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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Electrolyte</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">718 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Electrolyte</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Electrolyte">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75716582" data-work_id="75716582" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75716582/Template_Assisted_Iron_Nanowire_Formation_at_Different_Electrolyte_Temperatures">Template-Assisted Iron Nanowire Formation at Different Electrolyte Temperatures</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We studied the morphology, structure, and magnetic properties of Fe nanowires that were electrodeposited as a function of the electrolyte temperature. The nucleation mechanism followed instantaneous growth. At low temperatures, we... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_75716582" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We studied the morphology, structure, and magnetic properties of Fe nanowires that were electrodeposited as a function of the electrolyte temperature. The nucleation mechanism followed instantaneous growth. At low temperatures, we observed an increase of the total charge reduced into the templates, thus suggesting a significant increase in the degree of pore filling. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed smooth nanowires without any characteristic features that would differentiate their morphology as a function of the electrolyte temperature. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies indicated the presence of a polycarbonate coating that covered the nanowires and protected them against oxidation. The X-ray diffraction measurements showed peaks coming from the polycrystalline Fe bcc structure without any traces of the oxide phases. The crystallite size decreased with an increasing electrolyte temperature. The transmission electron microscopy measurements proved the fine-crystal...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75716582" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ea6e40932157452c1aaf62101ce4404" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83376122,"asset_id":75716582,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83376122/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16306433" href="https://ifj.academia.edu/ArkadiuszZarzycki">Arkadiusz Zarzycki</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16306433" type="text/json">{"id":16306433,"first_name":"Arkadiusz","last_name":"Zarzycki","domain_name":"ifj","page_name":"ArkadiuszZarzycki","display_name":"Arkadiusz Zarzycki","profile_url":"https://ifj.academia.edu/ArkadiuszZarzycki?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75716582 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="75716582"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75716582, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_75716582", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75716582]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_75716582").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_75716582").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="75716582"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="511" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science">Materials Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="511" type="text/json">{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10650" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials">Materials</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10650" type="text/json">{"id":10650,"name":"Materials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16738" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanowire">Nanowire</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16738" type="text/json">{"id":16738,"name":"Nanowire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanowire?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=75716582]'), work: {"id":75716582,"title":"Template-Assisted Iron Nanowire Formation at Different Electrolyte Temperatures","created_at":"2022-04-07T04:58:11.591-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/75716582/Template_Assisted_Iron_Nanowire_Formation_at_Different_Electrolyte_Temperatures?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_75716582","summary":"We studied the morphology, structure, and magnetic properties of Fe nanowires that were electrodeposited as a function of the electrolyte temperature. The nucleation mechanism followed instantaneous growth. At low temperatures, we observed an increase of the total charge reduced into the templates, thus suggesting a significant increase in the degree of pore filling. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed smooth nanowires without any characteristic features that would differentiate their morphology as a function of the electrolyte temperature. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies indicated the presence of a polycarbonate coating that covered the nanowires and protected them against oxidation. The X-ray diffraction measurements showed peaks coming from the polycrystalline Fe bcc structure without any traces of the oxide phases. The crystallite size decreased with an increasing electrolyte temperature. The transmission electron microscopy measurements proved the fine-crystal...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83376122,"asset_id":75716582,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16306433,"first_name":"Arkadiusz","last_name":"Zarzycki","domain_name":"ifj","page_name":"ArkadiuszZarzycki","display_name":"Arkadiusz Zarzycki","profile_url":"https://ifj.academia.edu/ArkadiuszZarzycki?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":10650,"name":"Materials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":16738,"name":"Nanowire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanowire?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_56693649" data-work_id="56693649" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56693649/Effect_of_electrodialysis_pretreatment_on_physicochemical_properties_and_morphology_of_spray_dried_fish_sauce_powder">Effect of electrodialysis pretreatment on physicochemical properties and morphology of spray-dried-fish sauce powder</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Fish sauce is a popular Asian food ingredient having specific flavor that gives pleasure to the senses of taste. However, fish sauce contains high-salt content, which is nowadays not desirable by health-conscious consumers. Recently, it... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_56693649" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Fish sauce is a popular Asian food ingredient having specific flavor that gives pleasure to the senses of taste. However, fish sauce contains high-salt content, which is nowadays not desirable by health-conscious consumers. Recently, it has been shown that electrodialysis succeeds in reducing the salt content of fish sauce without affecting its important characteristics over a specific range of residual salt content. In this study the effect of electrodialysis pretreatment prior to spray drying to produce low-salt fish sauce powder, which is a more shelf-stable and convenient product compared with liquid fish sauce, was investigated. Product recovery, morphology and selected physicochemical properties, i.e., moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the fish sauce powder were determined. The ED-treated-fish sauces of various salt contents (in the range of approximately 2-25% w/ w) were spray dried at inlet drying air temperatures of 120-180°C. It was found that the feed salt concentration and inlet air temperature had significant effects on all observed variables. This is due to the fact that the feed salt concentration strongly affected water removal from the ED-treated-fish sauce during spray drying, leading to significant alterations of the ED-treated-fish sauce powder properties.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/56693649" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ecf6e0438d41d25969ca0a4cd3de9f23" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71953624,"asset_id":56693649,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71953624/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="150032590" href="https://siam.academia.edu/NathamolChindapan">Nathamol Chindapan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="150032590" type="text/json">{"id":150032590,"first_name":"Nathamol","last_name":"Chindapan","domain_name":"siam","page_name":"NathamolChindapan","display_name":"Nathamol Chindapan","profile_url":"https://siam.academia.edu/NathamolChindapan?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/150032590/83929573/72555808/s65_nathamol.chindapan.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_56693649 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="56693649"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 56693649, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_56693649", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=56693649]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_56693649").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_56693649").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="56693649"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4468" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Engineering">Food Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4468" type="text/json">{"id":4468,"name":"Food Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10866" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology">Morphology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10866" type="text/json">{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48127" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concentration">Concentration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48127" type="text/json">{"id":48127,"name":"Concentration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concentration?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="179589" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Activity">Water Activity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="179589" type="text/json">{"id":179589,"name":"Water Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Activity?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=56693649]'), work: {"id":56693649,"title":"Effect of electrodialysis pretreatment on physicochemical properties and morphology of spray-dried-fish sauce powder","created_at":"2021-10-08T19:50:39.920-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/56693649/Effect_of_electrodialysis_pretreatment_on_physicochemical_properties_and_morphology_of_spray_dried_fish_sauce_powder?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_56693649","summary":"Fish sauce is a popular Asian food ingredient having specific flavor that gives pleasure to the senses of taste. However, fish sauce contains high-salt content, which is nowadays not desirable by health-conscious consumers. Recently, it has been shown that electrodialysis succeeds in reducing the salt content of fish sauce without affecting its important characteristics over a specific range of residual salt content. In this study the effect of electrodialysis pretreatment prior to spray drying to produce low-salt fish sauce powder, which is a more shelf-stable and convenient product compared with liquid fish sauce, was investigated. Product recovery, morphology and selected physicochemical properties, i.e., moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the fish sauce powder were determined. The ED-treated-fish sauces of various salt contents (in the range of approximately 2-25% w/ w) were spray dried at inlet drying air temperatures of 120-180°C. It was found that the feed salt concentration and inlet air temperature had significant effects on all observed variables. This is due to the fact that the feed salt concentration strongly affected water removal from the ED-treated-fish sauce during spray drying, leading to significant alterations of the ED-treated-fish sauce powder properties.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71953624,"asset_id":56693649,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":150032590,"first_name":"Nathamol","last_name":"Chindapan","domain_name":"siam","page_name":"NathamolChindapan","display_name":"Nathamol Chindapan","profile_url":"https://siam.academia.edu/NathamolChindapan?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/150032590/83929573/72555808/s65_nathamol.chindapan.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4468,"name":"Food Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":48127,"name":"Concentration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concentration?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":179589,"name":"Water Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Activity?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":192323,"name":"Crystallinity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crystallinity?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":386527,"name":"X ray diffraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_ray_diffraction?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":390240,"name":"Powder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Powder?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":444096,"name":"Air Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_Temperature?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":485667,"name":"Moisture Content","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moisture_Content?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":762214,"name":"Electrodialysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrodialysis?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":980704,"name":"Spray Drying","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spray_Drying?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1223913,"name":"Sodium Chloride","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium_Chloride?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1232421,"name":"Physicochemical Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physicochemical_Properties?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":2711266,"name":"hygroscopicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/hygroscopicity?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":2845067,"name":"High Salt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Salt?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_55802099" data-work_id="55802099" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55802099/Dietary_intake_of_elite_figure_skating_dancers">Dietary intake of elite figure skating dancers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The main objective of the present study was to examine the dietary intake and physiological status of members of the US National Figure Skating Dance Team. Study participants included seven female and seven male figure skating dance... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_55802099" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The main objective of the present study was to examine the dietary intake and physiological status of members of the US National Figure Skating Dance Team. Study participants included seven female and seven male figure skating dance pairs. Three-day food records were collected from each dancer and analyzed using a computerized nutrient database. Height, body weight and skinfold measurements were completed on each dancer. Body fat was estimated using the Jackson et al prediction equations. Fasting blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Total energy intake of female dancers (1416 kcal/d, 339 kjoules/day) was considerably lower than the dietary recommendations, while the male dancers appeared to have adequate energy intake (2837 kcal/d, 679 kjoules/day). Carbohydrate intake of both male and female dancers was below the recommendations, 44% and 51%, respectively, whereas total fat and protein intake of both male and female dancers were higher than the dietary recommendations. All dancers met at least 2/3 rd of the dietary recommendations for all micronutrients, except folate and zinc intake of the female dancers, which were 68% and 62% of the recommended values. Although, blood lipid concentrations and other physiological parameters of the overall group were within normal ranges, two of the dancers (14% of the dancers) had elevated blood cholesterol concentrations and low iron status. The results of the present study suggest that these elite figure skating dancers, especially females, may not be consuming adequate amounts of energyyielding nutrients and those that influence bone health. Future studies are needed to examine the effects of nutritional status on performance of these figure skating dancers and to develop strategies to improve the nutritional status of these elite dancers.