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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_poetry_in_Pali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_poetry_in_Pali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Buddhist poetry in Pali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_poetry_in_Pali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_poetry_in_Sanskrit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_poetry_in_Sanskrit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Buddhist poetry in Sanskrit</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buddhist_poetry_in_Sanskrit-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddhist poetry in Sanskrit subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_poetry_in_Sanskrit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aśvaghoṣa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aśvaghoṣa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Aśvaghoṣa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aśvaghoṣa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed_Genre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_Genre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mixed Genre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_Genre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subhāṣita_(Good_Sayings)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subhāṣita_(Good_Sayings)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Subhāṣita (Good Sayings)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subhāṣita_(Good_Sayings)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guides_to_Spiritual_Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guides_to_Spiritual_Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Guides to Spiritual Practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guides_to_Spiritual_Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hymns_of_Praise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hymns_of_Praise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Hymns of Praise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hymns_of_Praise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_poetry_in_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_poetry_in_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Buddhist poetry in Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_poetry_in_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_Buddhist_Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_Buddhist_Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Japanese Buddhist Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_Buddhist_Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_poetry_and_modernity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_poetry_and_modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Buddhist poetry and modernity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_poetry_and_modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genre of literature</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_poetry&action=edit">summarize the quotations</a>. Consider transferring direct quotations to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Buddhist_poetry" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Buddhist poetry">Wikiquote</a> or excerpts to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Buddhist_poetry" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Buddhist poetry">Wikisource</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Buddhist poetry</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">literature</a> that forms a part of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_poetry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first examples of Buddhist poetry can be found in traditional scriptures such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i>, according to which, <a href="/wiki/Siddh%C4%81rtha_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhārtha Gautama">Siddhārtha Gautama</a> (the founder of Buddhism), upon his reaching enlightenment, proclaimed: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Anekajātisaṁsāraṁ,<br /> sandhāvissaṁ anibbisaṁ;<br /> <br /> Gahakāraṁ gavesanto,<br /> dukkhā jāti punappunaṁ.<br /> <br /> <br /> Gahakāraka diṭṭhosi,<br /> puna gehaṁ na kāhasi;<br /> Sabbā te phāsukā bhaggā,<br /> gahakūṭaṁ visaṅkhataṁ;<br /> Visaṅkhāragataṁ cittaṁ,<br /> taṇhānaṁ khayamajjhagā.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Through the round of many births I roamed<br />     without reward,<br />     without rest,<br /> seeking the house-builder.<br />     Painful is birth<br />     again & again.<br /> <br /> House-builder, you're seen!<br /> You will not build a house again.<br /> All your rafters broken,<br /> the ridge pole destroyed,<br /> gone to the Unformed, the mind<br /> has come to the end of craving.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form">Form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_poetry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, most <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist sutras</a> have a prose component supplemented by verses (known as <i>gatha</i>) that reiterate and poetically summarize the themes of preceding prose passages. Gatha functions as a <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> device helping the Buddhist practitioner commit to memory a certain doctrinal maxim. And in fact, the earliest extant forms of Buddhist discourse appear in verse, which is hardly surprising, considering that the texts were not originally written, but memorized. Linguistic analysis shows that the prose component of the sutras is likely to have been modified by later editing, while the poems often contain earlier forms of language. This view is confirmed by Japanese Buddhist scholar Hajime Nakamura, who states that the verse components of the Pali Canon actually predate the prose components, the former being a way of facilitating memorization, as the Pali Canon was transmitted orally for the first 300 or so years. </p><p>Current <a href="/wiki/Buddhology" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhology">Buddhology</a> generally maintains that even the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> scriptures are products of literary composition. Hence, the study of Buddhist text in general and Buddhist poetry in particular cannot be disengaged from the literary field. But for the sake of classification it is useful to distinguish between </p> <ol><li>Buddhist poetry that is attributed to the Buddha himself, which forms a part of "Buddha Speech" (Sk. <a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a>), and</li> <li>Buddhist poetry written by Buddhists, which is not included in the sutras.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhist_poetry_in_Pali">Buddhist poetry in Pali</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_poetry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Buddhist poetry in Pali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahapajapati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mahapajapati.jpg/220px-Mahapajapati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mahapajapati.jpg/330px-Mahapajapati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mahapajapati.jpg/440px-Mahapajapati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mahapajapati, first Buddhist nun and Buddha's stepmother ordains. One of the first Buddhist poets and also one of the first of women in the Indian subcontinent to write poems.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">early Buddhist sources</a> mention a Buddhist monk called Vaṅgīsa, who was considered by the Buddha as the foremost of his disciples with respect to spontaneity of speech because he could recite poetry by composing it on the spot. He is considered to have been the author of the final and longest section of the <i><a href="/wiki/Theragatha" title="Theragatha">Theragatha</a></i>, the <i>Mahanipata</i> or "Great Section."