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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_knowledge_of_Karnak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_knowledge_of_Karnak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>European knowledge of Karnak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_knowledge_of_Karnak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_parts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_parts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Main parts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_parts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main parts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precinct_of_Amun-Re" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precinct_of_Amun-Re"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Precinct of Amun-Re</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precinct_of_Amun-Re-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precinct_of_Mut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precinct_of_Mut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Precinct of Mut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precinct_of_Mut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precinct_of_Montu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precinct_of_Montu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Precinct of Montu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precinct_of_Montu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV_(deliberately_dismantled)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV_(deliberately_dismantled)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Temple of Amenhotep IV (deliberately dismantled)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV_(deliberately_dismantled)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Karnak</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%83" title="معبد الكرنك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معبد الكرنك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak_(m%C9%99b%C9%99d_kompleksi)" title="Karnak (məbəd kompleksi) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karnak (məbəd kompleksi)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Карнак – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Карнак" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Карнакскі храм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карнакскі храм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Карнак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карнак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%E2%80%98bad_al_Karnak" title="Ma‘bad al Karnak – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ma‘bad al Karnak" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA" title="Καρνάκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρνάκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%A9" title="کرنک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرنک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnac" title="Carnac – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carnac" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%82%98%ED%81%AC_%EC%8B%A0%EC%A0%84" title="카르나크 신전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카르나크 신전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Կառնակի տաճար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կառնակի տաճար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="कर्नाक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कर्नाक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%9A" title="כרנך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרנך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak-Tempel" title="Karnak-Tempel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Karnak-Tempel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnako_%C5%A1ventykla" title="Karnako šventykla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karnako šventykla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaki_templom" title="Karnaki templom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karnaki templom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempolin%27_i_Karnaka" title="Tempolin' i Karnaka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tempolin' i Karnaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="കർണ്ണാക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കർണ്ണാക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%83" title="الكرنك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكرنك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompleks_Kuil_Karnak" title="Kompleks Kuil Karnak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kompleks Kuil Karnak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak_(Egypte)" title="Karnak (Egypte) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karnak (Egypte)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E7%A5%9E%E6%AE%BF" title="カルナック神殿 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルナック神殿" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_de_Karnak" title="Temple de Karnak – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Temple de Karnak" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95" title="ਕਰਨਾਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਰਨਾਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_de_Karnak" title="Templo de Karnak – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Templo de Karnak" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Карнак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карнак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaku" title="Karnaku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karnaku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Карнак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карнак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="கர்னக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கர்னக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="คาร์นัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์นัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karnak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Карнацький храм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карнацький храм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%A9" title="کرنک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کرنک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Karnak" title="Đền Karnak – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đền Karnak" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_han_Karnak" title="Templo han Karnak – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Templo han Karnak" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%8D%E5%85%8B%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="卡納克神廟 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡納克神廟" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%8B%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="卡纳克神庙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡纳克神庙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q522862#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karnak&params=25.71874_N_32.6574_E_region:EG_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°43′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°39′27″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.71874°N 