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/55802099" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="61269e6d74d8b1139a3dac776fc7c1d9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71500853,"asset_id":55802099,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71500853/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50979353" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SatyaJonnalagadda">Satya Jonnalagadda</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50979353" type="text/json">{"id":50979353,"first_name":"Satya","last_name":"Jonnalagadda","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SatyaJonnalagadda","display_name":"Satya Jonnalagadda","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SatyaJonnalagadda?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_55802099 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="55802099"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 55802099, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_55802099", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_55802099 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 55802099; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_55802099"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_55802099 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="55802099"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 55802099; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=55802099]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_55802099").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_55802099").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="55802099"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="591" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics">Nutrition and Dietetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="591" type="text/json">{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1907" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition">Nutrition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1907" type="text/json">{"id":1907,"name":"Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29167" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dance">Dance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29167" type="text/json">{"id":29167,"name":"Dance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dance?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49905" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sport">Sport</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="49905" type="text/json">{"id":49905,"name":"Sport","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sport?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=55802099]'), work: {"id":55802099,"title":"Dietary intake of elite figure skating dancers","created_at":"2021-10-05T22:01:50.461-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/55802099/Dietary_intake_of_elite_figure_skating_dancers?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_55802099","summary":"The main objective of the present study was to examine the dietary intake and physiological status of members of the US National Figure Skating Dance Team. Study participants included seven female and seven male figure skating dance pairs. Three-day food records were collected from each dancer and analyzed using a computerized nutrient database. Height, body weight and skinfold measurements were completed on each dancer. Body fat was estimated using the Jackson et al prediction equations. Fasting blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Total energy intake of female dancers (1416 kcal/d, 339 kjoules/day) was considerably lower than the dietary recommendations, while the male dancers appeared to have adequate energy intake (2837 kcal/d, 679 kjoules/day). Carbohydrate intake of both male and female dancers was below the recommendations, 44% and 51%, respectively, whereas total fat and protein intake of both male and female dancers were higher than the dietary recommendations. All dancers met at least 2/3 rd of the dietary recommendations for all micronutrients, except folate and zinc intake of the female dancers, which were 68% and 62% of the recommended values. Although, blood lipid concentrations and other physiological parameters of the overall group were within normal ranges, two of the dancers (14% of the dancers) had elevated blood cholesterol concentrations and low iron status. The results of the present study suggest that these elite figure skating dancers, especially females, may not be consuming adequate amounts of energyyielding nutrients and those that influence bone health. Future studies are needed to examine the effects of nutritional status on performance of these figure skating dancers and to develop strategies to improve the nutritional status of these elite dancers.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71500853,"asset_id":55802099,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50979353,"first_name":"Satya","last_name":"Jonnalagadda","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SatyaJonnalagadda","display_name":"Satya Jonnalagadda","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SatyaJonnalagadda?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1907,"name":"Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":29167,"name":"Dance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dance?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":49905,"name":"Sport","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sport?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":103298,"name":"Blood sampling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_sampling?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":158165,"name":"Zinc","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zinc?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":192551,"name":"Nutritional Status","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutritional_Status?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":373249,"name":"Electrolytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolytes?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":452475,"name":"Iron status","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron_status?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":525680,"name":"Development Strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Strategy?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":564878,"name":"Body Weight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Weight?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":585086,"name":"Body Fat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Fat?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":864424,"name":"Micronutrient","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Micronutrient?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1225728,"name":"Blood Lipids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_Lipids?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1567539,"name":"Energy Intake","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Intake?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":2183171,"name":"Nutrient Intake","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrient_Intake?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":2639279,"name":"prediction equation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/prediction_equation?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":3017007,"name":"Protein intake","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_intake?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":3102540,"name":"Dietary intake","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dietary_intake-1?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31848156" data-work_id="31848156" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31848156/Arrangements_of_cationic_starch_of_varying_hydrophobicity_on_hydrophilic_and_hydrophobic_surfaces">Arrangements of cationic starch of varying hydrophobicity on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Arrangements of cationic starches hydrophobized by acetylation (CS-acet) deposited from aqueous electrolyte solutions onto hydrophilized and hydrophobized silica surfaces were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31848156" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Arrangements of cationic starches hydrophobized by acetylation (CS-acet) deposited from aqueous electrolyte solutions onto hydrophilized and hydrophobized silica surfaces were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle measurements. The influence of electrolyte composition, acetylation degree of cationic starch (DS ACET ), and deposition method was examined. On a hydrophobic substrate, CS-acet formed an open film with structure strongly dependent on DS ACET and electrolyte composition of the solution. On a hydrophilic substrate, acetylation increased the hydrophobicity of the film when the starch was deposited by adsorbing. When deposition was made by spin coating, i.e., the CS-acet was forced onto the substrate, the hydrophobic tuning by acetylation was lost. The films deposited by spin coating were thicker and considerably rougher than those deposited by adsorbing.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31848156" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9d7780651ac296ec427d1edf300e257b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52139544,"asset_id":31848156,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52139544/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61459088" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JanneLaine1">Janne Laine</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61459088" type="text/json">{"id":61459088,"first_name":"Janne","last_name":"Laine","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JanneLaine1","display_name":"Janne Laine","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JanneLaine1?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31848156 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31848156"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31848156, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31848156", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31848156 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31848156; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31848156"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31848156 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31848156"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31848156; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31848156]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31848156").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31848156").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31848156"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">27</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2187" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biofilms">Biofilms</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2187" type="text/json">{"id":2187,"name":"Biofilms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biofilms?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3614" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structure">Structure</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3614" type="text/json">{"id":3614,"name":"Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structure?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16062" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Starch">Starch</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16062" type="text/json">{"id":16062,"name":"Starch","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Starch?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31848156]'), work: {"id":31848156,"title":"Arrangements of cationic starch of varying hydrophobicity on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces","created_at":"2017-03-13T11:49:34.340-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31848156/Arrangements_of_cationic_starch_of_varying_hydrophobicity_on_hydrophilic_and_hydrophobic_surfaces?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_31848156","summary":"Arrangements of cationic starches hydrophobized by acetylation (CS-acet) deposited from aqueous electrolyte solutions onto hydrophilized and hydrophobized silica surfaces were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle measurements. The influence of electrolyte composition, acetylation degree of cationic starch (DS ACET ), and deposition method was examined. On a hydrophobic substrate, CS-acet formed an open film with structure strongly dependent on DS ACET and electrolyte composition of the solution. On a hydrophilic substrate, acetylation increased the hydrophobicity of the film when the starch was deposited by adsorbing. When deposition was made by spin coating, i.e., the CS-acet was forced onto the substrate, the hydrophobic tuning by acetylation was lost. The films deposited by spin coating were thicker and considerably rougher than those deposited by adsorbing.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52139544,"asset_id":31848156,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61459088,"first_name":"Janne","last_name":"Laine","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JanneLaine1","display_name":"Janne Laine","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JanneLaine1?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":2187,"name":"Biofilms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biofilms?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":3614,"name":"Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structure?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":16062,"name":"Starch","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Starch?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":24373,"name":"Atomic Force Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atomic_Force_Microscopy?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":34632,"name":"Film","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":39752,"name":"Adsorption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adsorption?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":43254,"name":"Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Composition?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":65140,"name":"Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Models?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":79275,"name":"Surface modification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_modification?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":98440,"name":"Silica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Silica?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":134201,"name":"Deposition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deposition?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":161126,"name":"Contact angle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_angle?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":215383,"name":"SPIN","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SPIN?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":364191,"name":"Hydrophobicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrophobicity?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":373249,"name":"Electrolytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolytes?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":440924,"name":"Surface Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Properties?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":463081,"name":"Acetylation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acetylation?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":763589,"name":"Substrate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Substrate?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":902639,"name":"X Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_Ray_Photoelectron_Spectroscopy?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":989646,"name":"Aqueous Solution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aqueous_Solution?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1013858,"name":"Cations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cations?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1031069,"name":"Silicon Dioxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Silicon_Dioxide?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1115377,"name":"Colloid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colloid?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73879643" data-work_id="73879643" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73879643/Postharvest_Aloe_Vera_Gel_Coating_Modulates_Fruit_Ripening_and_Quality_ofArctic_SnowNectarine_Kept_In_Ambient_and_Cold_Storage">Postharvest Aloe Vera Gel-Coating Modulates Fruit Ripening and Quality of'Arctic Snow'Nectarine Kept In Ambient and Cold Storage</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To evaluate the role of Aloe vera gel coating on ripening and fruit quality of nectarine (Prunus persica L. Batch cv 'Arctic Snow'), the uncoated and coated fruit were allowed to ripen at 20 ± 1°C in first experiment and in the second... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73879643" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To evaluate the role of Aloe vera gel coating on ripening and fruit quality of nectarine (Prunus persica L. Batch cv 'Arctic Snow'), the uncoated and coated fruit were allowed to ripen at 20 ± 1°C in first experiment and in the second experiment, the fruit were stored at 0 ± 0.5°C and 90 ± 5% RH for 3 and 6 weeks prior to ripening at 20 ± 1°C. Aloe vera gel-coated fruit kept at ambient or 3 and 6 weeks cold storage reduced respiration rate, ethylene production (62, 37 and 43% respectively), retarded fruit softening, reduced electrolyte leakage (EL), weight loss (65%), levels of ascorbic acid and total antioxidants (24, 9 and 13%) during ripening than control. In conclusion, Aloe vera gel can be used for extending storage life at ambient or cold storage and maintaining quality of 'Arctic Snow' nectarine.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73879643" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c13a979d69753b88845c16c4c237efe2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82233705,"asset_id":73879643,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82233705/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="209216762" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MuhammadAhmed885">Muhammad Ahmed</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="209216762" type="text/json">{"id":209216762,"first_name":"Muhammad","last_name":"Ahmed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MuhammadAhmed885","display_name":"Muhammad Ahmed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MuhammadAhmed885?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/209216762/69077927/57470913/s65_muhammad.ahmed.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73879643 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73879643"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73879643, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73879643", }); 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Batch cv 'Arctic Snow'), the uncoated and coated fruit were allowed to ripen at 20 ± 1°C in first experiment and in the second experiment, the fruit were stored at 0 ± 0.5°C and 90 ± 5% RH for 3 and 6 weeks prior to ripening at 20 ± 1°C. Aloe vera gel-coated fruit kept at ambient or 3 and 6 weeks cold storage reduced respiration rate, ethylene production (62, 37 and 43% respectively), retarded fruit softening, reduced electrolyte leakage (EL), weight loss (65%), levels of ascorbic acid and total antioxidants (24, 9 and 13%) during ripening than control. In conclusion, Aloe vera gel can be used for extending storage life at ambient or cold storage and maintaining quality of 'Arctic Snow' nectarine.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82233705,"asset_id":73879643,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":209216762,"first_name":"Muhammad","last_name":"Ahmed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MuhammadAhmed885","display_name":"Muhammad Ahmed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MuhammadAhmed885?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/209216762/69077927/57470913/s65_muhammad.ahmed.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":7603,"name":"Food","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":34478,"name":"Food Science and 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u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_52444526" data-work_id="52444526" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52444526/The_influence_of_the_copper_nickel_ratio_on_the_electrochemical_behavior_of_Cu_Ni_alloys_in_acidic_sulfate_solutions">The influence of the copper/nickel ratio on the electrochemical behavior of Cu–Ni alloys in acidic sulfate solutions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The electrochemical behavior of Cu–Ni alloys with different Ni contents (5–65mass%) in acidic sulfate solutions was investigated. The effects of working conditions e.g. concentration of sulfate ions, immersion time and temperature were... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_52444526" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The electrochemical behavior of Cu–Ni alloys with different Ni contents (5–65mass%) in acidic sulfate solutions was investigated. The effects of working conditions e.g. concentration of sulfate ions, immersion time and temperature were studied and discussed. In this respect, open-circuit potential measurements, polarization techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used. Potentiodynamic measurements revealed that the increase in the Ni content</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/52444526" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c77b08cfff5d95ccea22db8e415d929a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69704561,"asset_id":52444526,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69704561/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41182135" href="https://nrc.academia.edu/AhlamFathi">Ahlam Fathi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41182135" type="text/json">{"id":41182135,"first_name":"Ahlam","last_name":"Fathi","domain_name":"nrc","page_name":"AhlamFathi","display_name":"Ahlam Fathi","profile_url":"https://nrc.academia.edu/AhlamFathi?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/41182135/25468048/24198462/s65_ahlam.fathi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_52444526 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="52444526"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 52444526, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_52444526", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=52444526]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_52444526").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_52444526").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="52444526"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="56" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering">Materials Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="56" type="text/json">{"id":56,"name":"Materials Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="505" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Condensed_Matter_Physics">Condensed Matter Physics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="505" type="text/json">{"id":505,"name":"Condensed Matter Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Condensed_Matter_Physics?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corrosion">Corrosion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27537" type="text/json">{"id":27537,"name":"Corrosion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corrosion?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49427" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thin_Films">Thin Films</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="49427" type="text/json">{"id":49427,"name":"Thin Films","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thin_Films?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=52444526]'), work: {"id":52444526,"title":"The influence of the copper/nickel ratio on the electrochemical behavior of Cu–Ni alloys in acidic sulfate solutions","created_at":"2021-09-15T07:49:53.838-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/52444526/The_influence_of_the_copper_nickel_ratio_on_the_electrochemical_behavior_of_Cu_Ni_alloys_in_acidic_sulfate_solutions?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_52444526","summary":"The electrochemical behavior of Cu–Ni alloys with different Ni contents (5–65mass%) in acidic sulfate solutions was investigated. The effects of working conditions e.g. concentration of sulfate ions, immersion time and temperature were studied and discussed. In this respect, open-circuit potential measurements, polarization techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used. Potentiodynamic measurements revealed that the increase in the Ni content","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69704561,"asset_id":52444526,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41182135,"first_name":"Ahlam","last_name":"Fathi","domain_name":"nrc","page_name":"AhlamFathi","display_name":"Ahlam Fathi","profile_url":"https://nrc.academia.edu/AhlamFathi?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/41182135/25468048/24198462/s65_ahlam.fathi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":56,"name":"Materials Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":505,"name":"Condensed Matter Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Condensed_Matter_Physics?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":27537,"name":"Corrosion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corrosion?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":49427,"name":"Thin Films","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thin_Films?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":51200,"name":"Immersion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immersion?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":73633,"name":"Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrochemical_Impedance_Spectroscopy?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":80692,"name":"Copper","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Copper?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":83315,"name":"Diffusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diffusion?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":84206,"name":"Working Conditions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Working_Conditions?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":176632,"name":"Interfaces","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interfaces?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":191543,"name":"Polarization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polarization?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":194828,"name":"Nickel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nickel?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":195013,"name":"Equivalent Circuit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equivalent_Circuit?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":209515,"name":"Interface","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interface?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":373249,"name":"Electrolytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolytes?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":554787,"name":"EIS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EIS?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":956300,"name":"Cut Flowers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cut_Flowers?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":980022,"name":"Equivalent Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equivalent_Circuits?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1208789,"name":"Open Circuit Potential","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Open_Circuit_Potential?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_80544743" data-work_id="80544743" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80544743/An_eco_friendly_water_soluble_graphene_incorporated_agar_gel_electrolyte_for_magnesium_air_batteries">An eco-friendly water-soluble graphene-incorporated agar gel electrolyte for magnesium-air batteries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Agar is used to prepare an environment-friendly water-soluble graphene (WSG)-incorporated gel electrolyte for magnesium-air batteries. WSG is synthesised and incorporated into the different concentrations of agar. Their effects on the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_80544743" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Agar is used to prepare an environment-friendly water-soluble graphene (WSG)-incorporated gel electrolyte for magnesium-air batteries. WSG is synthesised and incorporated into the different concentrations of agar. Their effects on the electrochemical performance in the battery cell are investigated through the ionic conductivity, corrosion and current discharge studies. The opencircuit voltage (OCV) of the assembled cells is between 1.7 and 1.6 V. The optimal gel electrolyte has an ionic conductivity of 8.62 × 10 −2 S cm −1. The discharge capacity and energy density of assembled Mg-air battery with respect to Mg can reach up to 1010.60 mAh g −1 and 1406.09 mWh g −1 , respectively. The performance of the assembled Mg-air battery is notable in regard to the small area, size and thickness of the laminated structure. In conclusion, WSG-incorporated 3% w/v agar gel electrolyte exhibits the highest electrochemical performance, which is an economical, inherently safe and environmentally benign biopolymer electrolyte for Mg-air batteries.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80544743" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5dad79d1b70a47b9a9177291605ba7d4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86890883,"asset_id":80544743,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86890883/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11674042" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SiawYingLiew">Siaw Ying Liew</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11674042" type="text/json">{"id":11674042,"first_name":"Siaw Ying","last_name":"Liew","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SiawYingLiew","display_name":"Siaw Ying Liew","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SiawYingLiew?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80544743 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80544743"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80544743, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_80544743", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_80544743 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80544743; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_80544743"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_80544743 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80544743"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80544743; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80544743]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_80544743").