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ther%C4%ABg%C4%81th%C4%81" title="Therīgāthā">Therīgāthā</a></i>, often translated as <i>Verses of the Elder Nuns</i> (Pāli: <i>therī</i> elder (feminine) + <i>gāthā</i> verses), is a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist text</a>, a collection of short poems of early women who were <a href="/wiki/Thero" title="Thero">elder nuns</a> (having experienced 10 <a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a> or monsoon periods). It is the earliest known collection of women's literature composed in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinuber_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinuber-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poems date from a three hundred year period, with some dated as early as the late 6th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a>, the <i>Therigatha</i> is classified as part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Khuddaka_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuddaka Nikaya">Khuddaka Nikaya</a></i>, the collection of short books in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutta Pitaka">Sutta Pitaka</a></i>. It consists of 73 poems organized into 16 chapters. It is the companion text to the <i><a href="/wiki/Theragatha" title="Theragatha">Theragatha</a></i>. </p><p>The <i>Therigatha</i> is a very significant document in the study of <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">early Buddhism</a> as well as the earliest-known collection of women's literature. The <i>Therigatha</i> contains a passages reaffirming the view that women are the equal of men in terms of spiritual attainment as well as verses that address issues of particular interest to women in ancient <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> society. Included in the <i>Therigatha</i> are the verses of a mother whose child has died (Thig VI.1 and VI.2), a former <a href="/wiki/Sex_work" title="Sex work">sex worker</a> who became a nun (Thig V.2), a wealthy heiress who abandoned her life of pleasure (Thig VI.5) and even verses by the Buddha's own aunt and stepmother, <a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotami</a> (Thig VI.6). </p><p>An additional collection of scriptures concerning the role and abilities of women in the early Sangha is found in the fifth division of the <i><a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">Samyutta Nikaya</a></i>, known as the <i>Bhikkhunī-Saṃyutta</i> "Nun's discourse". </p><p>A number of the nuns whose verses are found in the <i>Therigatha</i> also have verses in the book of the <i><a href="/wiki/Khuddaka_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuddaka Nikaya">Khuddaka Nikaya</a></i> known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Apad%C4%81na" title="Apadāna">Apadāna</a></i>, often called the <i>Biographical Stories</i> in English. The majority of these have been translated into the English language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhist_poetry_in_Sanskrit">Buddhist poetry in Sanskrit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_poetry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Buddhist poetry in Sanskrit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A significant number of Buddhist poets composed their works in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aśvaghoṣa"><span id="A.C5.9Bvagho.E1.B9.A3a"></span>Aśvaghoṣa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_poetry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aśvaghoṣa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashvaghosha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Ashvaghosha.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Aśvaghoṣa, one of the great Buddhist Sanskrit poets</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the first and best known is <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a>, of whom two complete "Great Poems" (<i><a href="/wiki/Mahakavya" title="Mahakavya">mahākāvya</a></i>) survive, i.e. the "Acts of the Buddha" (<i><a href="/wiki/Buddhacharita" title="Buddhacharita">Buddhacarita</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and "Handsome Nanda" (<i>Saundarananda</i> <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The first tells the life-story of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Śākyamuni Buddha</a>, while the second tells the story of Nanda, the Buddha's handsome cousin, who was guided towards liberation by turning his greatest weakness – desire – into a motivating factor for practice. Fragments of a drama called <i>Śāriputraprakaraṇa</i> (<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are also extant, and these may be some of the oldest, perhaps even the oldest example of Sanskrit drama. Aśvaghoṣa's verses are often simple yet very suggestive, casting key Buddhist teachings, such as impermanence, in evocatively paced similes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>vihagānāṁ yathā sāyaṁ<br /> tatra tatra samāgamaḥ<br /> jātau jātau tathāśleṣo<br /> janasya svajanasya ca<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Like birds in the evening<br /> May meet here or there,<br /> So too from birth to birth<br /> One embraces one’s kin. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other verses of Aśvaghoṣa capture in vivid images human indecision, uncertainty and sorrow. The following verse describes Nanda at the door of his house, torn between the wish to remain with his beloved wife and the sense of respect that prompts him to leave and meet the Buddha to make amends for neglecting the Buddha's alms-round in front of his house: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>taṅ gauravaṃ buddhagataṃ cakarṣa<br /> bhāryānurāgaḥ punar ācakarṣa<br /> sa 'niścayān nāpi yayau na tasthau<br /> turaṃs taraṅgeṣv iva rājahaṃsaḥ<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Respect for the Buddha pulled him away<br /> love for his wife pulled him back;<br /> undecided, neither he went nor he stayed<br /> like a swan-king pressed between waves.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_Genre">Mixed Genre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_poetry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mixed Genre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sanskrit poetry is subdivided into three types: verse works (padya) prose works (gadya) and mixed works (campū); nowhere in the Indic tradition is versification taken as the distinguishing feature of literary diction, as all sorts of works, whether philosophical, medical, etc., were composed in verse, for ease of memorization. Several Buddhist authors specialized in mixed verse-prose compositions, often re-telling traditional stories about the Buddha's previous births (<i><a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">jātaka</a></i>). Among the authors writing on the basis of the Jātakas, most prominent is perhaps Āryaśūra;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other beautiful collections of literary Jātakas are those of Haribhaṭṭa <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Gopadatta. Haribhaṭṭa's collection includes a concise version of the life story of Śākyamuni Buddha; he describes <a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra's</a> dejection after understanding the Buddha's victory and superiority in the following verse: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>evam ukte 'tha śākyendre<br /> 'dhomukhaḥ kusumāyudhaḥ<br /> hato 'ham iti kāṣṭhena<br /> viṣasāda mahīṃ likhan </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>After the Lord of the Śākyas had said this,<br /> the Flower-Arrows god, face downcast,<br /> thinking "I am undone", sank down,<br /> writing on the earth with a stick. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This is reminiscent of a famous verse from <a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kālidāsa's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rasambhava" title="Kumārasambhava">Kumārasaṁbhava</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the (probably intended) contrast between the two verses is itself suggestive. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>evaṃ vādini devarṣau pārśve pitur adhomukhī<br /> līlākamalapatrāṇi gaṇayām āsa pārvatī <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>While the divine Sage was thus speaking,<br /> at the side of her father, face downcast,<br /> Pārvatī counted the lotus petals of her play.