32.6574°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.71874; 32.6574</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info"><p><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">old revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/User:Twthmoses" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Twthmoses" data-mw-revid="461380251"><bdi>Twthmoses</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Twthmoses" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Twthmoses">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Twthmoses" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Twthmoses">contribs</a>)</span></span> at <span id="mw-revision-date">03:51, 19 November 2011</span><span id="mw-revision-summary"> <span class="comment">(<span class="autocomment"><a href="#Overview">→<bdi dir="ltr">Overview</bdi></a>: </span> 2nd)</span></span>. The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak">current revision</a></span>.</b></p><div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 03:51, 19 November 2011 by <a href="/wiki/User:Twthmoses" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Twthmoses" data-mw-revid="461380251"><bdi>Twthmoses</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Twthmoses" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Twthmoses">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Twthmoses" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Twthmoses">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(<span class="autocomment"><a href="#Overview">→<bdi dir="ltr">Overview</bdi></a>: </span> 2nd)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&diff=prev&oldid=461380251" title="Karnak">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&direction=prev&oldid=461380251" title="Karnak">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&diff=cur&oldid=461380251" title="Karnak">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&direction=next&oldid=461380251" title="Karnak">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnak&diff=next&oldid=461380251" title="Karnak">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Karnak temple complex in Egypt. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Karnak_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Karnak (disambiguation)">Karnak (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karnak&params=25.71874_N_32.6574_E_region:EG_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°43′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°39′27″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.71874°N 32.6574°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.71874; 32.6574</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Luxor Governorate, Egypt</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Karnak</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnak-Hypostyle3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pillars of the Great Hypostyle Hall from the Precinct of Amun-Re"><img alt="Pillars of the Great Hypostyle Hall from the Precinct of Amun-Re" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Karnak-Hypostyle3.jpg/300px-Karnak-Hypostyle3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Karnak-Hypostyle3.jpg/450px-Karnak-Hypostyle3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Karnak-Hypostyle3.jpg/600px-Karnak-Hypostyle3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Pillars of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hypostyle_Hall,_Karnak" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak">Great Hypostyle Hall</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re" title="Precinct of Amun-Re">Precinct of Amun-Re</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of Egypt">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Governorate" title="Luxor Governorate">Luxor Governorate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egypt_Standard_Time" title="Egypt Standard Time">EST</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Karnak Temple Complex</b>—usually called <i>Karnak</i>—comprises a vast mix of decayed <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">temples</a>, chapels, pylons, and other buildings, notably the <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re" title="Precinct of Amun-Re">Great Temple of Amun</a> and a massive structure begun by Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Ramses_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramses II">Ramses II</a> (<i>ca.</i> 1391–1351 BC). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Lake (page does not exist)">Sacred Lake</a> is part of the site as well. It is located near <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>, some 500 km south of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. The area around Karnak was the ancient Egyptian <i>Ipet-isut</i> ("The Most Selected of Places") and the main place of worship of the eighteenth dynasty <a href="/wiki/Theban_Triad" title="Theban Triad">Theban Triad</a> with the god <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> as its head. It is part of the monumental city of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>. The Karnak complex takes its name from the nearby, and partly surrounded, modern village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Karnak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El-Karnak (page does not exist)">el-Karnak</a>, some 2.5 km north of Luxor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <p>The complex is a vast open-air museum and the largest ancient religious site in the world. It is believed to be the second most visited historical site in Egypt, second only to the <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza Pyramids</a> near Cairo. It consists of four main parts of which only the largest, the currently is open to the general public. The term Karnak often is understood as being the Precinct of Amun-Re only, because this is the only part most visitors normally see. The three other parts, the <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Mut" title="Precinct of Mut">Precinct of Mut</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Montu" title="Precinct of Montu">Precinct of Montu</a>, and the dismantled <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV" title="Temple of Amenhotep IV">Temple of Amenhotep IV</a>, are closed to the public. There also are a few smaller temples and sanctuaries located outside the enclosing walls of the four main parts, as well as several avenues of goddess and ram-headed <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinxes</a> connecting the Precinct of Mut, the Precinct of Amun-Re, and the <a href="/wiki/Luxor_Temple" title="Luxor Temple">Luxor Temple</a>. </p><p>The Precinct of Mut is very ancient, being dedicated to an Earth and creation deity, but not yet restored. The original temple was destroyed and partially