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searchaux" style="display:none">Adoption of Hebrew-language Jewish surnames</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebraization_of_surnames.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hebraization_of_surnames.jpg/220px-Hebraization_of_surnames.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hebraization_of_surnames.jpg/330px-Hebraization_of_surnames.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hebraization_of_surnames.jpg/440px-Hebraization_of_surnames.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Poster in the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> offering assistance to <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a> in choosing a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew name</a> for themselves, 2 December 1926</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Hebraization of surnames</b> (also <b>Hebraicization</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עברות</span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ivrut</i></span>) is the act of amending one's <a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname" title="Jewish surname">Jewish surname</a> so that it originates from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a>, which was natively spoken by <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> until it died out of everyday use by around 200 CE. For many <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diaspora Jews</a>, immigrating to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> and taking up a Hebrew surname has long been conceptualized as a way to <a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">erase remnants of their diaspora experience</a>, particularly since the inception of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> in the 19th century. This notion, which was part of what drove the <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Zionist revival of the Hebrew language</a>, was further consolidated after the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> in 1948. </p><p>Hebraizing surnames has been an especially common practice among <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>; many Ashkenazi families had acquired permanent surnames (rather than patronyms) only when surnames were made compulsory by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Joseph II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> following an official decree on 12 November 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> often had hereditary family names (e.g., Cordovero, Abrabanel, Shaltiel, de Leon, Alcalai, Toledano, Lopez) since well before the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Spanish expulsion of Jews</a> near the end of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i>, which had begun after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a> in the 8th century. </p><p>After the extinction of Hebrew, very few Hebrew surnames existed among Jews in the diaspora. Examples of those that persisted include <i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohen (surname)">Cohen</a></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כֹּהֵן</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">kohen</a></i></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), <i><a href="/wiki/Moss_(surname)" title="Moss (surname)">Moss</a></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מֹשֶׁה</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Levi_(surname)" title="Levi (surname)">Levi</a></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לוי</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Levite" title="Levite">Levite</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). Several Hebrew surnames, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Katz_(surname)" title="Katz (surname)">Katz</a></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כּ״ץ</span></span>, <abbr title="abbreviation of"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ABBR.</span></span></abbr> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kohen <a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">tzedek</a></i></span> or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kohen <a href="/wiki/Zadok" title="Zadok">tzadok</a></i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">righteous priest</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>  or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Zadok" title="Sons of Zadok">priest of Zadok</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Bogoraz" title="Bogoraz">Bogoraz</a></i> (<abbr title="abbreviation of"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ABBR.</span></span></abbr> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ben ha-Rav Zalman</i></span>, from <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בן הרב זאַלמאַן</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">son of Rabbi Zalman</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) are, in fact, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Hebrew acronyms</a>, despite being commonly perceived as being of non-Jewish origin (in these cases, from <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russian</a>, respectively). </p><p>Hebraization began as early as the days of the <a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">First Aliyah</a>. The widespread trend towards Hebraization of surnames in the days of the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a>) and after Israel's founding was based on the idea of returning to an <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">authentic Jewish identity</a> and thus having a stronger sense of one's <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jewishness</a>. Likewise, it was also tied in with the desire among diaspora Jews to distance themselves from the lost and dead past of exile and also from the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">imposition upon Jews of foreign names</a> in previous centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of Hebraization among the Jewish diaspora has continued since Israel's founding in 1948; among the thousands of <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah"><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">olim</i></span> and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">olot</i></span></a> who currently apply for legal name changes in Israel each year, many do so to adopt <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew names</a> and thereby assimilate into a shared Jewish national identity, chiefly with <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebraization_of_surnames&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Yishuv">In the Yishuv</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebraization_of_surnames&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In the Yishuv"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> (the first to return to Eretz Yisrael—the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>), there was a strong feeling of <i>sh'lilat ha-golah</i> (Hebrew: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שלילת הגולה</span></span> "negation of the diaspora/Exile"), which often included the exchange of Diaspora surnames for purely Hebrew ones.