narasimha Raya II">Narasimha Raya II</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_and_origin_theories">Background and origin theories</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Origin of the Vijayanagara Empire">Origin of the Vijayanagara Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_city_of_Vijayanagara" title="Medieval city of Vijayanagara">Medieval city of Vijayanagara</a></div> Before the early 14th-century rise of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Hindu states of the Deccan – the <a href="/wiki/Seuna_Yadavas_of_Devagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri">Yadava Empire</a> of Devagiri, the <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Empire">Pandyan Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> – were repeatedly raided and attacked by <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> from the north. By 1336 the upper Deccan region (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>) had been defeated by armies of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955216-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003Part_II,_p._22-16">[13]</a> Further south in the Deccan region, <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a> commander, Singeya Nayaka-III, declared independence after the Muslim forces of the Delhi Sultanate defeated and captured the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Yadava_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadava Empire">Yadava Empire</a> in 1294.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein198918–19-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-gilmartin300-18">[15]</a> He created the <a href="/wiki/Kampili_kingdom" title="Kampili kingdom">Kampili kingdom</a> near <a href="/wiki/Gulbarga" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulbarga">Gulbarga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra_River" title="Tungabhadra River">Tungabhadra River</a> in the northeastern parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> state.<a href="#cite_note-talbot281-19">[16]</a> The kingdom collapsed after a defeat by the armies of Delhi Sultanate and upon their defeat, the populace committed a <a href="/wiki/Jauhar" title="Jauhar">jauhar</a> (ritual mass suicide) in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1327–28.<a href="#cite_note-Storm2015p311-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> The Vijayanagara Kingdom was founded in 1336 as a successor to the hitherto prosperous Hindu kingdoms of the Hoysalas, the Kakatiyas, and the Yadavas with the breakaway Kampili Kingdom adding a new dimension to the resistance to the Muslim invasion of South India.<a href="#cite_note-gilmartin300-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003part_II,_pp._22–24-22">[19]</a> Two theories have been proposed regarding the linguistic origins of the Vijayanagara Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson201643–44-23">[20]</a> One is that <a href="/wiki/Harihara_I" title="Harihara I">Harihara I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukka_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukka I">Bukka I</a>, the founders of the empire, were <a href="/wiki/Kannadigas" title="Kannadigas">Kannadigas</a> and commanders in the army of the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a> stationed in the Tungabhadra region to ward off Muslim invasions from Northern India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarmarkar194730-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004188-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice2001345-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kannadaempire-27">[d]</a> Another theory is that Harihara and Bukkaraya were <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu</a> people, first associated with the <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya Kingdom</a>, who took control of the northern parts of the Hoysala Empire during its decline. They were believed to have been captured by the army of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a> at <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-telguorigin-28">[e]</a> According to tradition, based on a Telugu-narrative, the founders were supported and inspired by <a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a>, a saint at the <a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a> monastery, to fight the Muslim invasion of South India,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955216-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001160-29">[24]</a> but the role of Vidyaranya in the founding of the Vijayanagara Empire is not certain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodding201387-30">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3></div> In the first two decades after the founding of the empire, <a href="/wiki/Harihara_I" title="Harihara I">Harihara I</a> gained control over most of the area south of the <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra_River" title="Tungabhadra River">Tungabhadra River</a> and earned the title of "master of the eastern and western seas" (Purvapaschima Samudradhishavara). By 1374 <a href="/wiki/Bukka_Raya_I" title="Bukka Raya I">Bukka Raya I</a>, successor to Harihara I, defeated the chiefdom of <a href="/wiki/Arcot" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcot">Arcot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reddi_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reddi kingdom">Reddys</a> of Kondavidu, and the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Sultan of Madurai</a>, and had gained control over <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra_River" title="Tungabhadra River">Tungabhadra</a>-<a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna River</a> <a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">doab</a> in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001162-31">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955317-32">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2013103–106-33">[28]</a> The original capital of the empire was in the <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anegondi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anegondi">Anegondi</a> on the northern banks of the Tungabhadra River in today's Karnataka. It was moved to Vijayanagara during Bukka Raya I's reign because it was easier to defend against the Muslim armies, who were persistently attacking from the northern lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003Part_II,_p._24-34">[29]</a> With the Vijayanagara Empire now imperial in stature, <a href="/wiki/Harihara_II" title="Harihara II">Harihara II</a>, the second son of Bukka Raya I, further consolidated the empire beyond the Krishna River and South India was controlled by the Vijayanagara Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955242-35">[30]</a> The next ruler, <a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_I" title="Deva Raya I">Deva Raya I</a>, was successful against the <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_dynasty" title="Gajapati dynasty">Gajapatis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and undertook works of fortification and irrigation.<a href="#cite_note-aqueduct-36">[f]</a> Firuz Bahmani of <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a> entered into a treaty with Deva Raya I in 1407 that required the latter to pay Bahmani an annual tribute of "100,000 huns, five maunds of pearls and fifty elephants". The Sultanate invaded Vijayanagara in 1417 when the latter defaulted in paying the tribute. Such wars for tribute payment by Vijayanagara were repeated in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200689–90_with_footnote_28-37">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_II" title="Deva Raya II">Deva Raya II</a> (eulogized in contemporary literature as Gajabetekara)<a href="#cite_note-hunter-38">[g]</a> succeeded to the throne in 1424. He was possibly the most successful of the <a href="/wiki/Sangama_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangama Dynasty">Sangama Dynasty</a> rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955244-39">[32]</a> He quelled rebelling feudal lords and the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kozhikode" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kozhikode">Calicut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venad_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad (historical region)">Quilon</a> in the south. He invaded <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and became overlord of the kings of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Pegu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanintharyi_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanintharyi Division">Tanasserim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burma-40">[h]</a> By 1436 the rebellious chiefs of Kondavidu and the Velama rulers were successfully dealt with and had to accept Vijayanagara overlordship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003part_II,_p._31-41">[33]</a> After a few years of tranquility, wars broke out with the Bahmani Sultanate in 1443 with some successes and some reversals. The Persian visitor <a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Firishta</a> attributes Deva Raya II's war preparations, which included augmenting his armies with Muslim archers and cavalry, to be the cause of the conflict. Contemporary Persian ambassador <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Razzaq_Samarqandi" title="Abd al-Razzaq Samarqandi">Abdur Razzak</a> attributes the war to the Bahmani Sultan capitalizing on the confusion caused by an internal revolt within the Vijayanagara Empire, including an attempt to assassinate the Raya by his brother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003part_II,_p._2-42">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_tower_and_mantapa_at_the_Raghunatha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/View_of_tower_and_mantapa_at_the_Raghunatha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG/220px-View_of_tower_and_mantapa_at_the_Raghunatha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/View_of_tower_and_mantapa_at_the_Raghunatha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG/330px-View_of_tower_and_mantapa_at_the_Raghunatha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/View_of_tower_and_mantapa_at_the_Raghunatha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG/440px-View_of_tower_and_mantapa_at_the_Raghunatha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>View of tower and mantapa at Ragunatha temple in <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a></figcaption></figure> Deva Raya II was succeeded by his elder son <a href="/wiki/Mallikarjuna_Raya" title="Mallikarjuna Raya">Mallikarjuna Raya</a> in 1446. The Gajapati emperor removed the Vijayanagara control over the Tamil country by occupying the Reddi kingdoms of Rajahmundry, Kondaveedu, <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirapalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirapalli">Tiruchirapalli</a>. These defeats reduced the Vijayanagara Empire's prestige, described by an inscription which described the Gajapati king as "a yawning lion to the sheep of the Karnatak King".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003part_II,_p._33-43">[35]</a> Mallikarjuna's successor <a href="/wiki/Virupaksha_Raya_II" title="Virupaksha Raya II">Virupaksha Raya II</a> led a life of pleasure perusing wine and women leading to the loss of Goa and much of Karnataka to the Bahmani Sultanate. His governor Saluva Narasimha reduced the loss of territory by holding almost all of coastal Andhra Pradesh south of the Krishna river, Chittoor, the two Arcots and Kolar. Saluva Narashimha defeated the Gajapatis and held Udayagiri, drove out the Pandyas from Tanjore, and took procession of <a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Machilipatnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kondaveedu_Fort" title="Kondaveedu Fort">Kondaveedu</a>. He later defeated Bahmani forces and recovered most of the empire's earlier losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003part_II,_p._34-44">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THRONE_PLATFORM(Mahanavami_Dibba)-Dr._Murali_Mohan_Gurram_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/THRONE_PLATFORM%28Mahanavami_Dibba%29-Dr._Murali_Mohan_Gurram_%288%29.jpg/220px-THRONE_PLATFORM%28Mahanavami_Dibba%29-Dr._Murali_Mohan_Gurram_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/THRONE_PLATFORM%28Mahanavami_Dibba%29-Dr._Murali_Mohan_Gurram_%288%29.jpg/330px-THRONE_PLATFORM%28Mahanavami_Dibba%29-Dr._Murali_Mohan_Gurram_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/THRONE_PLATFORM%28Mahanavami_Dibba%29-Dr._Murali_Mohan_Gurram_%288%29.jpg/440px-THRONE_PLATFORM%28Mahanavami_Dibba%29-Dr._Murali_Mohan_Gurram_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>"Throne platform" or "Victory Platform" or "Mahanavami Dibba" or "Dussera Dibba". This surviving structure is in the Royal Enclosure.</figcaption></figure> After the death of Virupaksha Raya II in 1485, <a href="/wiki/Saluva_Narasimha_Deva_Raya" title="Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya">Saluva Narasimha</a> led a coup that ended the dynastic rule while continuing to defend the empire from raids by the Sultanates created from the continuing disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate in its north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200686–87-45">[37]</a> Saluva Narasimha left his two adolescent sons under the care of general <a href="/wiki/Tuluva_Narasa_Nayaka" title="Tuluva Narasa Nayaka">Tuluva Narasa Nayaka</a> who ably defended the empire from their traditional enemies, the Gajapati king and the Bahmani Sultan. He also subdued rebelling chiefs of the Chera, the Chola and the Pandya territories. Despite many attempts by nobles and members of the royal family to overthrow him, Narasa Nayaka retained control as regent till 1503.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003part_II,_pp._35–36-46">[38]</a> In 1503, Narasa Nayaka's son Vira Narasimha had prince Immadi Narasimha of the <a href="/wiki/Saluva_dynasty" title="Saluva dynasty">Saluva dynasty</a> assassinated and took over the rule in a coup thus becoming the first of the <a href="/wiki/Tuluva_dynasty" title="Tuluva dynasty">Tuluva dynasty</a> rulers. This did not go well with the nobles who revolted. Seeing internal troubles grow, the Gajapati king and the Bahmani Sultan began to encroach on the empire even as the governors of Ummattur, <a href="/wiki/Adoni" title="Adoni">Adoni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Talakad" class="mw-redirect" title="Talakad">Talakad</a> colluded to capture the Tungabhadra-Krishna river doab region from the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003part_II,_p._36-47">[39]</a> The empire came under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishna Deva Raya</a> in 1509, another son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955250-48">[40]</a> Initially Krishnadevaraya faced many obstacles including dissatisfied nobles, the rebellious chief of Ummattur in the south, a resurgent Gajapati kingdom under King Prataparudra, a growing threat from the newly formed Adil Shahi Sultanate of Bijapur under Yusuf Adil Khan and Portuguese interest in controlling the west coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003part_II,_p._37-49">[41]</a> Not one to be unnerved by these pressures he strengthened and consolidated the empire, one victory at a time. He was an astute ruler who hired both Hindus and Muslims into his army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200687–88-50">[42]</a> In the following decades, the empire covered Southern India and successfully defeated invasions from the five established <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a> to its north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955239-51">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001159-52">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empire's_peak">Empire's peak</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Garuda_Temple,_Maha_Mandapa_and_Eastern_Gopura,_Vitthala_Temple_Complex_1856_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Garuda_Temple%2C_Maha_Mandapa_and_Eastern_Gopura%2C_Vitthala_Temple_Complex_1856_photo.jpg/160px-Garuda_Temple%2C_Maha_Mandapa_and_Eastern_Gopura%2C_Vitthala_Temple_Complex_1856_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Garuda_Temple%2C_Maha_Mandapa_and_Eastern_Gopura%2C_Vitthala_Temple_Complex_1856_photo.jpg/240px-Garuda_Temple%2C_Maha_Mandapa_and_Eastern_Gopura%2C_Vitthala_Temple_Complex_1856_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Garuda_Temple%2C_Maha_Mandapa_and_Eastern_Gopura%2C_Vitthala_Temple_Complex_1856_photo.jpg/320px-Garuda_Temple%2C_Maha_Mandapa_and_Eastern_Gopura%2C_Vitthala_Temple_Complex_1856_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1875" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_elegant_stone_chariot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_elegant_stone_chariot.jpg/174px-The_elegant_stone_chariot.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_elegant_stone_chariot.jpg/261px-The_elegant_stone_chariot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_elegant_stone_chariot.jpg/348px-The_elegant_stone_chariot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5821" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Garuda stone chariot and Vitthala temple gopuram in 1856 (left) and 2016.</div></div></div></div> The empire reached its peak during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Deva_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna Deva Raya">Krishna Deva Raya</a> (1509–1529) when Vijayanagara armies were consistently victorious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200688–89-53">[45]</a> The empire gained territory from the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raichur" title="Battle of Raichur">Raichur in 1520</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulbarga" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulbarga">Gulbarga</a> in the central Deccan, and from wars with Sultan <a href="/wiki/Quli_Qutb_Shah" title="Quli Qutb Shah">Quli Qutb Shah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Golconda" title="Sultanate of Golconda">Golconda</a> in the eastern Deccan; the <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a> region as well was gained from the <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapatis of Odisha</a>. This was in addition to the already established presence in the southern Deccan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003part_II,_pp._37–39-54">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-richcity-55">[i]</a> Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of Emperor Krishna Deva Raya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallapiccola200166-56">[47]</a> Krishna Deva Raya was succeeded by his younger half-brother <a href="/wiki/Achyuta_Deva_Raya" title="Achyuta Deva Raya">Achyuta Deva Raya</a> in 1529. When Achyuta Deva Raya died in 1542, <a href="/wiki/Sadashiva_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadashiva Raya">Sadashiva Raya</a>, the teenage nephew of Achyuta Raya, was appointed emperor, with <a href="/wiki/Rama_Raya_(statesman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama Raya (statesman)">Rama Raya</a>, Krishna Deva Raya's son-in-law, becoming the caretaker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200679-57">[48]</a> When Sadashiva Raya was old enough to assert his independent claim over the throne, Rama Raya made him a virtual prisoner and became the de facto ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200692-58">[49]</a> He hired Muslim generals in his army from his previous diplomatic connections with the Deccan sultanates and called himself "Sultan of the World".