restored by Hatsheput, although another pharaoh built around it in order to change the focus or orientation of the sacred area. Many portions of it may have been carried away for use in other buildings. </p><p>The key difference between Karnak and most of the other temples and sites in Egypt is the length of time over which it was developed and used. Construction of temples started in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and continued through to <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a> times. Approximately thirty pharaohs contributed to the buildings, enabling it to reach a size, complexity, and diversity not seen elsewhere. Few of the individual features of Karnak are unique, but the size and number of features are overwhelming. The deities represented range from some of the earliest worshiped to those worshiped much later in the history of the Ancient Egyptian culture. Although destroyed, it also contained an early temple built by Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), the pharaoh who later would celebrate a near monotheistic religion he established that prompted him to move his court and religious center away from Thebes. It also contains evidence of adaptations, using buildings of the Ancient Egyptians by later cultures for their own religious purposes. </p><p>One famous aspect of Karnak, is the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hypostyle_Hall,_Karnak" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak">Hypostyle Hall</a> in the Precinct of Amun-Re, a hall area of 50,000 sq ft (5,000 m<sup>2</sup>) with 134 massive columns arranged in 16 rows. 122 of these columns are 10 meters tall, and the other 12 are 21 meters tall with a diameter of over three meters. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Architrave" title="Architrave">architraves</a> on top of these columns are estimated to weigh 70 tons. These architraves may have been lifted to these heights using <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">levers</a>. This would be an extremely time-consuming process and also would require great balance to get to such great heights. A common alternative theory about how they were moved is that there were large ramps made of sand mud brick or stone and the stones were towed up the ramps. If they used stone for the ramps they would have been able to build the ramps with much less material. The top of the ramps presumably would have either wooden tracks or cobblestones for towing the megaliths. </p><p>There is an unfinished pillar in an out of the way location that indicated how it would have been finished. Final carving was executed after the drums were put in place so that it was not damaged while being placed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several experiments moving megaliths with ancient technology were made at other locations – some of them are <a href="/wiki/List_of_megalithic_sites#List_of_efforts_to_move_and_install_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of megalithic sites">listed here</a>. </p><p>In 2009 <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> launched a website dedicated to virtual reality digital reconstructions of the Karnak complex and other resources.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Karnak_Temple_complex" title="History of the Karnak Temple complex">History of the Karnak Temple complex</a></div> <p>The history of the Karnak complex is largely the history of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> and its changing role in the culture. Religious centers varied by region and with the establishment of the current capital of the unified culture that changed several times. The city of Thebes does not appear to have been of great significance before the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleventh dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty</a> and previous temple building here would have been relatively small, with shrines being dedicated to the early deities of Thebes, the Earth goddess <a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a>. Early building was destroyed by invaders. The earliest known artifact found in the area of the temple is a small, eight-sided temple from the Eleventh Dynasty, which mentions Amun-Re. Amun (sometimes called Amen) was long the local <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary deity</a> of Thebes. He was identified with the <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Ram</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">Goose</a>. The Egyptian meaning of Amen is, "hidden" or, the "hidden god".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major construction work in the Precinct of Amun-Re took place during the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth</a> dynasty when Thebes became the capital of the unified Ancient Egypt. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> erected an enclosure wall connecting the Fourth and Fifth pylons, which comprise the earliest part of the temple still standing <i>in situ</i>. Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hypostyle_Hall,_Karnak" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak">Hypostyle Hall</a> also may have begun during the eighteenth dynasty, although most new building was undertaken under <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>. </p><p>Almost every pharaoh of that dynasty has added something to the temple site. <a href="/wiki/Merenptah" class="mw-redirect" title="Merenptah">Merenptah</a> commemorated his victories over the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a> on the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re#First_Court_(Cachette_Court)" title="Precinct of Amun-Re">Cachette Court</a>, the start of the processional route to the <a href="/wiki/Luxor_Temple" title="Luxor Temple">Luxor Temple</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a> had monuments constructed and also restored the original <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Mut" title="Precinct of Mut">Precinct of Mut</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">ancient great goddess of Egypt</a>, that had been ravaged by the foreign rulers during the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> occupation. She had twin <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisks</a>, at the time the tallest in the world, erected at the entrance to the temple. One still stands, as the tallest surviving ancient obelisk on Earth; the other has broken in two and toppled. Another of her projects at the site, Karnak's Red Chapel, or <i><a href="/wiki/Chapelle_Rouge" title="Chapelle Rouge">Chapelle Rouge</a></i>, was intended as a <a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">barque</a> shrine and originally, may have stood between her two obelisks. She later ordered the construction of two more obelisks to celebrate her sixteenth year as pharaoh; one of the obelisks broke during construction, and thus, a third was constructed to replace it. The broken obelisk was left at its quarrying site in <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>, where it still remains. Known as <a href="/wiki/Unfinished_obelisk" title="Unfinished obelisk">The Unfinished Obelisk</a>, it demonstrates how obelisks were quarried.