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class="grid-12"><h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » <a href="/classification/15">Species List</a> » Conifers and their allies - &nbsp;</div></div> <div class="grid-4 region region-sidebar" id="region-sidebar"> <div class="region-inner region-sidebar-inner"> <section class="block block-blog contextual-links-region block-recent block-blog-recent odd" id="block-blog-recent"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Blog posts</h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <div class="item-list"><ul><li class="first"><a href="/content/some-unexpected-grain-aliens-mediterranean-and-south-africa-belgium-or-yet-australia">Some unexpected grain aliens from the Mediterranean and South Africa in Belgium. 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In recent years sexual reproduction has been detected in numerous species but some processes probably already started long ago (for instance <em>Pseudotsuga menziesii</em>). Several additional ornamental species doubtlessly self-sow in Belgium but additional research is required. Many conifers are reputed environmental weeds worldwide (see for instance Richardson & Rejmánek 2004).</p> <p>The University of Hamburg provides a lot of useful additional information in their “Gymnosperm Database” (available online at: <a href="http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/earle">http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/earle</a>.</p> <p>An extensive bibliography on conifers is provided by Farjon (2001). Farjon (2010) is a monographic work and essential for the identification of any coniferous plant species.</p> <p>1. Leaves fan-shaped (up to ca. 10 cm wide), deciduous, dichotomously veined === <a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/content/ginkgo-0" title="Ephedraceae"><strong>Ginkgoaceae</strong></a></p> <p>1. Leaves needle- or scalelike, evergreen or deciduous, never dichotomously veined === 2</p> <p>2. Small dioecious shrubs, usually ascending, rarely exceeding 50 cm, <em>Equisetum</em>-like with articulate twigs. Longest internodes up to 10 cm. Never resiniferous === <a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/content/ephedraceae-0"><strong>Ephedraceae</strong></a></p> <p>2. Monoecious or dioecious shrubs or trees, erect and much taller than 50 cm at maturity, never <em>Equisetum</em>-like and with articulate twigs. Longest internodes up to 1 cm long. Resiniferous or not === 3</p> <p>3. Largest leaves at least 10 mm wide at base, flat === <a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/content/araucariaceae-0" title="Araucariaceae"><strong>Araucariaceae</strong></a></p> <p>3. Leaves needle- or scale-like, much less wide === 4</p> <p>4. Leaves needle-like, spreading in one plane. Young shoots green. Ovules borne singly, mature cones berry-like, red. Not resiniferous (native) === Taxaceae</p> <p>4. Leaves needle- or scale-like, in one plane or not. Young shoots brownish, yellowish or reddish. Ovules singly or numerous, at maturity usually in woody cones (if berry-like, then leaves never in one plane). Resiniferous === 5</p> <p>5. Mature female cones berry-like, bluish-black (native) === <strong><a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/content/cupressaceae-0" title="Cupressaceae">Cupressaceae </a></strong>p.p. (<em>Juniperus</em>)</p> <p>5. Mature female cones woody === 6</p> <p>6. Leaves in opposite pairs or in threes at each node. Branchlets flattened === <strong><a href="http://http://alienplantsbelgium.be/content/cupressaceae-0">Cupressaceae</a></strong><a href="cupressaceae-0" title="Cupressaceae"> </a>p.p. (<em>Chamaecyparis</em>, <em>Thuja</em>, <em>Xanthocyparis</em>)</p> <p>6. Leaves solitary or fascicled. Branchlets not flattened === 7</p> <p>7. Female cones with bracts and cone-scales distinct at maturity. Leaves solitary or in clusters === <a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/content/pinaceae-0"><strong>Pinaceae</strong></a></p> <p>7. Female cones with bracts and cone-scales united at maturity. Leaves spirally arranged === <a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/content/cupressaceae-0" title="Cupressaceae"><strong>Cupressaceae</strong> </a>p.p. (<em>Cryptomeria</em>, <em>Taxodium</em>)</p> <p></p> <hr /><h3> Literature:</h3> <p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong><span>Auders A.G. & Spicer D.P.</span></strong><span> (2012) RHS - Encyclopedia of Conifers. A comprehensive guide to cultivars and species, </span><span>2 vols.: 1500 p.</span></span></p> <p><span><span><strong>Crook C.S.</strong> (1997) A (very) provisional checklist of conifers in the British Isles. <em>BSBI News</em> <strong>75</strong>: 42-47.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong>De Koning J., Van den Broek J.W., Van de Laar H.J. & Fortgens G.</strong> (2000) Nederlandse dendrologie (13<sup>e</sup> druk). H. Veenman & zonen, Ede: 585 p.</p> <p><strong>Farjon A. </strong>(2001) World checklist and bibliography of conifers. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2<sup>nd</sup> edition).</p> <p><strong>Farjon A.</strong> (2010) A handbook of the world's conifers. Brill, Leiden-Boston: 1111 p.</p> <p><strong>Howell C.J.</strong> (2019) Naturalised status of exotic conifers in New Zealand. <em>New Zealand Journal of Botany</em> <strong>57(4)</strong>: 227-237. [available online at: <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0028825X.2019.1626744]">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0028825X.2019.1626744]</a></p> <p><strong>Krussman G.</strong> (1985) Manual of cultivated conifers. Timber Press, Oregon: 521 p.</p> <p><strong>Richardson D.M. & Rejmánek M. </strong>(2004) Conifers as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive framework. <em>Diversity and Distributions</em> <strong>10(5-6)</strong>: 321–331.</p> <p><strong>Vidaković M.</strong> (1991) Conifers, morphology and variation. Grafički Zavod Hrvatske, Zagreb: 754 p.</p> <p><strong>Walters S.M., Brady A., Brickell C.D., Cullen J., Green P.S., Lewis J., Matthews V.A., Webb D.A., Yeo P.F. & Alexander J.C.M.</strong> (eds.) (1986) The European Garden Flora, vol. 1. 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