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200693–101-59">[50]</a> This included both <a href="/wiki/Deccanis" title="Deccanis">Deccani Muslims</a> recruited from anywhere in the Deccan or Westerners from beyond the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200687-60">[51]</a> He was keenly interfering in the internal affairs of the various sultanates in the Deccan and on playing off the Muslim powers against one another, while making himself the ruler of the most powerful and influential regional power. This worked for a while but eventually made him very unpopular among his people and the Muslim rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillai2020116–118-61">[52]</a> He made a commercial treaty with the Portuguese to stop the supply of horses to <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bijapur" title="Sultanate of Bijapur">Bijapur</a>, then defeated the Bijapur sultan and inflicted humiliating defeats on Golconda and <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003part_II,_p._43-62">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat_and_decline">Defeat and decline</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Talikota_(formatted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Battle_of_Talikota_%28formatted%29.jpg/400px-Battle_of_Talikota_%28formatted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Battle_of_Talikota_%28formatted%29.jpg/600px-Battle_of_Talikota_%28formatted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Battle_of_Talikota_%28formatted%29.jpg/800px-Battle_of_Talikota_%28formatted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="1790" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota" title="Battle of Talikota">Battle of Talikota</a> (1565). In the right panel, <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Nizam_Shah_I" title="Hussain Nizam Shah I">Husain Shah</a> (riding a horse) orders the decapitation of <a href="/wiki/Rama_Raya_(statesman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama Raya (statesman)">Rama Raya</a> (reigned 1542–65), the defeated ruler of Vijaianagara. Ta'rif-i Husain Shahi (Chronicle of Husain Shah).</figcaption></figure> Eventually the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a> to the north of Vijayanagara united and attacked Rama Raya's army in January 1565 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota" title="Battle of Talikota">Battle of Talikota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200696–98-63">[54]</a> Regarding the Vijayanagara defeat in battle, Kamath opines that the Sultanate armies, though numerically disadvantaged, were better equipped and trained. Their artillery was manned by expert Turkish gunmen while the Vijayanagara army depended on European mercenaries using outdated artillery. The Sultanate cavalry rode fast moving Persian horses and used spears that were fifteen to sixteen feet long giving them a greater reach, and their archers used metal <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbows</a> which enabled their arrows to reach longer distances. In comparison, the Vijayanagara army depended on slow-moving <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a>, a cavalry riding mostly locally bred weaker horses wielding shorter-reach javelins, and their archers used traditional bamboo bows with a shorter range. Richard Eaton argues that Vijayanagara's inferiority was due to Krishna Raya's failure to invest in military technology in the years since Raichur because his victory against a technologically superior army led him to underestimate technology's value.<a href="#cite_note-Eaton-64">[55]</a> Despite these disadvantages, Kamath, Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund concur that the vast Vijayanagara army appeared to have the upper hand until two Muslim generals (identified as the mercenary Gilani brothers according to Kamath) switched sides and joined forces with the Deccan sultanates turning the tide decisively in favor of them. The generals captured Rama Raya and beheaded him, and Sultan Hussain had the severed head stuffed with straw for display.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004191-65">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200698-66">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001172–173-67">[58]</a> Rama Raya's beheading created confusion and havoc in the Vijayanagara army, which were then completely routed. The Deccan sultanates' army plundered <a href="/wiki/Hampi_(town)" title="Hampi (town)">Hampi</a> and reduced it to the ruinous state in which it remains today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200698–101-68">[59]</a> After Rama Raya's death, <a href="/wiki/Tirumala_Deva_Raya" title="Tirumala Deva Raya">Tirumala Deva Raya</a> started the <a href="/wiki/Aravidu_dynasty" title="Aravidu dynasty">Aravidu dynasty</a>, founded a new capital of <a href="/wiki/Penukonda" title="Penukonda">Penukonda</a> to replace the destroyed Hampi, and attempted to reconstitute the remains of Vijayanagara Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2006100–101-69">[60]</a> Tirumala abdicated in 1572, dividing the remains of his empire to his three sons. The Aravidu dynasty successors ruled the region but the empire collapsed in 1614, and the final remains ended in 1646, from continued wars with the <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Bijapur sultanate</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001174-70">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaswamy200711–12-71">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2006101–115-72">[63]</a> During this period, more kingdoms in South India became independent and separate from Vijayanagara, including the <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Nayakas of Chitradurga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keladi_Nayaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Keladi Nayaka">Keladi Nayaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Gingee" title="Nayaks of Gingee">Nayak Kingdom of Gingee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanjavur Nayaks">Nayaks of Tanjore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Nayak Dynasty">Nayaks of Madurai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001220,_226,_234-73">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahanavami_Dibba1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mahanavami_Dibba1.jpg/220px-Mahanavami_Dibba1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mahanavami_Dibba1.jpg/330px-Mahanavami_Dibba1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mahanavami_Dibba1.jpg/440px-Mahanavami_Dibba1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Tourists on top of Mahanavami Platform in Royal Enclosure.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hampi_group_of_monuments-Hampi-Karnataka-DSC_7874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hampi_group_of_monuments-Hampi-Karnataka-DSC_7874.jpg/220px-Hampi_group_of_monuments-Hampi-Karnataka-DSC_7874.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hampi_group_of_monuments-Hampi-Karnataka-DSC_7874.jpg/330px-Hampi_group_of_monuments-Hampi-Karnataka-DSC_7874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hampi_group_of_monuments-Hampi-Karnataka-DSC_7874.jpg/440px-Hampi_group_of_monuments-Hampi-Karnataka-DSC_7874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Corridor at Temple from Vijayanagara capital <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kannada_inscription_(1509_AD)_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kannada_inscription_%281509_AD%29_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG/170px-Kannada_inscription_%281509_AD%29_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kannada_inscription_%281509_AD%29_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG/255px-Kannada_inscription_%281509_AD%29_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kannada_inscription_%281509_AD%29_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG/340px-Kannada_inscription_%281509_AD%29_of_Krishnadeva_Raya_at_entrance_to_mantapa_of_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Kannada inscription of Emperor Krishna Deva Raya, dated 1509, at the <a href="/wiki/Virupaksha_Temple,_Hampi" title="Virupaksha Temple, Hampi">Virupaksha temple</a> in Hampi, describing his coronation and the construction of the large open <a href="/wiki/Mandapa" title="Mandapa">mantapa</a></figcaption></figure> The rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire maintained the administrative methods developed by their predecessors, the Hoysala, Kakatiya and Pandya kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-74">[j]</a> The emperor, ministry, territory, fort, treasury, <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Vijayanagara" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Vijayanagara">military</a>, and ally formed the seven critical elements that influenced every aspect of governance.<a href="#cite_note-varna-76">[k]</a> The emperor was the ultimate authority, assisted by a cabinet of ministers (Pradhana) headed by the prime minister (Mahapradhana). Other important titles recorded were the chief secretary (Karyakartha or Rayaswami) and the imperial officers (Adhikari). All high-ranking ministers and officers were required to have military training.<a href="#cite_note-77">[l]</a> A secretariat near the emperor's palace employed <a href="/wiki/Scribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribes">scribes</a> and officers to maintain records made official by using a <a href="/wiki/Wax_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax seal">wax seal</a> imprinted with the ring of the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-78">[m]</a> At the lower administrative levels, wealthy feudal landlords (Gowdas) supervised accountants (Karanikas or Karnam) and guards (Kavalu). The palace administration was divided into 72 departments (Niyogas), each having several female attendants chosen for their youth and beauty (some imported or captured in victorious battles) who were trained to handle minor administrative matters and to serve men of nobility as courtesans or concubines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955286-79">[66]</a> The empire was divided into five main provinces (Rajya), each under a commander (Dandanayaka or Dandanatha) and headed by a governor, often from the royal family, who used the native language for administrative purposes.<a href="#cite_note-80">[n]</a> A Rajya was divided into regions (<a href="/wiki/Vishaya" title="Vishaya">Vishaya</a>, Vente or Kottam) and further divided into counties (Sime or Nadu), themselves subdivided into municipalities (Kampana or Sthala). Hereditary families ruled their respective territories and paid tribute to the empire, while some areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Keladi_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keladi (India)">Keladi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>, came under the direct supervision of a commander.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001176–177-81">[67]</a> On the battlefield, the emperor's commanders led the troops. The empire's war strategy rarely involved massive invasions; more often it employed small-scale methods such as attacking and destroying individual forts. The empire was among the first in India to use long-range artillery, which were commonly manned by foreign gunners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955287-82">[68]</a> Army troops were of two types: the emperor's personal army directly recruited by the empire and the feudal army under each feudatory. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a>'s personal army consisted of 100,000 infantry, 20,000 cavalrymen, and over 900 elephants. The whole army was claimed to number over 1.1 million soldiers, with up to 2 million having been recorded, along with a navy led by a Navigadaprabhu (commander of the navy).<a href="#cite_note-83">[o]</a> The army recruited from all classes of society, supported by the collection of additional feudal tributes from feudatory rulers, and consisted of archers and <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musketeers</a> wearing quilted <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunics</a>, shieldmen with swords and <a href="/wiki/Poignard" title="Poignard">poignards</a> in their girdles, and soldiers carrying shields so large that armour was not necessary. The horses and elephants were fully armoured and the elephants had knives fastened to their tusks to do maximum damage in battle.<a href="#cite_note-84">[p]</a> The capital city was dependent on water supply systems constructed to channel and store water, ensuring a consistent supply throughout the year. The remains of these hydraulic systems have given historians a picture of the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Surface-water_hydrology" title="Surface-water hydrology">surface water</a> distribution methods in use at that time in the semiarid regions of South India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison-Jenkins200189-85">[69]</a> Contemporary records and notes of foreign travellers describe huge tanks constructed by labourers.<a href="#cite_note-86">[q]</a> Excavations uncovered the remains of a well-connected water distribution system existing solely within the royal enclosure and the large temple complexes (suggesting it was for the exclusive use of royalty, and for special ceremonies) with sophisticated channels using gravity and <a href="/wiki/Siphon" title="Siphon">siphons</a> to <a href="/wiki/Water_transportation" title="Water transportation">transport water</a> through pipelines.<a href="#cite_note-87">[70]</a> In the fertile agricultural areas near the <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra_River" title="Tungabhadra River">Tungabhadra River</a>, canals were dug to guide the river water into <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">irrigation tanks</a>. These canals had <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">sluices</a> that were opened and closed to control the water flow. In other areas, the administration encouraged digging wells, which were monitored by administrative authorities. Large tanks in the capital city were constructed with royal patronage while smaller tanks were funded by wealthy individuals to gain social and religious merit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison-Jenkins200188–99-88">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_Jital_coin_of_the_Vijayanagar_Empire,_struck_during_the_reign_of_Krishnadevaraya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Copper_Jital_coin_of_the_Vijayanagar_Empire%2C_struck_during_the_reign_of_Krishnadevaraya.jpg/220px-Copper_Jital_coin_of_the_Vijayanagar_Empire%2C_struck_during_the_reign_of_Krishnadevaraya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Copper_Jital_coin_of_the_Vijayanagar_Empire%2C_struck_during_the_reign_of_Krishnadevaraya.jpg/330px-Copper_Jital_coin_of_the_Vijayanagar_Empire%2C_struck_during_the_reign_of_Krishnadevaraya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Copper_Jital_coin_of_the_Vijayanagar_Empire%2C_struck_during_the_reign_of_Krishnadevaraya.jpg/440px-Copper_Jital_coin_of_the_Vijayanagar_Empire%2C_struck_during_the_reign_of_Krishnadevaraya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>Copper Jital coin of the Vijayanagar Empire, struck during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a>, having the <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> motif on obverse.</figcaption></figure> The economy of the empire was largely dependent on agriculture. <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a> (jowar), cotton, and <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(legume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse (legume)">pulse legumes</a> grew in semi-arid regions, while sugarcane and rice thrived in rainy areas. <a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel leaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">areca</a> (for chewing), and coconut were the principal cash crops, and large-scale cotton production supplied the weaving centers of the empire's vibrant textile industry. Spices such as <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>, pepper, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a> grew in the remote <a href="/wiki/Malnad" class="mw-redirect" title="Malnad">Malnad</a> hill region and were transported to the city for trade. The empire's capital city was a thriving business centre that included a burgeoning market in large quantities of precious gems and gold. Prolific temple-building provided employment to thousands of <a href="/wiki/Stone_masonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone masonry">masons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptors</a>, and other skilled artisans.<a href="#cite_note-89">[r]</a> According to Abdur Razzak, much of the empire was fertile and well cultivated.<a href="#cite_note-ports-90">[s]</a> Most of the growers were <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmers</a> and were given the right of part ownership of the land over time. Tax policies encouraging needed produce made distinctions between land use to determine tax levies. For example, the daily market availability of rose petals was important for perfumers, so cultivation of roses received a lower tax assessment.<a href="#cite_note-:0-91">[72]</a> Salt production and the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(evaporation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt pan (evaporation)">salt pans</a> were controlled by similar means. The making of <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a> (clarified butter), which was sold as an oil for human consumption and as a fuel for lighting lamps, was profitable.<a href="#cite_note-92">[73]</a> Exports to China intensified and included cotton, spices, jewels, <a href="/wiki/Semi-precious_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-precious stone">semi-precious stones</a>, ivory, rhino horn, <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>, coral, and aromatic products such as perfumes. Large vessels from China made frequent visits and brought Chinese products to the empire's 300 ports, large and small, on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. The ports of <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honavar" class="mw-redirect" title="Honavar">Honavar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhatkal" title="Bhatkal">Bhatkal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barkur" title="Barkur">Barkur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Machilipatnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dharmadam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmadam">Dharmadam</a> were important for they not only provided secure harbors for traders from Africa, Arabia, Aden, the Red sea, China and Bengal but some also served as ship building centers.<a href="#cite_note-ports-90">[s]</a> When merchant ships docked, the merchandise was taken into official custody and taxes levied on all items sold. The security of the merchandise was guaranteed by the administration officials. Traders of many nationalities (<a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujar_Khan" title="Gujar Khan">Guzerates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorassanians</a>) settled in <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a>, drawn by the thriving trade business.