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vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Previous events subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Previous_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_of_Peronism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_of_Peronism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Return of Peronism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_of_Peronism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isabel_Perón's_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isabel_Perón's_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Isabel Perón's government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isabel_Perón's_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annihilation_decrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annihilation_decrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Annihilation decrees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annihilation_decrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_1975_raid_in_Santa_Fe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_1975_raid_in_Santa_Fe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 March 1975 raid in Santa Fe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_1975_raid_in_Santa_Fe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military's_rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military's_rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Military's rise to power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military's_rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_accomplices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_accomplices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Civil accomplices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_accomplices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Civil accomplices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_accomplices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Papel_Prensa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papel_Prensa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Papel Prensa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papel_Prensa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-False_flag_actions_by_SIDE_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_flag_actions_by_SIDE_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 False flag actions by SIDE agents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_flag_actions_by_SIDE_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_violations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_violations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Human rights violations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_rights_violations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human rights violations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_violations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_Southern_Cone_of_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_Southern_Cone_of_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Role of the Southern Cone of South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_Southern_Cone_of_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_and_violation_of_human_rights_in_Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_and_violation_of_human_rights_in_Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 United States and violation of human rights in Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_and_violation_of_human_rights_in_Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disappeared_held_under_PEN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disappeared_held_under_PEN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Disappeared held under PEN </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disappeared_held_under_PEN-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Disappeared held under PEN subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Disappeared_held_under_PEN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Children_of_the_disappeared" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children_of_the_disappeared"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Children of the disappeared </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children_of_the_disappeared-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordination_on_international_criminal_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordination_on_international_criminal_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Coordination on international criminal operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordination_on_international_criminal_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_involvement_with_the_junta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_involvement_with_the_junta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 United States involvement with the junta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_involvement_with_the_junta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_connection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_connection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 French connection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_connection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Truth_commission_and_decrees_revoked" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truth_commission_and_decrees_revoked"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Truth commission and decrees revoked </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truth_commission_and_decrees_revoked-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuing_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuing_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Continuing controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuing_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repeal_of_Pardon_Laws_and_renewal_of_prosecutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repeal_of_Pardon_Laws_and_renewal_of_prosecutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Repeal of Pardon Laws and renewal of prosecutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repeal_of_Pardon_Laws_and_renewal_of_prosecutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation_of_Catholic_Church_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation_of_Catholic_Church_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Participation of Catholic Church members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation_of_Catholic_Church_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_United_States_Declassification_Project_on_Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_United_States_Declassification_Project_on_Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 The United States Declassification Project on Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_United_States_Declassification_Project_on_Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art,_entertainment_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art,_entertainment_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Art, entertainment and media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art,_entertainment_and_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Art, entertainment and media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Art,_entertainment_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dirty War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="الحرب القذرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب القذرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87irkli_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99" title="Çirkli müharibə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çirkli müharibə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Брудная вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брудная вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prljavi_rat" title="Prljavi rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prljavi rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorisme_d%27Estat_a_l%27Argentina_en_les_d%C3%A8cades_de_1970_i_1980" title="Terrorisme d'Estat a l'Argentina en les dècades de 1970 i 1980 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terrorisme d'Estat a l'Argentina en les dècades de 1970 i 1980" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pinav%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Špinavá válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Špinavá válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Rhyfel_Brwnt" title="Y Rhyfel Brwnt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Rhyfel Brwnt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_beskidte_krig" title="Den beskidte krig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den beskidte krig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorismo_de_Estado_en_Argentina_en_las_d%C3%A9cadas_de_1970_y_1980" title="Terrorismo de Estado en Argentina en las décadas de 1970 y 1980 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Terrorismo de Estado en Argentina en las décadas de 1970 y 1980" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpura_Milito_en_Argentino" title="Malpura Milito en Argentino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malpura Milito en Argentino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AB%DB%8C%D9%81" title="جنگ کثیف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ کثیف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_sucia_na_Arxentina" title="Guerra sucia na Arxentina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra sucia na Arxentina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%94%EB%9F%AC%EC%9A%B4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="더러운 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="더러운 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BF_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4_(%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1)" title="Կեղտոտ պատերազմ (Արգենտինա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կեղտոտ պատերազմ (Արգենտինա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prljavi_rat" title="Prljavi rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prljavi rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Kotor" title="Perang Kotor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Kotor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%ADtuga_str%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Skítuga stríðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skítuga stríðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_sporca" title="Guerra sporca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra sporca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA" title="המלחמה המלוכלכת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמה המלוכלכת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кирли къазауат – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кирли къазауат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="ბინძური ომი (არგენტინა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბინძური ომი (არგენტინა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Валкана војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Валкана војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%87" title="حرب وسخه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرب وسخه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%86%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="لچر جنگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لچر جنگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Kotor" title="Perang Kotor – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Kotor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuile_Oorlog_(Argentini%C3%AB)" title="Vuile Oorlog (Argentinië) – Dutch" lang="nl" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the conflict in Argentina. For the conflict in Mexico, see <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dirty War (disambiguation)">Dirty War (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance#Argentina" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearance § Argentina</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Dirty War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorge_Rafael_Videla_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jorge_Rafael_Videla_%282%29.jpg/220px-Jorge_Rafael_Videla_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jorge_Rafael_Videla_%282%29.jpg/330px-Jorge_Rafael_Videla_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jorge_Rafael_Videla_%282%29.jpg/440px-Jorge_Rafael_Videla_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="648" /></a> An image of Jorge Rafael Videla inside a <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">dossier</a> by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government">U.S. Government</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1974 – 1983</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Independence" title="Operation Independence">Operativo Independencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a></li> <li>Operation was concluded after the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Argentine_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Argentine_Army.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Argentine_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Argentine_Army.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Argentine_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Argentine_Army.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Argentine_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="205" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Army" title="Argentine Army">Argentine Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_Armada_Argentina_(fidedigno).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Escudo_Armada_Argentina_%28fidedigno%29.svg/20px-Escudo_Armada_Argentina_%28fidedigno%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Escudo_Armada_Argentina_%28fidedigno%29.svg/30px-Escudo_Armada_Argentina_%28fidedigno%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Escudo_Armada_Argentina_%28fidedigno%29.svg/40px-Escudo_Armada_Argentina_%28fidedigno%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="162" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Navy" title="Argentine Navy">Argentine Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Argentine_airforce_wings_emblem_(color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Argentine_airforce_wings_emblem_%28color%29.svg/20px-Argentine_airforce_wings_emblem_%28color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Argentine_airforce_wings_emblem_%28color%29.svg/30px-Argentine_airforce_wings_emblem_%28color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Argentine_airforce_wings_emblem_%28color%29.svg/40px-Argentine_airforce_wings_emblem_%28color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="608" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Air_Force" title="Argentine Air Force">Argentine Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Secretaria_inteligencia_argentina_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Secretaria_inteligencia_argentina_logo.png/20px-Secretaria_inteligencia_argentina_logo.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Secretaria_inteligencia_argentina_logo.png/30px-Secretaria_inteligencia_argentina_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Secretaria_inteligencia_argentina_logo.png/40px-Secretaria_inteligencia_argentina_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Intelligence" title="Secretariat of Intelligence">Secretariat of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Argentine_Federal_Police.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Argentine_Federal_Police.svg/20px-Emblem_of_the_Argentine_Federal_Police.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Argentine_Federal_Police.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Argentine_Federal_Police.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Argentine_Federal_Police.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Argentine_Federal_Police.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="938" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Federal_Police" title="Argentine Federal Police">Argentine Federal Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_de_la_Gendarmer%C3%ADa_de_Argentina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Insignia_de_la_Gendarmer%C3%ADa_de_Argentina.svg/20px-Insignia_de_la_Gendarmer%C3%ADa_de_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Insignia_de_la_Gendarmer%C3%ADa_de_Argentina.svg/30px-Insignia_de_la_Gendarmer%C3%ADa_de_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Insignia_de_la_Gendarmer%C3%ADa_de_Argentina.svg/40px-Insignia_de_la_Gendarmer%C3%ADa_de_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_National_Gendarmerie" title="Argentine National Gendarmerie">Argentine National Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_de_la_Prefectura_Naval_Argentina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Logo_de_la_Prefectura_Naval_Argentina.svg/20px-Logo_de_la_Prefectura_Naval_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Logo_de_la_Prefectura_Naval_Argentina.svg/30px-Logo_de_la_Prefectura_Naval_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Logo_de_la_Prefectura_Naval_Argentina.svg/40px-Logo_de_la_Prefectura_Naval_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Naval_Prefecture" title="Argentine Naval Prefecture">Argentine Naval Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Comando_General_AAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Comando_General_AAA.jpg/20px-Comando_General_AAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Comando_General_AAA.jpg/30px-Comando_General_AAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Comando_General_AAA.jpg/40px-Comando_General_AAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="59" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Justicialist_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_Arms_of_Justicialist_Party.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Justicialist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_Arms_of_Justicialist_Party.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Justicialist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_Arms_of_Justicialist_Party.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Justicialist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="743" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party" title="Justicialist Party">Justicialist Party</a> (Right-wing faction)</li></ul> Supported by: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of Bolivia (1964–1982)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281968%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay"><img alt="Paraguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Paraguay_%281954%E2%80%931988%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay_%281954%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Paraguay_%281954%E2%80%931988%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay_%281954%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Paraguay_%281954%E2%80%931988%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay_%281954%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/El_Stronato" class="mw-redirect" title="El Stronato">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay"><img alt="Uruguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Civic-military_dictatorship_of_Uruguay" title="Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greg_Grandin-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-p._223-3">[3]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (until 1982)</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bandera_del_ERP.svg/23px-Bandera_del_ERP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bandera_del_ERP.svg/35px-Bandera_del_ERP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bandera_del_ERP.svg/46px-Bandera_del_ERP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Argentina)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)">ERP</a> (1973–1979)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Montoneros.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montoneros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Montoneros.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montoneros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Montoneros.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montoneros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a> (1974–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_de_las_FAP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Logo_de_las_FAP.jpg/20px-Logo_de_las_FAP.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Logo_de_las_FAP.jpg/30px-Logo_de_las_FAP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Logo_de_las_FAP.jpg/40px-Logo_de_las_FAP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="448" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Peronist_Armed_Forces" title="Peronist Armed Forces">FAP</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/BlackFlag.svg/23px-BlackFlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/BlackFlag.svg/35px-BlackFlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/BlackFlag.svg/45px-BlackFlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Resistencia_Libertaria" title="Resistencia Libertaria">Resistencia Libertaria</a></li> <li>Supported by:</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Peronism#Perón_restored" title="Peronism">3rd Peronist Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Rega" title="José López Rega">José López Rega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a><hr /><a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Eduardo_Massera" title="Emilio Eduardo Massera">Emilio Eduardo Massera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Ram%C3%B3n_Agosti" title="Orlando Ramón Agosti">Orlando Ramón Agosti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Eduardo_Viola" title="Roberto Eduardo Viola">Roberto Eduardo Viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Lacoste" title="Carlos Lacoste">Carlos Lacoste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Galtieri" title="Leopoldo Galtieri">Leopoldo Galtieri</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Various guerrilla leaders and civil society leaders</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 539 military and police forces killed<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> 1,355 civilians killed by guerrillas<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Montoneros.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montoneros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Montoneros.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montoneros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Montoneros.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montoneros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> 5,000 members killed<a href="#cite_note-elmundo.es-6">[6]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bandera_del_ERP.svg/23px-Bandera_del_ERP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bandera_del_ERP.svg/35px-Bandera_del_ERP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bandera_del_ERP.svg/46px-Bandera_del_ERP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Argentina)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)">ERP</a> 5,000 members killed and captured.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> RL 8 killed<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 22,000–30,000 killed or disappeared<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-McSherry2011-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Background histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina" title="History of Argentina">Argentina</a> (<a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 coup d'état</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia" title="History of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">Brazil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">1960s</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chile" title="History of Chile">Chile</a> (<a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 coup d'état</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Paraguay" title="History of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uruguay" title="History of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dirty War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Colombo" title="Operation Colombo">Operation Colombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charly" title="Operation Charly">Operation Charly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Pencils" title="Night of the Pencils">Night of the Pencils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operativo_Independencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Operativo Independencia">Operativo Independencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezeiza_massacre" title="Ezeiza massacre">Ezeiza massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Margarita_Bel%C3%A9n" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Margarita Belén">Margarita Belén massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_flights" title="Death flights">Death flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">Desaparecidos</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Government leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Anaya" title="Jorge Anaya">Jorge Anaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer" title="Hugo Banzer">Hugo Banzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilio_Lami_Dozo" title="Basilio Lami Dozo">Basilio Lami Dozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Figueiredo" title="João Figueiredo">João Figueiredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Galtieri" title="Leopoldo Galtieri">Leopoldo Galtieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Alfredo Stroessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Targeted militias</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupamaros" title="Tupamaros">Tupamaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Argentina)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)">People's Revolutionary Army (ERP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Movement_(Chile)" title="Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile)">Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Principal operatives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Astiz" title="Alfredo Astiz">Alfredo Astiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Bosch" title="Orlando Bosch">Orlando Bosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Campos_Hermida" title="Hugo Campos Hermida">Hugo Campos Hermida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Contreras" title="Manuel Contreras">Manuel Contreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Delle_Chiaie" title="Stefano Delle Chiaie">Stefano Delle Chiaie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Rega" title="José López Rega">José López Rega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Paz_Romero" title="Virgilio Paz Romero">Virgilio Paz Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Posada_Carriles" title="Luis Posada Carriles">Luis Posada Carriles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Paul Schäfer">Paul Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Townley" title="Michael Townley">Michael Townley</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations responsible</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_Nacional" title="Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional">Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravan_of_Death" title="Caravan of Death">Caravan of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batall%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_601" title="Batallón de Inteligencia 601">Batallón de Inteligencia 601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_of_United_Revolutionary_Organizations" title="Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations">Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_Nacional_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es" class="mw-redirect" title="Serviço Nacional de Informações">Serviço Nacional de Informações</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Locations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_(BE-43)" class="mw-redirect" title="Esmeralda (BE-43)">Esmeralda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadio Nacional de Chile">Estadio Nacional de Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Grimaldi" title="Villa Grimaldi">Villa Grimaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Baviera" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Baviera">Colonia Dignidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Petty-Officers_School_of_Mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics">Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Laws</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_stop_law" title="Full stop law">Full stop law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Due_Obedience" title="Law of Due Obedience">Due obedience law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Archives and reports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archives_of_Terror" title="Archives of Terror">Archives of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettig_Report" title="Rettig Report">Rettig Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valech_Report" title="Valech Report">Valech Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Reactions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_the_Disappearance_of_Persons" title="National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons">National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Juntas" title="Trial of the Juntas">Trial of the Juntas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indictment_and_arrest_of_Augusto_Pinochet" title="Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet">Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo">Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Operation_Condor" title="Template:Operation Condor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Operation_Condor" title="Template talk:Operation Condor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operation_Condor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Operation Condor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinta_de_Mendez_(Ex_Centro_Clandestino_de_Detenci%C3%B3n).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Quinta_de_Mendez_%28Ex_Centro_Clandestino_de_Detenci%C3%B3n%29.jpg/220px-Quinta_de_Mendez_%28Ex_Centro_Clandestino_de_Detenci%C3%B3n%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Quinta_de_Mendez_%28Ex_Centro_Clandestino_de_Detenci%C3%B3n%29.jpg/330px-Quinta_de_Mendez_%28Ex_Centro_Clandestino_de_Detenci%C3%B3n%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Quinta_de_Mendez_%28Ex_Centro_Clandestino_de_Detenci%C3%B3n%29.jpg/440px-Quinta_de_Mendez_%28Ex_Centro_Clandestino_de_Detenci%C3%B3n%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Memorial at the former detention center of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinta_de_Mendez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quinta de Mendez (page does not exist)">Quinta de Mendez</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinta_de_Mend%C3%A9z_(centro_clandestino_de_detenci%C3%B3n)" class="extiw" title="es:Quinta de Mendéz (centro clandestino de detención)">es</a>]</figcaption></figure> The Dirty War (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Guerra sucia) is the name used by the <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> or <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">civic-military dictatorship of Argentina</a> (Spanish: dictadura cívico-militar de Argentina) for its period of <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a><a href="#cite_note-Blakeley2009-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-McSherry2011-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a><a href="#cite_note-Nuestras_Voces-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> from 1974 to 1983. During this campaign, military and security forces and <a href="/wiki/Death_squads" class="mw-redirect" title="Death squads">death squads</a> in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a> (AAA, or Triple A)<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> hunted down any <a href="/wiki/Political_dissident" class="mw-redirect" title="Political dissident">political dissidents</a> and anyone believed to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-clarin.com-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Argentina,_p._145-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marguerite_Guzmán_Bouvard_p._22-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> It is estimated that between 22,000 and 30,000 people were killed or <a href="/wiki/Disappeared" class="mw-redirect" title="Disappeared">disappeared</a>, many of whom were impossible to formally document due to the nature of state terrorism;<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blakeley2009-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-McSherry2011-10">[10]</a> however, Argentine military intelligence at the time estimated that 22,000 people had been murdered or disappeared by 1978.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The primary targets were communist guerrillas and sympathisers but also included students, militants, <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unionists</a>, writers, journalists, artists and any citizens suspected of being <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Disappeared" class="mw-redirect" title="Disappeared">disappeared</a> included those thought to be a political or ideological threat to the junta.