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_80544743").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="80544743"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="511" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science">Materials Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="511" type="text/json">{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11541" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Graphene">Graphene</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11541" type="text/json">{"id":11541,"name":"Graphene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Graphene?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1276642" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte">Electrolyte</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1276642" type="text/json">{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=80544743]'), work: {"id":80544743,"title":"An eco-friendly water-soluble graphene-incorporated agar gel electrolyte for magnesium-air batteries","created_at":"2022-06-02T09:02:12.916-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/80544743/An_eco_friendly_water_soluble_graphene_incorporated_agar_gel_electrolyte_for_magnesium_air_batteries?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_80544743","summary":"Agar is used to prepare an environment-friendly water-soluble graphene (WSG)-incorporated gel electrolyte for magnesium-air batteries. WSG is synthesised and incorporated into the different concentrations of agar. Their effects on the electrochemical performance in the battery cell are investigated through the ionic conductivity, corrosion and current discharge studies. The opencircuit voltage (OCV) of the assembled cells is between 1.7 and 1.6 V. The optimal gel electrolyte has an ionic conductivity of 8.62 × 10 −2 S cm −1. The discharge capacity and energy density of assembled Mg-air battery with respect to Mg can reach up to 1010.60 mAh g −1 and 1406.09 mWh g −1 , respectively. The performance of the assembled Mg-air battery is notable in regard to the small area, size and thickness of the laminated structure. In conclusion, WSG-incorporated 3% w/v agar gel electrolyte exhibits the highest electrochemical performance, which is an economical, inherently safe and environmentally benign biopolymer electrolyte for Mg-air batteries.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86890883,"asset_id":80544743,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11674042,"first_name":"Siaw Ying","last_name":"Liew","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SiawYingLiew","display_name":"Siaw Ying Liew","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SiawYingLiew?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":11541,"name":"Graphene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Graphene?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21508379" data-work_id="21508379" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21508379/Impact_of_electrode_separator_on_performance_of_a_zinc_alkaline_manganese_dioxide_packed_bed_electrode_flow_battery">Impact of electrode separator on performance of a zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide packed-bed electrode flow battery</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide packed-bed electrode flow battery was used to evaluate using granular materials with ionic activity as separating materials between electrodes, increasing the separation distance between electrodes, while... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21508379" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide packed-bed electrode flow battery was used to evaluate using granular materials with ionic activity as separating materials between electrodes, increasing the separation distance between electrodes, while using separating materials, and reversing the electrolyte flow direction through the flow battery. Results indicate that materials with more ionic activity (ion exchange resins) perform better than materials with limited ionic activity (stainless steel). Among the more ionically active materials, the basic material out-performed the acidic material with an anode-to-cathode flow regime at low current draw. The best performance was obtained using ALL-CRAFT 4K-activated carbon as separation material. The use of an ionically active separation material reduced the difference in cell performance between 2.22 and 5.40 cm of separation by 56%. Although expected to be an important parameter for packed-bed electrode flow battery, the electrolyte flow direction did not produce a discernable difference in performance using the low current draw of these studies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21508379" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="64865be9b5d4f0655c9287411466ac44" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41953750,"asset_id":21508379,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41953750/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42601076" href="https://missouri.academia.edu/GalenSuppes">Galen Suppes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42601076" type="text/json">{"id":42601076,"first_name":"Galen","last_name":"Suppes","domain_name":"missouri","page_name":"GalenSuppes","display_name":"Galen Suppes","profile_url":"https://missouri.academia.edu/GalenSuppes?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42601076/136287850/125739530/s65_galen.suppes.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21508379 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21508379"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21508379, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21508379", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_21508379 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21508379; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_21508379"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_21508379 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21508379"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21508379; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21508379]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21508379").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21508379").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21508379"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5412" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy">Energy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5412" type="text/json">{"id":5412,"name":"Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39753" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activated_Carbon">Activated Carbon</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39753" type="text/json">{"id":39753,"name":"Activated Carbon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activated_Carbon?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72413" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flow">Flow</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="72413" type="text/json">{"id":72413,"name":"Flow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flow?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21508379]'), work: {"id":21508379,"title":"Impact of electrode separator on performance of a zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide packed-bed electrode flow battery","created_at":"2016-02-03T06:46:30.319-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21508379/Impact_of_electrode_separator_on_performance_of_a_zinc_alkaline_manganese_dioxide_packed_bed_electrode_flow_battery?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_21508379","summary":"A zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide packed-bed electrode flow battery was used to evaluate using granular materials with ionic activity as separating materials between electrodes, increasing the separation distance between electrodes, while using separating materials, and reversing the electrolyte flow direction through the flow battery. Results indicate that materials with more ionic activity (ion exchange resins) perform better than materials with limited ionic activity (stainless steel). Among the more ionically active materials, the basic material out-performed the acidic material with an anode-to-cathode flow regime at low current draw. The best performance was obtained using ALL-CRAFT 4K-activated carbon as separation material. The use of an ionically active separation material reduced the difference in cell performance between 2.22 and 5.40 cm of separation by 56%. Although expected to be an important parameter for packed-bed electrode flow battery, the electrolyte flow direction did not produce a discernable difference in performance using the low current draw of these studies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41953750,"asset_id":21508379,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42601076,"first_name":"Galen","last_name":"Suppes","domain_name":"missouri","page_name":"GalenSuppes","display_name":"Galen Suppes","profile_url":"https://missouri.academia.edu/GalenSuppes?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42601076/136287850/125739530/s65_galen.suppes.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":5412,"name":"Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":39753,"name":"Activated Carbon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activated_Carbon?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":72413,"name":"Flow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flow?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":96502,"name":"Applied","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":382329,"name":"Granular Material","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Granular_Material?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":678535,"name":"Applied Electrochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Electrochemistry?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1210844,"name":"Packed Bed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Packed_Bed?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1216548,"name":"Ion Exchange Resin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ion_Exchange_Resin?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1550732,"name":"Separator","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Separator?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_57830243" data-work_id="57830243" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57830243/Evaluation_of_response_of_brown_coal_to_selective_oil_agglomeration_by_zeta_potential_measurements_of_the_agglomerates">Evaluation of response of brown coal to selective oil agglomeration by zeta potential measurements of the agglomerates</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The effects of suspension pH, concentration of surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) and concentrations of electrolytes (FeC13, CaC12 and NaCl) on the recovery of agglomerate and on the reductions in ash and pyritic sulfur in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_57830243" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The effects of suspension pH, concentration of surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) and concentrations of electrolytes (FeC13, CaC12 and NaCl) on the recovery of agglomerate and on the reductions in ash and pyritic sulfur in selective oil agglomeration were investigated. The correlation between recovery and reductions in ash and pyritic sulfur and the zeta potential of the agglomerates was also studied. It was found that there was a close correspondence between them and that zeta potential measurements on the agglomerates would give a measure of the effectiveness of oil agglomeration. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/57830243" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1e981e03c77103ac5baa79158cbc4777" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72538217,"asset_id":57830243,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72538217/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46118098" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AhmetGurses">Ahmet Gürses</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46118098" type="text/json">{"id":46118098,"first_name":"Ahmet","last_name":"Gürses","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AhmetGurses","display_name":"Ahmet Gürses","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AhmetGurses?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_57830243 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="57830243"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 57830243, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_57830243", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57830243]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_57830243").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_57830243").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="57830243"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering">Mechanical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="60" type="text/json">{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9043" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance">Performance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9043" type="text/json">{"id":9043,"name":"Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="84278" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ph">Ph</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="84278" type="text/json">{"id":84278,"name":"Ph","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ph?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=57830243]'), work: {"id":57830243,"title":"Evaluation of response of brown coal to selective oil agglomeration by zeta potential measurements of the agglomerates","created_at":"2021-10-14T08:05:23.281-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/57830243/Evaluation_of_response_of_brown_coal_to_selective_oil_agglomeration_by_zeta_potential_measurements_of_the_agglomerates?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_57830243","summary":"The effects of suspension pH, concentration of surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) and concentrations of electrolytes (FeC13, CaC12 and NaCl) on the recovery of agglomerate and on the reductions in ash and pyritic sulfur in selective oil agglomeration were investigated. The correlation between recovery and reductions in ash and pyritic sulfur and the zeta potential of the agglomerates was also studied. It was found that there was a close correspondence between them and that zeta potential measurements on the agglomerates would give a measure of the effectiveness of oil agglomeration. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72538217,"asset_id":57830243,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46118098,"first_name":"Ahmet","last_name":"Gürses","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AhmetGurses","display_name":"Ahmet Gürses","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AhmetGurses?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":9043,"name":"Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":84278,"name":"Ph","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ph?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":false},{"id":94845,"name":"Fuel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fuel?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":373249,"name":"Electrolytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolytes?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":983062,"name":"Zeta Potential","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zeta_Potential?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50071193" data-work_id="50071193" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50071193/Review_The_physiology_of_saliva_and_transfer_of_drugs_into_saliva">Review: The physiology of saliva and transfer of drugs into saliva</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Although saliva or oral fluid ''lacks the drama of blood, the sincerity of sweat and the emotional appeal of tears'', quoting Mandel in 1990 [I.D. Mandel, The diagnostic uses of saliva, J. Oral Pathol. Med. 19 (1990) 119-125], it is now... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50071193" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Although saliva or oral fluid ''lacks the drama of blood, the sincerity of sweat and the emotional appeal of tears'', quoting Mandel in 1990 [I.D. Mandel, The diagnostic uses of saliva, J. Oral Pathol. Med. 19 (1990) 119-125], it is now meeting the demand for inexpensive, non-invasive and easy-to-use diagnostic aids for oral and systemic diseases, drug monitoring and detection of illicit use of drugs of abuse, including alcohol. As the salivary secretion is a reflex response controlled by both parasympathetic and sympathetic secretomotor nerves, it can be influenced by several stimuli. Moreover, patients taking medication which influences either the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system, or medication which mimic the latter as a side effect, will have an altered salivary composition and salivary volume. Patients suffering from certain systemic diseases may present the same salivary alterations. The circadian rhythm determines both the volume of saliva that will and can be secreted and the salivary electrolyte concentrations. Dietary influences and the patient's age also have an impact on composition and volume of saliva. The latter implies a wide variation in composition both inter-and intra-individually. Sampling must therefore be performed under standardized conditions. The greatest advantage, when compared to blood sample collection, is that saliva is readily accessible and collectible. Consequently, it can be used in clinically difficult situations, such as in children, handicapped and anxious patients, where blood sampling could be a difficult act to perform.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50071193" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="724077cc3cf58f08317f400cbbe39779" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68192728,"asset_id":50071193,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68192728/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="197559010" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohanAps">Johan Aps</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="197559010" type="text/json">{"id":197559010,"first_name":"Johan","last_name":"Aps","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JohanAps","display_name":"Johan Aps","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JohanAps?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50071193 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50071193"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50071193, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50071193", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50071193]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_50071193").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_50071193").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="50071193"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="167" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology">Physiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="167" type="text/json">{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1588" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science">Forensic Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1588" type="text/json">{"id":1588,"name":"Forensic Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13397" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Medicine">Forensic Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13397" type="text/json">{"id":13397,"name":"Forensic Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Medicine?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=50071193]'), work: {"id":50071193,"title":"Review: The physiology of saliva and transfer of drugs into saliva","created_at":"2021-07-19T06:18:34.429-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/50071193/Review_The_physiology_of_saliva_and_transfer_of_drugs_into_saliva?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_50071193","summary":"Although saliva or oral fluid ''lacks the drama of blood, the sincerity of sweat and the emotional appeal of tears'', quoting Mandel in 1990 [I.D. Mandel, The diagnostic uses of saliva, J. Oral Pathol. Med. 19 (1990) 119-125], it is now meeting the demand for inexpensive, non-invasive and easy-to-use diagnostic aids for oral and systemic diseases, drug monitoring and detection of illicit use of drugs of abuse, including alcohol. As the salivary secretion is a reflex response controlled by both parasympathetic and sympathetic secretomotor nerves, it can be influenced by several stimuli. Moreover, patients taking medication which influences either the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system, or medication which mimic the latter as a side effect, will have an altered salivary composition and salivary volume. Patients suffering from certain systemic diseases may present the same salivary alterations. The circadian rhythm determines both the volume of saliva that will and can be secreted and the salivary electrolyte concentrations. Dietary influences and the patient's age also have an impact on composition and volume of saliva. The latter implies a wide variation in composition both inter-and intra-individually. Sampling must therefore be performed under standardized conditions. The greatest advantage, when compared to blood sample collection, is that saliva is readily accessible and collectible. Consequently, it can be used in clinically difficult situations, such as in children, handicapped and anxious patients, where blood sampling could be a difficult act to perform.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68192728,"asset_id":50071193,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":197559010,"first_name":"Johan","last_name":"Aps","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JohanAps","display_name":"Johan Aps","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JohanAps?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1588,"name":"Forensic Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Science?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":13397,"name":"Forensic Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Medicine?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":41220,"name":"Autonomic Nervous System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autonomic_Nervous_System?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":89121,"name":"Circadian Rhythm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Circadian_Rhythm?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":102510,"name":"Peripheral Nervous System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peripheral_Nervous_System?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":103298,"name":"Blood sampling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_sampling?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":135566,"name":"Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transfer?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":147195,"name":"Central Nervous System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Nervous_System?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":181569,"name":"Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteins?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":248653,"name":"Legal Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Medicine?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":344106,"name":"Saliva","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saliva?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":373249,"name":"Electrolytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolytes?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":600780,"name":"Drugs of Abuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drugs_of_Abuse?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":698785,"name":"Side Effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Side_Effect?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1137254,"name":"Hydrogen-Ion Concentration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrogen-Ion_Concentration?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1901293,"name":"Salivary Glands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salivary_Glands?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8305391" data-work_id="8305391" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8305391/PVDF_HFP_based_porous_polymer_electrolyte_membranes_for_lithium_ion_batteries">PVDF-HFP-based porous polymer electrolyte membranes for lithium-ion batteries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">As a potential electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries, a porous polymer electrolyte membrane based on poly(vinylidenefluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) was prepared by a phase inversion method. The casting solution, effects of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8305391" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">As a potential electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries, a porous polymer electrolyte membrane based on poly(vinylidenefluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) was prepared by a phase inversion method. The casting solution, effects of the solvent and non-solvent and addition of micron scale TiO 2 particles were investigated. The membranes were characterized by SEM, XRD, AC impedance, and charge/discharge tests. By using acetone as the solvent and water as the non-solvent, the prepared membranes showed good ability to absorb and retain the lithium ion containing electrolyte. Addition of micron TiO 2 particles to the polymer electrolyte was found to enhance the tensile strength, electrolyte uptake, ion conductivity and the electrolyte/electrode interfacial stability of the membrane. , in the polymer electrolyte . Usually, these inorganic fillers are dispersed in the polymer electrolyte in the form of nanoparticles, however, nanoparticles tend to aggregate because of the high surface energy. For example, Kim et al. reported that TiO 2 nanoparticles cannot be well dispersed, even under conditions such as ultrasonication and the subsequent ball-milling. In this study, the (PVDF-HFP)-based PSPE was prepared by the phase inversion method. The preparation process of the casting solution and effects of solvent and non-solvent on the configuration and performance have been investigated. The influence of micron particles of TiO 2 incorporated in PSPE on the structure and properties of PSPE have been examined.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8305391" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f2234a41d5aad97132de7c264b73ae8f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48145278,"asset_id":8305391,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48145278/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16536938" href="https://uow.academia.edu/BowenLiu">Bowen Liu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16536938" type="text/json">{"id":16536938,"first_name":"Bowen","last_name":"Liu","domain_name":"uow","page_name":"BowenLiu","display_name":"Bowen Liu","profile_url":"https://uow.academia.edu/BowenLiu?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8305391 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8305391"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8305391, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8305391", }); 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The casting solution, effects of the solvent and non-solvent and addition of micron scale TiO 2 particles were investigated. The membranes were characterized by SEM, XRD, AC impedance, and charge/discharge tests. By using acetone as the solvent and water as the non-solvent, the prepared membranes showed good ability to absorb and retain the lithium ion containing electrolyte. Addition of micron TiO 2 particles to the polymer electrolyte was found to enhance the tensile strength, electrolyte uptake, ion conductivity and the electrolyte/electrode interfacial stability of the membrane. , in the polymer electrolyte . Usually, these inorganic fillers are dispersed in the polymer electrolyte in the form of nanoparticles, however, nanoparticles tend to aggregate because of the high surface energy. For example, Kim et al. reported that TiO 2 nanoparticles cannot be well dispersed, even under conditions such as ultrasonication and the subsequent ball-milling. In this study, the (PVDF-HFP)-based PSPE was prepared by the phase inversion method. The preparation process of the casting solution and effects of solvent and non-solvent on the configuration and performance have been investigated. The influence of micron particles of TiO 2 incorporated in PSPE on the structure and properties of PSPE have been examined.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48145278,"asset_id":8305391,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16536938,"first_name":"Bowen","last_name":"Liu","domain_name":"uow","page_name":"BowenLiu","display_name":"Bowen Liu","profile_url":"https://uow.academia.edu/BowenLiu?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":10655,"name":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":25600,"name":"Stability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stability?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":41010,"name":"Casting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Casting?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":133465,"name":"Lithium Ion Battery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lithium_Ion_Battery?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":171569,"name":"Polymer Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymer_Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":229394,"name":"Inverse Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inverse_Method?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":247485,"name":"Solvent Effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solvent_Effect?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":250448,"name":"Impedance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Impedance?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":366195,"name":"Ionic Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Conductivity?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":562715,"name":"Titanium oxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Titanium_oxide?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":973999,"name":"Tensile Strength","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tensile_Strength?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1031829,"name":"Porous","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Porous?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1852738,"name":"Power Sources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Sources?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41098795" data-work_id="41098795" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41098795/Descenso_del_punto_de_congelaci%C3%B3n_de_un_electrolito_fuertes_y_d%C3%A9biles">Descenso del punto de congelación de un electrolito fuertes y débiles</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">El práctico tiene como objetivo principal determinar el grado de disociación de un electrolito débil para encontrar el valor de Kc y determinar el coeficiente de osmótico de un electrolito fuerte en una disolución acuosa. Para ello se... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41098795" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">El práctico tiene como objetivo principal determinar el grado de disociación de un electrolito débil para encontrar el valor de Kc y determinar el coeficiente de osmótico de un electrolito fuerte en una disolución acuosa.  Para ello se verá el cambio de temperatura en el tiempo; primero se verá como es la variación de temperatura al añadir una mezcla agua-hielo y posteriormente el cambio que ocurre al agregar ácido HCl y HCOOH ambos en hielo. Luego cada ácido se titulará con NaOH 0,1 M  para determinar la concentración molal de cada ácido.