<a href="#cite_note-ports-90">[s]</a> Ship building prospered and <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keeled</a> ships between 1000 and 1200 bahares (<a href="/wiki/Tonnage" title="Tonnage">burden</a>) were built without decks by sewing the entire <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hull</a> with ropes rather than fastening them with nails. Ships sailed to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> ports of <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> with Vijayanagara goods sold as far away as <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. The empire's principal exports were pepper, ginger, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, cardamom, <a href="/wiki/Prunus_cerasifera" title="Prunus cerasifera">myrobalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind timber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Shower_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Shower Tree">anafistula</a>, precious and semi-precious stones, pearls, <a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">musk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">ambergris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhubarb" title="Rhubarb">rhubarb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aloe" title="Aloe">aloe</a>, cotton cloth and <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ports-90">[s]</a> Cotton yarn was shipped to <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. Chief imports from <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> were <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, quicksilver (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a>, coral, <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, coloured velvets, <a href="/wiki/Rose_water" title="Rose water">rose water</a>, knives, colored <a href="/wiki/Camlet" title="Camlet">camlets</a>, gold and silver. Persian horses were imported to Cannanore before a two-week land trip to the capital. <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a> arrived from China and sugar from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955304–305-93">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15th_century_aqua_duct_to_Mahanavami_platform_Pushkarani_step_well,_Hampi_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/15th_century_aqua_duct_to_Mahanavami_platform_Pushkarani_step_well%2C_Hampi_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka_1.jpg/220px-15th_century_aqua_duct_to_Mahanavami_platform_Pushkarani_step_well%2C_Hampi_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/15th_century_aqua_duct_to_Mahanavami_platform_Pushkarani_step_well%2C_Hampi_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka_1.jpg/330px-15th_century_aqua_duct_to_Mahanavami_platform_Pushkarani_step_well%2C_Hampi_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/15th_century_aqua_duct_to_Mahanavami_platform_Pushkarani_step_well%2C_Hampi_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka_1.jpg/440px-15th_century_aqua_duct_to_Mahanavami_platform_Pushkarani_step_well%2C_Hampi_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Raised water-channel or aqueduct for city.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant%27s_stable_or_Gajashaale.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Elephant%27s_stable_or_Gajashaale.JPG/220px-Elephant%27s_stable_or_Gajashaale.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Elephant%27s_stable_or_Gajashaale.JPG/330px-Elephant%27s_stable_or_Gajashaale.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Elephant%27s_stable_or_Gajashaale.JPG/440px-Elephant%27s_stable_or_Gajashaale.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Gajashaala or <a href="/wiki/Hampi#Elephant_stables_and_enclosure" title="Hampi">elephant's stable,</a> built by the Vijayanagara rulers for their <a href="/wiki/War_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="War elephants">war elephants</a></figcaption></figure> East coast trade routes were busy, with goods arriving from <a href="/wiki/Golkonda" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda">Golkonda</a> where rice, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulses" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulses">pulses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> were grown on a large scale. Dye crops of indigo and <a href="/wiki/Chay_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Chay root">chay root</a> were produced for the weaving industry. A mineral rich region, Machilipatnam was the gateway for high quality iron and steel exports. Diamond mining was active in the Kollur region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955305-94">[75]</a> The cotton weaving industry produced two types of cottons, plain <a href="/wiki/Calico_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calico (fabric)">calico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> (brown, bleached or dyed). Cloth printed with coloured patterns crafted by native techniques were exported to <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>. Golkonda specialised in plain cotton and <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Pulicat</a> in printed. The main imports on the east coast were <a href="/wiki/Non-ferrous_metal" title="Non-ferrous metal">non-ferrous metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a>, porcelain, silk and luxury goods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955306-95">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Mahanavami</a> festival marked the beginning of a financial year from when the state treasury accounted for and reconciled all outstanding dues within nine days. At this time, an updated annual assessment record of provincial dues, which included rents and taxes, paid on a monthly basis by each governor was created under royal decree.<a href="#cite_note-varna-76">[k]</a> Temples were taxed for land ownership to cover military expenses. In the Telugu districts the temple tax was called Srotriyas, in the Tamil speaking districts it was called as Jodi. Taxes such as Durgavarthana, Dannayivarthana and Kavali Kanike were collected towards protection of movable and immovable wealth from robbery and invasions. Jeevadhanam was collected for cattle graze on non-private lands. Popular temple destinations charged visitor fees called Perayam or Kanike. Residential property taxes were called Illari.<a href="#cite_note-96">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_life">Social life</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evidence_of_Vijaynagar_pomp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A stone depiction of four horizontal rows: the top row contains dancers, the second row contains warriors, the third contains horses and their trainers, and the bottom row depicts elephants." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Evidence_of_Vijaynagar_pomp.jpg/220px-Evidence_of_Vijaynagar_pomp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Evidence_of_Vijaynagar_pomp.jpg/330px-Evidence_of_Vijaynagar_pomp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Evidence_of_Vijaynagar_pomp.jpg/440px-Evidence_of_Vijaynagar_pomp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Horizontal friezes in relief on the outer wall enclosure of Hazara Rama temple, depicting life in the empire</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Society of the Vijayanagara Empire">Society of the Vijayanagara Empire</a></div> The Hindu social order was prevalent and it influenced daily life in the empire. The rulers who occupied the top of this hierarchy assumed the honorific Varnasramadharma (lit, "helpers of the four classes and four stages"). According to Talbot, caste was more importantly determined by occupation or the professional community people belonged to, although the family lineage (Gotra) and the broad distinction described in sacred Hindu texts were also factors. The structure also contained sub-castes and caste clusters ("Jati").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli200398–99-97">[78]</a> According to Vanina, caste as a social identity was not fixed and was constantly changed for reasons including polity, trade and commerce, and was usually determined by context. Identification of castes and sub-castes was made based on temple affiliations, lineage, family units, royal retinues, warrior clans, occupational groups, agricultural and trade groups, devotional networks, and even priestly cabals. It was also not impossible for a caste to lose its position and prestige and slip down the ladder while others rose up the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanina2012129–130-98">[79]</a> Epigraphy studies by Talbot suggests that members within a family could have different social status based on their occupation and the upward movement of a caste or sub-caste was not uncommon based on the breakthroughs achieved by an individual or a group of individuals from the community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanina2012131–132-99">[80]</a> Caste affiliation was closely tied to craft production and members of a common craft formed collective memberships. Often members of related crafts formed inter-caste communities. This helped them consolidate strength and gain political representation and trade benefits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli200321–22,_98-100">[81]</a> According to Talbot, terminology such as Setti was used to identify communities across merchant and artisan classes while Boya identified herders of all types.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli200399-101">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">Artisans</a> consisted of blacksmiths, goldsmiths, brasssmiths and carpenters. These communities lived in separate sections of the city to avoid disputes, especially when it came to social privileges. Conquests led to large-scale migration of people leading to marginalisation of natives of a place. The Tottiyans were shepherds who later gained marginal ruling status (<a href="/wiki/Polygar" title="Polygar">poligars</a>), <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_people" title="Saurashtra people">Saurashtrans</a> were traders who came from present-day Gujarat and rivalled the Brahmins for some benefits, the <a href="/wiki/Reddys" class="mw-redirect" title="Reddys">Reddys</a> were agriculturists and the Uppilia were <a href="/wiki/Salt_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt farm">salt farmers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003part_II,_pp._155–156-102">[83]</a> According to Chopra et al., in addition to their monopoly over priestly duties, Brahmins occupied high positions in political and administrative fields. The Portuguese traveler <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Paes" title="Domingo Paes">Domingo Paes</a> observed an increasing presence of Brahmins in the military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003part_II,_p._156-103">[84]</a> The separation of the priestly class from material wealth and power made them ideal arbiters in local judicial matters, and the nobility and aristocracy ensured their presence in every town and village to maintain order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955289-104">[85]</a> Vanina notes that within the warrior class was a conglomerate of castes, kinship and clans that usually originated from landholding and pastoral communities. They ascended the social ladder by abandoning their original occupations and adopting to a martial code of living, ethics and practices. In South India they were loosely called the Nayakas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanina2012140-105">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vijayanagar_snakestone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nāga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vijayanagar_snakestone.jpg/220px-Vijayanagar_snakestone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vijayanagar_snakestone.jpg/330px-Vijayanagar_snakestone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vijayanagar_snakestone.jpg/440px-Vijayanagar_snakestone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a>, snake worship in Hampi</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a> practice is evidenced in Vijayanagara ruins by several inscriptions known as Satikal (Sati stone) or Sati-virakal (Sati hero stone).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerghese200141-106">[87]</a> There are controversial views among historians regarding this practice including religious compulsion, marital affection, martyrdom or honor against subjugation by foreign intruders.<a href="#cite_note-Hawley1994p150-107">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[90]</a> The socio-religious movements that gained popularity in the previous centuries, such as <a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a>, provided momentum for flexible social norms that helped the cause of women. By this time <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> women had crossed most barriers and were actively involved in fields hitherto considered the monopoly of men such as administration, business, trade and the fine arts.<a href="#cite_note-110">[t]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tirumalamba" title="Tirumalamba">Tirumalamba Devi</a> who wrote Varadambika Parinayam and <a href="/wiki/Gangadevi" title="Gangadevi">Gangadevi</a> the author of Madhuravijayam were among the notable women poets of the Sanskrit language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001162-31">[26]</a> Early Telugu women poets such as <a href="/wiki/Timmakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Timmakka">Tallapaka Timmakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molla_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Molla (poet)">Atukuri Molla</a> became popular. Further south the provincial <a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Tanjore" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayaks of Tanjore">Nayaks of Tanjore</a> patronised several women poets. The <a href="/wiki/Devadasi_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Devadasi system">Devadasi system</a>, as well as legalized prostitution, existed and members of this community were relegated to a few streets in each city. The popularity of <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harems</a> among men of the royalty and the existence of <a href="/wiki/Seraglio" title="Seraglio">seraglio</a> is well known from records.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001180-111">[91]</a> Well-to-do men wore the Petha or Kulavi, a tall <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turban</a> made of silk and decorated with gold. As in most Indian societies, jewellery was used by men and women and records describe the use of <a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">anklets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">bracelets</a>, finger-rings, necklaces and ear rings of various types. During celebrations men and women adorned themselves with flower garlands and used perfumes made of <a href="/wiki/Rose_water" title="Rose water">rose water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civetone" title="Civetone">civet musk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">musk</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001180-111">[91]</a> In stark contrast to the commoners whose lives were modest, the lives of royalty were full of ceremonial pomp. Queens and princesses had numerous attendants who were lavishly dressed and adorned with fine jewellery. Their numbers ensured their daily duties were light.<a href="#cite_note-sundry-112">[u]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceiling_paintings_depicting_scenes_from_Hindu_mythology_at_the_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ceiling_paintings_depicting_scenes_from_Hindu_mythology_at_the_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi_3.JPG/220px-Ceiling_paintings_depicting_scenes_from_Hindu_mythology_at_the_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ceiling_paintings_depicting_scenes_from_Hindu_mythology_at_the_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi_3.JPG/330px-Ceiling_paintings_depicting_scenes_from_Hindu_mythology_at_the_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ceiling_paintings_depicting_scenes_from_Hindu_mythology_at_the_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi_3.JPG/440px-Ceiling_paintings_depicting_scenes_from_Hindu_mythology_at_the_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2681" /></a><figcaption>Painted ceiling from the Virupaksha temple depicting Hindu mythology, 14th century</figcaption></figure> Physical exercises were popular with men and wrestling was an important male preoccupation for sport and entertainment, and women wrestlers are also mentioned in records.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001179-113">[92]</a> Gymnasiums have been discovered inside royal quarters and records mention regular physical training for commanders and their armies during peacetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955296-114">[93]</a> Royal palaces and marketplaces had special arenas where royalty and common people amused themselves by watching sports such as <a href="/wiki/Cock_fight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cock fight">cock fight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram_fight" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram fight">ram fight</a> and female wrestling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955296-114">[93]</a> Excavations within the Vijayanagara city limits have revealed the existence of various community-based gaming activities. Engravings on boulders, rock platforms and temple floors indicate these were popular locations of casual social interaction. Some of these are gaming boards similar to the ones in use today and others are yet to be identified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack200139-115">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a> was in practice and can be seen in both Hindu and Muslim royal families. When a sister of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_I" title="Ibrahim Adil Shah I">Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bijapur" title="Sultanate of Bijapur">Bijapur</a> was married to <a href="/wiki/Burhan_Nizam_Shah_I" title="Burhan Nizam Shah I">Burhan Nizam Shah I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmednagar</a>, the town of <a href="/wiki/Sholapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sholapur">Sholapur</a> was given to the bride by her family.<a href="#cite_note-116">[95]</a> Ayyangar notes that when the <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_dynasty" title="Gajapati dynasty">Gajapati King</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(region)" title="Kalinga (region)">Kalinga</a> gave his daughter in marriage honoring the victorious <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> he included several villages as dowry.<a href="#cite_note-117">[96]</a> Inscriptions of the 15th and 16th centuries record the practice of dowry among commoners as well. The practice of putting a price on the bride was a possible influence of the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-118">[97]</a> To oppose this influence, in the year 1553, the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> community passed a mandate under royal decree and popularized the <a href="/wiki/Kanyadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanyadan">kanyadana</a> within the community. According to this practice money could not be paid or received during marriage and those who did were liable for punishment. There is a mention of Streedhana ("woman's wealth") in an inscription and that the villagers should not give away land as dowry. These inscriptions reinforce the theory that a system of social mandates within community groups existed and were widely practiced even though these practices did not find justification in the family laws described in the religious texts.