<a href="#cite_note-clarin.com-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Argentina,_p._145-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marguerite_Guzmán_Bouvard_p._22-19">[19]</a> According to human rights organisations in Argentina, between 1,900 and 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> were among the 30,000 who were targeted by the Argentine military junta. It is a disproportionate number, as Jews comprised between 5–12% of those targeted but only 1% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> All were killed in an attempt by the junta to silence social and political opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Robben-25">[25]</a> By the 1980s, economic collapse, public discontent, and the disastrous handling of the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> resulted in the end of the junta and the restoration of democracy in Argentina, effectively ending the Dirty War. Many members of the junta are currently in prison for <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The Dirty War left a profound impact on Argentine culture, which is still felt to this day. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Argentina" title="Category:History of Argentina">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina" title="History of Argentina">History of Argentina</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sol_de_Mayo-Bandera_de_Argentina.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sun of May of Argentina"><img alt="Sun of May of Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sol_de_Mayo-Bandera_de_Argentina.svg/50px-Sol_de_Mayo-Bandera_de_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sol_de_Mayo-Bandera_de_Argentina.svg/75px-Sol_de_Mayo-Bandera_de_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sol_de_Mayo-Bandera_de_Argentina.svg/100px-Sol_de_Mayo-Bandera_de_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="504" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Argentina" title="Indigenous peoples in Argentina">Indigenous peoples in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Argentina" title="Colonial Argentina">Colonial Argentina</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">Governorate of New Andalusia</a> (1534-1542)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Governorate of the Río de la Plata</a> (1549-1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires</a> (1661-1671), (1759-1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a> (1776–1814)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Argentine Declaration of Independence">Independence</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Revolution" title="May Revolution">May Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence" title="Argentine War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Tucum%C3%A1n" title="Congress of Tucumán">Congress of Tucumán</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Civil_Wars" title="Argentine Civil Wars">Civil Wars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Rivadavia" title="Bernardino Rivadavia">Bernardino Rivadavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="French blockade of the Río de la Plata">French blockade of the Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Argentine_Republic" title="Rise of the Argentine Republic">Rise of Argentine Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Constitution_of_1853" title="Argentine Constitution of 1853">1853 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_investment_in_Argentina" title="British investment in Argentina">British investment in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Conquest of the Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2780" title="Generation of '80">Generation of '80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina_(1916%E2%80%9330)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Argentina (1916–30)">Radical Phase (1916–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infamous_Decade" title="Infamous Decade">The Infamous Decade</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n" title="Eva Perón">Eva Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(Argentina)" title="General Confederation of Labour (Argentina)">General Confederation of Labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Post-WW II (1955 to 1976)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">Revolución Libertadora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi" title="Arturo Frondizi">Arturo Frondizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Argentine_Navy_revolt" title="1963 Argentine Navy revolt">1963 Argentine Navy revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Umberto_Illia" title="Arturo Umberto Illia">Arturo Umberto Illia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Argentina)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)">ERP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dirty War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Democracy_(Argentina)" title="The Democracy (Argentina)">Return to democracy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Juntas" title="Trial of the Juntas">Trial of the Juntas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl Alfonsín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2001_riots_in_Argentina" title="December 2001 riots in Argentina">December 2001 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Kirchnerism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in Argentina">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Argentina" title="Economic history of Argentina">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Argentina">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Argentina" title="LGBT history in Argentina">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Jewish Argentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Argentina" title="Military history of Argentina">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_nationality" title="History of Argentine nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Argentina" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Argentina">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="History of rail transport in Argentina">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Argentina" title="History of science and technology in Argentina">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Argentine_history" title="Timeline of Argentine history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Argentina" title="List of years in Argentina">Years in Argentina</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/32px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/48px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/64px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Argentina" title="Portal:Argentina">Argentina portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Argentina" title="Template:History of Argentina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Argentina" title="Template talk:History of Argentina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Argentina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Argentina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In the decades before the <a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 coup</a>, the Argentine military, supported by the Argentine establishment,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> opposed <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a>'s populist government and attempted a coup in 1951 before succeeding in 1955 with the <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">Revolución Libertadora</a>. After taking control, the armed forces proscribed <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a>, a decision that triggered the organization of Peronist resistance in workplaces and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working classes</a> sought to protect the economic and social improvements obtained under Perón's rule.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Over time, as democratic rule was partially restored, but promises of legalizing the expression and political liberties for Peronism were not respected, guerrilla groups began to operate in the 1960s, namely Uturuncos<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and the EGP (People's Guerrilla Army). As Perón returned from exile in 1973, the <a href="/wiki/1973_Ezeiza_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Ezeiza massacre">Ezeiza massacre</a> marked the end of the alliance between left- and right-wing factions of Peronism. In 1974, Perón withdrew his support for <a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a> shortly before his death. By the time his widow <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel</a> was president, the Minister of Social Welfare <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Rega" title="José López Rega">José López Rega</a> had already organized the far-right <a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">death squad</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a> (AAA, or Triple A). In 1975, during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Independence" title="Operation Independence">Operativo Independencia</a>, Isabel Perón and later her replacement <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtalo_Argentino_L%C3%BAder" title="Ítalo Argentino Lúder">Ítalo Lúder</a> signed four decrees empowering the military and the police to "annihilate" left-wing "subversive elements". The junta, calling itself the <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a>, organized and carried out strong repression of political dissidents (or perceived as such) through the government's military and security forces. They were responsible for the arrest, torture, killings and/or forced disappearances of an estimated 22,000 to 30,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blakeley2009-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-McSherry2011-10">[10]</a> With the help of Washington,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> the junta was aided with $50 million in military aid. Prior to the 1976 coup, the Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, otherwise known as Triple A, was another far right group which provoked many deaths and installed methods that continued to be used by the dictatorship. Both the juntas and Triple A targeted young professionals, high school and college students and trade union members. These groups of people became main targets because of their involvement in political organizations that resisted the work of the right-wing group.<a href="#cite_note-auto-33">[33]</a> Assassinations were carried out via mass shootings and "<a href="/wiki/Death_flights" title="Death flights">death flights</a>", the throwing of people from airplanes into the South Atlantic. Additionally, 12,000 prisoners, many of whom had not been convicted through legal processes, were detained in a network of 340 secret concentration camps located throughout Argentina. Military personnel, such as Navy captain <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Scilingo" title="Adolfo Scilingo">Adolfo Scilingo</a>, who was tried for genocide, 30 counts of murder, 93 of causing injury, 255 of terrorism and 286 of torture. These actions against victims called <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">desaparecidos</a> because they simply "disappeared" without explanation were confirmed via Scilingo, who has publicly confessed his participation in the Dirty War, stating that the Argentine military "did worse things than the Nazis".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1983, the National commission on Disappeared People forced Scilingo to testify where he described how "prisoners were drugged, loaded onto military planes, and thrown, naked and semi-conscious, into the Atlantic Ocean". A vast majority of those who were killed disappeared without a trace and no record of their fate.<a href="#cite_note-auto-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasillo_de_la_memoria_UTN_FRA_(2015)_11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pasillo_de_la_memoria_UTN_FRA_%282015%29_11.JPG/220px-Pasillo_de_la_memoria_UTN_FRA_%282015%29_11.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pasillo_de_la_memoria_UTN_FRA_%282015%29_11.JPG/330px-Pasillo_de_la_memoria_UTN_FRA_%282015%29_11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pasillo_de_la_memoria_UTN_FRA_%282015%29_11.JPG/440px-Pasillo_de_la_memoria_UTN_FRA_%282015%29_11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="2082" /></a><figcaption>Photographs of victims of the 1976–83 dictatorship</figcaption></figure> The junta referred to their policy of suppressing opponents as the <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a> (Proceso de Reorganización Nacional). Argentine military and security forces also created <a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">paramilitary death squads</a>, operating behind "fronts" as supposedly independent units. Argentina coordinated actions with other South American dictatorships during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>. Faced with increasing public opposition and severe economic problems, the military tried to regain popularity by occupying the disputed <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>. During the resulting <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, the military government lost any remaining popularity after Argentina's defeat by Britain, forcing it to step aside in disgrace and allow for free elections to be held in late 1983.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_of_democracy_and_trial_of_the_juntas">Restoration of democracy and trial of the juntas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Restoration of democracy and trial of the juntas">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">democratic government of Raúl Alfonsín</a> was elected to office in 1983. Alfonsín organized the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_the_Disappearance_of_Persons" title="National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons">National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons</a> (Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas, CONADEP) to investigate crimes committed during the Dirty War, and heard testimony from hundreds of witnesses and began to build cases against offenders. The commission organized a tribunal to conduct a transparent prosecution of offenders, holding the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Juntas" title="Trial of the Juntas">Trial of the Juntas</a> in 1985. Among the nearly 300 people prosecuted, many of the leading officers were charged, convicted and sentenced for their crimes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Argentine armed forces opposed subjecting more of its personnel to the trials, threatening the civilian leadership with another coup.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1986, the military forced the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Ley_de_Punto_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="Ley de Punto Final">Ley de Punto Final</a> (Full Stop Law) in 1986, which "put a line" under previous actions and ended prosecutions for crimes committed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a>. Fearing military uprisings, Argentina's first two presidents sentenced only the two top Dirty War former commanders. The Punto Final Law stated that military personnel involved in torture were doing their "jobs". In 1994, President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a> praised the military in their "fight against subversion".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repeal_of_laws">Repeal of laws</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Repeal of laws">edit</a>]</div> In 2003, Congress repealed the Pardon Laws, and in 2005 the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Argentina" title="Supreme Court of Argentina">Argentine Supreme Court</a> ruled they were unconstitutional. Under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Kirchner" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestor Kirchner">Nestor Kirchner</a>, the Argentine government re-opened its investigations on <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> in 2006 and began the prosecution of military and security officers.<a href="#cite_note-genocidio-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_term">Origin of the term</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin of the term">edit</a>]</div> The term "Dirty War" was used by the military junta, which claimed that a war, albeit with "different" methods (including the large-scale application of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>), was necessary to maintain social order and eradicate political subversives. This explanation has been questioned in court by human rights NGOs, as it suggests that a "civil war" was going on and implies justification for the killings. During the 1985 <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Juntas" title="Trial of the Juntas">Trial of the Juntas</a>, public prosecutor Julio Strassera suggested that the term "Dirty War" was a "euphemism to try to conceal gang activities" as though they were legitimate military activities.<a href="#cite_note-Strassera-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Although the junta said its objective was to eradicate guerrilla activity because of its threat to the state, it conducted wide-scale repression of the general population. It worked against all <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">political opposition</a> and those it considered on the left: trade unionists (half of the victims), students, intellectuals including journalists and writers, rights activists and other civilians and their families. Many others went into exile to survive and many remain in exile today despite the return of democracy in 1983. During the Trial of the Juntas, the prosecution established that the guerrillas were never strong enough to pose a real threat to the state and could not be considered a <a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerent</a> as in a war: <blockquote>The guerrilla had not taken control of any part of the national territory; they had not obtained recognition of interior or anterior belligerency, they were not massively supported by any foreign power, and they lacked the population's support.<a href="#cite_note-El_Estado_de_necesidad-39">[39]</a></blockquote> The program of extermination of dissidents was referred to as genocide by a court of law for the first time during the trial of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Etchecolatz" title="Miguel Etchecolatz">Miguel Etchecolatz</a>, a former senior official of the <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Provincial_Police" title="Buenos Aires Provincial Police">Buenos Aires Provincial Police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-genocidio-36">[36]</a> Crimes committed during this time (<a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of civilian population and other <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>) are not covered under the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws of war</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jus_in_bello" class="mw-redirect" title="Jus in bello">jus in bello</a>), which shields <a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">enlisted personnel</a> from prosecution for acts committed under orders given by a superior officer or the state. <a href="/wiki/Estela_de_Carlotto" title="Estela de Carlotto">Estela de Carlotto</a>, president of the Argentine human rights non-governmental organization <a href="/wiki/Grandmothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo">Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo</a> states: <blockquote>[That term] is a way to minimize state terrorism and is a term born outside the country. It is a totally wrong concept; there was no war, dirty nor clean.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Previous_events">Previous events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Previous events">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_of_Peronism">Return of Peronism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Return of Peronism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordobazo3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Cordobazo3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cordobazo" title="Cordobazo">Cordobazo</a>, 29 May 1969</figcaption></figure> In 1955, former army officer <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a> was ousted from the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">presidency</a> by a coup (<a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">Revolución Libertadora</a>) three months after the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Bombing of Plaza de Mayo">Bombing of Plaza de Mayo</a>, a failed coup attempt considered by some as state terrorism. Since then <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a> was proscribed and hostility against it and against populist politics dominated Argentine politics. <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Eugenio_Aramburu" title="Pedro Eugenio Aramburu">Pedro Eugenio Aramburu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Decree_Law_4161/56" title="Decree Law 4161/56">Decree Law 4161/56</a> prohibited the use of Perón's name and when <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Agust%C3%ADn_Lanusse" title="Alejandro Agustín Lanusse">General Lanusse</a>, who was part of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a>, called for elections in 1973, he authorized the return of political parties. However, Perón, who had been invited back from exile, was barred from seeking office.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In May 1973, Peronist <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Jos%C3%A9_C%C3%A1mpora" title="Héctor José Cámpora">Héctor José Cámpora</a> was elected as president, but everyone understood that Perón was the real power behind him, as Cámpora's campaign stated. Peronism has been difficult to define according to traditional political classifications and different periods must be distinguished. A <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> movement, it has sometimes been accused of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> tendencies.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Following nearly two decades of weak civilian governments, economic decline and military interventionism, Perón returned from exile on 20 June in 1973, as the country was becoming engulfed in financial, social and political disorder. The months preceding his return were marked by important <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movements</a> as in the rest of South America and in particular of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> before the military intervention of the 1970s, thus during <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_C%C3%A1mpora" class="mw-redirect" title="Héctor Cámpora">Héctor Cámpora</a>'s first months of government (May–July 1973) approximately 600 social conflicts, strikes and <a href="/wiki/Recovered_factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Recovered factory">factory occupations</a> had taken place.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Upon Perón's arrival at Buenos Aires Airport, snipers opened fire on the crowds of left-wing Peronist sympathizers. Known as the <a href="/wiki/1973_Ezeiza_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Ezeiza massacre">1973 Ezeiza massacre</a>, this event marked the split between left-wing and right-wing factions of Peronism. Perón was re-elected in 1973, backed by a broad coalition that ranged from trade unionists in the center to fascists on the right (including members of the neo-fascist <a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacionalista_Tacuara" class="mw-redirect" title="Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara">Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara</a>) and socialists like the <a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a> on the left.<a href="#cite_note-Navarrazo-44">[44]</a> Following the Ezeiza massacre and Perón's denouncing of "bearded immature idealists", Perón sided with the Peronist right, the trade unionist bureaucracy and <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Balb%C3%ADn" title="Ricardo Balbín">Ricardo Balbín</a>, Cámpora's unsuccessful rival at the May 1973 elections. Some leftist Peronist governors were deposed, among them <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Obreg%C3%B3n_Cano" title="Ricardo Obregón Cano">Ricardo Obregón Cano</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Córdoba</a>, who was ousted by a police coup in February 1974. According to historian Servetto, "the Peronist right... thus stimulated the intervention of security forces to resolve internal conflicts of Peronism".<a href="#cite_note-Navarrazo-44">[44]</a> On 19 January 1974, the Trotskyist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Argentina)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)">People's Revolutionary Army</a> attacked the military garrison in the Buenos Aires city of <a href="/wiki/Azul,_Buenos_Aires" title="Azul, Buenos Aires">Azul</a>, prompting a harsh response from the then constitutional president <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and contributing to his shift towards the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">rightist</a> faction of the <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">justicialist</a> movement during the last months of his life. <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Extreme right wing</a> vigilante organizations - linked to <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Triple A</a> or its kind of "subsidiary" <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina" title="Córdoba Province, Argentina">Córdoba</a> "Comando Libertadores de América" - assassinated the union leader and ex-Peronist governor of Córdoba, <a href="/wiki/Atilio_L%C3%B3pez" title="Atilio López">Atilio López</a>, as well as leftist lawyers Rodolfo Ortega Peña and <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Frondizi" title="Silvio Frondizi">Silvio Frondizi</a> - brother of the ousted former Argentine president <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi" title="Arturo Frondizi">Arturo Frondizi</a>, who had served as first president between May 1, 1958, and March 29, 1962. Also in 1974, the Third World priest <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mugica" title="Carlos Mugica">Carlos Mugica</a> and dozens of political activists from left. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isabel_Perón's_government">Isabel Perón's government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Isabel Perón's government">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a> died on 1 July 1974 and was replaced by his vice president and third wife, <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a>, who ruled Argentina until she was overthrown in March 1976 by the military. The 1985 <a href="/wiki/CONADEP" class="mw-redirect" title="CONADEP">CONADEP</a> human rights commission counted 458 assassinations from 1973 to 1975 in its report <a href="/wiki/Nunca_M%C3%A1s" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunca Más">Nunca Más</a> (Never Again): 19 in 1973, 50 in 1974 and 359 in 1975, carried out by paramilitary groups, who acted mostly under the <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Rega" title="José López Rega">José López Rega</a>'s parapolice and paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Triple A death squad</a> (according to <a href="/wiki/Armenpress" title="Armenpress">Argenpress</a>, at least 25 trade-unionists were assassinated in 1974).<a href="#cite_note-Argenpress-46">[46]</a> However, the repression of the social movements had already started before the attempt on Yrigoyen's life: on 17 July 1973, the <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(Argentina)" title="General Confederation of Labour (Argentina)">CGT</a> section in <a href="/wiki/Salta" title="Salta">Salta</a> was closed while the CGT, SMATA and Luz y Fuerza in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Province,_Argentina" title="Córdoba Province, Argentina">Córdoba</a> were victims of armed attacks. Agustín Tosco, Secretary General of Luz y Fuerza, successfully avoided arrest and went into hiding until his death on 5 November 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Argenpress-46">[46]</a> Trade unionists were also targeted by the repression in 1973 as Carlos Bache was assassinated on 21 August 1973; Enrique Damiano, of the Taxis Trade Union of Córdoba, on 3 October; Juan Avila, also of Córdoba, the following day; Pablo Fredes, on 30 October in Buenos Aires; and Adrián Sánchez, on 8 November 1973 in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Jujuy" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Jujuy">Province of Jujuy</a>. Assassinations of trade unions, lawyers and so on continued and increased in 1974 and 1975 while the most combative trade unions were closed and their leaders arrested. In August 1974, Isabel Perón's government took away the rights of trade unionist representation of the Federación Gráfica Bonaerense, whose Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Ongaro" title="Raimundo Ongaro">Raimundo Ongaro</a> was arrested in October 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Argenpress-46">[46]</a> During the same month of August 1974, the SMATA Córdoba trade-union, in conflict with the company Ika Renault, was closed by the national direction of trade unions and the majority of its leaders and activists arrested. Most of them were assassinated during the 1976–1983 dictatorship. Atilio López, General Secretary of the CGT of Córdoba and former Vice Governor of the Province, was assassinated in Buenos Aires on 16 September 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Argenpress-46">[46]</a> Peronist guerrillas, estimated at 300 to 400 active members (Montoneros) in 1977<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> (and 2000 at its peak in 1975, though almost half of them related to militia<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>), committed a number of attacks during this period such as bombings at the Goodyear and Firestone distributors, Riker and Eli pharmaceutical laboratories, Xerox Corporation, and Pepsi-Cola bottling companies. Director-general of the Fiat Concord company in Argentina was kidnapped by ERP guerrillas in Buenos Aires on 21 March 1972 and found murdered on 10 April.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 1973, a <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> executive was killed in a kidnapping attempt.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> A Peugeot representative was kidnapped and later released for a reported US$200,000,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and FAP guerrillas killed John Swint, the American general manager of the Ford Motor Company.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> On December, the director of Peugeot in Argentina was kidnapped.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 1974, FAP guerrillas killed the labour relations manager of the IKA-Renault Motor Company in Córdoba. In 1975 a manager of an auto parts factory<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and a production manager of Mercedes-Benz were kidnapped by Montoneros,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and an executive of the US Chrysler Corporation<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and a manager of the Renault plant in Córdoba were killed.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In 1976, Enrique Aroza Garay of German-owned Borgward automobile factory and a Chrysler executive were killed. In all, 83 servicemen and policemen were killed in left-wing guerrilla incidents.<a href="#cite_note-international102-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Annihilation_decrees">Annihilation decrees</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Annihilation decrees">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operativo_Independencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Operativo Independencia">Operativo Independencia</a></div> In 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Guevarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Guevarist">Guevarist</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Argentina)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)">People's Revolutionary Army</a> (ERP), inspired by <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Foco_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Foco theory">foco theory</a>, began a small rural insurgency in the province of <a href="/wiki/Tucum%C3%A1n_Province" title="Tucumán Province">Tucumán</a> with no more than 100 men and women,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> but were soon defeated by the Argentine Army. In February 1975, Isabel Perón signed the secret presidential decree 261, which ordered the army to illegally neutralize and/or "annihilate" the insurgency in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Tucum%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Tucumán">Tucumán</a>, the smallest province in Argentina. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Independence" title="Operation Independence">Operativo Independencia</a> granted power to the armed forces to "execute all military operations necessary for the effects of neutralizing or annihilating the action of subversive elements acting in the <a href="/wiki/Tucum%C3%A1n_Province" title="Tucumán Province">Province of Tucumán</a>".