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last major change to Precinct of Amun-Re's layout was the addition of the first pylon and the massive enclosure walls that surround the whole Precinct, both constructed by <a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a>. </p><p>In 323 AD, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine the Great</a> recognised the <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> religion, and in 356 <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> ordered the closing of <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> temples throughout the empire. Karnak was by this time mostly abandoned, and Christian churches were founded amongst the ruins, the most famous example of this is the reuse of the <a href="/wiki/Festival_Hall_of_Thutmose_III" title="Festival Hall of Thutmose III">Festival Hall of Thutmose III</a>'s central hall, where painted decorations of saints and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> inscriptions can still be seen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_knowledge_of_Karnak">European knowledge of Karnak</h3></div> <p>Thebes' exact placement was unknown in medieval Europe, though both <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> give the exact location of Thebes and how long up the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> one must travel to reach it. Maps of Egypt, based on the 2nd century <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemaeus</a>' mammoth work <i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geographia</a></i>, have been circling in Europe since the late 14th century, all of them showing Thebes' (Diospolis) location. Despite this, several European authors of the fifteenth and 16th century who visited only <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> and published their travel accounts, such as <a href="/wiki/Joos_van_Ghistele" title="Joos van Ghistele">Joos van Ghistele</a> or <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Th%C3%A9vet" class="mw-redirect" title="André Thévet">André Thévet</a>, put Thebes in or close to <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_Complex_at_Karnak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Temple_Complex_at_Karnak.jpg/220px-Temple_Complex_at_Karnak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Temple_Complex_at_Karnak.jpg/330px-Temple_Complex_at_Karnak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Temple_Complex_at_Karnak.jpg/440px-Temple_Complex_at_Karnak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1143" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the temple complex taken in 1914 - <i>Cornell University Library</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Karnak temple complex is first described by an unknown Venetian in 1589, although his account relates no name for the complex. This account, housed in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nazionale_Centrale_di_Firenze" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze">Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze</a>, is the first known European mention, since ancient Greek and Roman writers, about a whole range of monuments in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, including Karnak, Luxor temple, <a href="/wiki/Colossi_of_Memnon" title="Colossi of Memnon">Colossi of Memnon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esna" title="Esna">Esna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edfu" title="Edfu">Edfu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kom_Ombo" title="Kom Ombo">Kom Ombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philae" class="mw-redirect" title="Philae">Philae</a>, and others. </p><p>Karnak ("Carnac") as a village name, and name of the complex, is first attested in 1668, when two <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">capuchin</a> missionary brothers Protais and Charles François d'Orléans travelled though the area. Protais' writing about their travel was published by <a href="/wiki/Melchis%C3%A9dech_Th%C3%A9venot" title="Melchisédech Thévenot">Melchisédech Thévenot</a> (<i>Relations de divers voyages curieux</i>, 1670s–1696 editions) and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Vansleb" title="Johann Michael Vansleb">Johann Michael Vansleb</a> (<i>The Present State of Egypt</i>, 1678). </p><p>The first drawing of Karnak is found in <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lucas_(traveller)" title="Paul Lucas (traveller)">Paul Lucas</a>' travel account of 1704, (<i>Voyage du Sieur paul Lucas au Levant</i>). It is rather inaccurate, and can be quite confusing to modern eyes. Lucas travelled in Egypt during 1699–1703. The drawing shows a mixture of the Precinct of Amun-Re and the Precinct of Montu, based on a complex confined by the three huge Ptolemaic gateways of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a>, and the massive <span class="nowrap">113 m</span> long, <span class="nowrap">43 m</span> high and <span class="nowrap">15 m</span> thick, first Pylon of the Precinct of Amun-Re. </p><p>Karnak was visited and described in succession by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Sicard" title="Claude Sicard">Claude Sicard</a> and his travel companion <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Laurent_Pincia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Laurent Pincia (page does not exist)">Pierre Laurent Pincia</a> (1718 and 1720–21), <a href="/wiki/Granger_(Tourtechot)" title="Granger (Tourtechot)">Granger</a> (1731), <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis_Norden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis Norden">Frederick Louis Norden</a> (1737–38), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pococke" title="Richard Pococke">Richard Pococke</a> (1738), <a href="/wiki/James_Bruce" title="James Bruce">James Bruce</a> (1769), <a href="/wiki/Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert_Sonnini_de_Manoncourt" title="Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt">Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt</a> (1777), <a href="/wiki/William_George_Browne" title="William George Browne">William George Browne</a> (1792–93), and finally by a number of scientists of the Napoleon expedition, including <a href="/wiki/Vivant_Denon" title="Vivant Denon">Vivant Denon</a>, during 1798–1799. <a href="/wiki/Claude-%C3%89tienne_Savary" title="Claude-Étienne Savary">Claude-Étienne Savary</a> describes the complex rather detailed in his work of 1785; especially in light that it is a fictional account of a pretended journey to Upper Egypt, composed out of information from other travellers. Savary did visit <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> in 1777–78, and published a work about that too. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_parts">Main parts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precinct_of_Amun-Re">Precinct of Amun-Re</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re" title="Precinct of Amun-Re">Precinct of Amun-Re</a></div> <p>This is the largest of the precincts of the temple complex, and is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Amun-Re" class="mw-redirect" title="Amun-Re">Amun-Re</a>, the chief deity of the <a href="/wiki/Theban_Triad" title="Theban Triad">Theban Triad</a>. There are several colossal statues including the figure of <a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a> which is 10.5 meters tall. The sandstone for this temple, including all the columns, was transported from Gebel Silsila 100 miles south on the Nile river.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has one of the largest obelisks weighing 328 tonnes and standing 29 meters tall.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnakpanorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of the great hypostyle hall in the Precinct of Amun Re"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Karnakpanorama.jpg/1000px-Karnakpanorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Karnakpanorama.jpg/1500px-Karnakpanorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Karnakpanorama.jpg/2000px-Karnakpanorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11584" data-file-height="3860" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnakpanorama.jpg" title="File:Karnakpanorama.jpg"> </a></div>A panoramic view of the great hypostyle hall in the Precinct of Amun Re</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnakfrieze1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panora of a freize in the Precinct of Amun Re"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Karnakfrieze1.jpg/1000px-Karnakfrieze1.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Karnakfrieze1.jpg/1500px-Karnakfrieze1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Karnakfrieze1.jpg/2000px-Karnakfrieze1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10267" data-file-height="2441" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnakfrieze1.jpg" title="File:Karnakfrieze1.jpg"> </a></div>A panora of a freize in the Precinct of Amun Re</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple-Karnak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Temple-Karnak.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="500" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precinct_of_Mut">Precinct of Mut</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Mut" title="Precinct of Mut">Precinct of Mut</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnak_Temple_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Karnak_Temple_Map.jpg/300px-Karnak_Temple_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Karnak_Temple_Map.jpg/450px-Karnak_Temple_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Karnak_Temple_Map.jpg/600px-Karnak_Temple_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Map of Karnak, showing major temple complexes and sacred crescent lake of Mut</figcaption></figure> <p>Located to the south of the newer Amen-Re complex, this precinct was dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a>, who became identified as the wife of Amun-Re in the eighteenth dynasty Theban Triad. It has several smaller temples associated with it and has its own sacred lake, constructed in a crescent shape. This temple has been ravaged, many portions having been used in other structures. It is not open to the public. Six hundred black granite statues were found in the courtyard to her temple. It may be the oldest portion of the site. </p><p>In 2006, Betsy Bryan, an archaeologist with Johns Hopkins University excavating at the temple of <a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a> presented her findings about one festival that included illustrations of the priestesses being served to excess and its adverse effects being ministered to by temple attendants.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participation in the festival was great, including the priestesses and the population. Historical records of tens of thousands attending the festival exist. These findings were made in the temple of Mut because when <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> rose to greater prominence, Mut absorbed the warrior goddesses, <a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bast</a>, as some of her aspects. First, Mut became Mut-<a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a>-Bast, then Mut-Sekhmet-Bast (Wadjet having merged into Bast), then Mut also assimilated <a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a>, another lioness goddess, and her adopted son's wife, becoming Mut-Sekhmet-Bast-Menhit, and finally becoming Mut-<a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a>. </p><p>Temple excavations at Luxor discovered a "porch of drunkenness" built onto the temple by the pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>, during the height of her twenty year reign. In a later myth developed around the annual drunken Sekhmet festival, Ra, by then the <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">sun god</a> of Upper Egypt, created her from a fiery eye gained from his mother, to destroy mortals who conspired against him (Lower Egypt). In the myth, Sekhmet's blood-lust was not quelled at the end of battle and led to her destroying almost all of humanity, so Ra had tricked her by turning the Nile as red as blood (the Nile turns red every year when filled with silt during inundation) so that Sekhmet would drink it. The trick, however, was that the red liquid was not blood, but <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> mixed with pomegranate juice so that it resembled blood, making her so drunk that she gave up slaughter and became an aspect of the gentle <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a>. The complex interweaving of deities occurred over the thousands of years of the culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precinct_of_Montu">Precinct of Montu</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Montu" title="Precinct of Montu">Precinct of Montu</a></div> <p>This portion of the site is dedicated to the son of Mut and Amun-Re, <a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a>, the war-god of the Theban Triad. It is located to the north of the Amun-Re complex and is much smaller in size. It is not open to the public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV_(deliberately_dismantled)"><span id="Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV_.28deliberately_dismantled.29"></span>Temple of Amenhotep IV (deliberately dismantled)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV" title="Temple of Amenhotep IV">Temple of Amenhotep IV</a></div> <p>The temple that <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> (Amenhotep IV) constructed on the site was located to the east of the main complex, outside the walls of the Amun-Re precinct. It was destroyed immediately after the death of its builder, who attempted to overcome the powerful priesthood that had gained control over Egypt before his reign. It was so well demolished, that its full extent and lay-out currently is unknown. The priesthood of that temple regained its powerful position as soon as he died and was instrumental in destroying many records of his existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <ul><li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Transformers:_Revenge_of_the_Fallen" title="Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen">Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen</a></i> the final battle between Optimus Prime versus Megatron, The Fallen, and Starscream takes place in the hypostyle hall at Karnak.