<a href="#cite_note-119">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnataka_Hampi_IMG_0730.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Virupaksha Temple, Hampi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Karnataka_Hampi_IMG_0730.jpg/220px-Karnataka_Hampi_IMG_0730.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Karnataka_Hampi_IMG_0730.jpg/330px-Karnataka_Hampi_IMG_0730.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Karnataka_Hampi_IMG_0730.jpg/440px-Karnataka_Hampi_IMG_0730.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Virupaksha_Temple,_Hampi" title="Virupaksha Temple, Hampi">Virupaksha Temple, Hampi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vijayanagara_royal_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vijayanagara_royal_insignia.jpg/220px-Vijayanagara_royal_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Vijayanagara_royal_insignia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>Royal insignia at Varaha Temple</figcaption></figure> The Vijayanagara emperors were <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">tolerant of all religions and sects</a>, as writings by foreign visitors show.<a href="#cite_note-120">[v]</a> The emperors used titles such as Gobrahamana Pratipalanacharya (literally, "protector of cows and Brahmins") that testified to their intention of protecting Hinduism. The <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nāgarī script</a> inscription at <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a> includes the term Hinduraya Suratrana, which historian <a href="/wiki/B._Lewis_Rice" title="B. Lewis Rice">Benjamin Lewis Rice</a> translates as "the Suratrana of Hindu Rayas". Some scholars have interpreted this to mean "the Sultan among Hindu kings" and state this to be evidence of some Islamic political traditions being adopted by Hindu monarchs,<a href="#cite_note-121">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993284–285-122">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[w]</a> The long headdress are also seen in the royalty-related and secular artwork in <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a> dated from the 7th and 8th century, about 5 centuries before the first Sultanate was formed in South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Michell2002p65-125">[102]</a> Similar conical headdress is seen in other sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a>, variously dated from the 2nd century to 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-Owen2012p68-126">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[104]</a> as well as that Indian kingdoms recognized their religious identity of being Hindu by the early 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-Llewellyn74-128">[105]</a> Others interpret the term Hinduraya Suratrana to mean "protectors of the gods of (or among) the Hindu kings".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993284–285-122">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[107]</a> The empire's founders, the Sangama brothers (Harihara I and Bukka Raya I), came from a pastoral cowherd background, possibly the <a href="/wiki/Kuruba" title="Kuruba">Kuruba</a> people, that claimed Yadava lineage in an attempt to claim Kshatriya status like the rest of South Indian dynasties who originated from a pastoral background. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhere2011243-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESewell201122,_23,_420-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dhere2011p243-8">[b]</a> The founders of the empire were devout <a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaivas</a> (worshippers of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu god">Hindu god</a> <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>) but made grants to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> temples. Their patron saint <a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a> was from the <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> order at <a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a> (the boar <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of Vishnu) was the <a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">emblem</a> of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001177-131">[108]</a> Over one-fourth of the archaeological dig found an "Islamic Quarter" not far from the "Royal Quarter". Nobles from Central Asia's Timurid kingdoms also came to Vijayanagara. The later <a href="/wiki/Saluva" class="mw-redirect" title="Saluva">Saluva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuluva" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuluva">Tuluva</a> kings were <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> (followers of Vishnu) by faith, but also worshipped <a href="/wiki/Venkateshwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshwara">Venkateshwara</a> (Vishnu) at <a href="/wiki/Tirumala_Venkateswara_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirumala Venkateswara Temple">Tirupati</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Virupaksha_Temple,_Hampi" title="Virupaksha Temple, Hampi">Virupaksha</a> (Shiva) at Hampi. A Sanskrit work, Jambavati Kalyanam by Emperor Krishnadevaraya, refers to Virupaksha as Karnata Rajya Raksha Mani ("protective jewel of Karnata Empire").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagoner200114-132">[109]</a> The kings patronised the saints of the <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">dvaita</a> order (philosophy of dualism) of <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> at <a href="/wiki/Udupi" title="Udupi">Udupi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001177–178-133">[110]</a> Endowments were made to temples in the form of land, cash, produce, jewellery and constructions.<a href="#cite_note-134">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> (devotional) movement was active during this time, and involved well known <a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasas</a> (devotee saints) of that time. Like the <a href="/wiki/Virashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Virashaiva">Virashaiva</a> movement of the 12th century, this movement presented another strong current of devotion, pervading the lives of millions. The Haridasas represented two groups, the <a href="/wiki/Vyasakuta" title="Vyasakuta">Vyasakuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dasakuta" title="Dasakuta">Dasakuta</a>, the former being required to be proficient in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Darshana_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darshana (Hinduism)">Darshanas</a>, while the Dasakuta merely conveyed the message of Madhvacharya through the Kannada language to the people in the form of devotional songs (Devaranamas and Kirthanas). The philosophy of Madhvacharya was spread by eminent disciples such as <a href="/wiki/Naraharitirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Naraharitirtha">Naraharitirtha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sripadaraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripadaraya">Sripadaraya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vadirajatirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadirajatirtha">Vadirajatirtha</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiva_Prakash1997192,_194–196-135">[112]</a> Vyasatirtha, the guru (teacher) of Vadirajatirtha, <a href="/wiki/Purandaradasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Purandaradasa">Purandaradasa</a> (Pitamaha or "Father of Carnatic music"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyer200693-136">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarayan2010Introduction,_p._3-137">[114]</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kanakadasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakadasa">Kanakadasa</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiva_Prakash1997196-138">[115]</a> earned the devotion of Emperor Krishnadevaraya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiva_Prakash1997195-139">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001178-140">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955324-141">[118]</a> The emperor considered the saint his <a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevata</a> (family deity) and honoured him in his writings.<a href="#cite_note-142">[119]</a> During this time, another great composer of early carnatic music, <a href="/wiki/Annamacharya" title="Annamacharya">Annamacharya</a> composed hundreds of Kirthanas in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu Language">Telugu</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tirumala_-_Tirupati" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirumala - Tirupati">Tirupati</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001185-143">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LAKSHMI-NARASIMHA_statue_at_Hampi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Narasimha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/LAKSHMI-NARASIMHA_statue_at_Hampi.jpg/170px-LAKSHMI-NARASIMHA_statue_at_Hampi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/LAKSHMI-NARASIMHA_statue_at_Hampi.jpg/255px-LAKSHMI-NARASIMHA_statue_at_Hampi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/LAKSHMI-NARASIMHA_statue_at_Hampi.jpg/340px-LAKSHMI-NARASIMHA_statue_at_Hampi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Ugra <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> monolith at Hampi</figcaption></figure> The defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> by the Cholas in the early 11th century and the rising numbers of followers of Vaishnava Hinduism and Virashaivism in the 12th century was mirrored by a decreased interest in Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001112,_132-144">[121]</a> Two notable locations of Jain worship in the Vijayanagara territory were <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kambadahalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Kambadahalli">Kambadahalli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001197-145">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBangKolodziejczyk2012D23-146">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> contact with South India began as early as the seventh century, a result of trade between the Southern kingdoms and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> lands. <a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumma</a> <a href="/wiki/Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid">Masjids</a> existed in the Rashtrakuta empire by the tenth century<a href="#cite_note-147">[x]</a> and many mosques flourished on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a> by the early 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-148">[y]</a> Muslim settlers married local women; their children were known as <a href="/wiki/Mappilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappilla">Mappillas</a> (Moplahs) and were actively involved in <a href="/wiki/Horse_trading" title="Horse trading">horse trading</a> and manning shipping fleets. The interactions between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Bahmani Sultanate to the north increased the presence of Muslims in the south. In the early 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Deva Raya">Deva Raya</a> built a mosque for the Muslims in Vijayanagara and placed a Quran before his throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice2001479-149">[124]</a> The introduction of Christianity began as early as the eighth century as shown by the finding of <a href="/wiki/Indian_copper_plate_inscriptions" title="Indian copper plate inscriptions">copper plates</a> inscribed with land grants to Malabar Christians. Christian travelers wrote of the scarcity of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christians in South India</a> in the Middle Ages, promoting its attractiveness to missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-150">[z]</a> The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> in the 15th century and their connections through trade with the empire, the propagation of the faith by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> (1545) and later the presence of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a> settlements fostered the growth of Christianity in the south.<a href="#cite_note-151">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epigraphs_and_monetization">Epigraphs and monetization</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornate_pillared_mantapa_at_the_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ornate_pillared_mantapa_at_the_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.jpg/170px-Ornate_pillared_mantapa_at_the_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ornate_pillared_mantapa_at_the_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.jpg/255px-Ornate_pillared_mantapa_at_the_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ornate_pillared_mantapa_at_the_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.jpg/340px-Ornate_pillared_mantapa_at_the_Virupaksha_temple_in_Hampi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1776" /></a><figcaption>Ornate pillars, Virupaksha temple <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazara_Ramachandra_Temple-.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hazara_Ramachandra_Temple-.JPG/220px-Hazara_Ramachandra_Temple-.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hazara_Ramachandra_Temple-.JPG/330px-Hazara_Ramachandra_Temple-.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hazara_Ramachandra_Temple-.JPG/440px-Hazara_Ramachandra_Temple-.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Wall panel relief in Hazare Rama Temple at <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a></figcaption></figure> Stone inscriptions were the most common form of documents used on temple walls, boundary of properties and open places for public display. Another form of documentation was on copper plates that were meant for record keeping. Usually verbose inscriptions included information such as a salutation, a <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> of the emperor or local ruler, the name of the donor, nature of the endowment (generally either cash or produce), the manner in which the grant would be used, obligations of the donee, share received by the donor and a concluding statement that officiated the entire donation and its obligations. Some inscriptions record an instance of victory in war or religious festival, and retribution or a curse on those who do not honor the grant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack200277–78-152">[126]</a> Most Vijayanagara inscriptions recovered so far are in Kannada, Telugu and Tamil, and a few in Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack200279-153">[127]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Suryanath_U._Kamath" title="Suryanath U. Kamath">Suryanath U. Kamath</a> about 7000 stone inscriptions, half of which are in Kannada, and about 300 copper plates which are mostly in Sanskrit, have been recovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath200110,_157-154">[128]</a> Bilingual inscriptions had lost favor by the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2003393–395-155">[129]</a> According to Mack, the majority of the inscriptions recovered are from the rule of the Tuluva dynasty (from 1503 to 1565) with the Saluva dynasty (from 1485 to 1503) inscribing the least in its brief control over the empire. The Sangama dynasty (from 1336 to 1485) which ruled the longest produced about one third of all epigraphs inscribed during the Tuluva period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack200281–82-156">[130]</a> Despite the popularity of Telugu language as a literary medium, the majority of the epigraphs in the language were inscribed in the limited period from 1500 to 1649. Talbot explains this scenario as one of shifting political solidarity. The Vijayanagara Empire was originally founded in Karnataka, with Andhra Pradesh serving as a province of the empire. After its defeat to the Deccan sultanates in 1565 and the sacking of the royal capital Vijayanagara, the diminished empire moved its capital to Southern Andhra Pradesh, creating an enterprise dominated by Telugu language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot200225–28-157">[131]</a> The Persian visitor Abdur Razzak wrote in his travelogues that the empire enjoyed a high level of monetization. This is especially evident from the number of temple cash grants that were made. Coins were minted using gold, silver, copper and brass and their value depended on material weight. Coins were minted by the state, in the provinces and by merchant guilds. Foreign currency was in circulation. The highest denomination was the gold Varaha (or Hun/Honnu, Gadyana) weighted 50.65 – 53 grains. The Partab or Pratapa was valued at half a Varaha. The Fanam ( or Phanam, Hana), an alloy of gold and copper was the most common currency valued at a third of the Varaha. A Tar made of pure silver was a sixth of a Phanam and a Chital made of brass was a third of the Tar. Haga, Visa and Kasu were also coins of lower denominations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2003105-158">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001176-159">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature" title="Vijayanagara literature">Vijayanagara literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature_in_Kannada" title="Vijayanagara literature in Kannada">Vijayanagara literature in Kannada</a></div> During the rule of the Vijayanagara Empire, poets, scholars and philosophers wrote primarily in Kannada, Telugu and Sanskrit, and also in other regional languages such as Tamil and covered such subjects as religion, biography, Prabandha (fiction), music, grammar, poetry, medicine and mathematics. The administrative and court language of the empire was Kannada. However, Telugu language gained cultural and literary prominence during the reign of the last Vijayanagara emperors, especially Krishnadevaraya.<a href="#cite_note-160">[aa]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> works were commentaries either on the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> or on the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> epics, written by well known figures such as <a href="/wiki/Sayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayana">Sayanacharya</a> (who wrote a treatise on the Vedas called Vedartha Prakasha whose English translation by Max Muller appeared in 1856), and <a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a> that extolled the superiority of the <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> philosophy over other rival Hindu philosophies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955321-161">[134]</a> Other writers were famous <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> saints of the <a href="/wiki/Udupi" title="Udupi">Udupi</a> order such as <a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a> (earning the title Tikacharya for his polemical writings), Vyasatirtha who wrote rebuttals to the Advaita philosophy and of the conclusions of earlier logicians, and <a href="/wiki/Vadirajatirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadirajatirtha">Vadirajatirtha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sripadaraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripadaraya">Sripadaraya</a> both of whom criticized the beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Adi_Sankara" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Sankara">Adi Sankara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955324-141">[118]</a> Apart from these saints, noted Sanskrit scholars adorned the courts of the Vijayanagara kings and their feudal chiefs. Some members of the royal family were writers of merit and authored important works such as Jambavati Kalyana by Emperor Krishnadevaraya,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzMichell200114-11">[9]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madura_Vijayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Madura Vijayam">Madura Vijayam</a> (also known as Veerakamparaya Charita) by Princess <a href="/wiki/Gangadevi" title="Gangadevi">Gangadevi</a>, a daughter-in-law of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Bukka_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukka I">Bukka I</a>, dwells on the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a> by the Vijayanagara Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevi1924-162">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poetic_Kannada_inscription_of_Manjaraja_dated_1398_CE_at_Vindyagiri_hill_in_Shravanabelagola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Poetic_Kannada_inscription_of_Manjaraja_dated_1398_CE_at_Vindyagiri_hill_in_Shravanabelagola.jpg/170px-Poetic_Kannada_inscription_of_Manjaraja_dated_1398_CE_at_Vindyagiri_hill_in_Shravanabelagola.