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Extreme right-wing death squads used their hunt for far-left guerrillas as a pretext to exterminate any and all ideological opponents on the left and as a cover for common crimes. In July, there was a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a>. The government, presided temporarily by provisional president of the Senate <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtalo_Luder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ítalo Luder">Ítalo Luder</a> from the Peronist party, replacing Isabel (who was ill for a short period), issued three decrees, 2770, 2771 and 2772. These created a Defense Council headed by the president and including his ministers and chiefs of the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> It was given the command of the national and provincial police and correctional facilities and its mission was to "annihilate [...] subversive elements throughout the country".<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="March_1975_raid_in_Santa_Fe">March 1975 raid in Santa Fe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: March 1975 raid in Santa Fe">edit</a>]</div> Isabel Perón's government ordered a raid on 20 March 1975, which involved 4,000 military and police officers, in <a href="/wiki/Villa_Constituci%C3%B3n" title="Villa Constitución">Villa Constitución</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Argentina" title="Santa Fe, Argentina">Santa Fe</a> in response to various trade-unionist conflicts. Many citizens and 150 activists and trade unionists leaders were arrested while the Unión Obrera Metalúrgica's <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">subsidiary</a> in Villa Constitución was closed down with the agreement of the trade unions' national direction, headed by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Miguel" title="Lorenzo Miguel">Lorenzo Miguel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Argenpress-46">[46]</a> Repression affected trade unionists of large firms such as <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> and was sometimes carried on with support from the firms' executives and from the trade unionist bureaucracies.<a href="#cite_note-Argenpress-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military's_rise_to_power">Military's rise to power</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military's rise to power">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></div> The sentence at the Trials of the Juntas stated the following: "The subversives had not taken control of any part of the national territory; they had not obtained recognition of interior or anterior belligerency, they were not massively supported by any foreign power, and they lacked the population's support".<a href="#cite_note-El_Estado_de_necesidad-39">[39]</a> However, the supposed threat was used for the coup.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1975, President <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a>, under pressure from the military establishment, appointed <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a> commander-in-chief of the Argentine Army. "As many people as necessary must die in Argentina so that the country will again be secure",<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> declared Videla in 1975 in support of the death squads. He was one of the military heads of the coup that overthrew Isabel Perón on 24 March 1976. In her place, a military junta, headed by General <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a>, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Eduardo_Massera" title="Emilio Eduardo Massera">Emilio Eduardo Massera</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Ram%C3%B3n_Agosti" title="Orlando Ramón Agosti">Orlando Agosti</a> and was installed.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The junta, which dubbed itself <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a>, systematized the repression, in particular through the way of "forced disappearances" (desaparecidos), which made it very difficult as was the case in <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> to file legal suits as the bodies were never found. This generalization of state terror tactics has been explained in part by the information received by the Argentine military in the infamous <a href="/wiki/School_of_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Americas">School of Americas</a> and also by French instructors from the <a href="/wiki/French_secret_services" class="mw-redirect" title="French secret services">secret services</a>, who taught them "<a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a>" tactics first experimented during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–1962).<a href="#cite_note-Argenpress-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> By 1976, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> was at its height. Chilean exiles in Argentina were threatened again and had to seek refuge in a third country. Chilean General <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Prats" title="Carlos Prats">Carlos Prats</a> had already been assassinated by the Chilean <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_Nacional" title="Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional">DINA</a> in Buenos Aires in 1974, with the help of former DINA agents <a href="/wiki/Michael_Townley" title="Michael Townley">Michael Townley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Arancibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrique Arancibia">Enrique Arancibia</a>. Cuban diplomats were also assassinated in Buenos Aires in the infamous Automotores Orletti torture center, one of the 300 clandestine prisons of the dictatorship, managed by the Grupo de Tareas 18, headed by <a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Gordon" title="Aníbal Gordon">Aníbal Gordon</a>, previously convicted for armed robbery and who answered directly to the General Commandant of the <a href="/wiki/SIDE" class="mw-redirect" title="SIDE">SIDE</a>, Otto Paladino. Automotores Orletti was the main base of foreign intelligence services involved in Operation Condor. One of its survivors, José Luis Bertazzo, who was detained for two months there, identified Chileans, Uruguayans, Paraguayans and Bolivians among the prisoners. These captives were interrogated by agents from their own countries.<a href="#cite_note-Elcorreo-69">[69]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/John_Dinges" title="John Dinges">John Dinges</a>'s Los años del Cóndor, Chilean <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Movement_(Chile)" title="Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile)">MIR</a> prisoners in Orletti center told José Luis Bertazzo that they had seen two Cuban diplomats, Jesús Cejas Arias and Crescencio Galañega, tortured by Gordon's group and interrogated by a man who came from Miami to interrogate them. The two Cuban diplomats, charged with the protection of the Cuban ambassador to Argentina Emilio Aragonés, had been kidnapped on 9 August 1976 by 40 armed SIDE agents who blocked off all sides of the street with their <a href="/wiki/Ford_Falcon_(Argentina)" title="Ford Falcon (Argentina)">Ford Falcons</a>, the cars used by the security forces during the dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/John_Dinges" title="John Dinges">John Dinges</a>, the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> were informed of their abduction. In his book, Dinges published a cable sent by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scherrer" title="Robert Scherrer">Robert Scherrer</a>, an FBI agent in Buenos Aires on 22 September 1976, where he mentions in passing that <a href="/wiki/Michael_Townley" title="Michael Townley">Michael Townley</a>, later convicted of the assassination on 21 September 1976 of former Chilean minister <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Letelier" title="Orlando Letelier">Orlando Letelier</a> in Washington, D.C., had also taken part to the interrogation of the two Cubans. The former head of the DINA confirmed to Argentine federal judge <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Servini_de_Cubr%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="María Servini de Cubría">María Servini de Cubría</a> on 22 December 1999, in <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago de Chile</a>, the presence of Townley and Cuban <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Novo_Sampoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillermo Novo Sampoll">Guillermo Novo Sampoll</a> in the Orletti center. The two men traveled from Chile to Argentina on 11 August 1976 and "cooperated in the torture and assassination of the two Cuban diplomats".<a href="#cite_note-Elcorreo-69">[69]</a> According to the "<a href="/wiki/Terror_archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror archives">terror archives</a>" discovered in Paraguay in 1992, 50,000 persons were murdered in the frame of Condor, 22,000–30,000 <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearances" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearances">disappeared (desaparecidos)</a> and 400,000 incarcerated.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_accomplices">Civil accomplices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Civil accomplices">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Club_Atl%C3%A9tico.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico.JPG/220px-Club_Atl%C3%A9tico.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico.JPG/330px-Club_Atl%C3%A9tico.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico.JPG/440px-Club_Atl%C3%A9tico.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Excavation of the former <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_detention_center_(Argentina)" title="Clandestine detention center (Argentina)">clandestine detention center</a> Club Atlético, Paseo Colón 1200, City of Buenos Aires</figcaption></figure> There were also some companies complicit in crimes against humanity. There has been participation of senior executives of <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Acindar, Dálmine Siderca, Ingenio Ledesma, and <a href="/wiki/Astarsa" title="Astarsa">Astarsa</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-periferiaactiva.files.wordpress.com-75">[75]</a> Victoria Basualdo, from Columbia University, investigated the complicity between large companies and armed forces. She found six companies in which dozens of union representatives were kidnapped and tortured, often detained inside the companies and transferred to <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_detention_center_(Argentina)" title="Clandestine detention center (Argentina)">clandestine detention centers</a> (CDC) in vehicles provided by the companies. In the case of Dálmine Siderca, a CDC had been installed next to the factory, connected through a door. In the case of Acindar, a detention and interrogation center, staffed and operated by the Federal Police, was already in existence in 1975 during the Peronist government of Maria Estela Martinez de Peron.<a href="#cite_note-periferiaactiva.files.wordpress.com-75">[75]</a> Judge Alicia Vence was in charge of the investigation of acts of <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a> committed in facilities and with the participation of authorities of the companies Ford and Mercedes-Benz. According to witnesses, the center at Mercedes Benz was led by the racing driver <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Fangio" title="Juan Manuel Fangio">Juan Manuel Fangio</a>. In 2015, an investigation was conducted to investigate these claims.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alfredo_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Hoz" title="José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz">José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgical</a> company Acindar, who was Minister of Economy between 1976 and 1980, was criminally prosecuted in the case of the kidnapping of the businessmen Federico and Miguel Gutheim, owners of SADECO cotton company.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papel_Prensa">Papel Prensa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Papel Prensa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papel_Prensa#Sale_and_controversy" title="Papel Prensa">Papel Prensa § Sale and controversy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitre,_Magnetto,_Videla_y_Ernestina_Herrera_de_Noble_en_la_inauguracion_de_Papel_Prensa.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mitre%2C_Magnetto%2C_Videla_y_Ernestina_Herrera_de_Noble_en_la_inauguracion_de_Papel_Prensa.webp/220px-Mitre%2C_Magnetto%2C_Videla_y_Ernestina_Herrera_de_Noble_en_la_inauguracion_de_Papel_Prensa.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mitre%2C_Magnetto%2C_Videla_y_Ernestina_Herrera_de_Noble_en_la_inauguracion_de_Papel_Prensa.webp/330px-Mitre%2C_Magnetto%2C_Videla_y_Ernestina_Herrera_de_Noble_en_la_inauguracion_de_Papel_Prensa.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mitre%2C_Magnetto%2C_Videla_y_Ernestina_Herrera_de_Noble_en_la_inauguracion_de_Papel_Prensa.webp/440px-Mitre%2C_Magnetto%2C_Videla_y_Ernestina_Herrera_de_Noble_en_la_inauguracion_de_Papel_Prensa.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Bartolome Mitre (<a href="/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n" title="La Nación">La Nación</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hector_Magnetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Magnetto">Hector Magnetto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)" title="Clarín (Argentine newspaper)">Clarin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernestina_Herrera_de_Noble" title="Ernestina Herrera de Noble">Ernestina Herrera de Noble</a> (Clarín) at Papel Prensa's plant inauguration, on September 27, 1978</figcaption></figure> There was also suspected participation from national media outlets such as <a href="/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)" title="Clarín (Argentine newspaper)">Clarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n" title="La Nación">La Nación</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Raz%C3%B3n_(Buenos_Aires)" title="La Razón (Buenos Aires)">La Razón</a>, the three most important Argentine newspapers at the time. Together they negotiated the buyout of <a href="/wiki/Papel_Prensa" title="Papel Prensa">Papel Prensa</a>, the largest national manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">newsprint</a>, then owned by the widow of <a href="/wiki/David_Graiver" title="David Graiver">David Graiver</a>, Lidia Papaleo and his family estate, after his death in a plane crash on August 7, 1976.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Papaleo and the other private partners negotiated the sale of their shares on November 2, 1976.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> She, along with Graiver's brother and father, were <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">illegally detained</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Buenos Aires Province Police">Buenos Aires Province Police</a> on March 14, 1977, on suspected financial connections her late husband had with the <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> organization <a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a>, and sentenced to 15 years imprisonment, though an appeals court later cleared the defendants of all charges.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> According to Papaleo, the sale was made under duress.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> She had been receiving death threats and had been told by Papel Prensa's president, Pedro Martínez Segovia, who said was representing then Minister of Economy <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alfredo_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Hoz" title="José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz">José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz</a>, that she should sell her stake in the company. She, along with her family, attended a night meeting at the La Nación offices on November 2.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> There, she testified, that the representative of <a href="/wiki/Grupo_Clar%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupo Clarín">Clarín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Magnetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Magnetto">Hector Magnetto</a>, presented her with a document which said "Sign, or it will cost you your daughter's life and your own".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In September 1978, a group of businessmen, among whom were <a href="/wiki/Ernestina_Herrera_de_Noble" title="Ernestina Herrera de Noble">Ernestina Herrera de Noble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hector_Magnetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Magnetto">Hector Magnetto</a> from Grupo Clarín and Bartolomé Luis Mitre from La Nación, along with members of the <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> inaugurated the Papel Prensa plant in <a href="/wiki/San_Justo,_Buenos_Aires" title="San Justo, Buenos Aires">San Justo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In 2016, Magnetto, Mitre and Noble were declared innocent. Federal Judge <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Ercolini" title="Julián Ercolini">Julián Ercolini</a> ruled that there was not enough evidence of any wrongdoing to accuse them.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="False_flag_actions_by_SIDE_agents">False flag actions by SIDE agents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: False flag actions by SIDE agents">edit</a>]</div> During a 1981 interview whose contents were revealed by declassified <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> documents in 2000, former DINA agent <a href="/wiki/Michael_Townley" title="Michael Townley">Michael Townley</a> explained that Ignacio Novo Sampol, member of the <a href="/wiki/CORU" class="mw-redirect" title="CORU">CORU</a> anti-Castro organization, had agreed to involve the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Nationalist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Nationalist Movement">Cuban Nationalist Movement</a> in the kidnapping in Buenos Aires of the president of a Dutch bank. The abduction was organized by civilian <a href="/wiki/SIDE" class="mw-redirect" title="SIDE">SIDE</a> agents to obtain a ransom. Townley said that Novo Sampol had provided $6,000 from the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_dissident_movement" title="Cuban dissident movement">Cuban Nationalist Movement</a>, forwarded to the civilian SIDE agents to pay for the preparation expenses of the kidnapping. After returning to the United States, Novo Sampol sent Townley a stock of paper, used to print pamphlets in the name of Grupo Rojo (Red Group), an imaginary Argentine Marxist terrorist organization, which was to claim credit for the abduction of the Dutch banker. Townley declared that the pamphlets were distributed in <a href="/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina" title="Mendoza, Argentina">Mendoza</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Córdoba</a> together with <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> bombings perpetrated by SIDE agents. The aim was to establish the existence of the fake Grupo Rojo. However, the SIDE agents procrastinated too much and the kidnapping was never carried out.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights_violations">Human rights violations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Human rights violations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance#Argentina" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearance § Argentina</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centro_Popular_de_la_Memoria_Rosario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Centro_Popular_de_la_Memoria_Rosario.jpg/220px-Centro_Popular_de_la_Memoria_Rosario.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Centro_Popular_de_la_Memoria_Rosario.jpg/330px-Centro_Popular_de_la_Memoria_Rosario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Centro_Popular_de_la_Memoria_Rosario.jpg/440px-Centro_Popular_de_la_Memoria_Rosario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A former <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_detention_center_(Argentina)" title="Clandestine detention center (Argentina)">illegal detention center</a> in the headquarters of the provincial police of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Argentina" title="Santa Fe, Argentina">Santa Fe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rosario" title="Rosario">Rosario</a>, now a memorial</figcaption></figure> The exact chronology of the <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">repression</a> occurring before the Operation Condor's beginning in March 1976 is still debated, but some sectors claim the long political conflict started in 1969 as individual cases of <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsored terrorism</a> against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Bombing of Plaza de Mayo">bombing of Plaza de Mayo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ley_de_Punto_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="Ley de Punto Final">Revolución Libertadora</a> in 1955. The <a href="/wiki/Trelew_massacre" title="Trelew massacre">Trelew massacre</a> of 1972, the actions of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance since 1973 and Isabel Martínez de Perón's "annihilation decrees"<a href="#cite_note-Argentina,_Antonius_C._G_p._145-89">[89]</a> against left-wing guerrillas during <a href="/wiki/Operativo_Independencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Operativo Independencia">Operativo Independencia</a> (Operation Independence) in 1975<a href="#cite_note-Argentina,_Antonius_C._G_p._145-89">[89]</a> have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty War.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The discontent with Perón in 1973 started due to his drift to the right after having been a popular leftist leader for the first half of the 20th century. Many of the groups that supported him throughout the 1940s and 1950s argued that "Peron was betraying the movement by aligning himself with industrialists foreign interests." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/dc.html?doc=6020971-National-Security-Archive-Doc-22-CIA-research/">CIA research paper, "Insurgent Success and Failure: Selected Case Studies." Secret, May 1983</a> The attacks by the left were met by ruthless action by the government and the Argentina Anticommunist Alliance (AAA), a group known since the 1930s for its violent and brutal stance towards leftist groups.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Targets of the junta were anyone believed to be associated with activist groups, including trade union members and students. These included underage students, like the ones tortured and murdered in the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Pencils" title="Night of the Pencils">Night of the Pencils</a>, an operation directed by <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Camps" title="Ramón Camps">Ramón Camps</a>, General and head of the <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Provincial_Police" title="Buenos Aires Provincial Police">Buenos Aires Provincial Police</a> from April 1976 to December 1977.<a href="#cite_note-Strassera-37">[37]</a> The rationale behind attacks against <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> was the belief that anyone not sharing government ideology or supporting its actions was a threat; it was believed that "any party that has supported or continues to support the enemy shall be considered a party of the enemy".<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/821676937">821676937</a> Other junta targets were people who uncovered evidence of government corruption and those thought to hold left-wing views (including French nuns <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onie_Duquet" title="Léonie Duquet">Léonie Duquet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Domon" title="Alice Domon">Alice Domon</a>, kidnapped by <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Astiz" title="Alfredo Astiz">Alfredo Astiz</a>). Ramón Camps told <a href="/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)" title="Clarín (Argentine newspaper)">Clarín</a> in 1984 that he had used torture as an interrogation method and orchestrated 5,000 forced disappearances. He had justified the appropriation of newborns from their imprisoned mothers "because subversive parents will raise subversive children".<a href="#cite_note-terra-91">[91]</a> The individuals who suddenly vanished are called los desaparecidos, meaning "the missing ones" or "disappeared". The people that disappeared throughout the 1970s came from a variety of backgrounds: not just suspected terrorists, but also non-combatants.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> According to a declassified 1979 document from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>, fifty-five disappearances were occurring per month, or approximately two per day.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Additionally, people who sought to stay "peaceful" during the attacks were targeted by the government, based on the belief that if left alone, they would pose an even greater danger. This was despite the fact that 80 percent of Argentine torture victims had no knowledge of subversive activities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In December 1976, 22 captured Montoneros responsible for the death of General Cáceres Monié and the attack on the Argentine Army 29th Mountain Infantry Regiment<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> were tortured and executed during the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Margarita_Bel%C3%A9n" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Margarita Belén">massacre of Margarita Belén</a> in the military <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Province" title="Chaco Province">Chaco Province</a>, for which Videla would be found guilty of homicide during the 1985 Trial of the Juntas, in addition to the guilty verdicts against Cristino Nicolaides, junta leader <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Galtieri" title="Leopoldo Galtieri">Leopoldo Galtieri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Provincial_Police" title="Santa Fe Provincial Police">Santa Fe Provincial Police</a> chief Wenceslao Ceniquel. The same year, 50 unknown persons were illegally executed by firing squad in Córdoba.<a href="#cite_note-Victims-95">[95]</a> Victims' relatives uncovered evidence that some children taken from their mothers soon after birth were being raised as the adopted children of military servicemembers, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Silvia_Quintela" title="Silvia Quintela">Silvia Quintela</a>, a member of the Montoneros guerrillas movement.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> For three decades, the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Plaza de Mayo">Mothers and Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo</a>, a group founded in 1977, has demanded the return of these kidnapped children, estimated to number as many as 500.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In 1979, security forces violently arrested and threatened the members of this group, made up predominantly of mothers who held weekly silent demonstrations in the capital's main square for over two years to demand justice for their disappeared children. That same year, over 38 bodies, "many without heads or hands", were found on Argentina's shorelines. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/dc.html?doc=6020968-National-Security-Archive-Doc-19-Department-of/">Department of State report, "Next Steps in Argentina," Secret, January 26, 1979</a> A declassified May 1978 U.S. State Department memorandum asserts that "if there has been a net reduction in reports of torture, this is not because torture has been forsworn but 'derives from fewer operations' because the number of terrorists and subversives has diminished". The memorandum adds that disappearances "include not only suspected terrorists but also encompass a broader range of people, for example, labor leaders, workers, clergymen, human rights advocates, scientists, doctors, and political party leaders".<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> It also describes torture methods used to intimidate and extract information, including electric shocks, prolonged immersion in water, <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_burns" title="Cigarette burns">cigarette burns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, removal of teeth and fingernails, castration, and burning with boiling water, oil and acid.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Another declassified U.S. State Department memorandum stated that security forces "simply murdered" a couple in their own home without even taking them to a detention center, showing the power the military had in 1976 and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> According to a 2000 Human Rights Review, previous Argentina coups had imposed a strong military presence, the military portraying its struggle as one seeking to preserve Argentine values, which justified their human rights violations. But none had been as violent and brutal as the 1976 coup.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elisabeth_Kaesemann.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Elisabeth_Kaesemann.JPG/170px-Elisabeth_Kaesemann.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Elisabeth_Kaesemann.JPG/255px-Elisabeth_Kaesemann.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Elisabeth_Kaesemann.JPG/340px-Elisabeth_Kaesemann.JPG 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>German sociologist <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%A4semann" title="Elisabeth Käsemann">Elisabeth Käsemann</a>, murdered in 1977</figcaption></figure> In late 1979, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> accused the Videla military government of being responsible for the disappearance of 15,000 to 20,000 Argentine citizens since the 1976 coup.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The Registro Unificado de Víctimas del Terrorismo de Estado (Ruvte) unconvered records of 662 people disappeared under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a>, and another 6,348 disappeared during the military dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a>, a Catholic human rights activist who had organized the Servicio de Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice Service) and suffered torture while held without trial for 14 months in a Buenos Aires concentration camp, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for his efforts in defense of human rights.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Declassified documents of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the <a href="/wiki/Batall%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_601" title="Batallón de Inteligencia 601">Batallón de Inteligencia 601</a> of 22,000 killed or "<a href="/wiki/Disappeared" class="mw-redirect" title="Disappeared">disappeared</a>" between 1975 and mid-1978. During this period, at least 12,000 "disappeared" were detained by PEN (Poder Ejecutivo Nacional, anglicized as National Executive Power) and kept in <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_detention_center_(Argentina)" title="Clandestine detention center (Argentina)">clandestine detention camps</a> throughout Argentina, before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_the_Disappearance_of_Persons" title="National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons">National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons</a> recorded the forced disappearance of 8,961 persons from 1976 to 1983, although it noted that the actual number is higher.<a href="#cite_note-edant.clarin.com-105">[105]</a> Military junta members currently in prison for crimes against humanity refused to give Argentine courts the lists of names (and numbers) of kidnapped, tortured, murdered or disappeared people, so the exact number of victims remains uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a> government, <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Argentina" title="National Congress of Argentina">Congress</a> passed legislation to provide compensation to victims' families. Some 11,000 Argentine <a href="/wiki/Next_of_kin" title="Next of kin">next of kin</a> have applied to the relevant authorities and received up to US$200,000 each as monetary compensation for the loss of loved ones during the military dictatorship, while others such as the <a href="/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo">Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo</a> refused to take any money from a government they considered to follow the same neoliberal policies dictated by Operation Condor.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wright,_Thomas_C._p._158-108">[108]</a> After a 2017 ruling by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Argentina" title="Supreme Court of Argentina">Supreme Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Argentina" title="National Congress of Argentina">National Congress of Argentina</a> excluded convicts of crimes against humanity from the reduced sentences granted to other convicts.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_Southern_Cone_of_South_America">Role of the Southern Cone of South America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Role of the Southern Cone of South America">edit</a>]</div> In an unclassified memorandum from the U.S. Department of State written in 1976, it was stated the cooperation efforts there were among Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, etc. to fight against subversive groups. These efforts ranged from bilateral communications between these countries to capture and monitor these groups; the fight against these "terrorist exponents" proposed to unify the greatest enemies of South America: Brazil and Argentina given that they saw the threat of communism as more dangerous than each other. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/dc.html?doc=3319326-Document-02-ARA-Monthly-Report-July-The-Third/">ARA Monthly Report (July) "The 'Third World War' and South America" August 3, 1976</a> An example of this alliance was the deportation of two Montoneros that were to arrive from Mexico in Brazil for a meeting with the leftist group but before the two Montoneros were intercepted in Rio de Janeiro by the Argentine military with permission of the Brazilian military intelligence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/dc.html?doc=3319328-Document-04-Conversation-with-Argentine/">Conversation with Argentine Intelligence Source, April 7, 1980</a> The cooperation between these countries was closely monitored by the United States government given that it has always had interests in maintaining hegemony over this part of the continent. The United States worried that "these regimes threaten[ed] their increasing isolation from the West and the opening of deep ideological divisions among the countries of the hemispheres." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/dc.html?doc=3319326-Document-02-ARA-Monthly-Report-July-The-Third">The National Security Archive</a> Even when the United States refused to call the conflict between these South American countries and the subversive groups a 'Third World War', according to the Memorandum, it was important for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay egos, salaries, and their equipment-budgets to believe in this 'Third World War'. Additionally, the U.S. states its critical goal which is to get the political ideology out of human rights in order to avoid "charges of 'intervention'" in any of these Latin American countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_and_violation_of_human_rights_in_Argentina">United States and violation of human rights in Argentina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States and violation of human rights in Argentina">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Dirty_War##" title="Talk:Dirty War">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (March 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dirty+War%22">"Dirty War"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dirty+War%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dirty+War%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dirty+War%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dirty+War%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dirty+War%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (March 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The interests of the United States in Argentina during the Cold War were rooted in more factors than the threat of the spread of communism in South America than may appear at first sight.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although the subversive groups that were attacking the Argentine government were leftist groups and some Marxist groups, the United States was also interested in the nuclear power that Argentina possessed. According to a U.S. Department of State memorandum, Argentina was part of the "Dirty Dozen", which was a list of countries that either had the capability of acquiring nuclear weapons but no motivation to do so, or that had the motivation to acquire nuclear weapons but lacked the capability. In the document, it is noted that the biggest security concerns for Argentina were rivals Brazil and Chile, given that these three countries wanted hegemony in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] In the same realm, the Argentine economy needed to stop depending on fossil fuels and had strong motivation to expand their nuclear program; this could be one of the motivations behind the U.S.'s lack of action against the human rights violations that were happening in Argentina. In a 1976 declassified memorandum from the U.S. Department of State, it is stated the importance to let President Videla the "adverse effect revelation of the assassination scheme will have on Argentina efforts to obtain loans and otherwise come up with solutions for improving its economy".<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In this same document it is stated that "Argentina is the country which [the United States] should be able to exert the most leverage", which demonstrates the American desire for hegemony in the region, trying to exploit the 'weaknesses' of the Argentine dictatorship for its own benefit. The United States knew that it had to react to the human rights atrocities happening in Argentine because if it did not then "our singling out of Uruguay, Paraguay, and Chile will appear highly politicized and will serve to fuel the critics who argue that US human rights policy is focused on countries where major US interests are not at stake."<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] In 2012 Professor Melisa Slatman published "Actividades extraterritoriales represivas de la Armada Argentina durante la última dictadura civil militar de Seguridad Nacional (1976-1983)" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1944353635">1944353635</a> in the Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación (FaHCE) of Universidad Nacional de la Plata where she gives her perspective about the creation of Operation Condor. Slatman argues that this operation was a product of a social construct where there was no empirical evidence other than the desire for repressive states to gain hegemony on the Southern of the hemisphere whether that was by the United States and its perceived fight against communism or by the Southern Cone and their desire of control.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] She states that there is no way in which the people can truly know what happens during this operation given that the documents that have been released are merely a reflection of the voices and factors that played a part, but it is only one side of the story. The use of these documents as the only sources that there are about Operation Condor fails to inform experts if it was truly an operation or if it was much more extensive than that more like a system. Furthermore, Slatman argues that these documents present a biased point of view given that the majority of them come from American institutions that seek to present the information that established American hegemony and the unilateral relationships between the U.S. and South American countries.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1944353635">1944353635</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disappeared_held_under_PEN">Disappeared held under PEN</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Disappeared held under PEN">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Detenido_desaparecido" class="mw-redirect" title="Detenido desaparecido">Detenido desaparecido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_detention_center_(Argentina)" title="Clandestine detention center (Argentina)">Clandestine detention center (Argentina)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voluntarios_registrando_la_muestra_de_la_Casa_por_la_Identidad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Voluntarios_registrando_la_muestra_de_la_Casa_por_la_Identidad.jpg/220px-Voluntarios_registrando_la_muestra_de_la_Casa_por_la_Identidad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Voluntarios_registrando_la_muestra_de_la_Casa_por_la_Identidad.jpg/330px-Voluntarios_registrando_la_muestra_de_la_Casa_por_la_Identidad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Voluntarios_registrando_la_muestra_de_la_Casa_por_la_Identidad.jpg/440px-Voluntarios_registrando_la_muestra_de_la_Casa_por_la_Identidad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Collections of photos from families whose children and grandchildren had disappeared</figcaption></figure> By the time of the coup on 24 March 1976, the number of disappeared held under Poder Ejecutivo Nacional (PEN) stood at least 5,182.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Some 18,000 disappeared in the form of PEN detainees were imprisoned in Argentina by the end of 1977 and it is estimated that some 3,000 deaths occurred in the Navy Engineering School (ESMA) alone.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> These disappeared were held incommunicado and reportedly tortured. Some, like senator Hipolito Solari Yrigoyen and socialist leader professor Alfredo Bravo, were "<a href="/wiki/Detenido_desaparecido" class="mw-redirect" title="Detenido desaparecido">detenidos-desaparecidos</a>".<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> By refusing to acknowledge the existence of what was later established to be at least 340 concentration camps throughout the country they also denied the existence of their occupants. The total number of people who were detained for long periods was 8,625.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Among them was future President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a>, who between 1976 and 1981 had been a political prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Some 8,600 PEN disappeared were eventually released under international pressure. Of these, 4,029 were held <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_detention_center_(Argentina)" title="Clandestine detention center (Argentina)">in illegal detention centers</a> for less than a year, 2,296 for one to three years, 1,172 for three to five years, 668 for five to seven years and 431 for seven to nine years. Of these, 157 were murdered after being released from detention.<a href="#cite_note-authoritarianism134-118">[118]</a> In one frank memo, written in 1977, an official at the Foreign Ministry issued the following warning: <blockquote>Our situation presents certain aspects which are without doubt difficult to defend if they are analyzed from the point of view of international law. These are: the delays incurred before foreign consuls can visit detainees of foreign nationality (contravening article 34 of the Convention of Vienna), the fact that those detained under Executive Power (PEN) are denied the right to legal advice or defense, the complete lack of information of persons detained under PEN, the fact that PEN detainees are not processed for long periods of time, the fact that there are no charges against detainees. The kidnapping and disappearance of people.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children_of_the_disappeared">Children of the disappeared</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Children of the disappeared">edit</a>]</div> At the time when the CONADEP report was prepared, the Asociación Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo (<a href="/wiki/Grandmothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo">Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo</a> or Abuelas), had records of 172 children who disappeared together with their parents or were born at the numerous concentration camps and had not been returned to their families.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo now believe up to 500 grandchildren were stolen and 102 are believed to have been located.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> On 13 April 2000, the grandmothers received a tip that the birth certificate of Rosa Roisinblit's infant grandson, born in detention, had been falsified and the child given to an Air Force civil agent and his wife. Following the anonymous phone call, he was located and agreed to a DNA blood test, confirming his true identity. Rodolfo Fernando, grandson of Roisinblit, is the first known newborn of missing children returned to his family through the work of the grandmothers.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> On 6 October 1978, Roisinblit's daughter, 25-year-old Patricia Julia Roisinblit de Perez, who was active in the <a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> was kidnapped along with her husband, 24-year-old José Martínas Pérez Rojo.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The case of Maria Eugenia Sampallo (born some time in 1978) also received considerable attention as Sampallo sued the couple who adopted her illegally as a baby after her parents disappeared, both Montoneros.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Her grandmother spent 24 years looking for her. The case was filed in 2001 after DNA tests indicated that Osvaldo Rivas and Maria Cristina Gomez were not her biological parents. Along with army Captain Enrique Berthier, who furnished the couple with the baby, they were sentenced respectively to 8, 7 and 10 years in prison for <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo">Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo">Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rallying_to_the_Casa_Rosada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rallying_to_the_Casa_Rosada.jpg/220px-Rallying_to_the_Casa_Rosada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rallying_to_the_Casa_Rosada.jpg/330px-Rallying_to_the_Casa_Rosada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rallying_to_the_Casa_Rosada.jpg/440px-Rallying_to_the_Casa_Rosada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo">Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo</a>, Argentine mothers whose children were "disappeared" during the Dirty War</figcaption></figure> The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo is the best-known Argentine human rights organization. For over thirty years, the Mothers have campaigned to find out about the fate of their lost relatives. The Mothers first held their vigil at Plaza de Mayo in 1977, where they continue to gather there every Thursday afternoon. An article of the Madres of the Plaza de Mayo monthly publication caused quite a stir in the mid-1980s, when the Human Rights Group Familiares were quoted as saying: "Familiares assumes the causes of their children's fight as their own, vindicates all the disappeared as fighters of the people, [...] [and when occurs] the defeat of imperialism and the sovereignty of the people, we will have achieved our objectives".<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In 1986, the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo split into two groups: Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo – Linea Fundadora (Founding Line) remains focused in recovering the remains of the missing and bringing former police and military commanders to justice. On the other hand, the Asociacion de Madres de Plaza de Mayo (Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo Association) is opposed to the search for and identification of the missing and have also rejected monetary compensation.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In April 2004, the former head of the Mothers of Plaza <a href="/wiki/Hebe_de_Bonafini" title="Hebe de Bonafini">Hebe de Bonafini</a> declared her admiration for her missing children Jorge Omar and Raúl Alfredo for taking up arms as left-wing guerrillas.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> To this day, white <a href="/wiki/Handkerchiefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Handkerchiefs">handkerchiefs</a> are painted on the streets of Argentina, as a reminder of the terroristic actions of the military junta and grief felt by the <a href="/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo">Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coordination_on_international_criminal_operations">Coordination on international criminal operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Coordination on international criminal operations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Charly" title="Operation Charly">Operation Charly</a></div> In 1980, the Argentine military helped <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> war criminal <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Delle_Chiaie" title="Stefano Delle Chiaie">Stefano Delle Chiaie</a> and major drug lords mount the bloody <a href="/wiki/1980_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Bolivian coup d'état">Cocaine Coup</a> of <a href="/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Meza_Tejada" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis García Meza Tejada">Luis García Meza Tejada</a> in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. They hired 70 foreign agents for this task,<a href="#cite_note-Steno26-133">[133]</a> which was managed in particular by the <a href="/wiki/Batall%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_601" title="Batallón de Inteligencia 601">601st Intelligence Battalion</a> headed by General <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Su%C3%A1rez_Mason" title="Guillermo Suárez Mason">Guillermo Suárez Mason</a>. After having been trained by the French military, in the frame of Operation Charly the Argentine Armed Forces would train their counterparts not only in Nicaragua, but also <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>. From 1977 to 1984, after the Falklands War the Argentine Armed Forces exported <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a> tactics, including the systemic use of torture, death squads and disappearances. <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special force</a> units, such as <a href="/wiki/Batall%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_601" title="Batallón de Inteligencia 601">Batallón de Inteligencia 601</a>, headed in 1979 by Colonel Jorge Alberto Muzzio, trained the Nicaraguan <a href="/wiki/Contra_(guerrillas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra (guerrillas)">Contras</a> in the 1980s, in particular in <a href="/wiki/Lepaterique" title="Lepaterique">Lepaterique</a> base.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following the release of classified documents and an interview with <a href="/wiki/Duane_Clarridge" title="Duane Clarridge">Duane Clarridge</a>, former <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> responsible for operations with the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)" title="Clarín (Argentine newspaper)">Clarín</a> showed that with the election of President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in 1977 the CIA was blocked from engaging in the <a href="/wiki/Special_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Special warfare">special warfare</a> it had previously been engaged in. In conformity with the National Security Doctrine, the Argentine military supported U.S. goals in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> while they pressured the United States to be more active in counter-revolutionary activities. In 1981, following the election of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> the CIA took over training of the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> from <a href="/wiki/Batall%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_601" title="Batallón de Inteligencia 601">Batallón 601</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Many Chilean and Uruguayan exiles in Argentina were murdered by Argentine security forces (including high-profile figures such as General <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Prats" title="Carlos Prats">Carlos Prats</a> in Buenos Aires in 1974, Héctor Gutiérrez Ruiz and <a href="/wiki/Zelmar_Michelini" title="Zelmar Michelini">Zelmar Michelini</a> in Buenos Aires in 1976). Others, such as Wilson Ferreira Aldunate escaped death.<a href="#cite_note-NSA-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_involvement_with_the_junta">United States involvement with the junta</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United States involvement with the junta">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor#U.S._involvement" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor § U.S. involvement</a></div> Although at least six U.S. citizens had been "disappeared" by the Argentine military by 1976, high-ranking state department officials including then <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Secretary of State Henry Kissinger</a> had secretly backed up Argentina's new military rulers.<a href="#cite_note-The_Dirty_War_in_Argentina-136">[136]</a> After leaving the US government, Kissinger congratulated Argentina's military junta for combating the left, stating that in his opinion "the government of Argentina had done an outstanding job in wiping out terrorist forces".<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The importance of his role was not known about until <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a> published in October 1987 an exposé written by Martin Edwin Andersen, a <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> special correspondent, Kissinger had secretly given the junta a "green light" for their state policies,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> being the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_School_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army School of the Americas">U.S. Army School of the Americas</a> (SOA), founded in 1946 assigned the specific goal of teaching anti-communist counterinsurgency training, the place where <a href="#Graduates_of_the_School_of_the_Americas">several Latin American dictators</a>, generations of their military where educated in <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a> tactics, including the uses of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> in its curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost-140">[140]</a> In 2000/2001, the institute was renamed to WHINSEC.<a href="#cite_note-laweekly-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-gill-142">[142]</a>: 233 <a href="#cite_note-AlJazeeraClassOver-143">[143]</a> According to a Command and General Foundation News issue, the current curriculum at WHINSEC is compatible with curriculum taught at U.S. military academies. WHINSEC faculty members travel to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a> in Kansas throughout the year in order to remain up to date on curriculum changes. However, the school remains controversial due to its influence over affairs in Latin America and its education of Latin American state actors on <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> within the military and law enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In Buenos Aires, <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Hill" title="Robert C. Hill">Robert C. Hill</a>, a five-time conservative <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> ambassadorial appointee, worked behind the scenes to keep the Argentina military junta from engaging in massive human rights violations. Upon finding out that Kissinger had given the Argentine generals a "green light" for the <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a> of the junta in June 1976 while at an Organization of American States meeting in Santiago (at the Hotel Carrera, later made famous as the Hotel Cabrera in the film <a href="/wiki/Missing_(1982_film)" title="Missing (1982 film)">Missing</a>), Hill quietly scrambled to try to roll back the Kissinger decision. Hill did this although Kissinger aides told him that if he continued, Kissinger would likely have him fired. During that meeting with Argentine foreign minister <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Augusto_Guzzetti" title="César Augusto Guzzetti">César Augusto Guzzetti</a>, Kissinger assured him that the United States was an ally. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Videla_y_Carter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Videla_y_Carter.jpg/220px-Videla_y_Carter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Videla_y_Carter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>Argentine junta leader <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a> meeting U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in September 1977</figcaption></figure> In October 1987, The Nation noted: "'Hill was shaken, he became very disturbed, by the case of the son of a thirty-year embassy employee, a student who was arrested, never to be seen again,' recalled former New York Times reporter Juan de Onis. 'Hill took a personal interest.' He went to the Interior Minister, an army general with whom he had worked on drug cases, saying, 'Hey, what about this? We're interested in this case.' He buttonholed (Foreign Minister Cesar) Guzzetti and, finally, President Jorge R. Videla himself. 'All he got was stonewalling; he got nowhere.' de Onis said. 'His last year was marked by increasing disillusionment and dismay, and he backed his staff on human rights right to the hilt." "It sickened me," said Patricia Derian, the Mississippi civil rights crusader who became President Jimmy Carter's State Department point person on human rights, after Hill reported to her Kissinger's real role, "that with an imperial wave of his hand, an American could sentence people to death on the basis of a cheap whim. As time went on I saw Kissinger's footprints in a lot of countries. It was the repression of a democratic ideal".<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In 1978, former secretary Kissinger was feted by the "dirty war" generals as a much touted guest of honor at the World Cup soccer matches held in Argentina. In a letter to The Nation editor <a href="/wiki/Victor_Navasky" title="Victor Navasky">Victor Navasky</a>, protesting publication of the 1987 article, Kissinger claimed: "At any rate, the notion of Hill as a passionate human rights advocate is news to all his former associates". Ironically, Kissinger's posthumous lampooning of Hill (who had died in 1978) as human rights advocate was later shown to be false by none other than once and future Kissinger aide Henry Shlaudeman, later ambassador to Buenos Aires, who told <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_E._Knight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William E. Knight (page does not exist)">William E. Knight</a>, an oral historian working for the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Diplomatic_Studies_and_Training" title="Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training">Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training</a> (ADST) Foreign Affairs Oral History Project: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It really came to a head when I was Assistant Secretary, or it began to come to a head, in the case of Argentina where the dirty war was in full flower. Bob Hill, who was Ambassador then in Buenos Aires, a very conservative Republican politician – by no means liberal or anything of the kind, began to report quite effectively about what was going on, this slaughter of innocent civilians. He, at one time in fact, sent me a back-channel telegram saying that the Foreign Minister, who had just come for a visit to Washington and had returned to Buenos Aires, had gloated to him that Kissinger had said nothing to him about human rights. I don't know – I wasn't present at the interview.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memor%C3%A1ndum_Embajada_USA_del_07AG-1979-Contreras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Memor%C3%A1ndum_Embajada_USA_del_07AG-1979-Contreras.jpg/220px-Memor%C3%A1ndum_Embajada_USA_del_07AG-1979-Contreras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Memor%C3%A1ndum_Embajada_USA_del_07AG-1979-Contreras.jpg/330px-Memor%C3%A1ndum_Embajada_USA_del_07AG-1979-Contreras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Memor%C3%A1ndum_Embajada_USA_del_07AG-1979-Contreras.jpg/440px-Memor%C3%A1ndum_Embajada_USA_del_07AG-1979-Contreras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>7 August 1979 United States embassy in Argentina memorandum of the conversation with Jorge Contreras, director of Task Force 7 of the Reunion Central section of the <a href="/wiki/601_Army_Intelligence_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="601 Army Intelligence Unit">601 Army Intelligence Unit</a>, which gathered members from all parts of the Argentine Armed Forces (subject: "Nuts and Bolts of the Government's Repression of Terrorism-Subversion")<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></figcaption></figure> State Department documents obtained in 2003 during the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> administration by the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> show that in October 1976 Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and other high-ranking U.S. officials gave their full support to the Argentine military junta and urged them to hurry up and finish their actions before the Congress cut military aid.<a href="#cite_note-The_Dirty_War_in_Argentina-136">[136]</a> On 5 October 1976, Kissinger met with Argentina's Foreign Minister and stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Look, our basic attitude is that we would like you to succeed. I have an old-fashioned view that friends ought to be supported. What is not understood in the United States is that you have a civil war. We read about human rights problems but not the context. The quicker you succeed the better. [...] The human rights problem is a growing one. Your Ambassador can apprise you. We want a stable situation. We won't cause you unnecessary difficulties. If you can finish before Congress gets back, the better. Whatever freedoms you could restore would help.<a href="#cite_note-The_Dirty_War_in_Argentina-136">[136]</a></blockquote> The United States was also a key provider of economic and military assistance to the Videla regime during the earliest and most intense phase of the repression. In early April 1976, the Congress approved a request by the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford administration</a>, written and supported by Henry Kissinger, to grant $50,000,000 in security assistance to the junta.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> At the end of 1976, Congress granted an additional $30,000,000 in military aid and recommendations by the Ford administration to increase military aid to $63,500,000 the following year were also considered by Congress.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> U.S. assistance, training and military sales to the Videla regime continued under the successive <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter administration</a> up until at least 30 September 1978 when military aid was officially called to a stop within section 502B of the Foreign Assistance Act.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1977 and 1978, the United States sold more than $120,000,000 in military spare parts to Argentina and in 1977 the Department of Defense was granted $700,000 to train 217 Argentine military officers.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> By the time the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Education_and_Training" title="International Military Education and Training">International Military Education and Training</a> (IMET) program was suspended to Argentina in 1978, total U.S. training costs for Argentine military personnel since 1976 totalled $1,115,000. The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a>, whose first term began in 1981, asserted that the previous Carter administration had weakened U.S. diplomatic relationships with <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> allies in Argentina and reversed the previous administration's official condemnation of the junta's human rights practices. The re-establishment of diplomatic ties allowed for <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> collaboration with the Argentine intelligence service in training and arming the Nicaraguan <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista</a> government. The <a href="/wiki/Batall%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_601" title="Batallón de Inteligencia 601">601 Intelligence Battalion</a>, for example, trained Contras at <a href="/wiki/Lepaterique" title="Lepaterique">Lepaterique</a> base in Honduras.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> U.S. corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank">Citibank</a> also collaborated with the junta in the repression and disappearance of workers active in unions.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_connection">French connection</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: French connection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Torture_during_the_Algerian_War" title="Torture during the Algerian War">Torture during the Algerian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meegedragen_spandoek_met_tekst,_Bestanddeelnr_931-7429.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Meegedragen_spandoek_met_tekst%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-7429.jpg/220px-Meegedragen_spandoek_met_tekst%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-7429.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Meegedragen_spandoek_met_tekst%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-7429.jpg/330px-Meegedragen_spandoek_met_tekst%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-7429.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Meegedragen_spandoek_met_tekst%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-7429.jpg/440px-Meegedragen_spandoek_met_tekst%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-7429.