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kālidāsa celebrates the budding presence of the God of Love in Pārvatī’s mind, as she is thrilled to hear a discussion about her future husband; Haribhaṭṭa describes the Love God’s defeat at the time of the Buddha’s Awakening. Pārvatī is holding lotus-petals; Māra is holding a wooden stick. </p><p>Another important type of mixed verse/prose works is Sanskrit drama (nāṭaka), and here king Harṣadeva deserves special mention. The patron of the great Chinese monk Xuanzang composed the <i>Nāgānanda</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an outstanding drama based on the traditional story of Jīmūtavāhana, prince of the Vidyādharas. While perfectly at ease within the conventions of court poetry, including the depiction of love and attraction, Harṣadeva's Nāgānanda is suffused with Buddhist reflections on compassion and on the futility of hatred, and on impermanence and the inevitability of death. The following words are spoken by a brave Nāga boy to his mother, who is suffering from extreme sorrow as her child will soon be sacrificed to the voracious bird Garuḍa: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>kroḍīkaroti prathamaṃ<br /> yadā jātam anityatā<br /> dhātrīva jananī paścāt<br /> tadā śokasya kaḥ kramaḥ </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Impermanence embraces the new-born,<br /> like a midwife, first,<br /> and the mother, afterwards:<br /> what proper place is there for sorrow? </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subhāṣita_(Good_Sayings)"><span id="Subh.C4.81.E1.B9.A3ita_.28Good_Sayings.29"></span>Subhāṣita (Good Sayings)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_poetry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subhāṣita (Good Sayings)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another genre where Buddhist poets excelled is the "good-sayings" (subhāṣita), collections of proverb-like verses often dealing with universally applicable principles not so specific to the Buddhist tradition. One such collection of verses is attributed to the Buddha himself, and preserved in different versions as the <i><a href="/wiki/Udanavarga" title="Udanavarga">Udānavarga</a></i> (Sanskrit),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i> (Pāli), <i>Dharmapada</i> (Prākr̥t and Gāndhārī). This collection often uses similes (upamā) to exemplify key Buddhist teachings: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>nāsti kāmasamo hy ogho<br /> nāsti doṣasamo grahaḥ<br /> nāsti mohasamaṁ jālaṁ<br /> nāsti tṛṣṇāsamā nadī </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>There is no flood like desire,<br /> There is no possession like hatred,<br /> There is no net like delusion,<br /> There is no river like craving. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other significant collections are Ravigupta's Āryakośa, Vararuci's Gāthāśataka, Ratnamati's Prakaraṇa,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several others. One of the largest anthologies of good sayings extant in Sanskrit is by a Buddhist abbot, i.e. Vidyākara's Subhāṣitaratnakośa.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Subhāṣita genre became also well-established in Tibet, one of the greatest examples being Sakya Paṇḍita, an early and influential master of the Sakyapa school, known to have been fluent in Sanskrit from an early age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guides_to_Spiritual_Practice">Guides to Spiritual Practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_poetry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Guides to Spiritual Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shantideva(1).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Shantideva%281%29.gif/220px-Shantideva%281%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Shantideva%281%29.gif/330px-Shantideva%281%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Shantideva%281%29.gif/440px-Shantideva%281%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Śāntideva</figcaption></figure> <p>Ārya <a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Śāntideva's</a> "Entrance into the practice of the Bodhisattvas" (<i><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattvacary%C4%81vat%C4%81ra" title="Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra">Bodhicaryāvatāra</a></i>) <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partly resembles a collection of good sayings, yet in many ways defies classification. It is written in a number of rather different literary registers, resembling court poetry in places, while being very dramatic in others; some verses are indeed "good-sayings", in both content and style, while an entire chapter is written in the confident and terse tone of a <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> philosophical text, with the usual alternation of objections and rebuttals. The work is a compendium of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a> practice, covering the six perfections (pāramitā) which may be said to function as its main structural guideline. The "Compendium of Perfections" by Āryaśūra is another such guide, containing numerous excellent verses and organized even more systematically in terms of the six perfections. </p><p>Other guides to Buddhist practices were written in the form of versified letters; among these, the "Letter to a Friend" (<i>Suhr̥llekhā</i>) and the "Garland of Gems" (<i>Ratnāvalī</i> <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) of <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a> deserve special mention, not just for their content and style, but also for being very influential in India and Tibet; another remarkable epistle extant in Sanskrit is Candragomin's "Letter to a disciple" (<i>śiṣyalekhā</i> <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also outlining the Buddhist path for a disciple. These letters exemplify the friendly and respectful relationship between Buddhist masters and their patrons, who received advice on a number of different topics, both worldly and supramundane. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hymns_of_Praise">Hymns of Praise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_poetry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hymns of Praise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buddhist poets wrote very many praises of <a href="/wiki/Three_Jewels_and_Three_Roots" title="Three Jewels and Three Roots">the Buddha, Dharma and Saṅgha</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a> and meditational deities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The One Hundred and Fifty Verses of Mātr̥ceṭa</i> seem to have been particularly popular; Nandipriya's extensive commentary on this work still survives in the Tibetan Tangyur (<i>Śatapañcaśatkanāmastotraṭīkā, Brgya lṅa bcu pa źes bya ba’i bstod pa’i ’grel pa, Tg bstod tshogs ka</i> 116a5-178a1.). Mātr̥ceṭa's verses use accessible language, with strong echoes from different types of Buddhist literature, and transmit a sense of great devotion all the more highlighted by the poet's restrained and measured diction: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>samyaksaṃbodhibījasya<br /> cittaratnasya tasya te<br /> tvam eva vīra sārajño<br /> dūre tasyetaro janaḥ<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Seed of perfect awakening,<br /> gem of your mind:<br /> you, hero, know its essence,<br /> others – are far. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Buddhist praises often have didactic purposes; some of them (like Nāgārjuna's <i>Catuḥstava</i>) expound philosophical ideas of specific schools, while praises of Bodhisattvas and meditational deities often facilitate readers/listeners in acquiring familiarity with important features that become the focus of recollection and or formal meditative contemplation. </p><p>Buddhist authors also wrote on prosody (chandas), offering their own poetic examples for different types of Sanskrit meter. Two notable works on Sanskrit poetry are the <i>Chandoratnākara</i> of <a href="/wiki/Ratn%C4%81kara%C5%9B%C4%81nti" title="Ratnākaraśānti">Ratnākaraśānti</a> <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Vr̥ttamālāstuti</i> of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1anasrimitra" title="Jñanasrimitra">Jñānaśrīmitra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by two great contemporary <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramaśīla</a> masters who were active on several intellectual fronts and well-known exponents of <a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogācāra</a> thought. The <i>Vr̥ttamālāstuti</i> is particularly striking: it consists in verses of praise of the Bodhisattva of Wisdom, <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a>, which at the same time offer information about the verse that is being exemplified, such as its name and the position of the caesura (yati). A simple example, for the śaraṇa meter: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>prasīda bhagavan<br /> vilokaya manāk<br /> jaḍaṁ janam imam<br /> tvadekaśaraṇam<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Be well-disposed, Bhagavat!