</li> <li>The Egyptian-themed superhero <a href="/wiki/Ozymandias_(comics)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ozymandias (comics)">Ozymandias</a> from the graphic novel <i><a href="/wiki/Watchmen" title="Watchmen">Watchmen</a></i> has a fortress in Antarctica called Karnak.</li> <li>Agatha Christie's <i><a href="/wiki/Death_on_the_Nile" title="Death on the Nile">Death on the Nile</a></i> takes place mainly on the steamship S.S. Karnak as well as using the temple itself in one of its scenes.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_V" title="Final Fantasy V">Final Fantasy V</a></i> features a kingdom called Karnak, where the Fire Crystal is housed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara_Croft" title="Lara Croft">Lara Croft</a> visited Karnak for three levels in <i><a href="/wiki/Tomb_Raider:_The_Last_Revelation" title="Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation">Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation</a></i> (Temple of Karnak, The Great Hypostyle Hall and Sacred Lake) and it was featured in the level editor package.</li> <li>In the movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_Returns" title="The Mummy Returns">The Mummy Returns</a></i>, Karnak is one of the places Rick O'Connell and the others must go to, in order to ultimately reach the Scorpion King.</li> <li>The British symphonic metal band Bal-Sagoth have a song called 'Unfettering the Hoary Sentinels of Karnak'.</li> <li>The first person shooter <i><a href="/wiki/PowerSlave" title="PowerSlave">PowerSlave</a></i> is set in and around Karnak.</li> <li>Karnak is the name of the spaceship in which Beelzebub travels the universe in G.I. Gurdjieff's <i>Beelzebub's Tales To His Grandson</i>.</li> <li>The first part of the modernist long poem, <i>Trilogy</i>, by H.D. is dedicated, "For Karnak 1923".</li> <li>Karnak is featured as a location for exploration in the PC game <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sims_3:_World_Adventures" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sims 3: World Adventures">The Sims 3: World Adventures</a></i>.</li> <li>Karnak is featured as a location in the PC game <i><a href="/wiki/Serious_Sam" title="Serious Sam">Serious Sam</a></i>.</li> <li>Karnak is featured in the James Bond movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Loved_Me_(film)" title="The Spy Who Loved Me (film)">The Spy Who Loved Me</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Lake_at_Karnak_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sacred Lake of Precinct of Amun-Re"><img alt="The Sacred Lake of Precinct of Amun-Re" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Great_Lake_at_Karnak_Temple.jpg/120px-Great_Lake_at_Karnak_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Great_Lake_at_Karnak_Temple.jpg/180px-Great_Lake_at_Karnak_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Great_Lake_at_Karnak_Temple.jpg/240px-Great_Lake_at_Karnak_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Sacred Lake of Precinct of Amun-Re</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parvis_Karnak.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the first pylon of the temple of Amun-Re at Karnak"><img alt="View of the first pylon of the temple of Amun-Re at Karnak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Parvis_Karnak.jpg/120px-Parvis_Karnak.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Parvis_Karnak.jpg/180px-Parvis_Karnak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Parvis_Karnak.jpg/240px-Parvis_Karnak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the first <a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">pylon</a> of the temple of Amun-Re at Karnak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KarnakTemple@LuxorEgypt_rams_2007feb9-08_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ram statues at Karnak"><img alt="Ram statues at Karnak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/KarnakTemple%40LuxorEgypt_rams_2007feb9-08_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG/120px-KarnakTemple%40LuxorEgypt_rams_2007feb9-08_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/KarnakTemple%40LuxorEgypt_rams_2007feb9-08_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG/180px-KarnakTemple%40LuxorEgypt_rams_2007feb9-08_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/KarnakTemple%40LuxorEgypt_rams_2007feb9-08_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG/240px-KarnakTemple%40LuxorEgypt_rams_2007feb9-08_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="1242" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ram statues at Karnak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:Error mw:File"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Precinct_of_Montu_002.jpg" class="new" title="File:Precinct of Montu 002.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="120" data-height="120">The Gateway of Ptolemy III Euergetes / Ptolemy IV Philopator at the Precinct of Montu</span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Gateway of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Montu" title="Precinct of Montu">Precinct of Montu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnacs2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hypostyle hall of the Precinct of Amun-Re, as it appeared in 1838. From a tinted lithograph by David Roberts RA and Louis Hahge, 1806–1885"><img alt="Hypostyle hall of the Precinct of Amun-Re, as it appeared in 1838. From a tinted lithograph by David Roberts RA and Louis Hahge, 1806–1885" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Karnacs2.jpg/82px-Karnacs2.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Karnacs2.jpg/123px-Karnacs2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Karnacs2.jpg/164px-Karnacs2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4040" data-file-height="5908" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hypostyle hall of the Precinct of Amun-Re, as it appeared in 1838. From a tinted lithograph by <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts RA</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Hahge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Hahge (page does not exist)">Louis Hahge</a>, 1806–1885</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-001.JPG/120px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-001.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-001.JPG/180px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-001.JPG/240px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-002.JPG/80px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-002.