<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Zionist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist movement">Zionist movement</a> was not only <i><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a></i>, it was also wanting to create an image of an <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jew</a> that would be different from the stereotypical perception of <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>-speaking, <i><a href="/wiki/Shtetl" title="Shtetl">shtetl</a></i>-living, weak <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora Jews">Diaspora Jews</a>, and these things were a significant part of the people of the <a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">Second</a> <i>Aliyot</i>. Some of the immigrants of the First Aliyah (1882–1903) Hebraized their surnames, and the practice became widespread during the Second Aliyah (1904–1914).<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Booklet_by_the_Jewish_Agency">Booklet by the Jewish Agency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebraization_of_surnames&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Booklet by the Jewish Agency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_Name_Changes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Palestine_Name_Changes.png/220px-Palestine_Name_Changes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Palestine_Name_Changes.png/330px-Palestine_Name_Changes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Palestine_Name_Changes.png/440px-Palestine_Name_Changes.png 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="2051" /></a><figcaption>Some but not all name changes were recorded in the Palestine Gazette</figcaption></figure> <p>This process started with individuals like <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda" title="Eliezer Ben-Yehuda">Eliezer Ben-Yehuda</a> (Perelman) and was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/New_Yishuv" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yishuv">New Yishuv</a>. In 1944, before the founding of the State of Israel, the Zionist leadership and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a> proclaimed it the "Year of naturalization and the Hebrew name".<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A special committee under the chairmanship of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mordechai_Nemzabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mordechai Nemzabi (page does not exist)">Mordechai Nemzabi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a> advisor on matters of civilian defense, published a booklet which contained guidelines on the creation on new Hebrew surnames.<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Changing a diaspora surname to Hebrew</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ol><li>Change of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_vocalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew vocalization">vocalization</a>: <i>Leib</i> becomes <i>Lev</i></li> <li>Change of consonants: <i>Borg</i> or <i>Brog</i> becomes <i>Barak</i></li> <li>Shortening by omitting the ending: <i>Rosenberg</i> becomes <i>Rosen</i></li> <li>Shortening a name with a Hebrew meaning, by omitting the foreign suffix: <i>Yakobovitch</i> (<i>Jacobowitz</i>, <i>Jacobowicz</i>) becomes <i>Ya'akovi</i></li> <li>Translating the foreign name into Hebrew according to the meaning: <i>Abramovich</i> (<i>Abramowicz</i>, <i>Abramowitz</i>) becomes <i>Ben Avraham</i></li></ol> <dl><dt>First names as surnames</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ol><li>Name of a father or mother who were murdered during the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Shoah</a>, thus: <i>Bat Miriam</i>, <i>Ben Moshe</i>, <i>Devorin</i></li> <li>Son or daughter who fell in battle: <i>Avinoam</i></li> <li>Brother or sister who were killed or fell: <i>Achimeir</i></li> <li>Beloved or admired <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">biblical</a> figure: <i><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Shaul</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">Davidi</a></i></li></ol> <dl><dt>Change of names by names of places, plants, or sites in the Land of Israel</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ol><li>Places or sites: <i><a href="/wiki/Hermon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermon">Hermoni</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilad</a></i></li> <li>Plants, especially plants of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>: <i>Eshel</i> ("orchard", "garden"), <i>Rotem</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Retama" title="Retama">retama</a>")</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence">After the Israeli Declaration of Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebraization_of_surnames&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After the Israeli Declaration of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a>, there was still the attitude that the Hebraization of family names should continue, in order to get rid of names with a diaspora sound.<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hebraization of names became a typical part of the integration process for new immigrants among <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>. It also occurred among <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> Jewish immigrants from Arab and Muslim lands, though it was less common among them than among Ashkenazi Jews; Sephardi and Mizrahi children were typically given new Hebrew names in school, often without permission from their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister of Israel</a>, was committed to the use of the Hebrew language (he changed his surname from Grün to Ben-Gurion). He tried to convince as many people to change their surnames into "real" Hebrew ones. Ben-Gurion got <a href="/wiki/Herzl_Rosenblum" title="Herzl Rosenblum">Herzl Rosenblum</a> to sign the Israeli Declaration of Independence as Herzl Vardi, his <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> (later changed to his legal name), as Ben-Gurion wanted more Hebrew names on the document. Nine more of the signatories of the document would then go on to Hebraize their name, as well. </p><p>Ben-Gurion, in an order to the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> soldiers, wrote, "It is desirable that every commanding officer (from Squadron Commander to Chief of Staff) should change his surname, whether German, English, Slavic, French or foreign in general, to a Hebrew surname, in order to be a role model for his soldiers. The Israel Defense Forces must be Hebrew in spirit, vision, and in all internal and external expressions."