<br /> Look a bit at this dull person,<br /> whose only refuge is you. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pāli poetry follows very similar patters as Sanskrit poetry, in terms of prosody, vocabulary, genres, and poetic conventions; indeed several Pāli authors were well conversant with Sanskrit and even composed works in that language (such as, for example, the <i>Anuruddhaśataka</i>). Sanskrit meters and poetic conventions were more broadly very influential throughout South-East Asia even in respect to vernacular languages (Thai, Burmese, etc.), also thanks to the popularity of literary aesthetic ideas from the tradition of <i>Alaṁkāraśāstra</i> ("The science of ornaments") regarding the purposes and nature of literature. </p><p>While discussing praises, literary praises of meditational deities have been briefly mentioned; this brings us into the fold of Buddhist Tantric poetry, which is esoteric in character and thus often laden with evocative symbols meant to be understood only thanks to one's relationship with a living master. Notable are the "Songs of Practice" (<i>Caryāgīti</i> <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), written in <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṁśa</a> rather than Sanskrit, and including among their authors the "Great Accomplished Ones" (mahāsiddha), such as <a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a>, Śāntipā, and many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhist_poetry_in_Asia">Buddhist poetry in Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_poetry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Buddhist poetry in Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bai_Juyi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bai_Juyi.jpg/220px-Bai_Juyi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="411" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bai_Juyi.jpg/330px-Bai_Juyi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bai_Juyi.jpg/440px-Bai_Juyi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bai_Juyi" title="Bai Juyi">Bai Juyi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kukai2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kukai2.jpg/220px-Kukai2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Kukai2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a> (<a href="/wiki/774_in_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="774 in poetry">774</a>-835), the founder of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a> and compiler of the famous literary treatise <i>Bunkyō hifuron</i> 文鏡秘府論.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutanese_painted_thanka_of_Milarepa_(1052-1135),_Late_19th-early_20th_Century,_Dhodeydrag_Gonpa,_Thimphu,_Bhutan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bhutanese_painted_thanka_of_Milarepa_%281052-1135%29%2C_Late_19th-early_20th_Century%2C_Dhodeydrag_Gonpa%2C_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg/220px-Bhutanese_painted_thanka_of_Milarepa_%281052-1135%29%2C_Late_19th-early_20th_Century%2C_Dhodeydrag_Gonpa%2C_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bhutanese_painted_thanka_of_Milarepa_%281052-1135%29%2C_Late_19th-early_20th_Century%2C_Dhodeydrag_Gonpa%2C_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg/330px-Bhutanese_painted_thanka_of_Milarepa_%281052-1135%29%2C_Late_19th-early_20th_Century%2C_Dhodeydrag_Gonpa%2C_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bhutanese_painted_thanka_of_Milarepa_%281052-1135%29%2C_Late_19th-early_20th_Century%2C_Dhodeydrag_Gonpa%2C_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg/440px-Bhutanese_painted_thanka_of_Milarepa_%281052-1135%29%2C_Late_19th-early_20th_Century%2C_Dhodeydrag_Gonpa%2C_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="2330" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a> (1052–1135), a great <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogi</a> and poet of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. His poetry is quite probably inspired by Indian Tantric Buddhist poetry, such as <a href="/wiki/Doha_(poetry)" title="Doha (poetry)">dohas</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddha</a> <a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a>, to mention one among many other examples.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyakuninisshu_086.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hyakuninisshu_086.jpg/220px-Hyakuninisshu_086.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Hyakuninisshu_086.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saigy%C5%8D" title="Saigyō">Saigyō</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Hyakunin_Isshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyakunin Isshu">Hyakunin Isshu</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamo_no_Chomei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kamo_no_Chomei.jpg/220px-Kamo_no_Chomei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kamo_no_Chomei.jpg/330px-Kamo_no_Chomei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kamo_no_Chomei.jpg/440px-Kamo_no_Chomei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kamo_no_Ch%C5%8Dmei" title="Kamo no Chōmei">Kamo no Chōmei</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Kikuchi_Yosai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikuchi Yosai">Kikuchi Yosai</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fujiwara_no_Shunzei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fujiwara_no_Shunzei.jpg/220px-Fujiwara_no_Shunzei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fujiwara_no_Shunzei.jpg/330px-Fujiwara_no_Shunzei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fujiwara_no_Shunzei.jpg/440px-Fujiwara_no_Shunzei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shunzei" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunzei">Shunzei</a> in his later days.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyakuninisshu_095.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Hyakuninisshu_095.jpg/220px-Hyakuninisshu_095.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Hyakuninisshu_095.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jien" title="Jien">Jien</a>, a famous Japanese Buddhist poet. The translation of this poem is offered here to the left.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DogenP2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DogenP2.JPG/220px-DogenP2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/DogenP2.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a>, the founder of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> Zen school and a celebrated poet.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miyazawa_Kenji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Miyazawa_Kenji.jpg/220px-Miyazawa_Kenji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Miyazawa_Kenji.jpg/330px-Miyazawa_Kenji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Miyazawa_Kenji.jpg/440px-Miyazawa_Kenji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miyazawa_Kenji" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyazawa Kenji">Miyazawa Kenji</a> (1896–1933), a modern Japanese Buddhist poet.</figcaption></figure> <p>Buddhist poetry – like the bulk of the scriptures produced by Buddhists – is not limited to compositions in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>; it has flourished in practically every language that Buddhists speak. </p> <ul><li>Notable examples in the Tibetan tradition are works of <a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhist Tradition</a> is particularly rich in poetic expression. In the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Bai_Juyi" title="Bai Juyi">Bai Juyi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for instance, we see a tension between the secular and Buddhist poetic expression: many Buddhists considered poetry as an attachment and advocated against it, despite the fact that the scriptures revered by them were abundant in poetic forms. Bai is credited with the coinage of the expression <i>kyōgen kigo</i> (狂言綺語, lit. "deranged words and embellished language"), which, to his view, referred to futility of poetic expression in comparison to Buddhist practice. Perhaps, the most successful Chinese Buddhist poet to resolve this paradox was Jiao Ran 皎然 (730–799), who proposed treatment of poetry as an intellectual instrument of Buddhist practice.