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Poetic_Kannada_inscription_of_Manjaraja_dated_1398_CE_at_Vindyagiri_hill_in_Shravanabelagola.jpg/255px-Poetic_Kannada_inscription_of_Manjaraja_dated_1398_CE_at_Vindyagiri_hill_in_Shravanabelagola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Poetic_Kannada_inscription_of_Manjaraja_dated_1398_CE_at_Vindyagiri_hill_in_Shravanabelagola.jpg/340px-Poetic_Kannada_inscription_of_Manjaraja_dated_1398_CE_at_Vindyagiri_hill_in_Shravanabelagola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Poetic inscription in Kannada by Vijayanagara poet Manjaraja (c.1398)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature_in_Kannada" title="Vijayanagara literature in Kannada">Kannada poets and scholars of the empire</a> produced important writings supporting the Vaishnava <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> movement heralded by the Haridasas (devotees of Vishnu), <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahminical</a> and Veerashaiva (<a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a>) literature. The Haridasa poets celebrated their devotion through songs called Devaranama (lyrical poems) in the native meters of Sangatya (quatrain), Suladi (beat based), Ugabhoga (melody based) and Mundige (cryptic).<a href="#cite_note-163">[ab]</a> Their inspirations were the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a>. <a href="/wiki/Purandaradasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Purandaradasa">Purandaradasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanakadasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakadasa">Kanakadasa</a> are considered the foremost among many Dasas (devotees) by virtue of their immense contribution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955365-164">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kumara_Vyasa" title="Kumara Vyasa">Kumara Vyasa</a>, the most notable of Brahmin scholars wrote Gadugina Bharata, a translation of the epic Mahabharata. This work marks a transition of Kannada literature from old Kannada to modern Kannada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955364-165">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chamarasa" title="Chamarasa">Chamarasa</a> was a famous Veerashaiva scholar and poet who had many debates with Vaishnava scholars in the court of Devaraya II. His Prabhulinga Leele, later translated into Telugu and Tamil, was a eulogy of Saint <a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a> (the saint was considered an incarnation of Lord <a href="/wiki/Ganapathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganapathi">Ganapathi</a> while <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> took the form of a princess of Banavasi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955363-166">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice200168-167">[139]</a> At this peak of <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu</a> literature, the most famous writing in the Prabandha style was Manucharitamu. Emperor Krishnadevaraya was an accomplished Telugu scholar and wrote the <a href="/wiki/Amuktamalyada" title="Amuktamalyada">Amuktamalyada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-168">[ac]</a> a story of the wedding of the god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> to <a href="/wiki/Andal" title="Andal">Andal</a>, the Tamil <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvar</a> saint poet and the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Periyalvar" title="Periyalvar">Periyalvar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[142]</a> In his court were eight famous scholars regarded as the pillars (<a href="/wiki/Ashtadiggajas" title="Ashtadiggajas">Ashtadiggajas</a>) of the literary assembly. The most famous among them were <a href="/wiki/Allasani_Peddana" title="Allasani Peddana">Allasani Peddana</a> who held the honorific Andhrakavitapitamaha (lit, "father of Telugu poetry") and <a href="/wiki/Tenali_Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenali Ramakrishna">Tenali Ramakrishna</a> who authored several notable works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955372-172">[143]</a> The other six poets were <a href="/wiki/Nandi_Thimmana" title="Nandi Thimmana">Nandi Thimmana</a> (Mukku Timmana), <a href="/wiki/Ayyalaraju_Ramabhadrudu" title="Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu">Ayyalaraju Ramabhadra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madayyagari_Mallana" title="Madayyagari Mallana">Madayyagari Mallana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramarajabhushanudu" title="Ramarajabhushanudu">Bhattu Murthi</a> (Ramaraja Bhushana), <a href="/wiki/Pingali_Surana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingali Surana">Pingali Surana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dhurjati" title="Dhurjati">Dhurjati</a>. <a href="/wiki/Srinatha" title="Srinatha">Srinatha</a>, who wrote books such as Marutratcharitamu and Salivahana-sapta-sati, was patronised by Emperor Devaraya II and enjoyed the same status as important ministers in the court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955370-173">[144]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a> from this period came from Tamil-speaking regions, which were ruled by the feudatory Pandya who gave particular attention to the cultivation of Tamil literature. Although <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> dominated the courtly and administrative functions of the empire, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a> also thrived, especially in the southern regions ruled by the Vijayanagara Empire. Many <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> poets and scholars were patronized by both the kings and regional feudatories. Tamil literature during this period was primarily devotional, reflecting the continuing influence of the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> movement. Both <a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> traditions were supported, with temples like <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a> playing a central role in the propagation of Tamil religious texts. <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a>, in particular, was known for his support of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> literature. The <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> poet Haridasa composed the Irusamaya Vilakkam, a comparative study of <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> and Vaishnavism, highlighting the preference for Vaishnava philosophy under the king’s patronage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955347-174">[145]</a> Other significant Tamil scholars included <a href="/wiki/Svarupananda_Desikar" title="Svarupananda Desikar">Svarupananda Desikar</a>, who wrote the Sivaprakasap-perundirattu, an anthology of verses on <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> philosophy, and his pupil <a href="/wiki/Tattuvarayar" title="Tattuvarayar">Tattuvarayar</a>, who composed Kurundirattu, a shorter anthology of verses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955347-174">[145]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a> during this period included devotional hymns in praise of <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nayanmars" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayanmars">Nayanmars</a>. Texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tevaram" title="Tevaram">Tevaram</a> continued to be revered and performed in temples under the auspices of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-175">[146]</a> Notable among secular writings on music and medicine were Vidyaranya's Sangitsara, <a href="/wiki/Praudha_Raya" title="Praudha Raya">Praudha Raya</a>'s Ratiratnapradipika, Sayana's Ayurveda Sudhanidhi and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_Pandita" title="Lakshmana Pandita">Lakshmana Pandita</a>'s Vaidyarajavallabham.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurga_Prasad1988268–270-176">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a> flourished during this period with scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama" title="Madhava of Sangamagrama">Madhava</a>, who made important contributions to trigonometry and calculus, and <a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nilakantha Somayaji</a>, who postulated on the orbitals of planets.<a href="#cite_note-177">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81.JPG/220px-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81.JPG/330px-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81.JPG/440px-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Tamil inscription of Krishnadevaraya, Severappoondi</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vijayanagara_era_temples_in_Karnataka" title="List of Vijayanagara era temples in Karnataka">List of Vijayanagara era temples in Karnataka</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Stone_Chariot,Hampi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Temple car" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Stone_Chariot%2CHampi.jpg/220px-The_Stone_Chariot%2CHampi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Stone_Chariot%2CHampi.jpg/330px-The_Stone_Chariot%2CHampi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Stone_Chariot%2CHampi.jpg/440px-The_Stone_Chariot%2CHampi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temple_car" title="Temple car">Temple car</a> at the Vittala temple in Hampi</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara architecture</a></div> Vijayanagara architecture, according to art critic <a href="/wiki/Percy_Brown_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Brown (scholar)">Percy Brown</a> is a vibrant combination and blossoming of the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> styles, idioms that prospered in previous centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001182-178">[149]</a> Its legacy of sculpture, architecture and painting influenced the development of the arts long after the empire came to an end. Its stylistic hallmark is the ornate <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">pillared</a> Kalyanamantapa (marriage hall), Vasanthamantapa (open pillared halls) and the Rayagopura (tower). Artisans used the locally available hard granite because of its durability since the empire was under constant threat of invasion. An open-air theatre of monuments at its capital at <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a> is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heritage-179">[150]</a> In the 14th century, the kings continued to build <a href="/wiki/Vesara" title="Vesara">vesara</a> or Deccan-style monuments but later incorporated Dravida-style <a href="/wiki/Gopura" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopura">gopuras</a> to meet their ritualistic needs. The Prasanna Virupaksha temple (underground temple) of <a href="/wiki/Bukka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukka">Bukka</a> and the Hazare Rama temple of <a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Deva Raya">Deva Raya</a> are examples of Deccan architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzMichell20019-180">[151]</a> The varied and intricate ornamentation of the pillars is a mark of their work.<a href="#cite_note-pillar-181">[ad]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Hampi_(town)" title="Hampi (town)">Hampi</a>, the Vitthala and Hazara Ramaswamy temples are examples of their pillared Kalyanamantapa style.<a href="#cite_note-182">[152]</a> A visible aspect of their style is their return to the simplistic and serene art developed by the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001184-183">[153]</a> The Vitthala temple took several decades to complete during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Tuluva" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuluva">Tuluva</a> kings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzMichell20019-180">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_aerial_view_of_Madurai_city_from_atop_of_Meenakshi_Amman_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Meenakshi Temple, Madurai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/An_aerial_view_of_Madurai_city_from_atop_of_Meenakshi_Amman_temple.jpg/300px-An_aerial_view_of_Madurai_city_from_atop_of_Meenakshi_Amman_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/An_aerial_view_of_Madurai_city_from_atop_of_Meenakshi_Amman_temple.jpg/450px-An_aerial_view_of_Madurai_city_from_atop_of_Meenakshi_Amman_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/An_aerial_view_of_Madurai_city_from_atop_of_Meenakshi_Amman_temple.jpg/600px-An_aerial_view_of_Madurai_city_from_atop_of_Meenakshi_Amman_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4365" data-file-height="1430" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple,_Madurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenakshi Temple, Madurai">Meenakshi Temple, Madurai</a>. The temple was rebuilt by the Nayaks rulers under the Vijayanagara Empire</figcaption></figure> Another element of the Vijayanagara style is the carving and consecration of large <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_architecture" title="Monolithic architecture">monoliths</a> such as the Sasivekaalu (<a href="/wiki/Mustard_seed" title="Mustard seed">mustard</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> and Kadalekaalu (<a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">ground nut</a>) Ganesha at Hampi, the <a href="/wiki/Gommateshwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gommateshwara">Gommateshwara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahubali" title="Bahubali">Bahubali</a>) monoliths in <a href="/wiki/Karkala" title="Karkala">Karkala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venur" title="Venur">Venur</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(bull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (bull)">Nandi</a> bull in <a href="/wiki/Lepakshi" title="Lepakshi">Lepakshi</a>. The Vijayanagara temples of <a href="/wiki/Someshwara_Temple,_Kolar" title="Someshwara Temple, Kolar">Kolar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanakachalapathi_Temple,_Kanakagiri" title="Kanakachalapathi Temple, Kanakagiri">Kanakagiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a> and other towns of Karnataka; the temples of <a href="/wiki/Tadpatri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadpatri">Tadpatri</a>, Lepakshi, <a href="/wiki/Ahobilam" title="Ahobilam">Ahobilam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirumala_Venkateswara_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirumala Venkateswara Temple">Tirumala Venkateswara Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srikalahasti" title="Srikalahasti">Srikalahasti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>; and the temples of <a href="/wiki/Vellore" title="Vellore">Vellore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam" title="Kumbakonam">Kumbakonam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchi">Kanchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> are examples of this style. Vijayanagara art includes wall-paintings such as the <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a> and Girijakalyana (marriage of <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, Shiva's consort) in the <a href="/wiki/Virupaksha_Temple,_Hampi" title="Virupaksha Temple, Hampi">Virupaksha Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a>, the Shivapurana murals (tales of Shiva) at the <a href="/wiki/Virabhadra" title="Virabhadra">Virabhadra</a> temple at Lepakshi, and those at the Kamaakshi and Varadaraja temples at Kanchi. This mingling of the South Indian styles resulted in a new idiom of art not seen in earlier centuries, a focus on <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> in addition to sculpture differing from that previously in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001184-183">[153]</a> An aspect of Vijayanagara architecture that shows the cosmopolitanism of the great city is the presence of many secular structures bearing Islamic features. While political history concentrates on the ongoing conflict between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan sultanates, the architectural record reflects a more creative interaction. There are many <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaults</a> that show these influences. The concentration of structures like <a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">pavilions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stable" title="Stable">stables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">towers</a> suggests they were for use by royalty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzMichell200110-184">[154]</a> The decorative details of these structures may have been absorbed into Vijayanagara architecture during the early 15th century, coinciding with the rule of Deva Raya I and Deva Raya II. These kings are known to have employed many Muslims in their army and court, some of whom may have been <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Muslim architects</a>. This harmonious exchange of architectural ideas must have happened during rare periods of peace between the Hindu and Muslim kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilon200187-185">[155]</a> The "Great Platform" (Mahanavami Dibba) has relief carvings in which the figures seem to have the facial features of central Asian Turks who were known to have been employed as royal attendants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallapiccola200169-186">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Travellers_and_sources">Travellers and sources</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_of_Delhi_(top)_and_King_of_Vijayanagar_(bottom)_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sultan_of_Delhi_%28top%29_and_King_of_Vijayanagar_%28bottom%29_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375.jpg/260px-Sultan_of_Delhi_%28top%29_and_King_of_Vijayanagar_%28bottom%29_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sultan_of_Delhi_%28top%29_and_King_of_Vijayanagar_%28bottom%29_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375.jpg/390px-Sultan_of_Delhi_%28top%29_and_King_of_Vijayanagar_%28bottom%29_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sultan_of_Delhi_%28top%29_and_King_of_Vijayanagar_%28bottom%29_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375.jpg/520px-Sultan_of_Delhi_%28top%29_and_King_of_Vijayanagar_%28bottom%29_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5860" data-file-height="6720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Sultan of Delhi</a> (top, flag: <a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_(1375).