<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a while it was widespread for new conscripts into the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> with Ashkenazi surnames to Hebraize their names upon entering service. For example, former Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a> changed his surname from Brog to Barak in 1972. </p><p>A binding order of the same issue was issued to the officials of the state in 1950, and particularly to those who represented the State abroad. A "Committee for Hebrew Names" was established to supervise the implementation of the order, whose task was to assist and advise the choice of a Hebrew name. </p><p>In addition to pressure from the state, tensions between <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ethnic groups">Jewish ethnic groups</a> caused some people to Hebraize their names to dis-identify with a "stigmatized" ethnic group or to merge into a "collective Israeli identity" and therefore created a desire to Hebraize.<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supporters_and_opponents">Supporters and opponents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebraization_of_surnames&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Supporters and opponents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hebraization of surnames was a source of debate in the days of the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> and after the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_of_the_State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Establishment of the State of Israel">establishment of the State of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-Hebraization">Pro-Hebraization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebraization_of_surnames&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pro-Hebraization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the most significant supporters was <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben_Zvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzhak Ben Zvi">Yitzhak Ben Zvi</a> (Shimshelevich), leader of the <a href="/wiki/Labor_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor (Israel)">Labor movement</a>, historian and second <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the State of Israel">president of the State of Israel</a>. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> on 24 November 1884. He studied law in Istanbul together with David Ben Gurion. In 1906 he attended the founding conference of the <a href="/wiki/Poalei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Poalei Zion">Poalei Zion</a> and in 1907 he settled in the Land of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He belonged to the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Ahdut_ha-Avodah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahdut ha-Avodah">Ahdut ha-Avodah</a> Party, was active in the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a>, and signed the Israeli Declaration of Independence.<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ben Zvi died in 1963. </p><p>Ben Zvi wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our surnames are mostly of foreign origin, which cling to exile [...] even names based on Hebrew first names were damaged and distorted from the original [...] by German and English suffixes, like "son" or "sohn" and the Slavic "in", "ovich", "ovsky" and "shvili". These surnames fill the air and the pages of our newspaper, the posters and announcements in our streets and public squares [...] it is indeed not really clear if the hardship of this inheritance which remained with us as a result of the Middle Ages and subsequent ghettoization should be tolerated...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Yitzhak Ben Zvi in <i>Collected Writings</i>, vol. 4, pp. 11–14<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>All rabbinic authorities encourage hebraizing first names (VaYikra Rabba 32, and Kor'ei Sh'mo, pp. 173–181), and some actively encourage last names, as well (Rabbi Shlomo Aviner, Resp. She'elat Shlomo VIII, 67–68), and even did so themselves: among them: Rabbis <a href="/wiki/Menashe_Klein" title="Menashe Klein">Menashe HaKatan</a> (Klein), <a href="/wiki/Maharam_Schick" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharam Schick">Maharam Schick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Goren" title="Shlomo Goren">Shlomo Goren</a> (Goronchick), <a href="/wiki/Shaul_Yisraeli" title="Shaul Yisraeli">Shaul Yisraeli</a> (Izraelit), <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Zvi_Neria" class="mw-redirect" title="Moshe Zvi Neria">Moshe Zvi Neria</a> (Menkin), <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Aviner" title="Shlomo Aviner">Shlomo Aviner</a> (Langenauer). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Hebraization">Anti-Hebraization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebraization_of_surnames&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anti-Hebraization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the opponents of the Hebraization of surnames was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moses_Calvary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moses Calvary (page does not exist)">Moses Calvary</a>, a writer and teacher. Born in Germany in 1883, he received a traditional, general, and rabbinical education.<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of <a href="/wiki/Ahdut_Ha%27avodah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahdut Ha'avodah">Ahdut Ha'avodah</a>, an educator in the <a href="/wiki/Meir_Shfeya" title="Meir Shfeya">Meir Shfeya</a> youth village, principal of <a href="/wiki/Gymnasia_Rehavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnasia Rehavia">Gymnasia Rehavia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, and educator in the "Ahava" youth village in <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Bialik" title="Kiryat Bialik">Kiryat Bialik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Yitzhak Ben Zvi demands we disqualify all the foreign names which are close to us. His assumption was that our immigration to Eretz Yisrael is a revolutionary act, a return to one's origins. Let the memory of the Diaspora therefore be erased so that the crown be returned to ancient times, by wrapping our names in the envelope of our language. I have my doubts if this zealousness is appropriate. Our names are part—a significant part—of our history. Bearers of historical names are still alive and among us; the names of figures who mark our history—names like Sasportas or Benbenisti, Abrabanel or Don Yehia, Rappaport or Eibeschitz—there is no reason to delete the chronicle of our national life. Let us preserve the faith of our fathers also in our revival. Do not betray our memories by radical action; and the text does not only relate to the famous: the variety in our names is a sign of our colorful history, a two-thousand year-old history, whose traces cannot be wiped out light-handedly.