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Ch%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Chán">Chan</a> Buddhism (Ch. Chan; Jap. Zen) provided a rich ground for Buddhist poetry. Chan Buddhists created a complex language in which indirection, suggestion, ambiguity, paradox, and metaphor are prized over straightforward explanation. This complex language of Chan literature is also applied in Chan poetry. Chan Buddhists asserted that though enlightenment cannot be explained in ordinary terms, poetry, as a special language, can point the way. As the Chan monk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juefan_Huihong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juefan Huihong (page does not exist)">Juefan Huihong</a> (1071–1128) wrote, “The subtleties of the mind cannot be transmitted in words, but can be seen in words.” In Chan poetry, images as simple as the moon, clouds, boats, reflections in water, plum and lotus, bamboo and pine took on complex connotations based in Chan ideas, famous verbal exchanges, and Chan and Buddhist texts.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>To exemplify the use of specialized Buddhist metaphor, this well-known poem by <a href="/wiki/Hanshan_(poet)" title="Hanshan (poet)">Hanshan</a> (Tang Dynasty) will suffice: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">我心如秋月<br /> 寒潭清皎洁<br /> 无物堪比拟<br /> 教我如何言</span></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>My mind is like the autumn moon,<br /> As fresh and pure as a jade pond.<br /> But nothing really compares with it – <br /> Tell me, how can I explain? </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Korean poets wrote mostly in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Japanese poets also contributed to Buddhist poetic tradition in classical Chinese (e.g. the poetic genius of <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a> inspired many poets of later generations.)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kūkai, in turn was influenced by Jiao Ran's <i>Shi shi</i> 詩式, as the latter is included in Kūkai's magnum opus of poetics, the <i>Bunkyō hifuron</i> 文鏡秘府論.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In medieval <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, Buddhist poetry was accorded a special status of a separate genre within the corpus of the <a href="/wiki/Waka_(poetry)" title="Waka (poetry)">waka</a> collections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_Buddhist_Poetry">Japanese Buddhist Poetry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_poetry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Japanese Buddhist Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1. The earliest extant collection of the Japanese poetry, the <i><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Man'yōshū">Man'yōshū</a></i>, contains a preface (Jp. <i>jo</i> 序 or <i>daishi</i> 題詞) to two poems on the love of parents towards their children: "Sakyamuni expounds truthfully from his golden mouth, 'I love all things equally, the way I love my child, Rahula.' He also teaches that 'no love is greater than the love for ones child.' Even the greatest of saints cherishes his child. Who, then, among the living creatures of this world could fail to love children claimed as one's own?"<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several prefaces and poems in the <i>Man'yōshū</i> that mention the name of Buddha Śākyamuni (Jp. Shaka Nyorai 釋迦如来 /an honorific title of <a href="/wiki/Siddh%C4%81rtha_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhārtha Gautama">Siddhārtha Gautama</a>), Buddhist temples (Jp. <i>tera</i> 寺), monks and nuns.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2. Among the treasures of <a href="/wiki/Yakushi-ji" title="Yakushi-ji">Yakushi-ji</a> Temple in Nara there are stone blocks dating from the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> modeled as "the footsteps" of the Buddha (Jp. <i>Bussokuseki</i> 佛足石). These blocks contain poems in <i><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">man'yōgana</a></i> that may be considered the oldest Buddhist <i>waka</i> (Japanese language poems) known to date.　These poems are usually referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Bussokusekika" class="mw-redirect" title="Bussokusekika">bussokusekika</a></i> (lit. "poems on stone imprints of Buddha's feet": 仏足石歌). Consider the following example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">misoji amari<br /> futatsu no katachi<br /> yasogusa to<br /> sodareru hito no<br /> fumishi atodokoro<br /> mare ni mo aru ka mo</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Rare indeed<br /> are the footprints<br /> where trod the man<br /> who lacked none<br /> of the thirty two marks<br /> and the eighty signs [of Buddhahood].<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Both examples above have one trait in common. Namely, the focus on the <a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">physical characteristics of the Buddha</a> is prominent: "the golden mouth" of the Buddha in the <i>Man'yoshu</i> and the "feet of the Buddha" in the stone inscriptions relate to the marks of perfection of the Buddha's body / speech (Skt. <i>mahāpuruṣa</i>, lit. [signs of] "a great person").<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, Buddhist poetry began to be anthologized in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_poetry_anthologies" title="List of Japanese poetry anthologies">Imperial Anthologies</a> (Jp. <i>chokusenshū</i> 勅選集. Among the 21 Imperial Anthologies, 19 contain Buddhist <i><a href="/wiki/Waka_(poetry)" title="Waka (poetry)">tanka</a></i> (lit. short <i>waka</i>) starting with the <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABi_Wakash%C5%AB" title="Shūi Wakashū">Shūi Wakashū</a></i>, compiled between 1005 and 1007 C.E. </p><p>The first Imperial Anthology to treat Buddhist tanka as a separate genre, i.e. <b>shakkyōka</b> (lit. "Poems of Śākyamuni's Teaching": 釈教歌), is the <i><a href="/wiki/Senzai_Wakash%C5%AB" title="Senzai Wakashū">Senzai Wakashū</a></i>, which has an exclusive section dedicated to the Buddhist Poems in Volume 19 (第十九巻). Among the most famous poets who wrote shakkyōka are: <a href="/wiki/Saigy%C5%8D" title="Saigyō">Saigyō</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jakuren" title="Jakuren">Jakuren</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kamo_no_Ch%C5%8Dmei" title="Kamo no Chōmei">Kamo no Chōmei</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Shunzei" title="Fujiwara no Shunzei">Fujiwara no Shunzei</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jien" title="Jien">Jien</a>; <a href="/wiki/N%C5%8Din" title="Nōin">Nōin</a>; <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ton%27a" title="Ton'a">Ton'a</a>, etc. Many of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Thirty-six_Poetry_Immortals" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-six Poetry Immortals">Thirty-six Poetry Immortals</a>" wrote Buddhist poetry. </p><p>Shakkyōka can be subdivided according to the ten following motifs: </p> <ol><li>Buddhas and bodhisattvas;</li> <li>Eminent monks / nuns;</li> <li>A passage from a sutra;</li> <li>A passage from commentatorial corpus of the Buddhist canon;</li> <li>Buddhist Experience (meditative / devotional states);</li> <li>Mental states, such as delusion, passion, anger, etc. that are important in the Buddhist discourse;</li> <li>Religious deeds;</li> <li>Related to temples and shrines;</li> <li>Buddhist views of Nature;</li> <li>Natural phenomena alluding to Buddhist themes (e.g. transience of flowers blooming)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>These motifs are not mutually exclusive and are very often combined within a given poem. </p><p>One of the most famous collections of Japanese tanka of the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Hyakunin_Isshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyakunin Isshu">Hyakunin Isshu</a></i> contains several shakkyōka, for instance Poem 95, by <a href="/wiki/Jien" title="Jien">Jien</a> (also anthologized in the <a href="/wiki/Senzai_Wakash%C5%AB" title="Senzai Wakashū">Senzai Wakashū</a>: 巻十七, 雑中, No. 1137): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">おほけなく <br /> うき世の民に <br /> おほふかな <br /> わがたつそまに <br /> 墨染の袖</span></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Unworthy though I am, <br /> I cast my black robe of a monk <br /> Upon this suffering world, <br /> Living here<br /> On the Mount of Timber.