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png/15px-Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png/23px-Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png/30px-Sultan_of_Delhi_Flag_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="1280" /></a>) and Emperor of Vijayanagara (bottom, with "Christian" flag: <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo,_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo%2C_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png/15px-Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo%2C_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo%2C_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo%2C_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo%2C_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png/30px-Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo%2C_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="1722" /></a>), named as "<a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">King of Colombo</a>" after the city of <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>. His caption reads: Here rules the king of <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Colombo</a>, a Christian. He was mistakenly identified as Christian because of the Christian mission established in Kollam by <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Catala" title="Jordan Catala">Jordanus</a> since 1329.<a href="#cite_note-187">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[158]</a> Detail of the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a> of 1375.<a href="#cite_note-189">[159]</a></figcaption></figure> The sources of Vijayanagara history (its origin, social and political life and eventual defeat) are the accounts of foreign travelers and contemporary literary sources in Sanskrit, Kannada, Persian and Telugu. The Portuguese visitors to the empire were Domingo Paes (1522), <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Nunes" title="Fernão Nunes">Fernão Nunes</a> (1537),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison-Jenkins200163,_72,_98–99-190">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a> (1516) and Barradas (1616). <a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Nikitin" title="Afanasy Nikitin">Afanasy Nikitin</a> (1470) came from Russia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003Introductory_pp._ix–x-191">[161]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_de%27_Conti" title="Niccolò de' Conti">Niccolò de' Conti</a> (1420),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESattarSharmaPokharia2010245-192">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_di_Varthema" title="Ludovico di Varthema">Ludovico di Varthema</a> (1505), Caesar Fredericci (1567) and Filippo Sassetti (1585)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavile1996858-193">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955304–305-93">[74]</a> were travelers from Italy and <a href="/wiki/Abd-al-Razz%C4%81q_Samarqand%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī">Abdul Razzaq</a> (1443)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoliMorrison2001101,_104-194">[164]</a> from Persia. Contemporary Muslim writers who were either under the patronage of rival kingdoms (the Deccan sultanates) or were visitors to Vijayanagara and accomplished valuable works are <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Barani" title="Ziauddin Barani">Ziauddin Barani</a> (Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi, 1357), Isamy (Fatuhat us salatin), Syed Ali Tabatabai (Burhan-i-Maisar, 1596), Nisammuddin Bakshi, <a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Firishta</a> (Tarik-i-Firishta) and Rafiuddin Shirazi (Tazkirat ul Mulk, 1611).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003Introductory_ix,_part_II,_p._9-195">[165]</a> Among writings by native authors, the important Sanskrit works that shed light on the empire are Vidyaranya Kalajnana, Dindima's Ramabhyudayam on the life of Emperor Saluva Narasimha, Dindima II's Achyutabhyudayam and Tirumalamba's Varadambika Parinayam. Among Kannada literary works, Kumara Ramana Kathe by Nanjunda Kavi, <a href="/wiki/Mohanatarangini" title="Mohanatarangini">Mohanatarangini</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kanakadasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakadasa">Kanakadasa</a>, Keladiripavijayam by Linganna and the recently discovered Krishnadevarayana Dinachari are useful sources, and among Telugu works, Srinatha's Kashikanda, Mallayya and Singayya's Varahapuranamu, Vishvanatha Nayani's Rayavachakamu, Nandi Timmanna's Parijathapaharanamu, Durjati's Krishnaraja Vijayamu, Peddanna's Manucharitamu and Emperor Krishnadevaraya's <a href="/wiki/Amuktamalyada" title="Amuktamalyada">Amuktamalyada</a> are important sources of information.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001157–158-196">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003Introductory_p._ix-197">[167]</a> In the memoirs of Niccolò de' Conti, an Italian merchant and traveller who visited Hampi about 1420, the city had an estimated circumference of 60 miles (97 km) and it enclosed agriculture and settlements in its fortifications. In 1442, Abdul Razzaq described it as a city with seven layers of forts, with outer layers for agriculture, crafts and residence, the inner third to seventh layers very crowded with shops and <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[168]</a> In 1520, <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Paes" title="Domingo Paes">Domingo Paes</a>, a Portuguese traveller, visited Vijayanagara as a part of trade contingent from Portuguese Goa. He wrote his memoir as Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga, in which he stated Vijayanagara was "as large as Rome, and very beautiful to the sight ... the best provided city in the world".<a href="#cite_note-199">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaychaudhuriHabibKumar1982122-200">[170]</a> According to Paes, "there are many groves within it, in the gardens of the houses, many conduits of water which flow into the midst of it, and in places there are lakes ...".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaychaudhuriHabibKumar1982122-200">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Federici" title="Cesare Federici">Cesare Federici</a>, an Italian merchant and traveller, visited a few decades after the 1565 defeat and collapse of the Vijayanagara Empire. According to Sinopoli, Johansen, and Morrison, Federici described it as a very different city. He wrote, "the citie of Bezeneger (Hampi-Vijayanagara) is not altogether destroyed, yet the houses stand still, but emptie, and there is dwelling in them nothing, as is reported, but Tygres and other wild beasts".<a href="#cite_note-201">[171]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a>, in his Our Oriental Heritage: The Story of Civilization recites the story of <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a> and calls its conquest and destruction a discouraging tale. He writes, "its evident moral is that civilization is a precarious thing, whose delicate complex of order and liberty, culture and peace" may at any time be overthrown by war and ferocious violence.<a href="#cite_note-202">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[ae]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vijayanagara_emperors" title="List of Vijayanagara emperors">List of Vijayanagara emperors</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sangama_dynasty_(1336–1485)">Sangama dynasty (1336–1485)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sangama_dynasty" title="Sangama dynasty">Sangama dynasty</a></div> <table style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;">Serial no. </th> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;">Regnal names </th> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;">Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harihara_I" title="Harihara I">Harihara I</a> </td> <td>1336–1356 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bukka_Raya_I" title="Bukka Raya I">Bukka Raya I</a> </td> <td>1356–1377 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harihara_II" title="Harihara II">Harihara II</a> </td> <td>1377–1404 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virupaksha_Raya" title="Virupaksha Raya">Virupaksha Raya</a> </td> <td>1404–1405 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bukka_Raya_II" title="Bukka Raya II">Bukka Raya II</a> </td> <td>1405–1406 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Deva Raya">Deva Raya</a> </td> <td>1406–1422 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Raya" title="Ramachandra Raya">Ramachandra Raya</a> </td> <td>1422 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vira_Vijaya_Bukka_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya">Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya</a> </td> <td>1422–1424 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_II" title="Deva Raya II">Deva Raya II</a> </td> <td>1424–1446 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjuna_Raya" title="Mallikarjuna Raya">Mallikarjuna Raya</a> </td> <td>1446–1465 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virupaksha_Raya_II" title="Virupaksha Raya II">Virupaksha Raya II</a> </td> <td>1465–1485 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praudha_Raya" title="Praudha Raya">Praudha Raya</a> </td> <td>1485 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saluva_dynasty_(1485–1505)">Saluva dynasty (1485–1505)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saluva_dynasty" title="Saluva dynasty">Saluva dynasty</a></div> <table style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;">Serial no. </th> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;">Regnal names </th> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;">Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saluva_Narasimha_Deva_Raya" title="Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya">Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya</a> </td> <td>1485–1491 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thimma_Bhupala" title="Thimma Bhupala">Thimma Bhupala</a> </td> <td>1491 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Raya_II" title="Narasimha Raya II">Narasimha Raya II</a> </td> <td>1491–1505 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuluva_dynasty_(1491–1570)">Tuluva dynasty (1491–1570)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tuluva_dynasty" title="Tuluva dynasty">Tuluva dynasty</a></div> <table style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;">Serial no. </th> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;">Regnal names </th> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;">Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuluva_Narasa_Nayaka" title="Tuluva Narasa Nayaka">Tuluva Narasa Nayaka</a> </td> <td>1491–1503 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viranarasimha_Raya" title="Viranarasimha Raya">Viranarasimha Raya</a> </td> <td>1503–1509 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> </td> <td>1509–1529 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Achyuta_Deva_Raya" title="Achyuta Deva Raya">Achyuta Deva Raya</a> </td> <td>1529–1542 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venkata_I" title="Venkata I">Venkata I</a> </td> <td>1542 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sadasiva_Raya" title="Sadasiva Raya">Sadasiva Raya</a> </td> <td>1542–1570 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aravidu_dynasty_(1542–1646)">Aravidu dynasty (1542–1646)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aravidu_dynasty" title="Aravidu dynasty">Aravidu dynasty</a></div> <table style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;">Serial no. </th> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;">Regnal names </th> <th style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;">Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aliya_Rama_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliya Rama Raya">Aliya Rama Raya</a> </td> <td>1542–1565 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirumala_Deva_Raya" title="Tirumala Deva Raya">Tirumala Deva Raya</a> </td> <td>1565–1572 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sriranga_Deva_Raya" title="Sriranga Deva Raya">Sriranga I</a> </td> <td>1572–1586 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venkatapati_Deva_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkatapati Deva Raya">Venkata II</a> </td> <td>1586–1614 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sriranga_II" title="Sriranga II">Sriranga II</a> </td> <td>1614 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rama_Deva_Raya" title="Rama Deva Raya">Rama Deva Raya</a> </td> <td>1617–1632 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peda_Venkata_Raya" title="Peda Venkata Raya">Venkata III</a> </td> <td>1632–1642 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sriranga_III" title="Sriranga III">Sriranga III</a> </td> <td>1642–1646/1678 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_representations">Fictional representations</h2></div> <ul><li>Vijayanagara is a key inspiration for the fictional city and empire of Bisnaga in <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Victory_City" title="Victory City">Victory City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[175]</a></li> <li>Vijayanagara during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> is depicted in the 1951 film <a href="/wiki/Malliswari_(1951_film)" title="Malliswari (1951 film)">Malliswari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu_BFP2-207">[176]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">History of South India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_medieval_Karnataka" title="Political history of medieval Karnataka">Political history of medieval Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_military" title="Vijayanagara military">Vijayanagara military</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/vɪˌdʒəjəˈnəɡərə/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhere2011p243-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dhere2011p243_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhere2011p243_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDhere2011">Dhere 2011</a>, p. 243: "We can deduce that Sangam must have become a Yadava through his pastoralist, cowherd community." </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrea-corsali.-lesploratore-amico-di-leonardo-da-vinci-scomparso-in-oriente">"Andrea Corsali. L'esploratore Amico Di Leonardo Da Vinci, Scomparso In Oriente"</a>. Gingko Edizioni. 21 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2023. <q>... Il regno di Paleacate confina per terra ferma col re di Narsinga, ch'è gentile e principal re di tutta l'India, ed è il più ricco signore che sia di questa banda fino al mar, Batticala, Onor e Brazabor; e lassando il paese de Malabari, ch'è giunto con la marina, s'estende per terra ferma fino al sino Gangetico, dove è il signor de Coromandel, e Paleacate, di là dal capo di Commari, detto Pelura anticamente. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrea+Corsali.+L%27esploratore+Amico+Di+Leonardo+Da+Vinci%2C+Scomparso+In+Oriente&rft.pub=Gingko+Edizioni&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrea-corsali.-lesploratore-amico-di-leonardo-da-vinci-scomparso-in-oriente&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kannadaempire-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Kannadaempire_27-0">^</a> Historians such as <a href="/wiki/P._B._Desai" title="P. B. Desai">P. B. Desai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Heras" title="Henry Heras">Henry Heras</a>, <a href="/wiki/B.A._Saletore" class="mw-redirect" title="B.A. Saletore">B.A. Saletore</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._S._Gai" title="G. S. Gai">G. S. Gai</a>, William Coelho and <a href="/wiki/Suryanath_U._Kamath" title="Suryanath U. Kamath">Kamath</a> in <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, pp. 157–160 </li> <li id="cite_note-telguorigin-28"><a href="#cite_ref-telguorigin_28-0">^</a> N. Ventakaramanayya; B. Suryanarayana Rao in <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, pp. 157–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-aqueduct-36"><a href="#cite_ref-aqueduct_36-0">^</a> From the notes of Portuguese Nuniz. Robert Sewell notes that a big dam across was built the Tungabhadra and an aqueduct 15 miles (24 km) long was cut out of rock <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955">Nilakanta Sastri 1955</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-hunter-38"><a href="#cite_ref-hunter_38-0">^</a> Also deciphered as Gajaventekara, a metaphor for "great hunter of his enemies", or "hunter of elephants" <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-Burma-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Burma_40-0">^</a> From the notes of Persian <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Razzaq_Samarqandi" title="Abd al-Razzaq Samarqandi">Abdur Razzak</a>. Writings of Nuniz confirms that the kings of Burma paid tributes to Vijayanagara Empire (<a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955">Nilakanta Sastri 1955</a>, p. 245, <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 164). </li> <li id="cite_note-richcity-55"><a href="#cite_ref-richcity_55-0">^</a> The notes of Portuguese Barbosa confirms a very rich and well provided Vijayanagara city <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> K.M. Panikkar in <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-varna-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-varna_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-varna_76-1">b</a> Svamin, Amatya, Janapada, Durga, Kosa, Daiufa, Mitra respectively.<a href="#cite_note-75">[65]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> From the notes of Persian Abdur Razzak and research by B.A. Saletore in <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> From the notes of Nuniz in <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> From the notes of Duarte Barbosa in <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 176. However, the empire may have had nine provinces (<a href="/wiki/T._V._Mahalingam" title="T. V. Mahalingam">T. V. Mahalingam</a> in <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 176) </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> From the notes of Abdur Razzaq and Paes in <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> From the notes of Nuniz in <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955">Nilakanta Sastri 1955</a>, p. 288 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> From the notes of Domingo Paes and Nuniz in <a href="#CITEREFDavison-Jenkins2001">Davison-Jenkins 2001</a>, p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> From the notes of Duarte Barbosa. <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-ports-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ports_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ports_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ports_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ports_90-3">d</a> From the notes of Abdur Razzak in <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955">Nilakanta Sastri 1955</a>, p. 304 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> B.A. Saletore in <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-sundry-112"><a href="#cite_ref-sundry_112-0">^</a> From the writings of Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Paes" title="Domingo Paes">Domingo Paes</a> <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955">Nilakanta Sastri 1955</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> From the notes of Duarte Barbosa in <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> The Hinduraya suratrana term in inscriptions has been coupled with long brocaded headdress (kullayi) and others shown in some royalty-related reliefs found in Hampi as additional support for the hypothesis that 'Islamicization of Hindu culture' in 14th-century.