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Moses Calvary, <i>Between Sowing and Harvest</i>, p. 339<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Some people were emotionally attached to their diaspora last name, for reasons such as it having noble <i><a href="/wiki/Yichus" title="Yichus">yichus</a></i> (origins), or for a desire to continue to identify with their <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ethnic group">ethnic group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a story of an Israeli diplomat who told <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>, "I will change my name if you can find me one non-Jew named Lifshitz."<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others had names that were entirely Hebrew to begin with.<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disagreement about the Hebraization of surnames continued. Many people preserved their foreign surname, such as first President of Israel <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">President of the Supreme Court of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Agranat" title="Shimon Agranat">Shimon Agranat</a>, and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_in_Israel">Decline in Israel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebraization_of_surnames&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decline in Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This trend moderated with time.<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even today, people continue to Hebraize their surname, especially those serving in the IDF and Israel's diplomatic missions, representing the State of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of those who do is small but significant; about 15% of American and British immigrants to Israel who come on <a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a> flights Hebraize their names on arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a trend of reverting to ancestral, non-Hebrew names to return to one's roots and preserve traditions unique to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ethnic group">each ethnic group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are people who re-adopt the name their family previously abandoned for the sake of "Israeliness", such as Israeli writer <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Orpaz" title="Yitzhak Orpaz">Yitzhak Orpaz</a> who restored his family's original family name of "Averbuch".<sup id="cite_ref-JAI_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processes_of_Hebraizing_Jewish_surnames">Processes of Hebraizing Jewish surnames</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebraization_of_surnames&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Processes of Hebraizing Jewish surnames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were several ways people Hebraized their names. </p><p>Some names were words that were directly translated from the corresponding Diaspora name.<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old </th> <th>New </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_(surname)" title="Goldberg (surname)">Goldberg</a> </td> <td>Har-Zahav (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הר־זהב</span></span>) </td> <td>gold mountain </td></tr> <tr> <td>Herbst </td> <td>Stavi (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סתווי</span></span>) </td> <td>autumn, fall </td></tr> <tr> <td>Her(t)z </td> <td>Levavi (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לבבי</span></span>) </td> <td>heart(y), cordial </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mostovski </td> <td>Gashri (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">גשרי</span></span>) </td> <td>bridge(y) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rosenstein" class="extiw" title="wikt:Rosenstein">Rosenstein</a> </td> <td>Even-Vered (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אבן־ורד</span></span>) </td> <td>rose stone </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schlosberg" title="Schlosberg">Schlosberg</a> </td> <td>Har-Tira (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הר־טירה</span></span>) </td> <td>castle mountain </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silver(man) </td> <td>Kaspi (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כספי</span></span>) </td> <td>silver, silversmith </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Steinberg_(surname)" title="Steinberg (surname)">Steinberg</a> </td> <td>Har-Even (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הר־אבן</span></span>) </td> <td>stone mountain </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Others were direct translations of <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> names or names based on biblical figures.<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old </th> <th>New </th></tr> <tr> <td>Benjamin </td> <td>Binyamin (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בנימין</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Davidson </td> <td>Ben-David (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בן־דוד</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendelssohn_(surname)" title="Mendelssohn (surname)">Mendelson</a> </td> <td>Ben-Menachem (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בן־מנחם</span></span>) (Yiddish <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a>: Mendel) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Meyerson </td> <td>Ben-Meir (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בן־מאיר</span></span>) (Yiddish: Meyer) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reuben </td> <td>Reuven (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ראובן</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Simmons </td> <td>Shimoni (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שמעוני</span></span>) (variant of Simeon) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other names were translated from <a href="/wiki/Toponyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponyms">toponyms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old </th> <th>New </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Deutsch(er) </td> <td>Ashkenazi (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אשכנזי</span></span>) </td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wilner </td> <td>Vilnai (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וילנאי</span></span>) </td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Wilno" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno">Wilno</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other names were the negation of so-called "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_German_Language/Ekelname" class="extiw" title="s:An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/Ekelname">Ekelnamen</a>" (literally "disgusting names" in German, deliberately insulting or demeaning last names forced upon ancestors by non-Jewish officials).