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In later periods, as tanka was slowly being overshadowed by <i><a href="/wiki/Renga" title="Renga">renga</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">haiku</a> – the two poetic forms that derived from tanka – such famous poets as "the seven worthies of renga", (Jp. <i>renga shichiken</i> 連歌七賢) of the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iio_S%C5%8Dgi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iio Sōgi">Sōgi</a>, and still later, <a href="/wiki/Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D" title="Matsuo Bashō">Matsuo Bashō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_Issa" title="Kobayashi Issa">Kobayashi Issa</a>, among many others, carried on the tradition of Buddhist poetry with their compositions. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1143245455">.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation tr>td>.poem>p>span>i,.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation tr>td>.poem>p>span>span{line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation td{display:inline-block}@media only screen and (max-width:900px){.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation td{display:block}}</style> </p> <table class="Verse_transliteration-translation" style="margin-left:2em !important;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="padding-right:1em"> <div style=""><div title="Japanese-language text"><div lang="ja"><div class="poem"> <p>菊の香や<br /> 奈良には古き<br /> 仏達<br /> <small><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">—Bashō</span></span></small> </p> </div></div></div></div> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em"> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><div style="" class="poem"> <p>Kiku no ka ya<br /> Nara ni wa furuki<br /> Hotoketachi </p> </div></i></span> </td> <td><div style="" class="poem"> <p>In the city of Nara<br /> Fragrance of chrysanthemums;<br /> Buddhas of yore.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The nostalgic feeling of the ancient capital, <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a> – interspersed with the scent of chrysanthemums (symbol of <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum_Throne" title="Chrysanthemum Throne">Japanese monarchy</a>) and the old Buddha statues – captures well the aesthetic ideals of <i><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">sabi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics#Yūgen" title="Japanese aesthetics">yūgen</a></i> in this famous haiku. Although these three lines appear to be a mere utterance of almost prosaic quality, the imagery invoked is far from simplistic. Buddhas, emperors, passage of time, the ethereal beauty of flowers that presents itself obliquely, i.e., appealing to scent rather than sight – all suggest that the poet sought to use language as a medium of condensed imagery to map an immediate experience, whose richness can only be read in the blanks. </p> <div style="margin-left: 2em" class="poem"> <p><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">露の世は露の世ながらさりながら</span></span><br /> <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsuyu no yo wa tsuyu no yo nagara sari nagara</i></span><br /> <br /> This world of dew<br /> is just a world of dew,<br /> and yet...<br /> <br /> Issa </p> </div> <p>Here the poet uses the image of evanescence of our world, the dewdrop – one of the classical <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegories</a> of the Buddhist teaching – to express grief caused by the death of his daughter. In theory, Buddhism teaches its followers to regard all the vicissitudes of life as transitory and ephemeral, akin to magic apparitions without substance or dewdrops soon to evaporate under the sun. Yet, a father's loss of his child is more than reason can counter.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhist_poetry_and_modernity">Buddhist poetry and modernity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_poetry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Buddhist poetry and modernity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Japan reached the era of industrialized <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>, many of the poets of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> started to experiment with the European styles of poetic composition. Some poets, notably <a href="/wiki/Miyazawa_Kenji" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyazawa Kenji">Miyazawa Kenji</a>—a devout Buddhist who expressed his convictions in his poetry and fiction—often composed poems with Buddhist overtones. His <i><a href="/wiki/Ame_ni_mo_Makezu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ame ni mo Makezu">Ame ni mo Makezu</a></i> (雨ニモマケズ), known to practically every Japanese today,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> takes its theme (Chapter 14: <i>Peaceful and Joyous Deeds</i> / Jp. <i>Anrakugyō</i> 安楽行) from the <i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></i> 妙法蓮華經, which Kenji revered.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Buddhist poem that remains well known today, but for non-religious reasons, is the <i><a href="/wiki/Iroha" title="Iroha">Iroha</a></i> poem from the Heian period. Originally written in <i><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">man'yōgana</a></i> and attributed to <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a>, this Buddhist poem contains every <i><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a></i> precisely once, and is learned in Japanese primary schools mainly for this reason. Many old-style Japanese dictionaries adhere to the <i>Iroha</i> order. </p><p>A modern Indian Sanskrit poet, Vanikavi Dr. Manomohan Acharya, wrote Sri Gautama Buddha Panchakam in simple and lucid Sanskrit through lyrical style.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_poetry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>F. Bernhard, "Udānavarga: Einleitung, Beschreibung der Handschriften, Textausgabe, Bibliographie." Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1965</li> <li>J. Breen and M. Teeuwen. <i><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> in History : Ways of the Kami.</i> Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2000. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1170-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1170-3">978-0-7007-1170-3</a></li> <li>G.C.C. Chang, tr. and Milarepa, <i>The Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa.</i> Kessinger Publishing, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4254-8688-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4254-8688-4">978-1-4254-8688-4</a></li> <li>E. Cranston. <i>A Waka Anthology.</i> Stanford University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3157-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3157-7">978-0-8047-3157-7</a></li> <li>K. Crosby and A. Skilton. "The Bodhicaryāvatāra." Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998</li> <li>W.T. De Bary et al. <i>Sources of Japanese Tradition.</i> 2nd Ed. Vol.1: "From earliest times to 1600." NY: Columbia Univ. Press. 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12139-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12139-2">978-0-231-12139-2</a></li> <li>D. Dimitrov, "The Legacy of the Jewel Mind. On the Sanskrit, Pali and Sinhalese Works of Ratnamati. A Philological Chronicle (Phullalocanavaṁsa)." Napoli: UNIOR DAAM, 2016</li> <li>M. Gibson and H. Murakami. <i>Tantric Poetry of Kukai (Kobo Daishi), Japan's Buddhist Saint : With Excerpts from the Mahavairocana Sutra and I-Hsing's Commentary of the Sutra.</i> Fredonia, N.Y.: White Pine Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934834-67-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-934834-67-4">978-0-934834-67-4</a></li> <li>M. Hahn, ed. "Ratnākaraśānti's Chandoratnākara." Kathmandu: Nepal Research Center, 1982</li> <li>M. Hahn, ed. "Nāgārjuna's Ratnāvalī. Vol. I: the basic texts (Sanskrit, Tibetan, Chinese)." (Indica et Tibetica, Bd. I.) [ii], vi, 208 pp. Bonn: Indica et Tibetica Verlag, 1982.