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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/120px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concurrent_ML&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Concurrent_ML" title="Talk:Concurrent ML">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Programming language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Concurrent ML</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_multi-paradigm_programming_languages" title="Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">concurrent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>: <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1991<span class="noprint">; 34 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1991</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-pldi91_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pldi91-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cml.cs.uchicago.edu">cml<wbr />.cs<wbr />.uchicago<wbr />.edu</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Standard_ML_of_New_Jersey" title="Standard ML of New Jersey">SML/NJ</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MLton" title="MLton">MLton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manticore<sup id="cite_ref-manticore_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manticore-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Concurrent ML</b> (CML) is a <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_multi-paradigm_programming_languages" title="Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages">multi-paradigm</a>, <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">dialect</a> of the programming language <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a> which is a <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrent</a> extension of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a> language, characterized by its ability to allow creating <a href="/wiki/Function_composition_(computer_science)" title="Function composition (computer science)">composable</a> communication <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">abstractions</a> that are <a href="/wiki/First-class_citizen" title="First-class citizen">first-class</a> rather than built into the language. The design of CML and its primitive operations have been adopted in several other programming languages, such as <a href="/wiki/GNU_Guile" title="GNU Guile">GNU Guile</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Racket_(programming_language)" title="Racket (programming language)">Racket</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Manticore.<sup id="cite_ref-manticore_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manticore-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts">Concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concurrent_ML&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many programming languages that support concurrency offer <a href="/wiki/Channel_(programming)" title="Channel (programming)">communication channels</a> that allow the exchange of values between <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">processes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">threads</a> running concurrently in a system. Communications established between processes may follow a specific protocol, requiring the programmer to write functions to establish the required pattern of communication. Meanwhile, a communicating system often requires establishing multiple channels, such as to multiple <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>, and then choosing between the available channels when new data is available. This can be accomplished using <a href="/wiki/Polling_(computer_science)" title="Polling (computer science)">polling</a>, such as with the <a href="/wiki/Select_(Unix)" title="Select (Unix)">select</a> operation on Unix systems. </p><p>Combining both application-specific protocols and multi-party communication may be complicated due to the need to introduce polling and checking for <a href="/wiki/Blocking_(computing)" title="Blocking (computing)">blocking</a> within a pre-existing protocol. Concurrent ML solves this problem by reducing this <a href="/wiki/Coupling_(computer_programming)" title="Coupling (computer programming)">coupling</a> of programming concepts by introducing synchronizable <i>events</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cml-paper_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cml-paper-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Events are a first-class abstraction that can be used with a synchronization operation (called <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">sync</code> in CML and Racket) in order to potentially block and then produce some value resulting from communication (for example, data transmitted on a channel). </p><p>In CML, events can be combined or manipulated using a number of primitive operations. Each primitive operation constructs a new event rather than modifying the event in-place, allowing for the construction of compound events that represent the desired communication pattern. For example, CML allows the programmer to combine several sub-events in order to create a compound event that can then make a non-deterministic choice of one of the sub-events. Another primitive creates a new event that will modify the value resulting from synchronization to the original event. These events embody patterns of communication that, in a non-CML language, would typically be handled using a polling loop or function with handlers for each kind of event. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hello_world">Hello world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concurrent_ML&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hello world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Here is a <a href="/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">"Hello, World!" program</a> that prints to the <a href="/wiki/System_console" class="mw-redirect" title="System console">system console</a>. It spawns one <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">thread</a> with a channel for <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">strings</a>, and another thread which prints a string received on the channel. It uses <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML_of_New_Jersey" title="Standard ML of New Jersey">Standard ML of New Jersey</a> (SML/NJ) and CML. (On non linux-x86 platforms, the heap name will differ; the line with "cml_test.x86-linux" may need changing to something different.) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>cml_test.cm </th></tr> <tr> <td> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-pascal mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1"></span><span class="k">Library</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="2"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">structure</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Hello</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="3"></span><span class="k">is</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="4"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">$c</span><span class="n">ml</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">basis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cm</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="5"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">$c</span><span class="n">ml</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">cml</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cm</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="6"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cml_test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sml</span> </pre></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>cml_test.sml </th></tr> <tr> <td> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sml mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1"></span><span class="kr">structure</span> <span