<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old </th> <th>New </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ausuebel: "from evil" </td> <td>Ben-Tov (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בן־טוב</span></span>): "from good", "born of goodness", "good son" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luegner: "liar" </td> <td>Amithai (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אמיתי</span></span>): "honest" </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other names were Hebraized on their similar sounding to a Hebrew word or name, though sometimes their phonetic similarity was far-fetched.<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old </th> <th>New </th></tr> <tr> <td>Berkovitz: "son of <a href="/wiki/Dov_Ber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dov Ber">Dov Ber</a>" </td> <td>Barak (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ברק</span></span>): "lightning" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boris </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baruch_(given_name)" title="Baruch (given name)">Barukh</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ברוך</span></span>): "blessed" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brotzlewsky </td> <td>Bar-Lev (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בר־לב</span></span>): "able of Lev/heart" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Epstein (<a href="/wiki/Eppstein" title="Eppstein">place name</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אילת</span></span>) (place name) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gruen: "green" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בן־גוריון</span></span>): "son of the lion cub" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kalb: "calf" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gilboa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gilboa (disambiguation)">Gilboa</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">גלבוע</span></span>) (place name) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neumann" title="Neumann">Neumann</a>: "new man" </td> <td>Ne'eman (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נאמן</span></span>): "loyal" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Torczyner : "from <a href="/wiki/Torczyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Torczyn">Torczyn</a>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naftali_Herz_Tur-Sinai" title="Naftali Herz Tur-Sinai">Tur-Sinai</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">טור־סיני</span></span>): "columns of Sinai" </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sometimes, there were prevalent options between either translating it, or choosing a name based on similar sound (<a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophone</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old </th> <th>Direct translation choice </th> <th>Phonetic similarity choice </th></tr> <tr> <td>Feld </td> <td>Sadeh (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שדה</span></span>): "field" </td> <td>Peled (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פלד</span></span>): "steel" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rosen </td> <td>Vardi (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ורדי</span></span>): "my rose" </td> <td>Rozen (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רוזן</span></span>): "count/earl" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shkolnik </td> <td>Lamdan (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">למדן</span></span>): "yeshiva student/learner" </td> <td>Eshkol (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אשכול</span></span>): "cluster of grapes" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gruen </td> <td>Yarok (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ירוק</span></span>): "green" </td> <td>Ben-Gurion (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בן־גוריון</span></span>): "son of the lion cub" </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In some cases, a <a href="/wiki/False_cognate" title="False cognate">false cognate</a> could satisfy both options at once. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old </th> <th>New </th></tr> <tr> <td>Loewe: "lion" </td> <td>Lavi (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לביא</span></span>): "lion" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lempel: "little lamp" </td> <td>Lapid (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לפיד</span></span>): "torch" </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Others chose completely newly chosen names, many times symbolic in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hebrew </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ben-Artzi (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בן־ארצי</span></span>) </td> <td>"son of my land" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nir (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ניר</span></span>) </td> <td>"plowed field", as dug by a farmer </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Others kept their name for several reasons. Sometimes, the reason it was kept was because of its religious nature. For examples, names connected with the <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">kohen</a> (priesthood) such as Cohen, Kohn, Kaplan, Sacerdoti, Katz, Azoulai, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other times it indicated Levite descent such as Levi, Levy, Weil (<a href="/wiki/Anagram" title="Anagram">anagram</a>), and Segal (Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a>). Other times it was synagogue or Jewish community functions such as Gabbai, Chazan, or Rabin.<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the surname was already Hebrew (Sarfati). </p><p>Others kept their name for its <i><a href="/wiki/Yichus" title="Yichus">yichus</a></i> (meaning that the person descends from something akin to "good stock"), which gave the bearer more reason not to Hebraize it.<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Horowitz" title="Horowitz">Horowitz</a> (famous rabbinical dynasty), <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild</a> (famous Jewish banking dynasty), <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> (famous bearer), or Shaltiel (ancient <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a> family tracing its origins to <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a>—and it is <a href="/wiki/Shealtiel" title="Shealtiel">already Hebrew</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others kept their name but the name underwent some mutation because they contained sounds that do not exist in Hebrew.