</li> <li>M. Hahn, ed. tr. "Invitation to Enlightenment: Texts by Matricheta & Chandragomin." Berkeley: Dharma Publishing, 2000</li> <li>M. Hahn, ed., and Haribhaṭṭa. "Poetical Visions of the Buddha's Former Lives : Seventeen Legends from Haribhatta's Jatakamala,</li></ul> <p>New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, 2011. </p> <ul><li>M. Hahn, S.S. Bahulkar, Lata Mahesh Deokar, and M.A. Deokar, eds. "Vṛttamālāstuti of Jñānaśrīmitra with Śākyarakṣita's Vṛttamālā(stuti)vivṛti : critical edition." Pune : Deshana & Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi, 2016.</li> <li>A. Hanish, ed., and Āryaśūra. "Āryaśūras Jātakamālā. Philologische Untersuchungen zu den Legenden 1 bis 15. Teil 2. Philologischer Kommentar" Marburg : 2005 (Indica et Tibetica 43/1)</li> <li>D. Ingalls, "Sanskrit poetry, from Vidyākara's "Treasury". Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1968</li> <li>K. Ishihara 石原清志. <i>Shakkyōka no kenkyū : Hachidaishū o chūshin to shite.</i> 釈教歌の研究 : 八代集を中心として Kyōto : Dōhōsha Shuppan 同朋舎出版, 1980. <a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a>: 82-805787 (see <a href="/wiki/Webcat" class="mw-redirect" title="Webcat">Webcat</a>: BN01638497; <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> OCLC: 16319140)</li> <li>E.H. Johnston, ed. and Asvaghosa. <i>The Buddhacarita or Acts of the Buddha.</i> New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Pub, Bilingual ed. 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1279-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1279-6">978-81-208-1279-6</a></li> <li>E.H. Johnston, ed. and Aśvaghoṣa. "Saundarananda of Aśvaghoṣa". Oxford University Press: London, 1928.</li> <li>E.H. Johnston, tr. “Saundarananda or Nanda the Fair.” London: Oxford University Press, 1932.</li> <li>M.R. Kale, ed. tr. “Kālidāsa’s Kumārasambhava Cantos I-VII.” Bombay: The Standard Publishing Company, 1917.</li> <li>J. Konishi and E. Miner. <i>A History of Japanese Literature.</i> Vol. 1. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06592-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06592-2">978-0-691-06592-2</a></li> <li>H. Kern, ed., and Āryaśūra. "The Jātaka-mālā: stories of Buddha's former incarnations". Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1891, (rep. 1943).</li> <li>T. Kubo and A. Yuyama (tr.) <i>The Lotus Sutra</i>. Revised 2nd ed. Berkeley, Calif. : Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2007. Translation from the Chinese of <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886439-39-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-886439-39-9">978-1-886439-39-9</a></li> <li>W.R. LaFleur. <i>The Karma of Words : Buddhism and the Literary Arts in Medieval Japan.</i> Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05622-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05622-0">978-0-520-05622-0</a></li> <li>P. Kvaerne. "An Anthology of Buddhist Tantric Songs." Bangkok: White Orchid Press, 1986</li> <li>H. Lüders, "Das Śāriputraprakaraṇa, ein Drama des Aśvaghoṣa," Sitzungsberichte der königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 17 (1911), pp. 388–411</li> <li>D.E. Mills. "The Buddha's Footprint Stone Poems." Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 80, No. 3 (Jul. – Sep., 1960), pp. 229–242 (Available on <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> )</li> <li>J.S. Mostow. <i>Pictures of the Heart : The Hyakunin-Isshu in Word and Image</i>. Honolulu, Hawai'i: Univ. of Hawai'i Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1705-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1705-3">978-0-8248-1705-3</a></li> <li>S. Mukhopadhyaya, "The Jātakamālā of Āryaśūra." Delhi: Akshaya Prakashan, 2007.</li> <li>W.H. Nienhauser Jr. <i>The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature.</i> Vol. 1. Indiana University Press, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32983-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32983-7">978-0-253-32983-7</a></li> <li>J.S.Pandey, ed. "Bauddhastotrasaṁgraha." Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1994</li> <li>R. Pandey. <i>Writing and Renunciation in Medieval Japan : The Works of the Poet-Priest Kamo No Chomei.</i> Michigan Monograph Series in Japanese Studies. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939512-86-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939512-86-7">978-0-939512-86-7</a></li> <li>N. Sakaki. <i>Inch by Inch: 45 Haiku by Issa</i>. Albuquerque: La Alameda Press, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888809-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888809-13-8">978-1-888809-13-8</a></li> <li>E.U. Ramirez-Christensen and Shinkei. <i>Heart's Flower : The Life and Poetry of Shinkei.</i> Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2253-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2253-7">978-0-8047-2253-7</a></li> <li>A. Skilton, "How the Nagas Were Pleased by Harsha and The Shattered Thighs by Bhasa". New York: New York University Press, 2009</li> <li>D. Smith, "The Birth of Kumāra". New York: New York University Press, 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Samuel_Speyer" title="Jacob Samuel Speyer">J.S. Speyer</a>, tr. "The Jātakamālā or Garland of Birth-Stories by Ārya-śūra." London: Oxford University Press, 1895.</li> <li>P.L. Vaidya, ed., and Āryaśūra. "Jātakamālā". Darbhanga: Mithila Institute, 1959.</li> <li>B. Watson, tr. <i>Po Chü-i : selected poems.</i> New York : Columbia University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11839-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11839-2">978-0-231-11839-2</a></li> <li>B. Watson, "Buddhism in the Poetry of Po Chü-I." Eastern Buddhist 21, no. 1 (1988): 1–22.</li> <li>Egan, Charles, and Charles Chu. "Clouds Thick, Whereabouts Unknown : Poems by Zen Monks of China." New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15038-5">978-0-231-15038-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_poetry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suttacentral.net/">"SuttaCentral"</a>. <i>SuttaCentral</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SuttaCentral&rft.atitle=SuttaCentral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuttacentral.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"House" = selfhood; house-builder = craving. Thanissaro Bhikkhu, Commentary to the <i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i>, Verses 153–154. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108154548/http://halfsmile.org/buddhadust/www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/khuddaka/dhp/11.html">"Dhammapada XI: Aging"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://halfsmile.org/buddhadust/www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/khuddaka/dhp/11.html">the original</a> on 8 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dhammapada+XI%3A+Aging&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhalfsmile.org%2Fbuddhadust%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Fcanon%2Fkhuddaka%2Fdhp%2F11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ireland, John D. (1997). <i>Vaṅgīsa: An Early Buddhist Poet.</i> Buddhist Publication Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinuber-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hinuber_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Hinüber1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_von_Hin%C3%BCber" title="Oskar von Hinüber">Von Hinüber, Oskar</a> (1997). <i>A Handbook of Pali Literature</i>. New Delhi: Munishiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 51–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0778-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0778-2"><bdi>81-215-0778-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Pali+Literature&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=51-54&rft.pub=Munishiram+Manoharlal+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-215-0778-2&rft.aulast=Von+Hin%C3%BCber&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallisey2015" class="citation book cs1">Hallisey, Charles (2015). <i>Therigatha: Poems of the First Buddhist Women</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674427730" title="Special:BookSources/9780674427730"><bdi>9780674427730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Therigatha%3A+Poems+of+the+First+Buddhist+Women&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780674427730&rft.aulast=Hallisey&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston (1928)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lüders (1911)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston (1928: 106)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston (1928: 28)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Reverence for the Buddha drew him forward, love for his wife drew him back again; from irresolution he neither went away nor stood still, like a royal goose pressing forwards on the waves.” Johnston (1932 :24).