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3673" data-file-height="2445" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">the Hague</a> in solidarity with the Mothers of the Plaza del Mayo, 15 October 1981</figcaption></figure> Investigating French military influence in Argentina, French journalist <a href="/wiki/Marie-Monique_Robin" title="Marie-Monique Robin">Marie-Monique Robin</a> found in 2003 the original document proving that a 1959 agreement between Paris and Buenos Aires initiated a "permanent French military mission" in Argentina and reported on it (she found the document in the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Quai_d%27Orsay" title="Quai d'Orsay">Quai d'Orsay</a>, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs). The mission was formed of veterans who had fought in the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> and it was assigned to the offices of the chief of staff of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Armed Forces">Argentine Armed Forces</a>. It was continued until 1981, date of the election of <a href="/wiki/French_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Socialist Party">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pagina12-157">[157]</a> After release of her documentary film Escadrons de la mort, l'école française in 2003 which explored the French connection with South American nations, Robin said in an interview with <a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a> newspaper: "French have systematized a military technique in urban environment which would be copied and pasted to Latin American dictatorships".<a href="#cite_note-Robin-158">[158]</a> She noted that the French military had systematized the methods they used to suppress the insurgency during the 1957 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1957)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Algiers (1957)">Battle of Algiers</a> and exported them to the War School in Buenos Aires.<a href="#cite_note-Pagina12-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Trinquier" title="Roger Trinquier">Roger Trinquier</a>'s famous book on <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a> had a very strong influence in South America. In addition, Robin said she was shocked to learn that the <a href="/wiki/Direction_de_surveillance_du_territoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction de surveillance du territoire">DST</a> French intelligence agency gave DINA the names of refugees who returned to Chile (Operation Retorno) from France during their counterinsurgency. All of these Chileans have been killed: "Of course, this puts in cause [sic – this makes responsible] the French government, and <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Giscard d'Estaing</a>, then President of the Republic. I was very shocked by the duplicity of the French diplomatic position which, on one hand, received with open arms the political refugees, and, on the other hand, collaborated with the dictatorships".<a href="#cite_note-Robin-158">[158]</a> On 10 September 2003, Green members of parliament <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Mam%C3%A8re" title="Noël Mamère">Noël Mamère</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martine_Billard" title="Martine Billard">Martine Billard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yves_Cochet" title="Yves Cochet">Yves Cochet</a> filed a request to form a Parliamentary Commission to examine the "role of France in the support of military regimes in Latin America from 1973 to 1984" before the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly, presided by <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Balladur" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Balladur">Edouard Balladur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a>). Apart from <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>, French newspapers did not report this request.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> UMP deputy <a href="/wiki/Roland_Blum" title="Roland Blum">Roland Blum</a>, in charge of the commission, refused to let Marie-Monique Robin testify on this topic. The Commission in December 2003 published a 12-page report claiming that the French had never signed a military agreement with Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> When Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a> travelled to Chile in February 2003, he claimed that no co-operation between France and the military regimes had occurred.<a href="#cite_note-LeMonde_2003-162">[162]</a> People in Argentina were outraged when they saw the 2003 film, which included three generals defending their actions during the Dirty War. Due to public pressure, President <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a> ordered the military to bring charges against the three for justifying the crimes of the dictatorship. They were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albano_Hargindeguy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albano Hargindeguy (page does not exist)">Albano Hargindeguy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reynaldo_Bignone" title="Reynaldo Bignone">Reynaldo Bignone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Genaro_D%C3%ADaz_Bessone" title="Ramón Genaro Díaz Bessone">Ramón Genaro Díaz Bessone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sherry-163">[163]</a> The next year, Robin published her book under the same title Escadrons de la mort: l'école française (Death Squads: The French School, 2004), revealing more material. She showed how <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a>'s government secretly collaborated with <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">Videla's junta</a> in Argentina and with <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>'s regime in Chile.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Alcides Lopez Aufranc was among the first Argentine officers to go in 1957 to Paris to study for two years at the <a href="/wiki/Ecole_de_Guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole de Guerre">Ecole de Guerre</a> military school, two years before the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> and when no Argentine guerrillas existed:<a href="#cite_note-Pagina12-157">[157]</a> <blockquote>In practice, declared Robin to <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1gina/12" class="mw-redirect" title="Página/12">Página/12</a>, the arrival of the French in Argentina led to a massive extension of intelligence services and of the use of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> as the primary weapon of the anti-<a href="/wiki/Subversive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversive">subversive</a> war in the concept of modern warfare.<a href="#cite_note-Pagina12-157">[157]</a></blockquote> The annihilation decrees signed by <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a> had been inspired by French texts. During the Battle of Algiers, the police forces were put under the authority of the Army. 30,000 persons were "disappeared". In Algeria. <a href="/wiki/Reynaldo_Bignone" title="Reynaldo Bignone">Reynaldo Bignone</a>, named President of the Argentine junta in July 1982, said in Robin's film: "The March 1976 order of battle is a copy of the Algerian battle".<a href="#cite_note-Pagina12-157">[157]</a> The same statements were made by Generals <a href="/wiki/Albano_Harguindeguy" title="Albano Harguindeguy">Albano Harguindeguy</a>, Videla's Interior Minister; and Diaz Bessone, former Minister of Planification and ideologue of the junta.<a href="#cite_note-Rouge-166">[166]</a> The French military would transmit to their Argentine counterparts the notion of an "internal enemy" and the use of torture, death squads and quadrillages (grids).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Marie-Monique Robin also demonstrated that since the 1930s, there had been ties between the French far-right and Argentina, in particular through the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic fundamentalist">Catholic fundamentalist</a> organisation <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_catholique" title="Cité catholique">Cité catholique</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ousset" title="Jean Ousset">Jean Ousset</a>, a former secretary of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a>, the founder of the royalist Action Française movement. La Cité edited a review, Le Verbe, which influenced militaries during the Algerian War, notably by justifying the use of torture. At the end of the 1950s, the Cité catholique founded groups in Argentina and organised cells in the Army. It greatly expanded during the government of General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Juan Carlos Onganía</a>, in particular in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-Pagina12-157">[157]</a> The key figure of the Cité catholique in Argentina was priest Georges Grasset, who became Videla's personal confessor. He had been the spiritual guide of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Organisation armée secrète">Organisation armée secrète</a> (OAS), the pro-French Algeria terrorist movement founded in <a href="/wiki/Franquist_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Franquist Spain">Franquist Spain</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Robin believes that this Catholic fundamentalist current in the Argentine Army contributed to the importance and length of the French-Argentine co-operation. In Buenos Aires, Georges Grasset maintained links with Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Pius X">Society of St. Pius X</a> in 1970, who was excommunicated in 1988. The Society of Pius-X has four monasteries in Argentina, the largest one in La Reja. A French priest from there said to Marie-Monique Robin: "To save the soul of a Communist priest, one must kill him." Luis Roldan, former Secretary of Cult under <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a>, President of Argentina from 1989 to 1999, was presented by Dominique Lagneau, the priest in charge of the monastery, to Robin as "Mr. Cité catholique in Argentina". <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bruno_Genta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Bruno Genta">Bruno Genta</a> and Juan Carlos Goyeneche represent this ideology.<a href="#cite_note-Pagina12-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caggiano" title="Antonio Caggiano">Antonio Caggiano</a>, archbishop of Buenos Aires from 1959 to 1975, wrote a prologue to Jean Ousset's 1961 Spanish version of Le Marxisme-léninisme. Caggiano said that "Marxism is the negation of Christ and his Church" and referred to a Marxist conspiracy to take over the world, for which it was necessary to "prepare for the decisive battle".<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Argentine Admiral <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mar%C3%ADa_Mend%C3%ADa" title="Luis María Mendía">Luis María Mendía</a>, who had started the practice of "death flights", testified in January 2007 before Argentine judges, that a French intelligence agent, Bertrand de Perseval, had participated in the abduction of the two French nuns, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onie_Duquet" title="Léonie Duquet">Léonie Duquet</a> and Alice Domont. Perseval, who lives today in Thailand, denied any links with the abduction. He has admitted being a former member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Organisation armée secrète">OAS</a> and having escaped from Algeria after the March 1962 <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a> put an end to the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–1962).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the 2007 hearings, Luis María Mendía referred to material presented in Robin's documentary, titled The Death Squads – the French School (2003). He asked the Argentine Court to call numerous French officials to testify to their actions: former French President <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a>, former French Premier <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Pierre Messmer</a>, former French ambassador to Buenos Aires Françoise de la Gosse, and all officials in place in the French embassy in Buenos Aires between 1976 and 1983.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Besides this "French connection", María Mendía also charged former head of state <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n" title="Isabel Perón">Isabel Perón</a> and former ministers <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ruckauf" title="Carlos Ruckauf">Carlos Ruckauf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cafiero" title="Antonio Cafiero">Antonio Cafiero</a>, who had signed the "anti-subversion decrees" before Videla's 1976 coup. According to Graciela Dalo, a survivor of the <a href="/wiki/Navy_Petty-Officers_School_of_Mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics">ESMA</a> interrogations, Mendía was trying to establish that these crimes were legitimate, as the 1987 Obediencia Debida Act claimed them to be and further that the ESMA actions had been committed under Isabel Perón's "anti-subversion decrees" (which would give them a formal appearance of legality, although torture is forbidden by the Argentine Constitution).<a href="#cite_note-P12-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Astiz" title="Alfredo Astiz">Alfredo Astiz</a> also referred to the "French connexion" when testifying in court.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Truth_commission_and_decrees_revoked">Truth commission and decrees revoked</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Truth commission and decrees revoked">edit</a>]</div> The junta relinquished power in 1983. After democratic elections, President elect <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl Alfonsín</a> created the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_the_Disappearance_of_Persons" title="National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons">National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons</a> (CONADEP) in December 1983, led by writer <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_S%C3%A1bato" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernesto Sábato">Ernesto Sábato</a>, to collect evidence of Dirty War crimes. The gruesome details, including documentation of the disappearance of nearly 9,000 people identified by name, shocked the world. Jorge Rafael Videla, head of the junta, was among the generals convicted of human rights crimes, including forced disappearances, torture, murders and kidnappings. President Alfonsín ordered that the nine members of the military junta be judicially charged during the 1985 <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Juntas" title="Trial of the Juntas">Trial of the Juntas</a>. As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit">[update]</a>, most of the military officials were in trial or jail. In 1985, Videla was sentenced to life imprisonment at the military prison of Magdalena. Several senior officers also received jail terms. In the Prologue to the Nunca Más report ("Never Again"), Ernesto Sábato wrote: <blockquote>From the moment of their abduction, the victims lost all rights. Deprived of all communication with the outside world, held in unknown places, subjected to barbaric torture, kept ignorant of their immediate or ultimate fate, they risked being either thrown into a river or the sea, weighted down with blocks of cement, or burned to ashes. They were not mere objects, however, and still possessed all the human attributes: they could feel pain, could remember a mother, child or spouse, could feel infinite shame at being raped in public.<a href="#cite_note-Victims-95">[95]</a></blockquote> Reacting to the human rights trials, hardliners in the Argentine army staged a series of uprisings against the Alfonsín government. They barricaded themselves in several military barracks, demanding an end to the trials. During Holy Week (Semana Santa) in April 1987, Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Rico" title="Aldo Rico">Aldo Rico</a> (commander of the 18th Infantry Regiment in Misiones province) and several junior army officers barricaded themselves in the Campo de Mayo army barracks. The military rebels, called the <a href="/wiki/Carapintadas" title="Carapintadas">carapintadas</a>, demanded an end to the trials and the resignation of army chief of staff General <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_R%C3%ADos_Ere%C3%B1%C3%BA" title="Héctor Ríos Ereñú">Héctor Ríos Ereñú</a>. Rico believed that the Alfonsin government would be unwilling or unable to put down the uprising. He was partially correct in that the Second Army Corps commander's orders to surround the barracks were ignored by his subordinates. Alfonsin called on the people to come to the Plaza de Mayo to defend democracy; hundreds of thousands answered his call.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After a helicopter visit by Alfonsin to Campo de Mayo, the rebels finally surrendered. There were denials of a deal, but several generals were forced into early retirement and General Jose Dante Caridi soon replaced Erenu as commander of the army. In January 1988, a second military rebellion took place when Rico refused to accept the detention orders issued by a military court for having led the previous uprising. This time he barricaded himself in the 4th Infantry Regiment in Monte Caseros and rejected Caridi's calls to turn himself in. Rico again demanded an end to the human rights trials, saying Alfonsin's promises to the rebels had not been fulfilled. Caridi ordered several army units to suppress the rebellion. Their advance to the Monte Caseros barracks was slowed by rain and reports that rebel soldiers had laid mines which had wounded three loyal officers. Nevertheless, Rico's forces were defeated after a three-hour battle. They surrendered on 17 January 1988, and 300 rebels were arrested and sentenced to prison terms.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A third uprising took place in December 1988. This time the uprising was led by Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Al%C3%AD_Seineld%C3%ADn" title="Mohamed Alí Seineldín">Mohammed Alí Seineldín</a> and supported by 1,000 rebel troops. This uprising proved successful. Several of Seineldín's and his followers' demands were agreed to. Caridi was forced into retirement and replaced by General Francisco Gassino, who had served in the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> and was held in high esteem by the carapintadas. On 5 October 1989, as part of sweeping reforms, newly elected President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a> <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardoned</a> those convicted in the human right trials and the rebel leaders imprisoned for taking part in the military uprisings.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acto_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_La_Perla_(C%C3%B3rdoba)-24MAR07-Autor_Mart%C3%ADn_Gait%C3%A1n(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Acto_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_La_Perla_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29-24MAR07-Autor_Mart%C3%ADn_Gait%C3%A1n%284%29.jpg/220px-Acto_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_La_Perla_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29-24MAR07-Autor_Mart%C3%ADn_Gait%C3%A1n%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Acto_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_La_Perla_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29-24MAR07-Autor_Mart%C3%ADn_Gait%C3%A1n%284%29.jpg/330px-Acto_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_La_Perla_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29-24MAR07-Autor_Mart%C3%ADn_Gait%C3%A1n%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Acto_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_La_Perla_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29-24MAR07-Autor_Mart%C3%ADn_Gait%C3%A1n%284%29.jpg/440px-Acto_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_La_Perla_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29-24MAR07-Autor_Mart%C3%ADn_Gait%C3%A1n%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Commemoration in Argentina</figcaption></figure> Foreign governments whose citizens were victims of the Dirty War (which included citizens of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Italy,<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Sweden,<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Finland,<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Spain,<a href="#cite_note-desparecidos_victimas-176">[176]</a> Germany,<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> the United States,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>,<a href="#cite_note-desparecidos_victimas-176">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-desparecidos_victimas-176">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> and several other nations) are pressing individual cases against the former military regime. France has sought the extradition of Captain <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Astiz" title="Alfredo Astiz">Alfredo Astiz</a> for the kidnapping and murder of its nationals, among them nuns <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onie_Duquet" title="Léonie Duquet">Léonie Duquet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Domon" title="Alice Domon">Alice Domon</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pir%C3%A1mide_de_Mayo_covered_with_photos_of_the_desaparecidos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pir%C3%A1mide_de_Mayo_covered_with_photos_of_the_desaparecidos.jpg/220px-Pir%C3%A1mide_de_Mayo_covered_with_photos_of_the_desaparecidos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pir%C3%A1mide_de_Mayo_covered_with_photos_of_the_desaparecidos.jpg/330px-Pir%C3%A1mide_de_Mayo_covered_with_photos_of_the_desaparecidos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pir%C3%A1mide_de_Mayo_covered_with_photos_of_the_desaparecidos.jpg/440px-Pir%C3%A1mide_de_Mayo_covered_with_photos_of_the_desaparecidos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Pirámide de Mayo covered with photos of the desaparecidos by the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo in 2004</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuing_controversies">Continuing controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Continuing controversies">edit</a>]</div> On 23 January 1989, an armed group of around 40 guerrillas, a faction of the Movimiento Todos por la Patria (MTP or All for the Fatherland Movement), attacked the La Tablada army barracks on the outskirts of Buenos Aires to "prevent" a military coup. The attack resulted in 28 of the guerrillas killed, five "disappeared" and 13 imprisoned. Eleven police and military died, and 53 were wounded in the fighting. The guerrillas claimed to have acted to prevent a military coup.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Among the dead at La Tablada was Jorge Baños, a human rights lawyer who had joined the guerrillas. The MTP attack to prevent a military coup has been suspected to be led by infiltrated Intelligence military service.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Queen_M%C3%A1xima_of_the_Netherlands#Relationship_with_Willem-Alexander" title="Queen Máxima of the Netherlands">Máxima</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Zorreguieta" title="Jorge Zorreguieta">Jorge Zorreguieta</a>, a civilian cabinet minister of Argentina during the early phase of the Dictatorship, married <a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander</a>, crown prince of the Netherlands. All of the Netherlands had wrestled in controversy over her suitability, but ultimately the marriage took place without the presence of her parents. Máxima thus became Queen when her husband ascended to the throne in 2013. In August 2016, Argentine President <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a> was widely condemned by human rights group for calling into question the number of 30,000 disappeared and for referring to the period as a "Dirty War".<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> During the Argentine Bicentennial Independence Celebrations (on 9 July 2016), former Colonel <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Carrizo_Salvadores" title="Carlos Carrizo Salvadores">Carlos Carrizo Salvadores</a> drew criticism from the left for leading the march of Falklands War veterans and Veterans of Operation Independence, the counterinsurgency campaign in Northern Argentina. Carrizo Salvadores had been sentenced to life imprisonment in 2013 for his part as a paratrooper captain in the so-called Rosario Chapel massacre in Catamarca Province but was acquitted under the new government of Mauricio Macri.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In 2016, a group of Argentinian-Israelis origin filed a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_request" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of information request">freedom of information request</a> to demand the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli government">Israeli government</a> release all documents on military and diplomatic ties between <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the junta since it is believed that Israel supported the military dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> On 16 November 2023, it was revealed that Luis Kyburg, a former Argentinean naval officer who was believed to have killed at least 150 people during the Dirty War, died in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-kyburgdies-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-kyburgdirtywar-190">[190]</a> He had been living in Berlin since 2013 and his death, which was revealed to have happened in October, came three weeks before he was scheduled to face trial for 23 of the murders he was accused of committed during the Dirty War.<a href="#cite_note-kyburgdies-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-kyburgdirtywar-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repeal_of_Pardon_Laws_and_renewal_of_prosecutions">Repeal of Pardon Laws and renewal of prosecutions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Repeal of Pardon Laws and renewal of prosecutions">edit</a>]</div> Under <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Néstor Kirchner</a>'s term as president in 2003, the Argentine Congress revoked the longstanding amnesty laws, also called the Pardon Laws. In 2005, the Argentine Supreme Court ruled these laws were unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> The government re-opened prosecution of war crimes. From then through October 2011, 259 persons were convicted for <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> and sentenced in Argentine courts, including <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Astiz" title="Alfredo Astiz">Alfredo Astiz</a>, a notorious torturer, that month.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2006, 24 March was designated as a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Argentina" title="Public holidays in Argentina">public holiday in Argentina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_for_Truth_and_Justice" title="Day of Remembrance for Truth and Justice">Day of Remembrance for Truth and Justice</a>. That year on the 30th anniversary of the coup, a huge crowd filled the streets to remember what happened during the military government and ensure it did not happen again.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2006, the government began its first trials of military and security officers since the repeal of the "Pardon Laws". <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Etchecolatz" title="Miguel Etchecolatz">Miguel Etchecolatz</a>, the police commissioner of the province of Buenos Aires in the 1970s, faced trial on charges of illegal detention, torture and homicide. He was found guilty of six counts of murder, six counts of unlawful imprisonment and seven counts of torture and sentenced in September 2006 to life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-Klein-100-102-192">[192]</a> In February 2006, some former <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> Argentine workers sued the U.S.-based company, alleging that local managers worked with the security forces to detain union members on the premises and torture them. The civil suit against Ford Motor Company and Ford Argentina called for four former company executives and a retired military officer to be questioned.<a href="#cite_note-ford-193">[193]</a> According to Pedro Norberto Troiani, one of the plaintiffs, 25 employees were detained in the plant, located 40 miles (60 km) from Buenos Aires. Allegations have surfaced since 1998 that Ford officials were involved in state repression, but the company has denied the claims. Army personnel were reported to have arrived at the plant on the day of the military coup on 24 March 1976 and "disappearances" immediately started.<a href="#cite_note-ford-193">[193]</a> On 14 December 2007, some 200 men who were at military service during the dictatorship demanded an audience with the governor of Tucumán Province, claiming they too were victims of the Junta as they had no choice and suffered hunger, abandonment, physical and psychological injuries, demanding a military pension.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In February 2010, a German court issued an international arrest warrant for former dictator <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Videla" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge Videla">Jorge Videla</a> in connection with the death of 20-year-old <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Stawowiok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolf Stawowiok (page does not exist)">Rolf Stawowiok</a> in Argentina. He was a German citizen born in Argentina while his father was doing development work there. Rolf Stawowiok disappeared on 21 February 1978.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> In earlier cases, France, Italy and Spain had requested <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a> of the Navy captain <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Astiz" title="Alfredo Astiz">Alfredo Astiz</a> for war crimes related to his work with <a href="/wiki/Navy_Petty-Officers_School_of_Mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics">ESMA</a> but were never successful.<a href="#cite_note-csconviction-196">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%ADa_de_la_Memoria_2016_-_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/D%C3%ADa_de_la_Memoria_2016_-_01.JPG/220px-D%C3%ADa_de_la_Memoria_2016_-_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/D%C3%ADa_de_la_Memoria_2016_-_01.JPG/330px-D%C3%ADa_de_la_Memoria_2016_-_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/D%C3%ADa_de_la_Memoria_2016_-_01.JPG/440px-D%C3%ADa_de_la_Memoria_2016_-_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Flag with images of those who <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">disappeared</a> during a demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 coup</a> in Argentina</figcaption></figure> In 1977, General Albano Harguindeguy, Interior Minister, admitted that 5,618 people disappeared in the form of PEN <a href="/wiki/Detenido_desaparecido" class="mw-redirect" title="Detenido desaparecido">detenidos-desaparecidos</a> were being held in detention camps throughout Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> According to a secret cable from <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_Nacional" title="Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional">DINA</a> (Chilean secret police) in Buenos Aires, an estimate by the Argentine 601st Intelligence Battalion in mid-July 1978, which started counting victims in 1975, gave the figure of 22,000 persons – this document was first published by <a href="/wiki/John_Dinges" title="John Dinges">John Dinges</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Participation_of_Catholic_Church_members">Participation of Catholic Church members</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Participation of Catholic Church members">edit</a>]</div> On 15 April 2005, a human rights lawyer filed a criminal complaint against Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio (now <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>), accusing him of conspiring with the junta in 1976 to kidnap two <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> priests. So far, no hard evidence has been presented linking the cardinal to this crime. It is known that the cardinal headed the Society of Jesus of Argentina in 1976 and had asked the two priests to leave their pastoral work following conflict within the Society over how to respond to the new military dictatorship, with some priests advocating a violent overthrow. The cardinal's spokesman flatly denied the allegations.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> It has since been revealed that Cardinal Bergoglio made efforts behind the scenes to save and evacuate suspected dissidents who face persecution by the Argentine military Junta when he was the head of the Jesuits<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> It is estimated that during his time as the head of the Jesuits Bergoglio saved the lives of over 1000 dissidents<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo, initially harsh critics of Bergoglio, would end up reconciling with him when he became Pope, with Hebe Bonafini their leader saying he is "with the people"<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> A priest, <a href="/wiki/Christian_von_Wernich" title="Christian von Wernich">Christian von Wernich</a>, was chaplain of the <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Buenos Aires Province Police">Buenos Aires Province Police</a> while it was under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Camps" title="Ramón Camps">Ramón Camps</a> during the dictatorship, with the rank of inspector. On 9 October 2007, he was found guilty of complicity in 7 homicides, 42 kidnappings and 32 instances of torture and sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some Catholic priests sympathised with and helped the Montoneros. Radical priests, including Father Alberto Carbone, who was eventually indicted in the murder of Aramburu, preached Marxism and presented the early Church fathers as model revolutionaries in an attempt to legitimise the violence.