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-002.JPG/120px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-002.JPG/160px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-003.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-003.JPG/80px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-003.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-003.JPG/120px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-003.JPG/160px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-004.JPG/80px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-004.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-004.JPG/120px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-004.JPG/160px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-005.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-005.JPG/80px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-005.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-005.JPG/120px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-005.JPG 1.5x, 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class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-007.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-007.JPG/80px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-007.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-007.JPG/120px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-007.JPG/160px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-008.JPG/80px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-008.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-008.JPG/120px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-008.JPG/160px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-009.JPG/80px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-009.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-009.JPG/120px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-009.JPG/160px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-010.JPG/120px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-010.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-010.JPG/180px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-010.JPG 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-013.JPG/120px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-013.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-013.JPG/180px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-013.JPG/240px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-014.JPG/120px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-014.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-014.JPG/180px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-014.JPG/240px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-015.JPG/120px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-015.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-015.JPG/180px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-015.JPG 1.5x, 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class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-017.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-017.JPG/120px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-017.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-017.JPG/180px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-017.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-017.JPG/240px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-017.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-018.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-018.JPG/79px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-018.JPG" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-018.JPG/119px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-018.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-018.JPG/159px-SFEC_EGYPT_KARNAK_2006-018.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2005_KARNAK_00954.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Scarab"><img alt="Scarab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2005_KARNAK_00954.JPG/82px-S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2005_KARNAK_00954.JPG" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2005_KARNAK_00954.JPG/124px-S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2005_KARNAK_00954.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2005_KARNAK_00954.JPG/165px-S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2005_KARNAK_00954.JPG 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="1435" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scarab</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_megalithic_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of megalithic sites">List of megalithic sites</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egypt: Engineering an empire engineering feats</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehner, Mark The Complete Pyramids, London: Thames and Hudson (1997) pp.202–225 ISBN 0-500-05084-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ancient Egypt Brought To Life With Virtual Model Of Historic Temple Complex", Science Daily, 30 April 2009, retrieved 12 June 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090429172224.htm">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewert, Desmond and editors of the Newsweek Book Division "The Pyramids and Sphinx" 1971 pp. 60–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/dispatches/990316.html"><i>The Unfinished Obelisk</i></a> by Peter Tyson March 16, 1999 NOVA online adventure</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile (1993) pp. 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, Charles, 1980 "Wonders of the Ancient World" pp24–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World", edited by Chris Scarre (1999) Thames & Hudson, London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15475319/">"Sex and booze figured in Egyptian rites"</a>, archaeologists find evidence for ancient version of ‘Girls Gone Wild’. From <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>, Oct 30, 2006</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Karnak_temple_complex" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Karnak temple complex">Karnak temple complex</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfeetk.cnrs.fr/uk/">CFEETK – Centre Franco-Égyptien d'Étude des Temples de Karnak (en)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.picturechoice.org/egypt/karnak_temple.html">Karnak images</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-history.com/past/temple_amun_karnak.html">Karnak: Temple of Amun</a>– Bible History Online, 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karnak3d.net">www.karnak3d.net :: "Web-book" The 3D reconstruction of the Great Temple of Amun in Karnak. Marc</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.360cities.net/image/temple-of-karnak-luxor-karnak#10.70,-11.70,70.0">Virtual tour of the Karnak Temple</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Karnak"><i>Digital Karnak UCLA</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remains.se/picturem.php?ObjectID=129&Browse=AREA">Karnak Temple picture gallery</a> at Remains.se</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karnak_Temple" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Karnak Temple"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Karnak" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karnak</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Karnak_Temple_complex" title="History of the Karnak Temple complex">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnak_Open_Air_Museum" title="Karnak Open Air Museum">Open Air Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opet_Festival" title="Opet Festival">Opet Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karnak_Temples.