class="nn">Hello</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="kr">struct</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="2"></span> <span class="kr">open</span> <span class="nn">CML</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="3"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="4"></span> <span class="kr">fun</span> <span class="nf">hello</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="kr">let</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="5"></span> <span class="kr">val</span> <span class="nv">c</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">chan</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">channel</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="6"></span> <span class="kr">in</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="7"></span> <span class="n">spawn</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kr">fn</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">=></span> <span class="nn">TextIO</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">print</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">recv</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">));</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="8"></span> <span class="n">send</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"Hello, world!</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="9"></span> <span class="n">exit</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="10"></span> <span class="kr">end</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="11"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="12"></span> <span class="kr">fun</span> <span class="nf">main</span> <span class="p">(_,</span> <span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="13"></span> <span class="nn">RunCML</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">doit</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kr">fn</span> <span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">=></span> <span class="n">ignore</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spawn</span> <span class="n">hello</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">NONE</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="14"></span><span class="kr">end</span> </pre></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>bash </th></tr> <tr> <td> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>ml-build<span class="w"> </span>cml_test.cm<span class="w"> </span>Hello.main <span class="go">Standard ML of New Jersey v110.60 [built: Mon Nov 27 14:19:21 2006]</span> <span class="go">[scanning cml_test.cm]</span> <span class="go">[library $cml/basis.cm is stable]</span> <span class="go">[library $cml/cml.cm is stable]</span> <span class="go">[parsing (cml_test.cm):cml_test.sml]</span> <span class="go">[creating directory .cm/SKEL]</span> <span class="go">[library $cml/cml-internal.cm is stable]</span> <span class="go">[library $cml/core-cml.cm is stable]</span> <span class="go">[library $SMLNJ-BASIS/basis.cm is stable]</span> <span class="go">[compiling (cml_test.cm):cml_test.sml]</span> <span class="go">[creating directory .cm/GUID]</span> <span class="go">[creating directory .cm/x86-unix]</span> <span class="go">[code: 2170, data: 42, env: 2561 bytes]</span> <span class="go">[scanning 18518-export.cm]</span> <span class="go">[scanning (18518-export.cm):cml_test.cm]</span> <span class="go">[parsing (18518-export.cm):18518-export.sml]</span> <span class="go">[compiling (18518-export.cm):18518-export.sml]</span> <span class="go">[code: 309, data: 37, env: 42 bytes]</span> <span class="gp">$ </span>heap2exec<span class="w"> </span>cml_test.x86-linux<span class="w"> </span>cml_test <span class="gp">$ </span>./cml_test <span class="go">Hello, world!</span> </pre></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concurrent_ML&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cml.cs.uchicago.edu">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concurrent_ML&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pldi91-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pldi91_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReppy1991" class="citation conference cs1">Reppy, John H. (June 1991). <i>CML: a Higher-Order Concurrent Language</i>. PLDI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=CML%3A+a+Higher-Order+Concurrent+Language&rft.date=1991-06&rft.aulast=Reppy&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcurrent+ML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smlnj.org/smlnj.html">"What is Standard ML of New Jersey?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Standard+ML+of+New+Jersey%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smlnj.org%2Fsmlnj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcurrent+ML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mlton.org/ConcurrentMLImplementation">"ConcurrentMLImplementation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ConcurrentMLImplementation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlton.org%2FConcurrentMLImplementation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcurrent+ML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manticore-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manticore_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manticore_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFluetBergstromFordRainey2009" class="citation web cs1">Fluet, Matthew; Bergstrom, Lars; Ford, Nic; Rainey, Mike; Reppy, John; Shaw, Adam; Xiao, Yingqi (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manticore.cs.uchicago.edu/papers/cefp09-notes.pdf">"Programming in Manticore, a Heterogenous Parallel Functional Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Programming+in+Manticore%2C+a+Heterogenous+Parallel+Functional+Language&rft.date=2009-05&rft.aulast=Fluet&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Bergstrom%2C+Lars&rft.au=Ford%2C+Nic&rft.au=Rainey%2C+Mike&rft.au=Reppy%2C+John&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Adam&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Yingqi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmanticore.cs.uchicago.edu%2Fpapers%2Fcefp09-notes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcurrent+ML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWingo2017" class="citation web cs1">Wingo, Andy (June 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wingolog.org/archives/2017/06/29/a-new-concurrent-ml">"A New Concurrent ML"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Concurrent+ML&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft.aulast=Wingo&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwingolog.org%2Farchives%2F2017%2F06%2F29%2Fa-new-concurrent-ml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcurrent+ML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlattFindler2004" class="citation book cs1">Flatt, Matthew; Findler, Robert Bruce (2004). "Kill-safe synchronization abstractions". <i>Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2004 conference on Programming language design and implementation</i>. Vol. 39. pp. <span class="nowrap">47–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F996841.996849">10.1145/996841.996849</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1581138075" title="Special:BookSources/1581138075"><bdi>1581138075</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5547460">5547460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kill-safe+synchronization+abstractions&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+ACM+SIGPLAN+2004+conference+on+Programming+language+design+and+implementation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5547460%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F996841.996849&rft.isbn=1581138075&rft.aulast=Flatt&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Findler%2C+Robert+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcurrent+ML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cml-paper-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cml-paper_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReppy1993" class="citation book cs1">Reppy, John H. (1993). "Concurrent ML: Design, application and semantics". <i>Functional Programming, Concurrency, Simulation and Automated Reasoning</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 693. pp. <span class="nowrap">165–</span>198. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.50.7965">10.1.1.50.7965</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-56883-2_10">10.1007/3-540-56883-2_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-56883-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-56883-4"><bdi>978-3-540-56883-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Concurrent+ML%3A+Design%2C+application+and+semantics&rft.btitle=Functional+Programming%2C+Concurrency%2C+Simulation+and+Automated+Reasoning&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.50.7965%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-56883-2_10&rft.isbn=978-3-540-56883-4&rft.aulast=Reppy&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcurrent+ML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:ML_programming" title="Template:ML programming"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:ML_programming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:ML programming (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ML_programming" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ML programming"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ML_programming711" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a> programming</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caml" title="Caml">Caml</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eff_(programming_language)" title="Eff (programming language)">Eff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F*_(programming_language)" title="F* (programming language)">F*</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JoCaml" title="JoCaml">JoCaml</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(programming_language)" title="Reason (programming language)">Reason</a>°</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alice_(programming_language)" title="Alice (programming language)">Alice</a></i>°</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Concurrent ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_ML" title="Extended ML">Extended ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLton" title="MLton">MLton</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_ML_of_New_Jersey" title="Standard ML of New Jersey">Standard ML of New Jersey</a>° (SML/NJ)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Dependent_ML" title="Dependent ML">Dependent ML</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATS_(programming_language)" title="ATS (programming language)">ATS</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futhark_(programming_language)" title="Futhark (programming language)">Futhark</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Augustsson#Languages" title="Lennart Augustsson">Lazy ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacroML" title="MacroML">MacroML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(programming_language)" title="Ur (programming language)">Ur</a>°</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Programming tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-Ergo" title="Alt-Ergo">Alt-Ergo</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astr%C3%A9e_(static_analysis)" title="Astrée (static analysis)">Astrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camlp4" title="Camlp4">Camlp4</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFTW" title="FFTW">FFTW</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frama-C" title="Frama-C">Frama-C</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haxe" title="Haxe">Haxe</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marionnet" title="Marionnet">Marionnet</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTASC" title="MTASC">MTASC</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplog" title="Poplog">Poplog</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semgrep" title="Semgrep">Semgrep</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLAM_project" title="SLAM project">SLAM project</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">Theorem provers</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Proof_assistant" title="Proof assistant">proof assistants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocq" title="Rocq">Rocq</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOL_(proof_assistant)" title="HOL (proof assistant)">HOL</a>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HOL_Light" title="HOL Light">HOL Light</a>°</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_(proof_assistant)" title="Isabelle (proof assistant)">Isabelle</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEGO_(proof_assistant)" title="LEGO (proof assistant)">LEGO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Logic_for_Computable_Functions" title="Logic for Computable Functions">Logic for Computable Functions</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matita" title="Matita">Matita</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelf" title="Twelf">Twelf</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GeneWeb" title="GeneWeb">GeneWeb</a>°</li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OCaml_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OCaml_Logo.svg/110px-OCaml_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OCaml_Logo.svg/165px-OCaml_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/OCaml_Logo.svg/220px-OCaml_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="144" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Designers9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Augustsson" title="Lennart Augustsson">Lennart Augustsson</a> (Lazy ML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damien_Doligez" title="Damien Doligez">Damien Doligez</a> (OCaml)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Huet" title="Gérard Huet">Gérard Huet</a> (Caml)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Leroy" title="Xavier Leroy">Xavier Leroy</a> (Caml, OCaml)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Milner" title="Robin Milner">Robin Milner</a> (ML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Sannella" title="Don Sannella">Don Sannella</a> (Extended ML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Syme" title="Don Syme">Don Syme</a> (F#)</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Coquand" title="Thierry Coquand">Thierry Coquand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_G._Johnson" title="Steven G. Johnson">Steven G. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Paulin-Mohring" title="Christine Paulin-Mohring">Christine Paulin-Mohring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pfenning" title="Frank Pfenning">Frank Pfenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thompson_(professor)" title="Simon Thompson (professor)">Simon Thompson</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><i>Italics</i> <b>= discontinued</b></li> <li><b>° = <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></b><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_book_class2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia book"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/20px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/40px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OCaml" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:OCaml">Book</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:ML_programming_language_family" title="Category:ML programming language family">Category:Family:ML</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:OCaml_programming_language_family" title="Category:OCaml programming language family">Category:Family:OCaml</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:OCaml_software" title="Category:OCaml software">Category:Software:OCaml</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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