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kern (1891)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaidya (1959)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Speyer (1895)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mukhopadhyaya (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanish (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hahn (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kale (1917), Smith (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kale (1917: 133)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“While the sage was speaking thus, Párvatî, who was by her father’s side, counted the petals of her sportive lotus with a down-cast look.” Kale (1917 :47).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skilton (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernhard (1965)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimitrov (2016: 52–67)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingalls (1968)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crosby & Skilton (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hahn (1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hahn (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pandey (1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pandey (1994: 22)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hahn (1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hahn et al. (2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hahn et al. (2016: 39)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kvaerne (1986). See especially pp. 7–8 for a discussion of the genre</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chang (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Watson (1988, 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nienhauser (1985: 270–2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egan, Charles, and Charles Chu (2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI1986" class="citation journal cs1">I, Yon-suk (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110000256547/">"A Study: Aspects of Esoteric Buddhism in Ancient Korean Poetry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Academic_Association_of_Koreanology_in_Japan" title="Journal of the Academic Association of Koreanology in Japan">Journal of the Academic Association of Koreanology in Japan</a></i>. <b>121</b>: 87–118, 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Academic+Association+of+Koreanology+in+Japan&rft.atitle=A+Study%3A+Aspects+of+Esoteric+Buddhism+in+Ancient+Korean+Poetry&rft.volume=121&rft.pages=87-118%2C+3&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=I&rft.aufirst=Yon-suk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F110000256547%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhist+poetry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson and Murakami (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More on Kukai's poetry, cf. R.Green: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ww2.coastal.edu/rgreen/kukaipoetry.htm">http://ww2.coastal.edu/rgreen/kukaipoetry.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preface to MYS 806 tr. in Konishi & Miner (1984: 399).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. MYS 3862, 3863; prefaces to MYS 155, 339, 394, 798, 806, 997, 1023, 1561–3, etc. Numbers of the <i>Man'yōshū</i> (MYS) poems follow the new system of the <i>Shinpen Kokka taikan</i>. "Shinpen Kokka Taikan" Henshū Iinkai (hensha). Tōkyō: Kadokawa Shoten, 1983–1992. (Shōwa 58 – Heisei 4). 新編国歌大観. 「新編国歌大観」編集委員会(編者). 東京: <a href="/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten" title="Kadokawa Shoten">Kadokawa Shoten</a>, 1983–1992. (昭和58 – 平成4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adapted from Mills (1960: 237).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for detailed information on the marks of the Buddha's body cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/lam-rim/refuge/the-32-major-marks-of-a-buddha-s-physical-body">http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/lam-rim/refuge/the-32-major-marks-of-a-buddha-s-physical-body</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ishihara (1980: 20–1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mount of Timber" refers to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hiei" title="Mount Hiei">Mount Hiei</a>. For an alternative translation, cf. Mostow (1996: 421) and U Virginia's project: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/hyakunin/frames/hyakuframes.html">http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/hyakunin/frames/hyakuframes.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sōzei 宗砌(?-1455), Shinkei 心敬 (1406–75), Gyōjo 行助 (1405–69), <a href="/wiki/N%C5%8Dami" title="Nōami">Nōami</a> 能阿弥 (1397–1471), Chiun 智蘊 (d. 1448), Senjun 専順 (1411–76) and Sō'i 宗伊/aka. Sugihara Katamori 杉原賢盛 (1418–85?) are "the seven worthies / sages of renga" popularized by <a href="/wiki/Iio_S%C5%8Dgi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iio Sōgi">Sōgi</a>. Ramirez-Christensen (1994: 54–5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an alternative translation, see De Bary et al. (2001: 368).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sakaki (1999: 72)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an alternative translation of this poem, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kenji-world.net/english/download/works/Rain.html">this site.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An online translation of the Lotus Sutra is available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lotus.nichirenshu.org/lotus/sutra/english/hokke-idx.htm">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222145831/http://lotus.nichirenshu.org/lotus/sutra/english/hokke-idx.htm">Archived</a> 2015-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itimes.com/users/iti499967/blog/_193081">ITimes news</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_poetry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Buddhist_Poetry" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Buddhist Poetry">Japanese Buddhist Poetry – Shakkyoka</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shambhala.com/buddhist-poetry-a-reader-guide/">Buddhist Poetry Reader's Guide from Shambhala Publications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhamind.info/leftside/arty/his-life/bud-access.htm"><i>A Sketch of Buddha's Life</i>: contains many of the early Pali poems.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108154548/http://halfsmile.org/buddhadust/www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/khuddaka/dhp/11.html">The <i>Dhammapada</i>, e.g Buddha's Enlightenment poem: 153–154.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110528165108/http://tois.nichibun.ac.jp/database/html2/waka/waka_i009.html">The <i>Senzaishu</i> in Japanese, cf. Vol 19, 釈教.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temcauley.staff.shef.ac.uk/introduction.shtml">Selected translations and an Introduction to Waka.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121219023637/http://www.inf.edu.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/MANYOU/manyou_kensaku.html">Search Engine of the <i>Man'yoshu</i> in Japanese.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kenji-world.net/english/">A fan website on Miyazawa Kenji with translations of works.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetseers.org/spiritual_and_devotional_poets/buddhist">A Buddhist poetry fan site.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220002053/http://www.poetry-chaikhana.com/Traditions/Buddhist.htm">Sacred Poetry from Around the World.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090902124431/http://jeromesniece.wordpress.com/">jeromes niece</a> A collection of poetry Dharma submitted by readers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhistpoetryreview.org/">Buddhist Poetry Review</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist 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