<a href="#cite_note-123">[101]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> From the notes of Arab writer Al-Ishtakhri <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955">Nilakanta Sastri 1955</a>, p. 396. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> From the notes of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Batuta</a> <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955">Nilakanta Sastri 1955</a>, p. 396. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> From the notes of Jordanus in 1320–21 <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955">Nilakanta Sastri 1955</a>, p. 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNagaraj2003">Nagaraj 2003</a>, p. 378, <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2006">Asher & Talbot 2006</a>, pp. 74–75: Royal patronage was also directed to the support of literature in several languages: Sanskrit (the pan-Indian literary language), Kannada (the language of the Vijayanagara home base in Karnataka), and Telugu (the language of Andhra). Works in all three languages were produced by poets assembled at the courts of the Vijayanagara kings [...] The Telugu language became particularly prominent in the ruling circles by the early 16th century, because of the large number of warrior lords who were either from Andhra or had served the kingdom there. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Ayyappapanicker in <a href="#CITEREFShiva_Prakash1997">Shiva Prakash 1997</a>, pp. 164, 193–194, 203 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> According to <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955">Nilakanta Sastri 1955</a>, p. 372, during the rule of Krishnadevaraya, encouragement was given to the creation of original Prabandhas (stories) from <a href="/wiki/Puranic" class="mw-redirect" title="Puranic">Puranic</a> themes. </li> <li id="cite_note-pillar-181"><a href="#cite_ref-pillar_181-0">^</a> Nilakanta Sastri about the importance of pillars in the Vijayanagara style in <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 183 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hampi_(town)" title="Hampi (town)">Hampi</a>'s history, ruins and temples made it an early site for offbeat tourism in the 1960s and after. Tourists would gather on its hills and midst its ruins, to hold parties and spiritual retreats, and these have been called "Hampi Hippies" and Hampi as the "lost city" in some publications.<a href="#cite_note-203">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[174]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy" class="citation web cs1">Reddy, P. Bhaskar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/icp01/chapter/the-vijayanagara-empire/#">"The Vijayanagara Empire"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vijayanagara+Empire&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=P.+Bhaskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febooks.inflibnet.ac.in%2Ficp01%2Fchapter%2Fthe-vijayanagara-empire%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-capitals-2"><a href="#cite_ref-capitals_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowes1998" class="citation book cs1">Howes, Jennifer (1998). The Courts of Pre-colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship. 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZhT5Ilq5kAC&pg=PA321">Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia</a>. University Press of Florida. pp. 300–306, 321–322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3099-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3099-9"><bdi>978-0-8130-3099-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Turk+and+Hindu%3A+Rethinking+Religious+Identities+in+Islamicate+South+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E300-%3C%2Fspan%3E306%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-3099-9&rft.aulast=Gilmartin&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Bruce+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ZhT5Ilq5kAC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-talbot281-19"><a href="#cite_ref-talbot281_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCynthia_Talbot2001" class="citation book cs1">Cynthia Talbot (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA281">Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 281–282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803123-9"><bdi>978-0-19-803123-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precolonial+India+in+Practice%3A+Society%2C+Region%2C+and+Identity+in+Medieval+Andhra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E281-%3C%2Fspan%3E282&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803123-9&rft.au=Cynthia+Talbot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfAKljlCJq0C%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Storm2015p311-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Storm2015p311_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Storm2015" class="citation book cs1">Mary Storm (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0sJcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT311">Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32556-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32556-7"><bdi>978-1-317-32556-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Head+and+Heart%3A+Valour+and+Self-Sacrifice+in+the+Art+of+India&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-32556-7&rft.au=Mary+Storm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0sJcCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava1980" class="citation book cs1">Srivastava, Kanhaiya L (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-cMgAAAAMAAJ">The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206–1526</a>. 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South Asia Research. 38 (3): 247–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0262728018798982">10.1177/0262728018798982</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-7280">0262-7280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149596320">149596320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia+Research&rft.atitle=Indian+Christians+and+The+Making+of+Composite+Culture+in+South+India&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E267&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149596320%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0262-7280&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0262728018798982&rft.aulast=Doss&rft.aufirst=M.+Christhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F0262728018798982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack200277–78-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack200277–78_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack2002">Mack 2002</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack200279-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack200279_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack2002">Mack 2002</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath200110,_157-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamath200110,_157_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, pp. 10, 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2003393–395-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2003393–395_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThapar2003">Thapar 2003</a>, pp. 393–395. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack200281–82-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack200281–82_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack2002">Mack 2002</a>, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot200225–28-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot200225–28_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbot2002">Talbot 2002</a>, pp. 25–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2003105-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2003105_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2003">Sinopoli 2003</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001176-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamath2001176_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955321-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955321_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955">Nilakanta Sastri 1955</a>, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevi1924-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevi1924_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDevi1924">Devi 1924</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955365-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955365_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955">Nilakanta Sastri 1955</a>, p. 365. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955364-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955364_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955">Nilakanta Sastri 1955</a>, p. 364. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955363-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955363_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955">Nilakanta Sastri 1955</a>, p. 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice200168-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice200168_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRice2001">Rice 2001</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2010" class="citation news cs1">Rao, Pappu Venugopala (22 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/books/a-masterpiece-in-telugu-literature/article478881.ece">"A masterpiece in Telugu literature"</a>. The Hindu. No. Chennai. Retrieved 9 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+masterpiece+in+Telugu+literature&rft.issue=Chennai&rft.date=2010-06-22&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Pappu+Venugopala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2Fa-masterpiece-in-telugu-literature%2Farticle478881.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnadevaraya2010" class="citation book cs1">Krishnadevaraya (2010). Reddy, Srinivas (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0eTDF3uLVgC&pg=PT1">Giver of the Worn Garland: Krishnadevaraya's Amuktamalyada</a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8184753059" title="Special:BookSources/978-8184753059"><bdi>978-8184753059</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giver+of+the+Worn+Garland%3A+Krishnadevaraya%27s+Amuktamalyada&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-8184753059&rft.au=Krishnadevaraya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0eTDF3uLVgC%26pg%3DPT1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnadevaraya1907" class="citation book cs1">Krishnadevaraya (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amuktamalyada00krissher">Amuktamalyada</a>. London: Telugu Collection for the British Library. Retrieved 9 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amuktamalyada&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Telugu+Collection+for+the+British+Library&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Krishnadevaraya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famuktamalyada00krissher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955372-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955372_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955">Nilakanta Sastri 1955</a>, p. 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955370-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955370_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955">Nilakanta Sastri 1955</a>, p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955347-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955347_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri1955347_174-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955">Nilakanta Sastri 1955</a>, p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampakalakshmi2011" class="citation book cs1">Champakalakshmi, R. (2011). Religion, Tradition, and Ideology: Pre-colonial South India. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198067915" title="Special:BookSources/9780198067915"><bdi>9780198067915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Tradition%2C+and+Ideology%3A+Pre-colonial+South+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Champakalakshmi&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: checksum (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurga_Prasad1988268–270-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurga_Prasad1988268–270_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDurga_Prasad1988">Durga Prasad 1988</a>, pp. 268–270. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKak2010" class="citation book cs1">Kak, Subhash (2010). Sengupta, Pradip Kumar (ed.). History of Science and Philosophy of Science: A Historical Perspective of the Evolution of Ideas in Science. vol. XIII, part 6. Pearson Longman. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1930-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1930-5"><bdi>978-81-317-1930-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Science+and+Philosophy+of+Science%3A+A+Historical+Perspective+of+the+Evolution+of+Ideas+in+Science&rft.series=vol.+XIII%2C+part+6&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1930-5&rft.aulast=Kak&rft.aufirst=Subhash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001182-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamath2001182_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-heritage-179"><a href="#cite_ref-heritage_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241">"Group of Monuments at Hampi-Cultural Sites"</a>. UNESCO. World Heritage Centre, Paris. 1986. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Group+of+Monuments+at+Hampi-Cultural+Sites&rft.date=1986&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzMichell20019-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritzMichell20019_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritzMichell20019_180-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFritzMichell2001">Fritz & Michell 2001</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IoXyAst-aRoC">Hampi Travel Guide</a>. New Delhi: Eicher Goodearth supported by Department of Tourism, Government of India. 2003. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87780-17-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87780-17-5"><bdi>978-81-87780-17-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2003334582">2003334582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hampi+Travel+Guide&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Eicher+Goodearth+supported+by+Department+of+Tourism%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2003334582&rft.isbn=978-81-87780-17-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIoXyAst-aRoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath2001184-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamath2001184_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamath2001184_183-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzMichell200110-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritzMichell200110_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFritzMichell2001">Fritz & Michell 2001</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilon200187-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilon200187_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilon2001">Philon 2001</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallapiccola200169-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallapiccola200169_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDallapiccola2001">Dallapiccola 2001</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiščák2017" class="citation journal cs1">Liščák, Vladimír (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proc-int-cartogr-assoc.net/1/69/2018/ica-proc-1-69-2018.pdf">"Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia"</a> (PDF). International Cartographic Association. 1: 5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PrICA...1...69L">2018PrICA...1...69L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fica-proc-1-69-2018">10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Cartographic+Association&rft.atitle=Mapa+mondi+%28Catalan+Atlas+of+1375%29%2C+Majorcan+cartographic+school%2C+and+14th+century+Asia&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fica-proc-1-69-2018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PrICA...1...69L&rft.aulast=Li%C5%A1%C4%8D%C3%A1k&rft.aufirst=Vladim%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proc-int-cartogr-assoc.net%2F1%2F69%2F2018%2Fica-proc-1-69-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Several of the location names too are accurate, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eq0zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176">Cartography between Christian Europe and the Arabic-Islamic World, 1100–1500: Divergent Traditions</a>. 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New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513661-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513661-6"><bdi>0-19-513661-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precolonial+India+in+Practice%3A+Society%2C+Region+and+Identity+in+Medieval+Andhra&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-513661-6&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHSfoCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanina2012" class="citation book cs1">Vanina, Eugenia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC">Medieval Indian Mindscapes – Space. Time. Society. Man</a>. Delhi: Primus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-19-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-19-1"><bdi>978-93-80607-19-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Indian+Mindscapes+%E2%80%93+Space.+Time.+Society.+Man&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-19-1&rft.aulast=Vanina&rft.aufirst=Eugenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyriGbWNAF5EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerghese2001" class="citation book cs1">Verghese, Anila (2001). "Memorial stones". In Fritz, John M.; Michell, George (eds.). New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara. Mumbai: MARG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-53-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-53-4"><bdi>978-81-85026-53-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Memorial+stones&rft.btitle=New+Light+on+Hampi%3A+Recent+Research+at+Vijayanagara&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pub=MARG&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-85026-53-4&rft.aulast=Verghese&rft.aufirst=Anila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagoner2001" class="citation book cs1">Wagoner, Phillip (2001). "Architecture and Royal Authority under the Early Sangamas". In John M. Fritz; George Michell (eds.). New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara. Mumbai: MARG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-53-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-53-4"><bdi>978-81-85026-53-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Architecture+and+Royal+Authority+under+the+Early+Sangamas&rft.btitle=New+Light+on+Hampi%3A+Recent+Research+at+Vijayanagara&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pub=MARG&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-85026-53-4&rft.aulast=Wagoner&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVijayanagara+Empire" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" 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title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka806" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Karnataka_topics" title="Template talk:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Karnataka,_India.