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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Multistep reaction mechanism involving a catalyst</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, a <b>catalytic cycle</b> is a multistep <a href="/wiki/Reaction_mechanism" title="Reaction mechanism">reaction mechanism</a> that involves a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The catalytic cycle is the main method for describing the role of catalysts in <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">organometallic chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">bioinorganic chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, etc. </p><p>Since catalysts are regenerated, catalytic cycles are usually written as a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a> in the form of a loop. In such loops, the initial step entails binding of one or more <a href="/wiki/Reactant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactant">reactants</a> by the catalyst, and the final step is the release of the <a href="/wiki/Product_(chemistry)" title="Product (chemistry)">product</a> and regeneration of the catalyst. Articles on the <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_process" title="Monsanto process">Monsanto process</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wacker_process" title="Wacker process">Wacker process</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Heck_reaction" title="Heck reaction">Heck reaction</a> show catalytic cycles. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catcycle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Catcycle.png/350px-Catcycle.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Catcycle.png/525px-Catcycle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Catcycle.png/700px-Catcycle.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Catalytic cycle for conversion of A and B into C</figcaption></figure> <p>A catalytic cycle is not necessarily a full reaction mechanism. For example, it may be that the <a href="/wiki/Reactive_intermediate" title="Reactive intermediate">intermediates</a> have been detected, but it is not known by which mechanisms the actual <a href="/wiki/Elementary_reaction" title="Elementary reaction">elementary reactions</a> occur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precatalysts">Precatalysts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalytic_cycle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Precatalysts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Precatalysts</b> are not catalysts but are <i>precursors</i> to catalysts. Precatalysts are converted in the reactor to the actual catalytic species. The identification of catalysts vs precatalysts is an important theme in catalysis research. </p><p>The conversion of a precatalyst to a catalyst is often called <b>catalyst activation</b>. Many metal halides are precatalysts for <a href="/wiki/Alkene_polymerization" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkene polymerization">alkene polymerization</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Kaminsky_catalyst" title="Kaminsky catalyst">Kaminsky catalyst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ziegler-Natta_catalysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziegler-Natta catalysis">Ziegler-Natta catalysis</a>. The precatalysts, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Titanium_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium trichloride">titanium trichloride</a>, are activated by <a href="/wiki/Organoaluminium_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organoaluminium compound">organoaluminium compounds</a>, which function as <b>catalyst activators</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Metal_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal oxide">Metal oxides</a> are often classified as catalysts, but in fact are almost always <i>pre</i>catalysts. Applications include <a href="/wiki/Olefin_metathesis" title="Olefin metathesis">olefin metathesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a>. The metal oxides require some activating reagent, usually a reducing agent, to enter the catalytic cycle. </p><p>Often catalytic cycles show the conversion of a precatalyst to the catalyst. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sacrificial_catalysts">Sacrificial catalysts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalytic_cycle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sacrificial catalysts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often a so-called <b>sacrificial catalyst</b> is also part of the reaction system with the purpose of regenerating the <i>true</i> catalyst in each cycle. As the name implies, the sacrificial catalyst is not regenerated and is irreversibly consumed, thereby not a catalyst at all. This sacrificial compound is also known as a <b>stoichiometric catalyst</b> when added in <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometric</a> quantities compared to the main <a href="/wiki/Reactant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactant">reactant</a>. Usually the true catalyst is an expensive and complex molecule and added in quantities as small as possible. The stoichiometric catalyst on the other hand should be cheap and abundant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "Sacrificial catalysts" are more accurately referred to by their actual role in the catalytic cycle, for example as a reductant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalytic_cycle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kinetics of catalytic reactions</i> 2005 M. Albert Vannice</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFManfred_Bochmann2010" class="citation journal cs1">Manfred Bochmann (2010). "The Chemistry of Catalyst Activation: The Case of Group 4 Polymerization Catalysts". <i>Organometallics</i>. <b>29</b> (21): 4711–4740. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom1004447">10.1021/om1004447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=The+Chemistry+of+Catalyst+Activation%3A+The+Case+of+Group+4+Polymerization+Catalysts&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=4711-4740&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom1004447&rft.au=Manfred+Bochmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatalytic+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catalytic_cycle&oldid=1247853507">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catalytic_cycle&oldid=1247853507</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reaction_mechanisms" title="Category:Reaction mechanisms">Reaction mechanisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catalysis" title="Category:Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2007" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 September 2024, at 10:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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