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> A Catholic youth leader, Juan Ignacio Isla Casares, with the help of the Montoneros commander Eduardo Pereira Rossi (nom de guerre "El Carlón") was the mastermind behind the ambush and killing of five policemen near San Isidro Cathedral on 26 October 1975.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Firmenich" title="Mario Firmenich">Mario Firmenich</a>, who later became the leader of the Montoneros, was the ex-president of the Catholic Action Youth Group and a former seminarian himself.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> The Montoneros had ties with the <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Priests_for_the_Third_World" title="Movement of Priests for the Third World">Movement of Priests for the Third World</a> and a Jesuit priest, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mugica" title="Carlos Mugica">Carlos Mugica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_United_States_Declassification_Project_on_Argentina">The United States Declassification Project on Argentina</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The United States Declassification Project on Argentina">edit</a>]</div> According to its front page, The United States Declassification Project on Argentina "represents a historic effort by United States government departments and agencies to identify, review, and provide public access to records that shed light on human rights abuses in Argentina between 1975 and 1984".<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The project was announced by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in 2016 after a request from Argentine President <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a> and human rights groups on the 40th anniversary of the 1976 military coup in Argentina. The documents were released in three tranches, in August 2016, December 2016 and April 2019. Gastón Chillier, of the Cels human rights group said "There are documents from six or seven different US intelligence agencies. We're hopeful there may be information there that could help in the continuing trials against human rights offenders from the period". Contained within the documents are descriptions of the methods used by the Argentine dictatorship to kill its victims and dispose of their bodies.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> In addition, during his 2016 visit to Argentina, President Obama said that the United States "was too slow" to condemn human rights atrocities during the military junta years but stopped short of apologizing for Washington's early support for the military government.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art,_entertainment_and_media">Art, entertainment and media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Art, entertainment and media">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Argentina Betrayed: Memory, Mourning, and Accountability, by <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Robben" title="Antonius Robben">Antonius C. G. M. Robben</a> (2018)</li> <li>Dirty Secrets, Dirty War: The Exile of Editor Robert J. Cox, by David Cox (2008).</li> <li>The Ministry of Special Cases, novel by Nathan Englander (2007).</li> <li>La Historia Oficial (English: The Official Story), revisionist critique by Nicolás Márquez (2006).</li> <li>Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina, by <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Robben" title="Antonius Robben">Antonius C.G.M. Robben</a> (2005).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EscadronsDeLaMort_201610">Escadrons de la mort, l'école française</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Marie-Monique_Robin" title="Marie-Monique Robin">Marie-Monique Robin</a> (Paris: La Découverte, 2004)</li> <li>Guerrillas and Generals: The Dirty War in Argentina, by Paul H. Lewis (2001).</li> <li>Suite argentina (English: Argentine Suite. Translated by Donald A. Yates. Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordswithoutborders.org/">Words Without Borders</a>, October 2010) Four short stories by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Brau" title="Edgar Brau">Edgar Brau</a> (2000).</li> <li>God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s by M. Patricia Marchak (1999).</li> <li>A Lexicon of Terror: Argentina and the Legacies of Torture, by Marguerite Feitlowitz (1999).</li> <li>Una sola muerte numerosa (English: A Single, Numberless Death), by Nora Strejilevich (1997).</li> <li>The Flight: Confessions of an Argentine Dirty Warrior, by <a href="/wiki/Horacio_Verbitsky" title="Horacio Verbitsky">Horacio Verbitsky</a> (1996).</li> <li>Argentina's Lost Patrol: Armed Struggle, 1969–1979, by María José Moyano (1995).</li> <li>Dossier Secreto: Argentina's Desaparecidos and the Myth of the "Dirty War", by Martin Edwin Andersen (1993).</li> <li>Argentina's "Dirty War": An Intellectual Biography, by Donald C. Hodges (1991).</li> <li>Behind the Disappearances: Argentina's Dirty War Against Human Rights and the United Nations, by Iain Guest (1990).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Little_School" title="The Little School">The Little School: Tales of Disappearance & Survival in Argentina</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Partnoy" title="Alicia Partnoy">Alicia Partnoy</a> (1989).</li> <li>Argentina, 1943–1987: The National Revolution and Resistance, by Donald C. Hodges (1988).</li> <li>Soldiers of Perón: Argentina's Montoneros, by Richard Gillespie (1982).</li> <li>Guerrilla warfare in Argentina and Colombia, 1974–1982, by Bynum E. Weathers, Jr. (1982).</li> <li>Prisoner without a Name, Cell without a Number, by <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_Timerman" title="Jacobo Timerman">Jacobo Timerman</a> (1981).</li> <li>Guerrilla politics in Argentina, by Kenneth F. Johnson (1975).</li> <li>La ligne bleue (English: The Blue Line), by <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Betancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingrid Betancourt">Ingrid Betancourt</a> (2014).</li> <li>Guerra Sucia, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Kirby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathaniel Kirby (page does not exist)">Nathaniel Kirby</a> (2011).</li> <li>Los sapos de la memoria, by Graciela Bialet(1997)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Films">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ico,_el_caballito_valiente" title="Ico, el caballito valiente">Ico, el caballito valiente</a> (1983), directed by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Manuel García Ferré">Manuel García Ferré</a>. allusion to events.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Official_Story" title="The Official Story">The Official Story</a> (1985), directed by <a href="/wiki/Luis_Puenzo" title="Luis Puenzo">Luis Puenzo</a>. Movie related to the "stolen babies" case.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Pencils_(film)" title="Night of the Pencils (film)">Night of the Pencils</a> (1986), directed by <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Olivera_(film_director)" title="Héctor Olivera (film director)">Héctor Olivera</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Wall_of_Silence" title="A Wall of Silence">A Wall of Silence</a> (1993), directed by <a href="/wiki/Lita_Stantic" title="Lita Stantic">Lita Stantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_Olimpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Garage Olimpo">Garage Olimpo</a> (1999), directed by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Bechis" title="Marco Bechis">Marco Bechis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijos/Figli_-_Children&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hijos/Figli - Children (page does not exist)">Hijos/Figli - Children</a> (2001), directed by Marco Bechis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_(film)" title="Kamchatka (film)">Kamchatka</a> (2002), directed by <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Pi%C3%B1eyro" title="Marcelo Piñeyro">Marcelo Piñeyro</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Rubios" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Rubios">Los Rubios</a> (2003), directed by <a href="/wiki/Albertina_Carri" title="Albertina Carri">Albertina Carri</a>.</li> <li>The Death Squads: The French School (2003), by <a href="/wiki/Marie-Monique_Robin" title="Marie-Monique Robin">Marie-Monique Robin</a> (book and film).<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cautiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Cautiva">Cautiva</a> (2003), directed by Gaston Biraben. Movie related to the "stolen babies" case.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagining_Argentina_(film)" title="Imagining Argentina (film)">Imagining Argentina</a> (2003), directed by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hampton" title="Christopher Hampton">Christopher Hampton</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burnt_Oranges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burnt Oranges (page does not exist)">Burnt Oranges</a> (2005), directed by <a href="/wiki/Silvia_Malagrino" title="Silvia Malagrino">Silvia Malagrino</a>, wrote by Monica Flores Correa and edited by Sharon Karp.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%B3nica_de_una_fuga" class="mw-redirect" title="Crónica de una fuga">Crónica de una fuga</a> (2006), directed by Israel Adrián Caetano. Movie related to the Mansión Sere case.</li> <li>The Disappeared (2007), directed by Peter Sanders.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Disappeared" title="Our Disappeared">Our Disappeared</a> (2008), directed by Juan Mandelbaum.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_in_Their_Eyes" title="The Secret in Their Eyes">The Secret in Their Eyes</a> (2009), directed by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Campanella" title="Juan José Campanella">Juan José Campanella</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retroreport.org/video/where-is-my-grandchild/">Where Is My Grandchild?</a> (2015), documentary by <a href="/wiki/Retro_Report" title="Retro Report">Retro Report</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Grandmothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo">Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Popes" title="The Two Popes">The Two Popes</a> (2019), directed by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Meirelles" title="Fernando Meirelles">Fernando Meirelles</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azor_(film)" title="Azor (film)">Azor</a> (2021), directed by Andreas Fontana.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina,_1985" title="Argentina, 1985">Argentina, 1985</a> (2022), directed by <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Mitre" title="Santiago Mitre">Santiago Mitre</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Argentine_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic">Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Films_depicting_Latin_American_military_dictatorships" title="Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships">Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Germ%C3%A1n_Oesterheld" title="Héctor Germán Oesterheld">Héctor Germán Oesterheld</a>, a comic book artist who disappeared during the Dirty War and was presumed dead in 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Eugenia_Sampallo" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Eugenia Sampallo">Maria Eugenia Sampallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_the_Disappearance_of_Persons" title="National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons">National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detenidos_Desaparecidos" title="Detenidos Desaparecidos">Detenidos Desaparecidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Argentina)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)">People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandmothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo">Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_of_Plaza_de_Mayo" title="Mothers of Plaza de Mayo">Mothers of Plaza de Mayo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcSherry2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Patrice_McSherry" title="J. Patrice McSherry">McSherry, J. Patrice</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">"Part 2: The Mechanisms of Violence – Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America"</a>. In Esparza, Marcia; Huttenbach, Henry R.; Feierstein, Daniel (eds.). State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years. Routledge Critical Terrorism Studies (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-49637-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-49637-7"><bdi>978-0-415-49637-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1120355660">1120355660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+2%3A+The+Mechanisms+of+Violence+%E2%80%93+Chapter+5%3A+%22Industrial+repression%22+and+Operation+Condor+in+Latin+America&rft.btitle=State+Violence+and+Genocide+in+Latin+America%3A+The+Cold+War+Years&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Routledge+Critical+Terrorism+Studies&rft.pages=107&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1120355660&rft.isbn=978-0-415-49637-7&rft.aulast=McSherry&rft.aufirst=J.+Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DacGNAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greg_Grandin-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Greg_Grandin_2-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Greg_Grandin" title="Greg Grandin">Greg Grandin</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo11643711.html">The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC&pg=PA75">p. 75</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30690-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30690-2">978-0-226-30690-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-p._223-3"><a href="#cite_ref-p._223_3-0">^</a> Walter L. Hixson (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300119121">The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DNId6HxkzQwC&pg=PA223">p. 223</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-15131-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-15131-4">0-300-15131-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html">"Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia"</a>. Desaperidos.org (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Desaperidos.org&rft.atitle=Militares+Muertos+Durante+la+Guerra+Sucia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desaparecidos.org%2Farg%2Fdoc%2Fcifras%2Fmili.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.es/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280000_noticia.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Finternacional%2Fabci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280000_noticia.html">"Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">ABC</a>. 28 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=Las+v%C3%ADctimas+del+terror+montonero+no+cuentan+en+Argentina&rft.date=2011-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Finternacional%2Fabci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280000_noticia.html%3Fref%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.abc.es%252Finternacional%252Fabci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280000_noticia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-elmundo.es-6"><a href="#cite_ref-elmundo.es_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/papel/hemeroteca/1995/05/04/mundo/40472.html">"El ex líder de los Montoneros entona un "mea culpa" parcial de su pasado"</a>. El Mundo (in Spanish). 4 May 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=El+ex+l%C3%ADder+de+los+Montoneros+entona+un+%22mea+culpa%22+parcial+de+su+pasado&rft.date=1995-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fpapel%2Fhemeroteca%2F1995%2F05%2F04%2Fmundo%2F40472.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725151539/http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713">"Cedema.org - Viendo: A 32 años de la caída en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho y la Dirección Histórica del PRT-ERP"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cedema.org/ver.php?id=2713">the original</a> on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cedema.org+-+Viendo%3A+A+32+a%C3%B1os+de+la+ca%C3%ADda+en+combate+de+Mario+Roberto+Santucho+y+la+Direcci%C3%B3n+Hist%C3%B3rica+del+PRT-ERP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cedema.org%2Fver.php%3Fid%3D2713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://es.scribd.com/document/146449685/12816847-RL-Resistencia-Anticapitalista-Libertaria">"Resistencia Anticapitalista Libertaria "Autodefensa, Clasismo y Poder popular en anarquismo argentino de los 70s"</a>. Documentos para el Debate No.3. Retrieved 5 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documentos+para+el+Debate+No.3&rft.atitle=Resistencia+Anticapitalista+Libertaria+%22Autodefensa%2C+Clasismo+y+Poder+popular+en+anarquismo+argentino+de+los+70s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fes.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F146449685%2F12816847-RL-Resistencia-Anticapitalista-Libertaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Bevins, Vincent</a> (2020). <a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Method" title="The Jakarta Method">The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World</a>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-4240-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-4240-6"><bdi>978-1-5417-4240-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jakarta+Method%3A+Washington%27s+Anticommunist+Crusade+and+the+Mass+Murder+Program+that+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5417-4240-6&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McSherry2011-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McSherry2011_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McSherry2011_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McSherry2011_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McSherry2011_10-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcSherry2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Patrice_McSherry" title="J. Patrice McSherry">McSherry, J. Patrice</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/State-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years/Esparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein/p/book/9780415496377">"Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America"</a>. In Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein (eds.). State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66457-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66457-8"><bdi>978-0-415-66457-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+%22Industrial+repression%22+and+Operation+Condor+in+Latin+America&rft.btitle=State+Violence+and+Genocide+in+Latin+America%3A+The+Cold+War+Years+%28Critical+Terrorism+Studies%29&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-66457-8&rft.aulast=McSherry&rft.aufirst=J.+Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FState-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years%2FEsparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780415496377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez2014" class="citation news cs1">Fernandez, Belen (30 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/08/reappearing-disappeared-operati-201483014494686607.html">"Reappearing the disappeared of Operation Condor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reappearing+the+disappeared+of+Operation+Condor&rft.date=2014-08-30&rft.aulast=Fernandez&rft.aufirst=Belen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2F2014%2F08%2Freappearing-disappeared-operati-201483014494686607.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blakeley2009-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blakeley2009_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blakeley2009_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blakeley2009_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeley2009" class="citation book cs1">Blakeley, Ruth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/">State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">96–97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68617-4"><bdi>978-0-415-68617-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Terrorism+and+Neoliberalism%3A+The+North+in+the+South&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-68617-4&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%2F9780415462402%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorger2004" class="citation news cs1">Borger, Julian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/28/argentina.julianborger">"Kissinger backed dirty war against left in Argentina"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 29 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kissinger+backed+dirty+war+against+left+in+Argentina&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2004%2Faug%2F28%2Fargentina.julianborger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nuestras_Voces-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Nuestras_Voces_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Feierstein2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daniel Feierstein (14 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410213724/http://www.nuestrasvoces.com.ar/a-vos-te-creo/guerra-sucia-la-importancia-las-palabras/">""Guerra sucia": la importancia de las palabras"</a> ["Dirty war": the importance of the words] (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuestrasvoces.com.ar/a-vos-te-creo/guerra-sucia-la-importancia-las-palabras">the original</a> on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Guerra+sucia%22%3A+la+importancia+de+las+palabras&rft.date=2016-08-14&rft.au=Daniel+Feierstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuestrasvoces.com.ar%2Fa-vos-te-creo%2Fguerra-sucia-la-importancia-las-palabras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcSherry2005" class="citation book cs1">McSherry, Patrice (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2eFHAAAAYAAJ">Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America</a>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-3687-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-3687-4"><bdi>0-7425-3687-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Predatory+States%3A+Operation+Condor+and+Covert+War+in+Latin+America&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7425-3687-4&rft.aulast=McSherry&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2eFHAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Right-wing violence was also on the rise, and an array of death squads was formed from armed sections of the large labor unions, parapolice organizations within the federal and provincial police; and the AAA (Alianza Anticomunista Argentina), founded by Perón's secretary of social welfare, López Rega, with the participation of the federal police. Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, Marguerite Guzman Bouvard, p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-clarin.com-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clarin.com_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-clarin.com_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarín.com2013" class="citation web cs1">Clarín.com (18 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clarin.com/politica/principal-programa-economico-martinez-hoz_0_S1G8FM_svme.html">"El principal sostén del programa económico de Martínez de Hoz"</a>. clarin.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=clarin.com&rft.atitle=El+principal+sost%C3%A9n+del+programa+econ%C3%B3mico+de+Mart%C3%ADnez+de+Hoz&rft.date=2013-05-18&rft.au=Clar%C3%ADn.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarin.com%2Fpolitica%2Fprincipal-programa-economico-martinez-hoz_0_S1G8FM_svme.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Argentina,_p._145-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Argentina,_p._145_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Argentina,_p._145_18-1">b</a> Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina, Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-Marguerite_Guzmán_Bouvard_p._22-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marguerite_Guzmán_Bouvard_p._22_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marguerite_Guzmán_Bouvard_p._22_19-1">b</a> Marguerite Guzmán Bouvard, Revolutionizing Motherhood: The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo, p. 22, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GgAkAAAAIBAJ&pg=6482,2531128&dq=">"Argentina's Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism"</a>, Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 7 March 1976 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlemparte_Diaz1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Arancibia_Clavel" title="Enrique Arancibia Clavel">Alemparte Diaz, Luis Filipe</a> (July 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/19780715%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%27s%20dissappeared%5D%20A0000514c.pdf">"Page A-8"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/full%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%20disappeared%5D.pdf">Argentine Military Intelligence estimate on the number of disappeared</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617062414/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/full%20%5BReport%20on%20Argentina%20disappeared%5D.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2014. 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Retrieved 5 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minutouno.com&rft.atitle=No+fue+una+guerra+sucia+ni+limpia%2C+fue+terrorismo+de+Estado&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minutouno.com%2Fnotas%2F1503137-carlotto-salio-al-cruce-macri-la-dictadura-no-fue-una-guerra-sucia-ni-limpia-fue-terrorismo-estado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Phayer, Michael. 2008, p. 173. Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War. 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Péronisme, politique et violence sociale (1930–2001), Editions Syllepses, Paris p. 109 (2005) (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-Navarrazo-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Navarrazo_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Navarrazo_44-1">b</a> Servetto, Alicia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibliotecavirtual.unl.edu.ar:8180/publicaciones/bitstream/1/681/1/ES_9_17_1999_pag_91_109.pdf">"El derrumbe temprano de la democracia en Córdoba: Obregón Cano y el golpe policial" (1973–1974)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706083051/http://bibliotecavirtual.unl.edu.ar:8180/publicaciones/bitstream/1/681/1/ES_9_17_1999_pag_91_109.pdf">Archived</a> 6 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Estudios Sociales, n°17, Segundo Semestre 1999, revised paper of a 1997 Conference at the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_La_Pampa" title="National University of La Pampa">National University of La Pampa</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120817012705/http://www.elortiba.org/notapas10.html">"El Ortiba - 19 de enero de 1974: asalto al regimiento 10 de Azul por el ERP"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elortiba.org/notapas10.html">the original</a> on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Ortiba+-+19+de+enero+de+1974%3A+asalto+al+regimiento+10+de+Azul+por+el+ERP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elortiba.org%2Fnotapas10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Argenpress-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Argenpress_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Argenpress_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Argenpress_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Argenpress_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Argenpress_46-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Argenpress_46-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Argenpress_46-6">g</a> Argenpress, 10 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.argenpress.info/nota.asp?num=029406">Represión en Argentina y memoria larga</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004145918/http://www.argenpress.info/nota.asp?num=029406">Archived</a> 4 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040752/https://foia.state.gov/searchapp/DOCUMENTS/Argentina/0000A1F2.pdf">"Case Number: 200000044"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foia.state.gov/searchapp/DOCUMENTS/Argentina/0000A1F2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+Number%3A+200000044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoia.state.gov%2Fsearchapp%2FDOCUMENTS%2FArgentina%2F0000A1F2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía1995" class="citation book cs1">García, Prudencio (1995). El drama de la autonomía militar: Argentina bajo las juntas militares. Alianza Editorial. p. 505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-206-9414-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-206-9414-2"><bdi>84-206-9414-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+drama+de+la+autonom%C3%ADa+militar%3A+Argentina+bajo+las+juntas+militares&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=Alianza+Editorial&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=84-206-9414-2&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Prudencio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtZHAAAAYAAJ">The problems of U.S. businesses operating abroad in terrorist environments</a>, S. W. Purnell, Eleanor Sullivan Wainstein, p. 80, Rand 1981. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> "Terrorism" by Yonah Alexander, p. 224, Crane, Russak (1977) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtZHAAAAYAAJ">The problems of U.S. businesses operating abroad in terrorist environments, S. W. Purnell, Eleanor Sullivan Wainstein, p. 75, Rand 1981</a>. Google Books. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=z_YiAAAAIBAJ&pg=5884,4842838">"Terrorists Gun Down Ford Executive in Argentina"</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]. The Palm Beach Post (22 November 1973). Google News.com (22 November 1973). </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Anderson, Lee. Schooling and citizenship in a global age: An exploration of the meaning and significance of global education, p. 209, Indiana University (1979) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtZHAAAAYAAJ">"The problems of U.S. businesses operating abroad in terrorist environments", S. W. Purnell & Eleanor Sullivan Wainstein, p. 77, Rand (1981)</a>. Google Books. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41496173.html">"Linke Guerrilleros entführten den Mercedes-Direktor Metz – weil Mercedes Unimogs produziert"</a>. Der Spiegel. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Rubin, Barry M. & Judith C. Chronologies of Modern Terrorism, p. 113, M.E. Sharpe (2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Political Terrorism, 1974–78, Volume 2, p. 110, Facts on File. (1978) </li> <li id="cite_note-international102-58"><a href="#cite_ref-international102_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_C._Wright2007" class="citation book cs1">Thomas C. Wright (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztjV7GVNeiAC&pg=PA102">State Terrorism in Latin America: Chile, Argentina, and International Human Rights</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3721-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-3721-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Terrorism+in+Latin+America%3A+Chile%2C+Argentina%2C+and+International+Human+Rights&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3721-7&rft.au=Thomas+C.+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztjV7GVNeiAC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Paul H. Lewis, Guerrillas & Generals: The "Dirty War" in Argentina, Praeger Paperback, 2001, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> El comando general del Ejército procederá a ejecutar todas las operaciones militares que sean necesarias a efectos de neutralizar o aniquilar el accionar de los elementos subversivos que actúan en la provincia de Tucumán (in Spanish) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuncamas.org/document/decreto_261_75.htm">Decree No. 261/75</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061115180714/http://www.nuncamas.org/document/decreto_261_75.htm">Archived</a> 15 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. NuncaMas.org, Decretos de aniquilamiento. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuncamas.org/document/nacional/decr2770.htm">Decree No. 2770/75</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185939/http://www.nuncamas.org/document/nacional/decr2770.htm">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. NuncaMas.org, Decretos de aniquilamiento. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuncamas.org/document/nacional/decr2771.htm">Decree No. 2771/75</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009003012/http://www.nuncamas.org/document/nacional/decr2771.htm">Archived</a> 9 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. NuncaMas.org, Decretos de aniquilamiento. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuncamas.org/document/nacional/decr2772.htm">Decree No. 2772/75</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185833/http://www.nuncamas.org/document/nacional/decr2772.htm">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. NuncaMas.org, Decretos de aniquilamiento. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarin.com/">"Clarin.com"</a>. Clarin.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clarin.com&rft.atitle=Clarin.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarin.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2013" class="citation news cs1">Bernstein, Adam (17 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/jorge-rafael-videla-argentine-junta-leader-dies-at-87/2013/05/17/f22ae8d0-2f5c-11e2-a30e-5ca76eeec857_story.html">"Jorge Rafael Videla, Argentine junta leader, dies at 87"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Jorge+Rafael+Videla%2C+Argentine+junta+leader%2C+dies+at+87&rft.date=2013-05-17&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fthe_americas%2Fjorge-rafael-videla-argentine-junta-leader-dies-at-87%2F2013%2F05%2F17%2Ff22ae8d0-2f5c-11e2-a30e-5ca76eeec857_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> "Mrs. Peron Overthrown by Military in Argentina and Reported Arrested", by Juan de Onis, The New York Times, March 24, 1976, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Marie-Monique_Robin" title="Marie-Monique Robin">Marie-Monique Robin</a>, 2004. Escadrons de la mort, l'école française. La Découverte; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7071-4163-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7071-4163-1">2-7071-4163-1</a> Spanish translation, 2005: Los Escuadrones De La Muerte/The Death Squadron. <a href="/wiki/Sudamericana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudamericana">Sudamericana</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/950-07-2684-X" title="Special:BookSources/950-07-2684-X">950-07-2684-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elcorreo-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elcorreo_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elcorreo_69-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elcorreo.eu.org/esp/article.php3?id_article=6378">Automotores Orletti el taller asesino del Cóndor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070516034522/http://www.elcorreo.eu.org/esp/article.php3?id_article=6378">Archived</a> 16 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juventud_Rebelde" title="Juventud Rebelde">Juventud Rebelde</a>, 3 January 2006 (mirrored on El Correo.eu.org) (in Spanish and French) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/argentina-dictatorship-falcon-idUSL2E8QR0OQ20120327">"Suspected death squad cars found at Argentine base"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Almada" title="Martín Almada">Martín Almada</a>, "Paraguay: The Forgotten Prison, the Exiled Country" </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stella_Calloni" title="Stella Calloni">Stella Calloni</a>. Los Archivos del Horror del Operativo Cóndor <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/doc/condor/calloni.html">available here</a> (in Spanish) </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgencia_Télam2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Agencia Télam (26 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavoz.com.ar/noticias/politica/juicio-civil-mercedes-benz-favorecer-represion">"Juicio civil a Mercedes Benz por favorecer la represión"</a> [Mercedes Benz civil trial for favoring repression] (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juicio+civil+a+Mercedes+Benz+por+favorecer+la+represi%C3%B3n&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft.au=Agencia+T%C3%A9lam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavoz.com.ar%2Fnoticias%2Fpolitica%2Fjuicio-civil-mercedes-benz-favorecer-represion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-268294-2015-03-17.html">"Página/12 :: El país :: Una falta de mérito que es absolución encubierta"</a>. www.pagina12.com.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pagina12.com.ar&rft.atitle=P%C3%A1gina%2F12+%3A%3A+El+pa%C3%ADs+%3A%3A+Una+falta+de+m%C3%A9rito+que+es+absoluci%C3%B3n+encubierta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagina12.com.ar%2Fdiario%2Felpais%2F1-268294-2015-03-17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-periferiaactiva.files.wordpress.com-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-periferiaactiva.files.wordpress.com_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-periferiaactiva.files.wordpress.com_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasualdo2006" class="citation web cs1">Basualdo, Victoria (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://periferiaactiva.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/basulado-2006.pdf">"Complicidad patronal-militar en la última dictadura argentina: Los casos de Acindar, Astarsa, Dálmine Siderca, Ford, Ledesma y Mercedes Benz"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complicidad+patronal-militar+en+la+%C3%BAltima+dictadura+argentina%3A+Los+casos+de+Acindar%2C+Astarsa%2C+D%C3%A1lmine+Siderca%2C+Ford%2C+Ledesma+y+Mercedes+Benz&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Basualdo&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperiferiaactiva.files.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F10%2Fbasulado-2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laretaguardia.com.ar/2015/04/demoliendo-mitos-el-rol-de-fangio-en.html">"Demoliendo mitos: el rol de Fangio en Mercedes Benz durante la dictadura"</a>. 27 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demoliendo+mitos%3A+el+rol+de+Fangio+en+Mercedes+Benz+durante+la+dictadura&rft.date=2015-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaretaguardia.com.ar%2F2015%2F04%2Fdemoliendo-mitos-el-rol-de-fangio-en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarín.com2006" class="citation web cs1">Clarín.com (5 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clarin.com/ediciones-anteriores/anularon-indulto-martinez-hoz-vuelven-investigar_0_r1ymnoXkRKg.html">"Anularon el indulto a Martínez de Hoz y lo vuelven a investigar"</a>. clarin.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=clarin.com&rft.atitle=Anularon+el+indulto+a+Mart%C3%ADnez+de+Hoz+y+lo+vuelven+a+investigar&rft.date=2006-09-05&rft.au=Clar%C3%ADn.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarin.com%2Fediciones-anteriores%2Fanularon-indulto-martinez-hoz-vuelven-investigar_0_r1ymnoXkRKg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1297876">"Isidoro Graiver refuta a la Presidenta"</a>. La Nacion (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Nacion&rft.atitle=Isidoro+Graiver+refuta+a+la+Presidenta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanacion.com.ar%2Fnota.asp%3Fnota_id%3D1297876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chequeado.com/el-explicador/claves-para-entender-el-caso-papel-prensa/">"Claves para entender el caso Papel Prensa"</a>. Chequeado (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chequeado&rft.atitle=Claves+para+entender+el+caso+Papel+Prensa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchequeado.com%2Fel-explicador%2Fclaves-para-entender-el-caso-papel-prensa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/subnotas/152223-48910-2010-08-29.html">"Página/12 :: El país :: Deleznable"</a>. Pagina 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pagina+12&rft.atitle=P%C3%A1gina%2F12+%3A%3A+El+pa%C3%ADs+%3A%3A+Deleznable&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagina12.com.ar%2Fdiario%2Felpais%2Fsubnotas%2F152223-48910-2010-08-29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710174938/http://tiempo.elargentino.com/notas/ante-fiscal-lidia-papaleo-dijo-que-firmo-clima-de-presiones">"Ante el fiscal, Lidia Papaleo dijo que firmó en un clima de presiones | Tiempo Argentino"</a>. Tiempo Argentino. 10 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tiempo.elargentino.com/notas/ante-fiscal-lidia-papaleo-dijo-que-firmo-clima-de-presiones">the original</a> on 10 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tiempo+Argentino&rft.atitle=Ante+el+fiscal%2C+Lidia+Papaleo+dijo+que+firm%C3%B3+en+un+clima+de+presiones+%7C+Tiempo+Argentino&rft.date=2011-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftiempo.elargentino.com%2Fnotas%2Fante-fiscal-lidia-papaleo-dijo-que-firmo-clima-de-presiones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-222246-2013-06-14.html">"Página/12 :: El país :: Una venta en medio del horror"</a>. Pagina 12 (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pagina+12&rft.atitle=P%C3%A1gina%2F12+%3A%3A+El+pa%C3%ADs+%3A%3A+Una+venta+en+medio+del+horror&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagina12.com.ar%2Fdiario%2Felpais%2F1-222246-2013-06-14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ambito.com/politica/el-pacto-clarin-la-nacion-y-videla-que-marco-el-destino-papel-prensa-n3887277">"El pacto entre Clarín, La Nación y Videla que marcó el destino de Papel Prensa"</a>. Ambito.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambito&rft.atitle=El+pacto+entre+Clar%C3%ADn%2C+La+Naci%C3%B3n+y+Videla+que+marc%C3%B3+el+destino+de+Papel+Prensa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambito.com%2Fpolitica%2Fel-pacto-clarin-la-nacion-y-videla-que-marco-el-destino-papel-prensa-n3887277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ambito.com/politica/lidia-papaleo-dijo-que-le-advirtieron-que-podia-morir-si-no-vendia-n3886221">"Lidia Papaleo dijo que le advirtieron que podía morir si no vendía"</a>. Ambito.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambito&rft.atitle=Lidia+Papaleo+dijo+que+le+advirtieron+que+pod%C3%ADa+morir+si+no+vend%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambito.com%2Fpolitica%2Flidia-papaleo-dijo-que-le-advirtieron-que-podia-morir-si-no-vendia-n3886221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infonews.com/el-argentino-caba/la-denuncia-periodistica-que-cambio-la-historia-n171795">"La denuncia periodística que cambió la historia"</a>. Infonews (in European Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infonews&rft.atitle=La+denuncia+period%C3%ADstica+que+cambi%C3%B3+la+historia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infonews.com%2Fel-argentino-caba%2Fla-denuncia-periodistica-que-cambio-la-historia-n171795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206205305/http://www.nuestrasvoces.com.ar/investigaciones/asi-robaron-papel-prensa/">"Así robaron Papel Prensa"</a>. Nuestras Voces (in Spanish). 2 November 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuestrasvoces.com.ar/investigaciones/asi-robaron-papel-prensa/">the original</a> on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nuestras+Voces&rft.atitle=As%C3%AD+robaron+Papel+Prensa&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuestrasvoces.com.ar%2Finvestigaciones%2Fasi-robaron-papel-prensa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/papel-prensa-sobreseyeron-a-bartolome-mitre-hector-magnetto-y-ernestina-herrera-de-noble-nid1967747/">"Papel Prensa: sobreseyeron a Bartolomé Mitre, Héctor Magnetto y Ernestina Herrera de Noble"</a>. La Nacion (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Nacion&rft.atitle=Papel+Prensa%3A+sobreseyeron+a+Bartolom%C3%A9+Mitre%2C+H%C3%A9ctor+Magnetto+y+Ernestina+Herrera+de+Noble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanacion.com.ar%2Fpolitica%2Fpapel-prensa-sobreseyeron-a-bartolome-mitre-hector-magnetto-y-ernestina-herrera-de-noble-nid1967747%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch02-09.htm">Visit by Guillermo Novo Sampol to Chile in 1976, 1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch02-10.htm">2</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> website </li> <li id="cite_note-Argentina,_Antonius_C._G_p._145-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Argentina,_Antonius_C._G_p._145_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Argentina,_Antonius_C._G_p._145_89-1">b</a> In February 1975, the foundation was laid for a systematic assault on the revolutionary left by a secret decree ordering the Army to annihilate the encampments of Marxist insurgents in Tucumán. Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina, Antonius C. G. M. Robben, p. 145, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/16239-02-department-state-ninety-first-meeting">"Department of State, Ninety-first Meeting of the Working Group/Cabinet Committee to Combat Terrorism, Confidential Minutes, September 5, 1975 | National Security Archive"</a>. nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=Department+of+State%2C+Ninety-first+Meeting+of+the+Working+Group%2FCabinet+Committee+to+Combat+Terrorism%2C+Confidential+Minutes%2C+September+5%2C+1975+%7C+National+Security+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fdocument%2F16239-02-department-state-ninety-first-meeting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-terra-91"><a href="#cite_ref-terra_91-0">^</a> Terra Actualidad, 18 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terra.com.ar/canales/politica/134/134722.html">Ramón Camps: el peor de todos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408151743/http://www.terra.com.ar/canales/politica/134/134722.html">Archived</a> 8 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB73/">"Argentina: Secret U.S. Documents Declassified on Dirty War Atrocities"</a>. nsarchive2.gwu.edu. Retrieved 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive2.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=Argentina%3A+Secret+U.S.+Documents+Declassified+on+Dirty+War+Atrocities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB73%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/19321-national-security-archive-doc-19-department">"Department of State report, "Next Steps in Argentina," Secret, January 26, 1979. | National Security Archive"</a>. nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=Department+of+State+report%2C+%22Next+Steps+in+Argentina%2C%22+Secret%2C+January+26%2C+1979.+%7C+National+Security+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fdocument%2F19321-national-security-archive-doc-19-department&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Alaniz, Rogelio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/diarios/2010/12/08/opinion/OPIN-03.html">"La masacre de Margarita Belén"</a>. El Litoral. 8 December 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Victims-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Victims_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Victims_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yendor.com/vanished/victims.html">"The Victims: Abducted, Tortured, Vanished"</a>. yendor.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yendor.com&rft.atitle=The+Victims%3A+Abducted%2C+Tortured%2C+Vanished&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yendor.com%2Fvanished%2Fvictims.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todanoticia.com/24036/inicia-manana-argentina-juicio-historico/?lang=en">Argentina begins tomorrow in landmark trial for stealing babies todonoticia.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426052117/http://www.todanoticia.com/24036/inicia-manana-argentina-juicio-historico/?lang=en">Archived</a> 26 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Todanoticia.com (27 February 2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abuelas.org.ar/english/history.htm">Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207000346/http://www.abuelas.org.ar/english/history.htm">Archived</a> 7 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>'s website (in English) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB73/">"State Department Opens Files on Argentina's Dirty War"</a>. National Security Archive. Retrieved 9 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Department+Opens+Files+on+Argentina%27s+Dirty+War&rft.pub=National+Security+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB73%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB73/780531dos.pdf">"Memorandum on Torture and Disappearance in Argentina, May 31, 1978"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 9 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum+on+Torture+and+Disappearance+in+Argentina%2C+May+31%2C+1978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB73%2F780531dos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/19321-national-security-archive-doc-19-department">"Department of State report, "Next Steps in Argentina," Secret, January 26, 1979. | National Security Archive"</a>. nsarchive.gwu.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=Department+of+State+report%2C+%22Next+Steps+in+Argentina%2C%22+Secret%2C+January+26%2C+1979.+%26%23124%3B+National+Security+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fdocument%2F19321-national-security-archive-doc-19-department&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/821676937">821676937</a> The influence of French "revolutionary war" ideology on the use of torture in Argentina's "dirty war". Human Rights Review. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> "In late 1979, Amnesty International accused the Videla government of continuing to hold 3,000 political prisoners and of being responsible for the disappearance of 15,000 to 20,000 citizens since the 1976 coup." Human Rights and United States Policy Toward Latin America, Lars Schoultz, p. 348, Princeton University Press, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lacapitalmdp.com/para-un-organismo-oficial-los-desaparecidos-en-la-ultima-dictadura-fueron-6-348/">"Para un organismo oficial, los desaparecidos en la última dictadura fueron 6.348"</a>. lacapitalmdp.com. Retrieved 16 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lacapitalmdp.com&rft.atitle=Para+un+organismo+oficial%2C+los+desaparecidos+en+la+%C3%BAltima+dictadura+fueron+6.348&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacapitalmdp.com%2Fpara-un-organismo-oficial-los-desaparecidos-en-la-ultima-dictadura-fueron-6-348%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> "Durante la vigencia del estado de sitio entre noviembre de 1974 y octubre de 1983, los organismos de derechos humanos denunciaron la existencia de 12 mil presos politicos legales en las distintas cárceles de 'maxima seguridad' a lo largo de todo el territorio de Argentina."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elortiba.org/pdf/Memoria-de-ex-presas-y-presos-politicos.pdf">Entre resistentes e "irrecuperables": Memorias de ex presas y presos políticos (1974–1983), p. 13.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224233740/http://www.elortiba.org/pdf/Memoria-de-ex-presas-y-presos-politicos.pdf">Archived</a> 24 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-edant.clarin.com-105"><a href="#cite_ref-edant.clarin.com_105-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm">"Una duda histórica: no se sabe cuántos son los desaparecidos"</a>, Clarin, 10 June 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notasperiodismopopular.com.ar/2016/07/25/desaparecidos-numero-definitivo-cuando-hablen-perpetradores/">"Desaparecidos: "El número definitivo lo vamos a tener cuando hablen los perpetradores""</a>. 25 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Desaparecidos%3A+%22El+n%C3%BAmero+definitivo+lo+vamos+a+tener+cuando+hablen+los+perpetradores%22&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotasperiodismopopular.com.ar%2F2016%2F07%2F25%2Fdesaparecidos-numero-definitivo-cuando-hablen-perpetradores%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/92303/politica/bonafini-contra-indemnizaciones.html">"Bonafini contra las indemnizaciones"</a>. Retrieved 18 October 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bonafini+contra+las+indemnizaciones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lagaceta.com.ar%2Fnota%2F92303%2Fpolitica%2Fbonafini-contra-indemnizaciones.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright,_Thomas_C._p._158-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Wright,_Thomas_C._p._158_108-0">^</a> Wright, Thomas C. State terrorism in Latin America, p. 158, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertoia2018" class="citation news cs1">Bertoia, Luciana (15 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/luis-muina-handed-life-in-jail-for-murder-at-posadas-hospital.phtml">"Luis Muiña handed life in jail for dictatorship-era murder at Posadas hospital"</a>. Buenos Aires Times. Retrieved 10 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buenos+Aires+Times&rft.atitle=Luis+Mui%C3%B1a+handed+life+in+jail+for+dictatorship-era+murder+at+Posadas+hospital&rft.date=2018-09-15&rft.aulast=Bertoia&rft.aufirst=Luciana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.batimes.com.ar%2Fnews%2Fargentina%2Fluis-muina-handed-life-in-jail-for-murder-at-posadas-hospital.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/dc.html?doc=3227285-04-Assistant-Secretary-of-State-for-Politico">"The National Security Archive"</a>. nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved 29 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=The+National+Security+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fdc.html%3Fdoc%3D3227285-04-Assistant-Secretary-of-State-for-Politico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/18420-national-security-archive-doc-04-joint-cia">"Joint CIA/Department of State memorandum, "Meeting at Department of State to Discuss Operation Condor," Secret, August 13, 1976. | National Security Archive"</a>. nsarchive.gwu.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=Joint+CIA%2FDepartment+of+State+memorandum%2C+%22Meeting+at+Department+of+State+to+Discuss+Operation+Condor%2C%22+Secret%2C+August+13%2C+1976.+%26%23124%3B+National+Security+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fdocument%2F18420-national-security-archive-doc-04-joint-cia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/files/argentina/data/docid-33065447.pdf">Attach briefing paper for Newsom on Argentine</a> 17 May 1978. Retrieved 11 December 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIain_Guest1990" class="citation book cs1">Iain Guest (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lq_i3wpmBWUC&pg=PA19">Behind the Disappearances: Argentina's Dirty War Against Human Rights and the United Nations</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1313-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1313-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-1313-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Disappearances%3A+Argentina%27s+Dirty+War+Against+Human+Rights+and+the+United+Nations&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1313-3&rft.au=Iain+Guest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlq_i3wpmBWUC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Beckett, William & Pimlott, John. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4M9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA122">Armed Forces & Modern Counter-insurgency</a>, p. 122, Technology & Engineering </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Eckstein_&_Manuel_Antonio_Garretón_Merino2001" class="citation book cs1">Susan Eckstein & Manuel Antonio Garretón Merino (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V0o7_lLFOMwC&pg=PA244">Power and Popular Protest: Latin American Social Movements</a>. University of California Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22705-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22705-7"><bdi>978-0-520-22705-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Popular+Protest%3A+Latin+American+Social+Movements&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22705-7&rft.au=Susan+Eckstein+%26+Manuel+Antonio+Garret%C3%B3n+Merino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV0o7_lLFOMwC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_W._Pereira2005" class="citation book cs1">Anthony W. Pereira (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iTb1QNYILZAC&pg=PA134">Political Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina</a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5885-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5885-7"><bdi>978-0-8229-5885-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Injustice%3A+Authoritarianism+and+the+Rule+of+Law+in+Brazil%2C+Chile%2C+and+Argentina&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-5885-7&rft.au=Anthony+W.+Pereira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiTb1QNYILZAC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPablo_De_Greiff2006" class="citation book cs1">Pablo De Greiff (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sg38_E8hNQIC&pg=PA28">The Handbook of Reparations: The International Center for Transitional Justice</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929192-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929192-2"><bdi>978-0-19-929192-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Reparations%3A+The+International+Center+for+Transitional+Justice&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929192-2&rft.au=Pablo+De+Greiff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsg38_E8hNQIC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-authoritarianism134-118"><a href="#cite_ref-authoritarianism134_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_W._Pereira2005" class="citation book cs1">Anthony W. Pereira (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iTb1QNYILZAC&pg=PA134">Political Injustice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina</a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5885-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5885-7"><bdi>978-0-8229-5885-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Injustice%3A+Authoritarianism+and+the+Rule+of+Law+in+Brazil%2C+Chile%2C+and+Argentina&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-5885-7&rft.au=Anthony+W.+Pereira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiTb1QNYILZAC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIain_Guest1990" class="citation book cs1">Iain Guest (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lq_i3wpmBWUC&pg=PA100">Behind the Disappearances: Argentina's Dirty War Against Human Rights and the United Nations</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1313-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1313-0"><bdi>0-8122-1313-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Disappearances%3A+Argentina%27s+Dirty+War+Against+Human+Rights+and+the+United+Nations&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8122-1313-0&rft.au=Iain+Guest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlq_i3wpmBWUC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sZrB1KhQ9voC&q=children+of+disappeared+Argentina&pg=PA429">Human Rights from Exclusion to Inclusion: Principles and Practice, Theo Van Boven, p. 429, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2000</a>. Google Books.com (3 September 1987). </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=124125440">Argentina's Dirty War Still Haunts Youngest Victims. Heard on National Public Radio</a>. NPR.org (27 February 2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sylviahorwitz.com/text4.htm">Sylvia Horwitz Photography. Desaparecidos: Mothers of the Disappeared</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716173723/http://www.sylviahorwitz.com/text4.htm">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sylviahorwitz.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121116105316/http://poundpuplegacy.org/node/33388">San Jose Mercury News. "Argentines Continue 22-year Quest for Justice"</a>. (29 November 1998). </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/desaparecidos/PatriciaJuliaRoisinblit.html">Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322200010/http://www.mfa.gov.il/desaparecidos/PatriciaJuliaRoisinblit.html">Archived</a> 22 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mfa.gov.il. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalloni2009" class="citation news cs1">Calloni, Stella (14 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2009/11/14/mundo/021n2mun">"Identifican al menor número 99 de los desaparecidos por la dictadura argentina"</a>. La Jornada. Retrieved 16 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Jornada&rft.atitle=Identifican+al+menor+n%C3%BAmero+99+de+los+desaparecidos+por+la+dictadura+argentina&rft.date=2009-11-14&rft.aulast=Calloni&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jornada.unam.mx%2F2009%2F11%2F14%2Fmundo%2F021n2mun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7331857.stm">Dirty War adoption couple jailed</a>. BBC News (4 April 2008). </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elperiodico.com/default.asp?idpublicacio_PK=46&idioma=CAS&idnoticia_PK=497807&idseccio_PK=1007">Tibio fallo por el robo de un bebé durante la dictadura argentina</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028143327/http://www.elperiodico.com/default.asp?idpublicacio_PK=46">Archived copy</a> at <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a> (15 June 2009).. Elperiodico.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorden1996" class="citation book cs1">Norden, Deborah L. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B07G2fua-z4C&q=Familiares%20assumes">Military Rebellion in Argentina: Between Coups and Consolidation</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-8369-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-8369-5"><bdi>0-8032-8369-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Rebellion+in+Argentina%3A+Between+Coups+and+Consolidation&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8032-8369-5&rft.aulast=Norden&rft.aufirst=Deborah+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB07G2fua-z4C%26q%3DFamiliares%2520assumes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lyZYS_GxglIC&pg=PA25">Women and war: a historical encyclopedia from antiquity to the present</a>, Volume 1, by Bernard A. Cook, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vrh4GcJcxDcC&pg=PA89">Bonner, Michelle D. Sustaining human rights: women and Argentine human rights organizations</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/590380-bonafini-el-peso-de-lo-irracional">Bonafini: el peso de lo irracional</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018110258/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/590380-bonafini-el-peso-de-lo-irracional">Archived</a> 18 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diario_La_Naci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Diario La Nación">Diario La Nación</a>, 8 April 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoepsel2011" class="citation web cs1">Koepsel, Rachel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.du.edu/korbel/crric/media/documents/rachelkoepsel.pdf">"First Responders for Human Rights"</a> (PDF). University of Denver.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Denver&rft.atitle=First+Responders+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Koepsel&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.du.edu%2Fkorbel%2Fcrric%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2Frachelkoepsel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steno26-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Steno26_133-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlamento.it/bicam/terror/stenografici/steno26.htm">Hearing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Delle_Chiaie" title="Stefano Delle Chiaie">Stefano Delle Chiaie</a> on 22 July 1997 before the Italian Parliamentary Commission on Terrorism headed by senator <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pellegrino" title="Giovanni Pellegrino">Giovanni Pellegrino</a> (in Italian) </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/especiales/2006/03/24/l-01164353.htm">"Los secretos de la guerra sucia continental de la dictadura"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)" title="Clarín (Argentine newspaper)">Clarín</a>, 24 March 2006 (in Spanish) </li> <li id="cite_note-NSA-135"><a href="#cite_ref-NSA_135-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB73/index3.htm">Argentine Military Believed U.S. Gave Go-Ahead for Dirty War</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> Electronic Briefing Book No. 73 – Part II, CIA classified documents released in 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Dirty_War_in_Argentina-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Dirty_War_in_Argentina_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Dirty_War_in_Argentina_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Dirty_War_in_Argentina_136-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB104/index.htm">"The Dirty War in Argentina"</a>. gwu.edu. Retrieved 16 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gwu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Dirty+War+in+Argentina&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB104%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoñi2016" class="citation web cs1">Goñi, Uki (9 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/09/henry-kissinger-mass-killings-argentina-declassified-files">"Kissinger hindered US effort to end mass killings in Argentina, according to files"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kissinger+hindered+US+effort+to+end+mass+killings+in+Argentina%2C+according+to+files&rft.date=2016-08-09&rft.aulast=Go%C3%B1i&rft.aufirst=Uki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Faug%2F09%2Fhenry-kissinger-mass-killings-argentina-declassified-files&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersen2016" class="citation web cs1">Andersen, Martin Edwin (26 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/26/opinions/obama-argentina-dirty-war-andersen/index.html">"Andersen: Will Obama declassify 'dirty war' docs?"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 16 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andersen%3A+Will+Obama+declassify+%27dirty+war%27+docs%3F&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2016-03-26&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Martin+Edwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F03%2F26%2Fopinions%2Fobama-argentina-dirty-war-andersen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-139"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial1996" class="citation news cs1">Editorial (28 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/28/opinion/school-of-the-dictators.html">"School of the Dictators"</a>. The New York Times. 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The Washington Post. p. A18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/21914617.html?dids=21914617:21914617&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+01%2C+1996&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=Teaching+Human+Rights+Violations">the original</a> on 31 January 2013. 