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Karnataka"><img alt="Seal of Karnataka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/25px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/38px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/50px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_state_symbols" title="List of Karnataka state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Karnataka" title="Emblem of Karnataka">Emblem of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Bharata_Jananiya_Tanujate" title="Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate">Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">Fruit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Hypselobarbus_carnaticus" title="Hypselobarbus carnaticus">Carnatic carp</a></li> <li>Insect: <a href="/wiki/Troides_minos" title="Troides minos">Southern birdwing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka" title="Category:Karnataka">Overviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Architecture of Karnataka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka#Climate" title="Karnataka">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Karnataka" title="Demographics of Karnataka">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karnataka" title="Education in Karnataka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts_of_Karnataka" title="Folk arts of Karnataka">Folk arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Karnataka" title="Sports in Karnataka">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Karnataka" title="Transport in Karnataka">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Karnataka" title="Wildlife of Karnataka">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Karnataka" title="Category:History of Karnataka">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alupa_dynasty" title="Alupa dynasty">Alupa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha" title="Amoghavarsha">Amoghavarsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balligavi" title="Balligavi">Balligavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_II" title="Deva Raya II">Deva Raya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvinita" title="Durvinita">Durvinita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Coorg" title="Kingdom of Coorg">Kingdom of Coorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmidi" title="Halmidi">Halmidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Kalyani Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivappa_Nayaka" title="Shivappa Nayaka">Shivappa Nayaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma" title="Kittur Chennamma">Kittur Chennamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurasharma" title="Mayurasharma">Mayurasharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Karnataka" title="Unification of Karnataka">Unification of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana" title="Vishnuvardhana">Vishnuvardhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veera_Ballala_II" title="Veera Ballala II">Veera Ballala II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Karnataka" title="Administrative divisions of Karnataka">divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_division" title="Bangalore division">Bangalore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Urban_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore Urban district">Bangalore Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Rural_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore Rural district">Bangalore Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitradurga_district" title="Chitradurga district">Chitradurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davanagere_district" title="Davanagere district">Davanagere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolar_district" title="Kolar district">Kolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumakuru_district" title="Tumakuru district">Tumakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanagara_district" title="Ramanagara district">Ramanagara </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikkaballapura_district" title="Chikkaballapura district">Chikkaballapura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_division" title="Belagavi division">Belagavi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagalkot_district" title="Bagalkot district">Bagalkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_district" title="Belagavi district">Belagavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Karnataka" title="Bijapur district, Karnataka">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_division" title="Kalaburagi division">Kalaburagi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballari_district" title="Ballari district">Ballari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidar_district" title="Bidar district">Bidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_district" title="Kalaburagi district">Kalaburagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koppal_district" title="Koppal district">Koppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raichur_district" title="Raichur district">Raichur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_district" title="Vijayanagara district">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadgir_district" title="Yadgir district">Yadgir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_division" title="Mysore division">Mysore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamarajanagar_district" title="Chamarajanagar district">Chamarajanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikmagalur_district" title="Chikmagalur district">Chikmagalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_district" title="Hassan district">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandya_district" title="Mandya district">Mandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_district" title="Mysore district">Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Cities and towns in Karnataka">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Rivers of Karnataka">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Karnataka" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Karnataka">Dams and reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Karnataka" title="List of taluks of Karnataka">Taluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Villages in Karnataka">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullayyana_Giri" title="Mullayyana Giri">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayalu_Seeme" title="Bayalu Seeme">Bayalu Seeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malenadu" title="Malenadu">Malenadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Kanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Culture of Karnataka">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Kola" title="Buta Kola">Buta Kola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidriware" title="Bidriware">Bidriware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channapatna_toys" title="Channapatna toys">Channapatna toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Chitrakala_Parishath" title="Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath">Chitrakala Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaarudi_Gombe" title="Gaarudi Gombe">Gaarudi Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkal_sari" title="Ilkal sari">Ilkal sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsale" title="Kamsale">Kamsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Karnatik music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasuti" title="Kasuti">Kasuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedda" title="Khedda">Khedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_Dasara" title="Mysore Dasara">Mysore Dasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togalu_gombeyaata" title="Togalu gombeyaata">Togalu gombeyaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_cuisine" title="Udupi cuisine">Udupi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeragase" title="Veeragase">Veeragase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Literature of Karnataka">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_milestones_in_Kannada_literature" title="List of milestones in Kannada literature">Milestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epics_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of epics in the Kannada language">Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Kannada_literature" title="Medieval Kannada literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_literature" title="Rashtrakuta literature">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_literature" title="Western Ganga literature">Western Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_literature_in_Kannada" title="Western Chalukya literature in Kannada">Western Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_literature" title="Hoysala literature">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature_in_Kannada" title="Vijayanagara literature in Kannada">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachana_sahitya" title="Vachana sahitya">Vachana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_literature_in_Kannada" title="Mysore literature in Kannada">Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yakshagana_plays_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of Yakshagana plays in the Kannada language">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Kannada_literature" title="Modern Kannada literature">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Parishat" title="Kannada Sahitya Parishat">Kannada Sahitya Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Sammelana" title="Kannada Sahitya Sammelana">Kannada Sahitya Sammelana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_literature" title="List of Karnataka literature">Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kannada_poets" title="Category:Kannada poets">Noted poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaga" title="Asaga">Asaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunavarma_I" title="Gunavarma I">Gunavarma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" title="Adikavi Pampa">Adikavi Pampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponna_(poet)" title="Ponna (poet)">Sri Ponna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranna_(Kannada_poet)" title="Ranna (Kannada poet)">Ranna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devar_Dasimayya" title="Devar Dasimayya">Devar Dasimayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddharama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihara_(poet)" title="Harihara (poet)">Harihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavanka" title="Raghavanka">Raghavanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrabhatta" title="Rudrabhatta">Rudrabhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janna" title="Janna">Janna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumara_Vyasa" title="Kumara Vyasa">Kumara Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamarasa" title="Chamarasa">Chamarasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijaguna_Shivayogi" title="Nijaguna Shivayogi">Nijaguna Shivayogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnakaravarni" title="Ratnakaravarni">Ratnakaravarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Dasa" title="Vijaya Dasa">Vijaya Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Dasa" title="Gopala Dasa">Gopala Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Kannada_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmisa" title="Lakshmisa">Lakshmisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvajna" title="Sarvajna">Sarvajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishunala_Sharif" title="Shishunala Sharif">Shishunala Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnaraja Wadiyar III">Krishnaraja Wadiyar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._R._Bendre" title="D. R. Bendre">D. R. Bendre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalakrishna_Adiga" title="Gopalakrishna Adiga">Gopalakrishna Adiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Seetharamaiah" title="V. Seetharamaiah">V. Seetharamaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy" title="K. S. Narasimhaswamy">K. S. Narasimhaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govinda_Pai" title="M. Govinda Pai">M. Govinda Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._V._Gundappa" title="D. V. Gundappa">D. V. Gundappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._S._Shivarudrappa" title="G. S. Shivarudrappa">G. S. Shivarudrappa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Karnataka" title="Category:People from Karnataka">People</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka_society" title="Category:Karnataka society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka ethnic groups">Karnataka ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Karnataka" title="List of people from Karnataka">List of people from Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Karnataka" title="Tourism in Karnataka">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Karnataka" title="List of beaches in Karnataka">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Dams in Karnataka">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Forts in Karnataka">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Karnataka" title="Category:National parks in Karnataka">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jain_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Jain temples in Karnataka">Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Waterfalls of Karnataka">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_awards_and_decorations_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Civil awards and decorations of Karnataka">Awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Ratna" title="Karnataka Ratna">Karnataka Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampa_Award" title="Pampa Award">Pampa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nrupatunga_Award" title="Nrupatunga Award">Nrupatunga Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava_Puraskara" title="Basava Puraskara">Basava Puraskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajyotsava_Prashasti" title="Rajyotsava Prashasti">Rajyotsava Prashasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakanachari_Award" title="Jakanachari Award">Jakanachari Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnashilpi_Venkatappa_Award" title="Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award">Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_Award" title="Kempegowda Award">Kempegowda Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in 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[\"CITEREFDoss2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr.B._S._Chandrababu2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurga_Prasad1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritzMichell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Michell2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmartinLawrence2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodding2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH.G2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabib1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowes1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIyer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Stratton_Hawley1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKak2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamath2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarmarkar1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishnadevaraya1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishnadevaraya2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisa_Owen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiščák2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahalingam1940\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMary_Storm2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassingAlbuquerqueBrownGonzález1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagaraj2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaik,_Reddy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarasimham2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilon2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPillai2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollock1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajat_Kanta_Ray2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamaswamy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaychaudhuriHabibKumar1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReddy\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRice2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSattarSharmaPokharia2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavile1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSewell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShiva_Prakash1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinha2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinopoli2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinopoliMorrison2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrivastava1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanina2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerghese2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagoner1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagoner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_M._Spink2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWill_Durant2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 72,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Vijayanagara Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 37,\n [\"Empires\"] = 1,\n [\"Endash\"] = 7,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 32,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox former country\"] = 1,\n [\"Karnataka topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 137,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vijayanagara_empire\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","23.7"],["?","160","13.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","11.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","8.5"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","80","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","5.1"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2615\u003E","40","3.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.4"],["[others]","180","15.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-7ntt7","timestamp":"20250216112822","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Vijayanagara Empire","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vijayanagara_Empire","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q167639","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q167639","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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