<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include Lando (from "Landau"), and Glober (from "Glauber").<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other "Diaspora" Jewish names are Hebrew to begin with (such as Ashkenazi and <a href="/wiki/Yerushalmi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Yerushalmi (disambiguation)">Yerushalmi</a>), corruptions of Hebrew words (such as <a href="/wiki/Heifetz" title="Heifetz">Heifetz</a>, from Chafetz), <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_acronyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew acronyms">Hebrew acronyms</a> (such as Shalit, from "<i>Sheyihye le'orekh yamim tovim</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span>), or of <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> origin (such as Kahane, or Raban).<sup id="cite_ref-W_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebraization_of_surnames&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname" title="Jewish surname">Jewish surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew name</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebraization_of_surnames&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theochem.weizmann.ac.il/~comartin/israelinames.txt">the original</a> on 2013-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+preliminary+notes+on+Israeli+family+names&rft.pages=Weizmann+Institute+of+Science&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheochem.weizmann.ac.il%2F~comartin%2Fisraelinames.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+surnames" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forward-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/news/309070/for-israelis-hebrew-names-are-about-autonomy-not-assimilation/">"For New Israelis, Hebrew Names Are About Autonomy, Not Assimilation"</a>. 31 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+New+Israelis%2C+Hebrew+Names+Are+About+Autonomy%2C+Not+Assimilation&rft.date=2015-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fnews%2F309070%2Ffor-israelis-hebrew-names-are-about-autonomy-not-assimilation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebraization+of+surnames" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2018/04/how-and-why-jews-hebraized-their-family-names-at-the-founding-of-israel/">How and why Jews Hebraized their family names at the founding 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style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zionism226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zionism" title="Template:Zionism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zionism" title="Template talk:Zionism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zionism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zionism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zionism226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Yerida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Homeland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_a_Jewish_state" title="Proposals for a Jewish state">proposals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_and_Stockade" title="Tower and Stockade">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">Negation of the Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hebraization of surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zionism-template.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence"><img alt="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/45px-Zionism-template.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/68px-Zionism-template.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Zionism-template.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Zionism" title="Types of Zionism">Ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Zionism" title="Reform Zionism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Zionism" title="Federal Zionism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Zionism" title="Proto-Zionism">Proto-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Zionism" title="Non-Zionism">Non-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanism" title="Canaanism">Canaanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddishist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Golus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Zionist_organizations" title="Category:Zionist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hovevei Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilu_(movement)" title="Bilu (movement)">Bilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_General_Council" title="Zionist General Council">Zionist General Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Germany" title="Zionist Federation of Germany">Zionist Federation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Zionist Organization of America">Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_Canada" title="Zionist Organization of Canada">Zionist Organization of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionists_of_America" title="Religious Zionists of America">Religious Zionists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(political_party)" title="Mizrachi (political party)">Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habonim_Dror" title="Habonim Dror">Habonim Dror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HaNoar_HaTzioni" title="HaNoar HaTzioni">HaNoar HaTzioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betar" title="Betar">Betar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betar_US" title="Betar US">Betar US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)">Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Romania)" title="Jewish Party (Romania)">Jewish Party (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Resistance_Movement" title="Jewish Resistance Movement">Jewish Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Zionist_Organization" title="Women's International Zionist Organization">Women's International Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America">Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aytzim" title="Aytzim">Aytzim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Zionist_Movement" title="American Zionist Movement">American Zionist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am_Yisrael_Foundation" title="Am Yisrael Foundation">Am Yisrael Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland">Zionist Federation of Great Britain and 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href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_Day" title="Ben-Gurion Day">Ben-Gurion Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabin_Day" title="Rabin Day">Rabin Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zionists" title="List of Zionists">List of Zionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_one_inch" title="Not one inch">Not one inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish 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