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Shlaudeman"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Association_for_Diplomatic_Studies_and_Training" class="mw-redirect" title="The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training">The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training</a>. Retrieved 21 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Association+for+Diplomatic+Studies+and+Training&rft.atitle=Ambassador+Harry+W.+Shlaudeman&rft.date=1993-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adst.org%2FOH%2520TOCs%2FShlaudeman%2C%2520Harry.toc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB73/790807dos.pdf">Original document</a> on the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archives</a>' website. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB185/index.htm">On 30th Anniversary of Argentine Coup: New Declassified Details on Repression and U.S. Support for Military Dictatorship</a>. Gwu.edu. Retrieved 6 August 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnson" class="citation report cs1">Arnson, Cynthia J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616130641/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/LAP_argentina.pdf">Argentine-United States Bilateral Relations</a> (PDF) (Report). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/LAP_argentina.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 June 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Argentine-United+States+Bilateral+Relations&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Ftopics%2Fpubs%2FLAP_argentina.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Guest, 1990; pg. 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/especiales/2006/03/24/l-01164353.htm">"Los secretos de la guerra sucia continental de la dictadura"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)" title="Clarín (Argentine newspaper)">Clarín</a>, 24 March 2006 (in Spanish) </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Bevins, Vincent</a> (2020). <a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Method" title="The Jakarta Method">The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World</a>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-4240-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-4240-6"><bdi>978-1-5417-4240-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jakarta+Method%3A+Washington%27s+Anticommunist+Crusade+and+the+Mass+Murder+Program+that+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5417-4240-6&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pagina12-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pagina12_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pagina12_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pagina12_157-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pagina12_157-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pagina12_157-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pagina12_157-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pagina12_157-6">g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://risal.collectifs.net/article.php3?id_article=1153">"Argentine – 'Escadrons de la mort, l'école française' "</a>, interview with Marie-Monique Robin published by RISAL, 22 October 2004 available in French & Spanish <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/espectaculos/6-42243-2004-10-13.html">"Los métodos de Argel se aplicaron aquí"</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1gina/12" class="mw-redirect" title="Página/12">Página/12</a>, 13 October 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-Robin-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robin_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robin_158-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/2003-08-30/2003-08-30-377887">L'exportation de la torture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050705132223/http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/2003-08-30/2003-08-30-377887">Archived</a> 5 July 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, interview with <a href="/wiki/Marie-Monique_Robin" title="Marie-Monique Robin">Marie-Monique Robin</a> in <a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a>, 30 August 2003 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=820135">MM. Giscard d'Estaing et Messmer pourraient être entendus sur l'aide aux dictatures sud-américaines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>, 25 September 2003 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> " Série B. Amérique 1952–1963. Sous-série : Argentine, n° 74. Cotes : 18.6.1. mars 52-août 63 ". </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/rapports/r1295.asp">Rapport Fait Au Nom de La Commission des Affaires Étrangères Sur La Proposition de Résolution (n° 1060), tendant à la création d'une commission d'enquête sur le rôle de la France dans le soutien aux régimes militaires d'Amérique latine entre 1973 et 1984, par M. 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The Americas. 61 (3): 555–556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftam.2005.0035">10.1353/tam.2005.0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143861641">143861641</a> – via Project MUSE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Americas&rft.atitle=Death+Squadrons%3A+The+French+School+%28review%29&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=555-556&rft.date=2005-09-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftam.2005.0035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143861641%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McSherry&rft.aufirst=J.+Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F177953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Marie-Monique Robin, Escadrons de la mort : l'école française, Paris: Éditions La Découverte, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7071-4163-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7071-4163-1">2-7071-4163-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.algeria-watch.org/fr/article/div/livres/escadrons_mort_conclusion.htm">Conclusion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marie-Monique_Robin" title="Marie-Monique Robin">Marie-Monique Robin</a>'s Escadrons de la mort, l'école française (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-Rouge-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Rouge_166-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article649">"Torture : l'école française"</a>, Marie-Monique Robin, interview first published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rouge_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rouge (magazine) (page does not exist)">Rouge (magazine)</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_(journal)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rouge (journal)">fr</a>], September 2005 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Antonio Caggiano, Introduction to Jean Ousset, Le Marsisme-léninisme (1961 Spanish edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/20070206.FIG000000202_disparitions_un_ancien_agent_francais_mis_en_cause.html">"Disparitions : un ancien agent français mis en cause"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208002938/http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/20070206.FIG000000202_disparitions_un_ancien_agent_francais_mis_en_cause.html">Archived</a> 8 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>, 6 February 2007 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-P12-169"><a href="#cite_ref-P12_169-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-79898-2007-02-02.html">"Impartí órdenes que fueron cumplidas"</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1gina/12" class="mw-redirect" title="Página/12">Página/12</a>, 2 February 2007 (in Spanish) </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-79537-2007-01-25.html">Astiz llevó sus chicanas a los tribunales</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1gina/12" class="mw-redirect" title="Página/12">Página/12</a>, 25 January 2007 (in Spanish) </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/twenty-years-amnesty-end">"Twenty years on, amnesty end"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608063255/http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/twenty-years-amnesty-end">Archived</a> 8 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved 16 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Argentine+Cardinal+Named+in+Kidnap+Lawsuit&rft.date=2005-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2005-apr-17-fg-cardinal17-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bergoglios-list-pope-francis_n_3914174">"Pope Francis Ran Underground Network to Save Suspected Dissidents"</a>. 12 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+Francis+Ran+Underground+Network+to+Save+Suspected+Dissidents&rft.date=2013-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fbergoglios-list-pope-francis_n_3914174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/book-says-pope-saved-more-1000-dirty-war">"Book says pope saved more than 1,000 in 'Dirty War'"</a>. 7 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+says+pope+saved+more+than+1%2C000+in+%27Dirty+War%27&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncronline.org%2Fblogs%2Fncr-today%2Fbook-says-pope-saved-more-1000-dirty-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/pope-francis-people-says-president-human-rights-organization-argentina">"'Pope Francis is with the people,' says Hebe de Bonafini, president of 'Madres de la Plaza de Mayo'"</a>. 27 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Pope+Francis+is+with+the+people%2C%27+says+Hebe+de+Bonafini%2C+president+of+%27Madres+de+la+Plaza+de+Mayo%27&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Fissue%2Fpope-francis-people-says-president-human-rights-organization-argentina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> MacLachlan, Colin M. Argentina: What Went Wrong (Praeger Publishers). p. 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Rojas, Guillermo. 30,000 desaparecidos. realidad, mito y dogma : historia verdadera y manipulación ideologica. p. 246 (Santiago Apóstol: 2003). </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e-kVgozyE8gC&pg=PA281">Modern Tyrants: the power and prevalence of evil in our age, Daniel Chirot, p. 281</a>. Google Books.com (15 April 1996). </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8k4rEPvq_8C&pg=PA201">Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups</a>, Stephen E. Atkins, p. 201 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intel.gov/index.php/argentina-declassification-project">"ARGENTINA DECLASSIFICATION PROJECT"</a>. INTEL.gov. Office of Director of National Intelligence. Retrieved 22 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INTEL.gov&rft.atitle=ARGENTINA+DECLASSIFICATION+PROJECT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel.gov%2Findex.php%2Fargentina-declassification-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoñi2019" class="citation news cs1">Goñi, Uki (16 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/15/operation-condor-european-spies-dictators-cia-documents">"European spies sought lessons from dictators' brutal 'Operation Condor'"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 22 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=European+spies+sought+lessons+from+dictators%27+brutal+%27Operation+Condor%27&rft.date=2019-04-16&rft.aulast=Go%C3%B1i&rft.aufirst=Uki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fapr%2F15%2Foperation-condor-european-spies-dictators-cia-documents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2016" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Jeff (24 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-argentina-idUSKCN0WQ0I9">"Obama honors Argentina's 'Dirty War' victims; faults U.S. on human rights"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+honors+Argentina%27s+%27Dirty+War%27+victims%3B+faults+U.S.+on+human+rights&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-argentina-idUSKCN0WQ0I9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mefeedia.com/entry/2926696/">Video</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/950-07-2684-X" title="Special:BookSources/950-07-2684-X">950-07-2684-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libremedia.com/">"libremedia.home"</a>. libremedia.com. Retrieved 16 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libremedia.com&rft.atitle=libremedia.home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libremedia.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirty+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedisappearedmovie.com/">The Disappeared – a film by Peter Sanders</a>. Thedisappearedmovie.com. Retrieved 6 August 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourdisappeared.com/">Nuestros Desaparecidos</a>. Our Disappeared (21 September 2009). Retrieved 6 August 2010. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirty_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dirty_War_in_Argentina" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dirty War in Argentina">Dirty War in Argentina</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/eng.html">Proyecto Desaparecidos/Project Disappeared</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/11/17/argentina.dirty.war/index.html">Unearthing Mysteries of Argentina's "Dirty War"</a>. Slideshow by <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070526003937/http://www.nuncamas.org/investig/vilas/acdel_00.htm">War Diary of Brigadier-General Acdel Vilas</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/how-much-did-the-us-know-about-the-kidnapping-torture-and-murder-of-over-20000-people-in-argentina/">How Much Did the US Know About the Kidnapping, Torture, and Murder of Over 20,000 People in Argentina? Now, President Obama has the chance to apologize for American complicity in the dirty war</a> by Martin Edwin Andersen, <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>, 4 March 2016.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514035930/http://thenation.s3.amazonaws.com/pdf/11197743.pdf">Kissinger and the Dirty War</a> by Martin Edwin Andersen, The Nation, 31 October 1987.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050831192823/http://www.nuncamas.org/english/library/nevagain/nevagain_000.htm">1984 Report of the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302030333/http://www.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/marchesi.htm">Old Ideas in New Discourses: "The War Against Terrorism" and Collective Memory in Uruguay and Argentina</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yendor.com/vanished/junta.html#videla">Information from the Vanished Gallery</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34lbeVUZpYw">The furthest boundary documentary (2004)</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> directed by Pablo Ratto.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/23/world/americas/23chile.html">A Serene Advocate for Chile's Disappeared</a> by Alexei Barrionuevo, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 22 January 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/11/12/argentine_torture_survivor_patricia_isasa_tells">Argentine Torture Survivor Patricia Isasa Tells of Her Struggle to Bring Her Torturers to Justice</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/11/12/nieto_recuperado_born_to_parents_disappeared">Kidnapped and Raised by a Military Family, a "Recovered Grandchild" Finds His Way Home</a>. Video report by <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.aljazeera.com/blog/americas/argentina-holds-death-flights-trial">Argentina holds 'death flights' trial</a>. Video report by <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_America" title="Al Jazeera America">Al Jazeera America</a>. 29 November 2012.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2014/01/new-memo-kissinger-gave-green-light-argentina-dirty-war">New Memo: Kissinger Gave the "Green Light" for Argentina's Dirty War</a>. Mother Jones. 14 January 2014.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intel.gov/index.php/argentina-declassification-project">The United States Declassification Project on Argentina</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2020/11/operation-condor-cia-latin-america-repression-torture">The CIA's Secret Global War Against the Left</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a>. 30 November 2020.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Argentina_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Argentina_topics" title="Template:Argentina topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Argentina_topics" title="Template talk:Argentina topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Argentina_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Argentina topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Argentina_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Argentina-related_articles" title="Index of Argentina-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina" title="History of Argentina">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Argentina" title="Indigenous peoples in Argentina">First inhabitants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Argentina" title="Colonial Argentina">Colonial Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence" title="Argentine War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Civil_Wars" title="Argentine Civil Wars">Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2780" title="Generation of '80">Generation of '80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race" title="Argentine–Chilean naval arms race">Arms race with Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">Dreadnought race with Brazil, Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infamous_Decade" title="Infamous Decade">Infamous Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dirty War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">National Reorganization Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Juntas" title="Trial of the Juntas">Trial of the Juntas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2001_riots_in_Argentina" title="December 2001 riots in Argentina">December 2001 riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Argentina" title="Geography of Argentina">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Argentina" title="List of cities in Argentina">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Argentina" title="Climate of Argentina">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Argentina" title="List of earthquakes in Argentina">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Argentina" title="Environment of Argentina">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Argentina" title="List of extreme points of Argentina">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Argentina" title="Category:Fauna of Argentina">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Argentina" title="Category:Flora of Argentina">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Argentina" title="List of islands of Argentina">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Argentina" title="List of mountains in Argentina">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Argentina" title="List of national parks of Argentina">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of Argentina">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Argentina" title="List of rivers of Argentina">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Argentina" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Argentina">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Argentina" title="Politics of Argentina">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Argentina" title="Administrative divisions of Argentina">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina" title="Constitution of Argentina">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Argentina" title="Elections in Argentina">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Argentina" title="Foreign relations of Argentina">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Argentina" title="Government of Argentina">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_Argentine_Republic" title="Ministries of the Argentine Republic">ministries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Argentina" title="Human rights in Argentina">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Argentina" title="Intersex rights in Argentina">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Argentina">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Argentina" title="Transgender rights in Argentina">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Argentina" title="Law of Argentina">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Argentina" title="Law enforcement in Argentina">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Argentine_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Argentina" title="National Congress of Argentina">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Argentina" title="List of political parties in Argentina">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Argentina" title="List of heads of state of Argentina">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice Presidents of Argentina">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Argentina" title="Supreme Court of Argentina">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Argentina" title="Agriculture in Argentina">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Argentina" title="Banking in Argentina">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Argentina" title="Central Bank of Argentina">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Argentina" title="Communications in Argentina">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Argentina" title="Electricity sector in Argentina">Electricity sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Argentina" title="Economic history of Argentina">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Argentina" title="Foreign trade of Argentina">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso" title="Argentine peso">Peso (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Argentina" title="Science and technology in Argentina">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Stock_Exchange" title="Buenos Aires Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Argentina" title="Taxation in Argentina">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Argentina" title="Tourism in Argentina">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Argentina" title="Transport in Argentina">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Argentina" title="Category:Society of Argentina">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Argentina" title="Corruption in Argentina">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Argentina" title="Crime in Argentina">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Argentina" title="Education in Argentina">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Argentina" title="Health care in Argentina">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Argentina" title="Immigration to Argentina">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Argentina" title="Languages of Argentina">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Argentina">LGBT+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_provinces_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Argentine provinces and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentines" title="Argentines">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Argentina" title="Demographics of Argentina">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Argentina" title="Ethnic groups of Argentina">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Argentina" title="Prostitution in Argentina">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Argentina" title="Water supply and sanitation in Argentina">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Argentina" title="Women in Argentina">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Argentina" title="Culture of Argentina">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Argentina" title="Architecture of Argentina">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Argentina" title="Cinema of Argentina">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_humour" title="Argentine humour">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_literature" title="Argentine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Argentina" title="National symbols of Argentina">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Argentina" title="List of newspapers in Argentina">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_painting" title="Argentine painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Argentina" title="Public holidays in Argentina">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Argentina" title="Radio in Argentina">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Argentina" title="Sport in Argentina">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Argentina" title="Television in Argentina">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Argentina" title="Outline of Argentina">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Argentina-related_articles" title="Index of Argentina-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Argentina" title="Category:Argentina">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Argentina" title="Portal:Argentina">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adoption_and_foster_care" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:LightBlue"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adopt" title="Template:Adopt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adopt" title="Template talk:Adopt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adopt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adopt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adoption_and_foster_care" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">foster care</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">Adoption by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_Australia" title="Adoption in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_France" title="Adoption in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_Guatemala" title="Adoption in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_Italy" title="Adoption in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_the_Philippines" title="Adoption in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_the_United_States" title="Adoption in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_South_Korea" title="Adoption in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">Foster care by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_Australia" title="Foster care in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_Canada" title="Foster care in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foster care in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_the_United_States" title="Foster care in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adopted_child_syndrome" title="Adopted child syndrome">Adopted child syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_disclosure" title="Adoption disclosure">Adoption disclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_home_study" title="Adoption home study">Adoption home study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_reunion_registry" title="Adoption reunion registry">Adoption reunion registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoptee_rights" title="Adoptee rights">Adoptee rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_tax_credit" title="Adoption tax credit">Adoption tax credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aging_out" title="Aging out">Aging out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_laundering" title="Child laundering">Child laundering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry" title="Political abuse of psychiatry">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_adoption" title="Closed adoption">Closed adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_variations_in_adoption" title="Cultural variations in adoption">Cultural variations in adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruption_(adoption)" title="Disruption (adoption)">Disruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_bewilderment" title="Genealogical bewilderment">Genealogical bewilderment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_adoption" title="International adoption">International adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_adoption" title="Interracial adoption">Interracial adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_adoption" title="Language of adoption">Language of adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Same-sex adoption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_adoption_and_parenting_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT adoption and parenting in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_Brazil" title="Same-sex adoption in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_Europe" title="Same-sex adoption in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Same-sex adoption in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex adoption in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_adoption" title="Open adoption">Open adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealed_birth_records" title="Sealed birth records">Sealed birth records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">History of children in the military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Adoption_Records_Act" title="Access to Adoption Records Act">Access to Adoption Records Act</a> (Ontario)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_Information_Disclosure_Act" title="Adoption Information Disclosure Act">Adoption Information Disclosure Act</a> (Ontario)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_and_Safe_Families_Act" title="Adoption and Safe Families Act">Adoption and Safe Families Act</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law_of_adoption_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law of adoption in India">Christian law of adoption</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dima_Yakovlev_Law" title="Dima Yakovlev Law">Dima Yakovlev Law</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Care_Independence_Act" title="Foster Care Independence Act">Foster Care Independence Act</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Adoption_Convention" title="Hague Adoption Convention">Hague Adoption Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Adoptions_and_Maintenance_Act,_1956" title="Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956">Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Child_Welfare_Act" title="Indian Child Welfare Act">Indian Child Welfare Act</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Islamic adoptional jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putative_father_registry" title="Putative father registry">Putative father registry</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Adoption_Act" title="Uniform Adoption Act">Uniform Adoption Act</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosterage" title="Fosterage">Fosterage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Controversial violations of rights in adoption or child custody</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_adoption_scandals" title="List of international adoption scandals">List of international adoption scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">American Indian boarding schools</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Indian_outing_programs" title="American Indian outing programs">American Indian outing programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Placement_Program" title="Indian Placement Program">Indian Placement Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian Indian residential school system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Children%27s_Home_Society" title="Tennessee Children's Home Society">Tennessee Children's Home Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Scoop_Era" title="Baby Scoop Era">Baby Scoop Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Children" title="Home Children">Home Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Hess" title="Michael A. Hess">Michael A. Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption_in_Australia" title="Forced adoption in Australia">Forced adoption in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forced adoption in the United Kingdom">Forced adoption in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_children_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany">Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortara_case" title="Mortara case">Mortara case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postremo_mense" title="Postremo mense">Postremo mense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_orphans_controversy" title="Jewish orphans controversy">Jewish orphans controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical criticism of orphanages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duplessis_Orphans" title="Duplessis Orphans">Duplessis Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cashel_Orphanage" title="Mount Cashel Orphanage">Mount Cashel Orphanage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Norris" title="Mary Norris">Mary Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Orphanage" title="St. John's Orphanage">St. John's Orphanage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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