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41098795" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="201b1c43ec3c43080104ce4322e198e8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61357577,"asset_id":41098795,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61357577/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42507328" href="https://udec-cl.academia.edu/MathiusSanhuezaSilva">Mathius Sanhueza Silva</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42507328" type="text/json">{"id":42507328,"first_name":"Mathius","last_name":"Sanhueza Silva","domain_name":"udec-cl","page_name":"MathiusSanhuezaSilva","display_name":"Mathius Sanhueza Silva","profile_url":"https://udec-cl.academia.edu/MathiusSanhuezaSilva?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42507328/11444679/34630599/s65_mathius.sanhueza_silva.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41098795 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41098795"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41098795, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41098795", }); 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Para ello se verá el cambio de temperatura en el tiempo; primero se verá como es la variación de temperatura al añadir una mezcla agua-hielo y posteriormente el cambio que ocurre al agregar ácido HCl y HCOOH ambos en hielo. Luego cada ácido se titulará con NaOH 0,1 M para determinar la concentración molal de cada ácido. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61357577,"asset_id":41098795,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42507328,"first_name":"Mathius","last_name":"Sanhueza Silva","domain_name":"udec-cl","page_name":"MathiusSanhuezaSilva","display_name":"Mathius Sanhueza Silva","profile_url":"https://udec-cl.academia.edu/MathiusSanhuezaSilva?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42507328/11444679/34630599/s65_mathius.sanhueza_silva.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3217,"name":"Depression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Depression?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":373249,"name":"Electrolytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolytes?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1124076,"name":"Freezing 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Cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proton_Exchange_Membrane_Fuel_Cell?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1010144,"name":"Potential","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potential?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1202042,"name":"Electric Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electric_Conductivity?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1371799,"name":"Corrosion Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corrosion_Resistance?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13429083" data-work_id="13429083" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13429083/Vapor_liquid_equilibrium_in_the_sodium_carbonate_sodium_bicarbonate_water_CO2_system">Vapor–liquid equilibrium in the sodium carbonate–sodium bicarbonate–water–CO2-system</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Vapor-liquid equilibria of the carbon dioxide loaded sodium carbonate-water system were measured in the temperature range 40-80 1C and for sodium carbonate concentrations 8-12 wt%. In addition the vapor pressure of water over 10-30 wt%... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13429083" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Vapor-liquid equilibria of the carbon dioxide loaded sodium carbonate-water system were measured in the temperature range 40-80 1C and for sodium carbonate concentrations 8-12 wt%. In addition the vapor pressure of water over 10-30 wt% sodium carbonate solutions for the temperature range 27-100 1C was measured in an ebulliometer. The system was modeled using the electrolyte-NRTL model. Experimental vapor-liquid data from this study as well as data available in the literature from 25 to 195 1C and for sodium carbonate concentrations from 0.5 to 12 wt% were used for parameter fitting. The average deviation of the model predictions compared to all experimental data found is 9.8% for the partial pressure of CO 2 . For vapor pressure of water the standard deviation is 0.6% up to 100 1C and 30 wt% sodium carbonate solutions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13429083" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ef914626d3e17d9f707fd7a69185bff6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45352939,"asset_id":13429083,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45352939/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32646332" href="https://ntnu-no.academia.edu/THaugWarberg">Tore Haug-Warberg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32646332" type="text/json">{"id":32646332,"first_name":"Tore","last_name":"Haug-Warberg","domain_name":"ntnu-no","page_name":"THaugWarberg","display_name":"Tore Haug-Warberg","profile_url":"https://ntnu-no.academia.edu/THaugWarberg?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/daf373e1bbddc9032766a9ed53439c51?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13429083 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13429083"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13429083, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13429083", }); 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In addition the vapor pressure of water over 10-30 wt% sodium carbonate solutions for the temperature range 27-100 1C was measured in an ebulliometer. The system was modeled using the electrolyte-NRTL model. Experimental vapor-liquid data from this study as well as data available in the literature from 25 to 195 1C and for sodium carbonate concentrations from 0.5 to 12 wt% were used for parameter fitting. The average deviation of the model predictions compared to all experimental data found is 9.8% for the partial pressure of CO 2 . For vapor pressure of water the standard deviation is 0.6% up to 100 1C and 30 wt% sodium carbonate solutions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45352939,"asset_id":13429083,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32646332,"first_name":"Tore","last_name":"Haug-Warberg","domain_name":"ntnu-no","page_name":"THaugWarberg","display_name":"Tore Haug-Warberg","profile_url":"https://ntnu-no.academia.edu/THaugWarberg?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/daf373e1bbddc9032766a9ed53439c51?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":4594,"name":"Carbon Dioxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbon_Dioxide?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":7968,"name":"Prediction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prediction?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":69841,"name":"Standard Deviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Standard_Deviation?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":95528,"name":"Phase equilibria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_equilibria?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":114713,"name":"Vapor Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vapor_Pressure?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":264903,"name":"Vapor liquid equilibrium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vapor_liquid_equilibrium?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":595175,"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering_Science?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1114988,"name":"Vapor Liquid Equilibria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vapor_Liquid_Equilibria?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1120502,"name":"Experimental Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Data?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1333410,"name":"Sodium Bicarbonate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium_Bicarbonate?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":2037336,"name":"Phase Equilibrium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Equilibrium?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47410318 coauthored" data-work_id="47410318" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47410318/The_streaming_current_detector_A_comparison_with_conventional_electrokinetic_techniques">The streaming current detector: A comparison with conventional electrokinetic techniques</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The streaming current detector (SCD) is an instrument showing increasing application for the in-situ monitoring of colloidal flocculation processes. The mechanism of operation of the SCD is examined by the use of well characterized... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47410318" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The streaming current detector (SCD) is an instrument showing increasing application for the in-situ monitoring of colloidal flocculation processes. The mechanism of operation of the SCD is examined by the use of well characterized surfaces and dispersed colloidal particles. The response of the instrument in the presence of various electrolytes and with the addition of colloids of known electrokinetic properties indicates that the apparatus is measuring a quantity that shows contributions from the charge on both the walls and piston of the apparatus and from colloidal material associated with the surfaces. Analysis of the output of the instrument in terms of the magnitude of the current is poorly accounted for by theory. The efficiency of adsorption of colloids, polymers and other simple reagents to the walls and/or piston and the ease of removal of these substrates was found to be critical to the response of the instrument. Streaming potential measurements were used to obtain reference zeta potentials.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47410318" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8d4e5f104811145593841edb82253745" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66515932,"asset_id":47410318,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66515932/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32922585" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ThomasHealy3">Thomas W Healy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32922585" type="text/json">{"id":32922585,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Healy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ThomasHealy3","display_name":"Thomas W Healy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ThomasHealy3?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-47410318">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-47410318"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrentMurray10">Brent Murray</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-47410318'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-47410318').html(); 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The mechanism of operation of the SCD is examined by the use of well characterized surfaces and dispersed colloidal particles. The response of the instrument in the presence of various electrolytes and with the addition of colloids of known electrokinetic properties indicates that the apparatus is measuring a quantity that shows contributions from the charge on both the walls and piston of the apparatus and from colloidal material associated with the surfaces. Analysis of the output of the instrument in terms of the magnitude of the current is poorly accounted for by theory. The efficiency of adsorption of colloids, polymers and other simple reagents to the walls and/or piston and the ease of removal of these substrates was found to be critical to the response of the instrument. Streaming potential measurements were used to obtain reference zeta potentials.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66515932,"asset_id":47410318,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32922585,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Healy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ThomasHealy3","display_name":"Thomas W Healy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ThomasHealy3?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":247546789,"first_name":"Brent","last_name":"Murray","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BrentMurray10","display_name":"Brent Murray","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrentMurray10?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":84278,"name":"Ph","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ph?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":false},{"id":87778,"name":"Electrokinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrokinetics?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":96172,"name":"Flocculation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flocculation?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1647834,"name":"Floculation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Floculation?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13911411" data-work_id="13911411" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13911411/DETERMINATION_OF_THE_POINT_OF_ZERO_CHARGE_OF_MANGANESE_OXIDES_WITH_DIFFERENT_METHODS_INCLUDING_AN_IMPROVED_SALT_TITRATION_METHOD">DETERMINATION OF THE POINT-OF-ZERO CHARGE OF MANGANESE OXIDES WITH DIFFERENT METHODS INCLUDING AN IMPROVED SALT TITRATION METHOD</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Manganese (Mn) oxides are important components in soils and sediments. Points-of-zero charge (PZC) of three synthetic Mn oxides (birnessite, cryptomelane, and todorokite) were determined by using three classical techniques (potentiometric... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13911411" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Manganese (Mn) oxides are important components in soils and sediments. Points-of-zero charge (PZC) of three synthetic Mn oxides (birnessite, cryptomelane, and todorokite) were determined by using three classical techniques (potentiometric titration or PT, rapid PT or RPT, and salt titration or ST) and a modified salt titration method with a prolonged equilibration time (ST method with a prolonged equilibration time [PST]). The same methods have been applied to goethite, which was used as a reference material. The PZC values of goethite obtained by PT and RPT methods were both 7.95, and those by the ST and PST method were 8.16 and 8.30, respectively, for birnessite cryptomelane, and todorokite. The PT method yielded PZC of 1.18, 1.98, and 3.98, and the RPT method yielded 1.60, 2.11, and 3.47, respectively, for birnessite, cryptomelane, and todorokite. In contrast to goethite, there was no PZC found with the ST method, even when the types and concentrations of the added electrolytes changed. However, when after KCl addition the equilibration time was prolonged 28 h, the PZC of birnessite, cryptomelane, and todorokite could be found and were 0.97, 1.74, and 3.39, respectively. The fact that the normal ST method failed for the Mn oxides is due to their low PZC, because at this low pH value, the oxides may start to dissolve. Compared with PT and RPT methods, the PST method is reliable, simple, and convenient. The PST approach seems also suitable for other similar colloid systems. (Soil Science 2008;173:277-286)</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13911411" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="78e02837743351318943c1aa78ae4ec5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44811462,"asset_id":13911411,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44811462/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32980237" href="https://wur.academia.edu/LuukKoopal">Luuk Koopal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32980237" type="text/json">{"id":32980237,"first_name":"Luuk","last_name":"Koopal","domain_name":"wur","page_name":"LuukKoopal","display_name":"Luuk Koopal","profile_url":"https://wur.academia.edu/LuukKoopal?