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ninth Pylon at Karnak"><img alt="Ninth Pylon at Karnak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Karnak_Temples.jpg/150px-Karnak_Temples.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Karnak_Temples.jpg/225px-Karnak_Temples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Karnak_Temples.jpg/300px-Karnak_Temples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precincts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re" title="Precinct of Amun-Re">Amun-Re</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hypostyle_Hall" title="Great Hypostyle Hall">Great Hypostyle Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Ptah_(Karnak)" title="Temple of Ptah (Karnak)">Temple of Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Khonsu" title="Temple of Khonsu">Temple of Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubastite_Portal" title="Bubastite Portal">Bubastite Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Hall_of_Thutmose_III" title="Festival Hall of Thutmose III">Festival Hall of Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden_of_Thutmosis_III" title="Botanical garden of Thutmosis III">Botanical garden of Thutmose III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Montu" title="Precinct of Montu">Montu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Mut" title="Precinct of Mut">Mut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aten Temple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV" title="Temple of Amenhotep IV">Temple of Amenhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapelle_Rouge" title="Chapelle Rouge">Chapelle Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Karnak_Inscription" title="Great Karnak Inscription">Great Karnak Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnak_king_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnak king list">Karnak king list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Chapel" title="White Chapel">White Chapel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Luxor" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Landmarks_of_Luxor" title="Template:Landmarks of Luxor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Landmarks_of_Luxor" title="Template talk:Landmarks of Luxor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks_of_Luxor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks of Luxor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Luxor" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Landmarks of <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Bank</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Temple" title="Luxor Temple">Luxor Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_International_Airport" title="Luxor International Airport">Luxor International Airport</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karnak Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor_Museum" title="Luxor Museum">Luxor Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummification_Museum" title="Mummification Museum">Mummification Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofitel_Winter_Palace_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofitel Winter Palace Hotel">Winter Palace Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pylons_and_obelisk_Luxor_temple.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pylons_and_obelisk_Luxor_temple.JPG/100px-Pylons_and_obelisk_Luxor_temple.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pylons_and_obelisk_Luxor_temple.JPG/150px-Pylons_and_obelisk_Luxor_temple.JPG 1.5x, 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Nobles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahri" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir el-Bahri">Deir el-Bahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkata" title="Malkata">Malkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossi_of_Memnon" title="Colossi of Memnon">Colossi of Memnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Egypt_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Index_of_ancient_Egypt%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of ancient Egypt–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt/Main_topics" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt/Main topics">Main topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:81px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_obelisks" title="List of Egyptian obelisks">Obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">Pylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Portraiture in ancient Egypt">Portraiture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_towns_and_cities" title="List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Clothing in ancient Egypt">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population history of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Dance in ancient Egypt">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Dynasties of ancient Egypt">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerary practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Geography of ancient Egypt">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">Great Royal Wives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_royal_consorts" title="List of ancient Egyptian royal consorts">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_hieroglyphs" title="Cursive hieroglyphs">Cursive hieroglyphs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Military of ancient Egypt">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptians" title="List of ancient Egyptians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Titulary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_pottery" title="Ancient Egyptian pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_scribes" title="List of ancient Egyptian scribes">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_sites" title="List of ancient Egyptian sites">Sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" title="Egypt–Mesopotamia relations">Egypt–Mesopotamia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/100px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/150px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/200px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" 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