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13911411 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13911411"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13911411, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13911411", }); 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Points-of-zero charge (PZC) of three synthetic Mn oxides (birnessite, cryptomelane, and todorokite) were determined by using three classical techniques (potentiometric titration or PT, rapid PT or RPT, and salt titration or ST) and a modified salt titration method with a prolonged equilibration time (ST method with a prolonged equilibration time [PST]). The same methods have been applied to goethite, which was used as a reference material. The PZC values of goethite obtained by PT and RPT methods were both 7.95, and those by the ST and PST method were 8.16 and 8.30, respectively, for birnessite cryptomelane, and todorokite. The PT method yielded PZC of 1.18, 1.98, and 3.98, and the RPT method yielded 1.60, 2.11, and 3.47, respectively, for birnessite, cryptomelane, and todorokite. In contrast to goethite, there was no PZC found with the ST method, even when the types and concentrations of the added electrolytes changed. However, when after KCl addition the equilibration time was prolonged 28 h, the PZC of birnessite, cryptomelane, and todorokite could be found and were 0.97, 1.74, and 3.39, respectively. The fact that the normal ST method failed for the Mn oxides is due to their low PZC, because at this low pH value, the oxides may start to dissolve. Compared with PT and RPT methods, the PST method is reliable, simple, and convenient. The PST approach seems also suitable for other similar colloid systems. (Soil Science 2008;173:277-286)","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44811462,"asset_id":13911411,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32980237,"first_name":"Luuk","last_name":"Koopal","domain_name":"wur","page_name":"LuukKoopal","display_name":"Luuk Koopal","profile_url":"https://wur.academia.edu/LuukKoopal?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":421,"name":"Soil Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Science?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":48127,"name":"Concentration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concentration?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":73865,"name":"Potentiometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potentiometry?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":80695,"name":"Salt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salt?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":83556,"name":"Evaporites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaporites?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":84278,"name":"Ph","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ph?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":155340,"name":"Sediments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sediments?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":156319,"name":"Soils","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soils?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":169070,"name":"Sol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sol?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":192294,"name":"Sediment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sediment?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":373249,"name":"Electrolytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolytes?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":477072,"name":"Manganese Oxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Manganese_Oxide?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":834417,"name":"Evaporite","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaporite?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":976620,"name":"Sedimentary Rocks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sedimentary_Rocks?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1030113,"name":"Potentiometric Titration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potentiometric_Titration?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18803585" data-work_id="18803585" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18803585/Fisiologi_dan_Gangguan_Keseimbangan_Natrium_Kalium_dan_Klorida_serta_Pemeriksaan_Laboratorium">Fisiologi dan Gangguan Keseimbangan Natrium, Kalium dan Klorida serta Pemeriksaan Laboratorium</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Elektrolit adalah senyawa di dalam larutan yang berdisosiasi menjadi partikel yang bermuatan (ion) positif atau negatif. Sebagian besar proses metabolisme memerlukan dan dipengaruhi oleh elektrolit. Konsentrasi elektrolit yang tidak... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18803585" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Elektrolit adalah senyawa di dalam larutan yang berdisosiasi menjadi partikel yang bermuatan (ion) positif atau negatif. Sebagian besar proses metabolisme memerlukan dan dipengaruhi oleh elektrolit. Konsentrasi elektrolit yang tidak normal dapat menyebabkan banyak gangguan. Pemeliharaan tekanan osmotik dan distribusi beberapa kompartemen cairan tubuh manusia adalah fungsi utama empat elektrolit mayor, yaitu natrium (Na+), kalium (K+), klorida (Cl-), dan bikarbonat (HCO3-). Pemeriksaan keempat elektrolit mayor tersebut dalam klinis dikenal sebagai "profil elektrolit. Natrium adalah kation terbanyak dalam cairan ekstrasel, kalium kation terbanyak dalam cairan intrasel dan klorida merupakan anion terbanyak dalam cairan ekstrasel. Jumlah natrium, kalium dan klorida dalam tubuh merupakan cermin keseimbangan antara yang masuk terutama dari saluran cerna dan yang keluar terutama melalui ginjal. Gangguan keseimbangan natrium, kalium dan klorida berupa hipo-dan hiper-. Hipoterjadi bila konsentrasi elektrolit tersebut dalam tubuh turun lebih dari beberapa miliekuivalen dibawah nilai normal dan hiper-bila konsentrasinya meningkat diatas normal.Pemeriksaan laboratorium untuk menentukan kadar natrium, kalium dan klorida adalah dengan metode elektroda ion selektif, spektrofotometer emisi nyala, spektrofotometer atom serapan, spektrofotometri berdasarkan aktivasi enzim, pemeriksaan kadar klorida dengan metode titrasi merkurimeter, dan pemeriksaan kadar klorida dengan metode titrasi kolorimetrik-amperometrik.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18803585" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fd66fc2cede99dfbc93deff28d5bf80a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40263582,"asset_id":18803585,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40263582/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38888220" href="https://unsri.academia.edu/EviLusiana">Evi Lusiana</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38888220" type="text/json">{"id":38888220,"first_name":"Evi","last_name":"Lusiana","domain_name":"unsri","page_name":"EviLusiana","display_name":"Evi Lusiana","profile_url":"https://unsri.academia.edu/EviLusiana?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18803585 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18803585"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18803585, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18803585", }); 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Sebagian besar proses metabolisme memerlukan dan dipengaruhi oleh elektrolit. Konsentrasi elektrolit yang tidak normal dapat menyebabkan banyak gangguan. Pemeliharaan tekanan osmotik dan distribusi beberapa kompartemen cairan tubuh manusia adalah fungsi utama empat elektrolit mayor, yaitu natrium (Na+), kalium (K+), klorida (Cl-), dan bikarbonat (HCO3-). Pemeriksaan keempat elektrolit mayor tersebut dalam klinis dikenal sebagai \"profil elektrolit. Natrium adalah kation terbanyak dalam cairan ekstrasel, kalium kation terbanyak dalam cairan intrasel dan klorida merupakan anion terbanyak dalam cairan ekstrasel. Jumlah natrium, kalium dan klorida dalam tubuh merupakan cermin keseimbangan antara yang masuk terutama dari saluran cerna dan yang keluar terutama melalui ginjal. Gangguan keseimbangan natrium, kalium dan klorida berupa hipo-dan hiper-. Hipoterjadi bila konsentrasi elektrolit tersebut dalam tubuh turun lebih dari beberapa miliekuivalen dibawah nilai normal dan hiper-bila konsentrasinya meningkat diatas normal.Pemeriksaan laboratorium untuk menentukan kadar natrium, kalium dan klorida adalah dengan metode elektroda ion selektif, spektrofotometer emisi nyala, spektrofotometer atom serapan, spektrofotometri berdasarkan aktivasi enzim, pemeriksaan kadar klorida dengan metode titrasi merkurimeter, dan pemeriksaan kadar klorida dengan metode titrasi kolorimetrik-amperometrik.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40263582,"asset_id":18803585,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38888220,"first_name":"Evi","last_name":"Lusiana","domain_name":"unsri","page_name":"EviLusiana","display_name":"Evi Lusiana","profile_url":"https://unsri.academia.edu/EviLusiana?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":144248,"name":"Balance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balance?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":913140,"name":"Balance Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balance_Disorders?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1179269" data-work_id="1179269" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1179269/Pitzer_and_Pitzer_Simonson_Clegg_modeling_approaches_Ternary_HCl%C3%A1_%C3%A1ethanol%C3%A1_%C3%A1water_electrolyte_system">Pitzer and Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg modeling approaches: Ternary HClá+ áethanolá+ áwater electrolyte system</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Despite its success for modeling electrolyte thermodynamics in aqueous media, the use of the Pitzer approach for the investigation of electrolytes in nonaqueous or in mixed solvent media is still very limited. Further, a review of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1179269" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Despite its success for modeling electrolyte thermodynamics in aqueous media, the use of the Pitzer approach for the investigation of electrolytes in nonaqueous or in mixed solvent media is still very limited. Further, a review of the literature reveals that there are no more than a few research groups who have used the exact form of the Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg (PSC) ion-interaction approach for the investigation of electrolytes in mixed solvent systems. As a continuation of our previous studies, the present investigation reports modeling of HCl in the 2-propanol + water mixed solvent system with the Pitzer, PSC and an extended form of the PSC ion-interaction approaches using the experimental potentiometric data from a cell containing pH glass membrane and Ag/AgCl electrodes. The electrochemical measurements were performed over the HCl molality range from 0.01 to 4.5 mol·kg −1 in mixed 2-propanol (x%) + water (100 − x%) solvents, with different solvent percent mass fractions (x% = 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) at 298.15 ± 0.05 K.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1179269" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b29fc10269cede50047d2039bc744777" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51069680,"asset_id":1179269,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51069680/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="269104" href="https://sbmu-ir.academia.edu/FDeyhimi">F. 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Further, a review of the literature reveals that there are no more than a few research groups who have used the exact form of the Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg (PSC) ion-interaction approach for the investigation of electrolytes in mixed solvent systems. As a continuation of our previous studies, the present investigation reports modeling of HCl in the 2-propanol + water mixed solvent system with the Pitzer, PSC and an extended form of the PSC ion-interaction approaches using the experimental potentiometric data from a cell containing pH glass membrane and Ag/AgCl electrodes. The electrochemical measurements were performed over the HCl molality range from 0.01 to 4.5 mol·kg −1 in mixed 2-propanol (x%) + water (100 − x%) solvents, with different solvent percent mass fractions (x% = 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) at 298.15 ± 0.05 K.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51069680,"asset_id":1179269,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":269104,"first_name":"F.","last_name":"Deyhimi","domain_name":"sbmu-ir","page_name":"FDeyhimi","display_name":"F. 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Vencido por el ejemplo, aunque protestando, Porthos extendió la mano y los cuatro amigos repitieron la consigna dictada por d´Artagnan. -¡Todos para uno y uno para todos! Los tres mosqueteros Alejandro Dumas</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30498454" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a9cd1355f1aac8962576c47103f210e0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50938194,"asset_id":30498454,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50938194/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="58090907" href="https://ucr.academia.edu/FranciscoHernandezChavarria">Francisco Hernandez H Chavarria</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="58090907" type="text/json">{"id":58090907,"first_name":"Francisco Hernandez","last_name":"Chavarria","domain_name":"ucr","page_name":"FranciscoHernandezChavarria","display_name":"Francisco Hernandez H Chavarria","profile_url":"https://ucr.academia.edu/FranciscoHernandezChavarria?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/58090907/15220971/15898141/s65_francisco_hernandez.chavarria.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30498454 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30498454"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30498454, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30498454", }); 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Vencido por el ejemplo, aunque protestando, Porthos extendió la mano y los cuatro amigos repitieron la consigna dictada por d´Artagnan. -¡Todos para uno y uno para todos! Los tres mosqueteros Alejandro Dumas","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50938194,"asset_id":30498454,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":58090907,"first_name":"Francisco Hernandez","last_name":"Chavarria","domain_name":"ucr","page_name":"FranciscoHernandezChavarria","display_name":"Francisco Hernandez H Chavarria","profile_url":"https://ucr.academia.edu/FranciscoHernandezChavarria?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/58090907/15220971/15898141/s65_francisco_hernandez.chavarria.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":296091,"name":"Electrolysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolysis?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1009236,"name":"Redox","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Redox?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1613311,"name":"Electrolisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolisis?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27157284 coauthored" data-work_id="27157284" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27157284/Rechargeable_Magnesium_Battery_Current_Status_and_Key_Challenges_for_the_Future">Rechargeable Magnesium Battery: Current Status and Key Challenges for the Future</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">There is a tremendous need to have perennial and continuous access to cost-effective electricity generated from the intermittent energy sources (wind, solar, geothermal, hydropower, wave etc.). This will require development of inexpensive... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27157284" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">There is a tremendous need to have perennial and continuous access to cost-effective electricity generated from the intermittent energy sources (wind, solar, geothermal, hydropower, wave etc.). This will require development of inexpensive and efficient electrical energy storage (EES) devices such as stationary battery for uninterrupted electricity (power storage back up) and load leveling as well as grid energy storage systems [6]. Magnesium based secondary batteries are a viable 'environmental friendly, non-toxic' alternative compared to the immensely popular Li-ion systems owing to its high volumetric capacity (3833 mA h/cc for Mg vs. 2046 mA h/cc for Li) for stationary EES applications. Following the successful demonstration of a prototype magnesium cell capable of offering energy density $60 W h/kg in the early 2000, the last decade has witnessed tremendous amount of work dedicated to magnesium battery and its components. The present review is an earnest attempt to collect all of the comprehensive body of research performed in the literature hitherto to develop non-aqueous nucleophilic/non-nucleophilic liquid electrolytes, ionic liquid based polymer as well as solid/gel polymer electrolytes; intercalahttp://dx.j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / p m a t s c i tion/insertion/conversion type cathodes; metallic magnesium and their alloys/intermetallic/composites as anodes; and electronically conductive but chemically and electrochemically inert current collectors for magnesium battery. The limited electrochemical oxidative stability of current generation of electrolytes with inherently slow magnesium-ion diffusion in to electrodes as well as the inability of Mg 2+ to reversibly cycle in all but a few materials systems impede the growth of high power and high energy density magnesium cells, analogous to Li-ion systems. Before the successful fabrication of a prototype magnesium battery, optimization of electrolyte performance, the realization of suitable intercalation/ insertion cathodes and the identification of alternative alloys, intermetallics, composites and compounds as anodes are highly critical. Exploration of the compatibility of various battery parts including metallic current collectors with currently used organochloro electrolytes sheds light on the electrochemical corrosion of metals such as Cu, Al, stainless steel (SS) toward chlorinated Grignard's salts warranting further investigation for identifying, electrically conducting and electrochemically inert current collectors. Results to date show the preferential selectivity of certain electronically conducting metallic and non-metallic current collectors for rechargeable magnesium batteries owing to its high anodic stability in the present electrolyte. Development of magnesium-ion battery therefore requires an interdisciplinary approach with a sound understanding of organometallic and inorganic chemistry, adequate knowledge of materials chemistry, materials science and engineering, as well as electrochemistry, and a comprehensive knowledge of metallic corrosion principles in basic/acidic electrolytic environments in order that a system with acceptable energy density ($150-200 W h/kg) and operational voltage $2-3 V can be developed in the near future.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27157284" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b05fc08528917fd60d16b3cb8e6a8fe1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47854329,"asset_id":27157284,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47854329/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51224428" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PrashantKumta">Prashant Kumta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51224428" type="text/json">{"id":51224428,"first_name":"Prashant","last_name":"Kumta","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PrashantKumta","display_name":"Prashant Kumta","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PrashantKumta?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-27157284">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-27157284"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/OlegVelikokhatnyi">Oleg Velikokhatnyi</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-27157284'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-27157284').html(); 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This will require development of inexpensive and efficient electrical energy storage (EES) devices such as stationary battery for uninterrupted electricity (power storage back up) and load leveling as well as grid energy storage systems [6]. Magnesium based secondary batteries are a viable 'environmental friendly, non-toxic' alternative compared to the immensely popular Li-ion systems owing to its high volumetric capacity (3833 mA h/cc for Mg vs. 2046 mA h/cc for Li) for stationary EES applications. Following the successful demonstration of a prototype magnesium cell capable of offering energy density $60 W h/kg in the early 2000, the last decade has witnessed tremendous amount of work dedicated to magnesium battery and its components. The present review is an earnest attempt to collect all of the comprehensive body of research performed in the literature hitherto to develop non-aqueous nucleophilic/non-nucleophilic liquid electrolytes, ionic liquid based polymer as well as solid/gel polymer electrolytes; intercalahttp://dx.j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / p m a t s c i tion/insertion/conversion type cathodes; metallic magnesium and their alloys/intermetallic/composites as anodes; and electronically conductive but chemically and electrochemically inert current collectors for magnesium battery. The limited electrochemical oxidative stability of current generation of electrolytes with inherently slow magnesium-ion diffusion in to electrodes as well as the inability of Mg 2+ to reversibly cycle in all but a few materials systems impede the growth of high power and high energy density magnesium cells, analogous to Li-ion systems. Before the successful fabrication of a prototype magnesium battery, optimization of electrolyte performance, the realization of suitable intercalation/ insertion cathodes and the identification of alternative alloys, intermetallics, composites and compounds as anodes are highly critical. Exploration of the compatibility of various battery parts including metallic current collectors with currently used organochloro electrolytes sheds light on the electrochemical corrosion of metals such as Cu, Al, stainless steel (SS) toward chlorinated Grignard's salts warranting further investigation for identifying, electrically conducting and electrochemically inert current collectors. Results to date show the preferential selectivity of certain electronically conducting metallic and non-metallic current collectors for rechargeable magnesium batteries owing to its high anodic stability in the present electrolyte. Development of magnesium-ion battery therefore requires an interdisciplinary approach with a sound understanding of organometallic and inorganic chemistry, adequate knowledge of materials chemistry, materials science and engineering, as well as electrochemistry, and a comprehensive knowledge of metallic corrosion principles in basic/acidic electrolytic environments in order that a system with acceptable energy density ($150-200 W h/kg) and operational voltage $2-3 V can be developed in the near future.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47854329,"asset_id":27157284,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":51224428,"first_name":"Prashant","last_name":"Kumta","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PrashantKumta","display_name":"Prashant Kumta","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PrashantKumta?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":51235146,"first_name":"Oleg","last_name":"Velikokhatnyi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"OlegVelikokhatnyi","display_name":"Oleg Velikokhatnyi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/OlegVelikokhatnyi?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1131651,"name":"Anode","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anode?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3059047" data-work_id="3059047" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3059047/A_review_of_conduction_phenomena_in_Li_ion_batteries">A review of conduction phenomena in Li-ion batteries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Conduction has been one of the main barriers to further improvements in Li-ion batteries and is expected to remain so for the foreseeable future. In an effort to gain a better understanding of the conduction phenomena in Li-ion batteries... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3059047" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Conduction has been one of the main barriers to further improvements in Li-ion batteries and is expected to remain so for the foreseeable future. In an effort to gain a better understanding of the conduction phenomena in Li-ion batteries and enable breakthrough technologies, a comprehensive survey of conduction phenomena in all components of a Li-ion cell incorporating theoretical, experimental, and simulation studies, is presented here. Included are a survey of the fundamentals of electrical and ionic conduction theories; a survey of the critical results, issues and challenges with respect to ionic and electronic conduction in the cathode, anode and electrolyte; a review of the relationship between electrical and ionic conduction for three cathode materials: LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiFePO4; a discussion of phase change in graphitic anodes and how it relates to diffusivity and conductivity; and the key conduction issues with organic liquid, solid-state and ionic liquid electrolytes.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3059047" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="59ba32a9838dd7da27db590cb60d54d4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50493607,"asset_id":3059047,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50493607/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3514486" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GregLess">Greg Less</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3514486" type="text/json">{"id":3514486,"first_name":"Greg","last_name":"Less","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GregLess","display_name":"Greg Less","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GregLess?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3059047 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3059047"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3059047, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3059047", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3059047]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3059047").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3059047").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3059047"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16215" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Liquid">Ionic Liquid</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16215" type="text/json">{"id":16215,"name":"Ionic Liquid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Liquid?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53166" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power">Power</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53166" type="text/json">{"id":53166,"name":"Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133465" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lithium_Ion_Battery">Lithium Ion Battery</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="133465" type="text/json">{"id":133465,"name":"Lithium Ion Battery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lithium_Ion_Battery?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3059047]'), work: {"id":3059047,"title":"A review of conduction phenomena in Li-ion batteries","created_at":"2013-03-19T00:46:22.913-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3059047/A_review_of_conduction_phenomena_in_Li_ion_batteries?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_3059047","summary":"Conduction has been one of the main barriers to further improvements in Li-ion batteries and is expected to remain so for the foreseeable future. In an effort to gain a better understanding of the conduction phenomena in Li-ion batteries and enable breakthrough technologies, a comprehensive survey of conduction phenomena in all components of a Li-ion cell incorporating theoretical, experimental, and simulation studies, is presented here. Included are a survey of the fundamentals of electrical and ionic conduction theories; a survey of the critical results, issues and challenges with respect to ionic and electronic conduction in the cathode, anode and electrolyte; a review of the relationship between electrical and ionic conduction for three cathode materials: LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiFePO4; a discussion of phase change in graphitic anodes and how it relates to diffusivity and conductivity; and the key conduction issues with organic liquid, solid-state and ionic liquid electrolytes.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50493607,"asset_id":3059047,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3514486,"first_name":"Greg","last_name":"Less","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GregLess","display_name":"Greg Less","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GregLess?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":16215,"name":"Ionic Liquid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Liquid?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":53166,"name":"Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":133465,"name":"Lithium Ion Battery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lithium_Ion_Battery?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":187673,"name":"Phase Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Change?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":366195,"name":"Ionic Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Conductivity?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":509785,"name":"Simulation Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Simulation_Study?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1131651,"name":"Anode","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anode?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1197465,"name":"J","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/J?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1202042,"name":"Electric Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electric_Conductivity?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1852738,"name":"Power Sources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Sources?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7552209" data-work_id="7552209" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7552209/EFFECT_OF_DYEING_PARAMETERS_ON_DYEING_OF_COTTON_FABRICS_WITH_FLUORO_CHLORO_PYRIMIDENE_REACTIVE_DYES">EFFECT OF DYEING PARAMETERS ON DYEING OF COTTON FABRICS WITH FLUORO CHLORO PYRIMIDENE REACTIVE DYES</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Effects of electrolyte, alkali, liquor ratio and temperature were observed on dyeing of cotton fabric with Fluoro Chloro Pyrimidene (FCP) Dyes. For this experiment single joursey knitted fabrics were taken. The selected dyestuffs were... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7552209" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Effects of electrolyte, alkali, liquor ratio and temperature were observed on dyeing of cotton fabric with Fluoro Chloro Pyrimidene (FCP) Dyes. For this experiment single joursey knitted fabrics were taken. The selected dyestuffs were Drimarene Yellow K2R (DYK), Drimarene Red K8B (DRK) and Drimarene Blue K2RL (DBK). 1% on the weight of fabric (owf) of each dye was considered for producing 9 combined shades on 9 fabric samples. Isothermal exhaust method was followed for dyeing. To observe the effect of a particular parameter, that one was varied while other parameters kept constant. The dyed samples were tested in a reflectance spectrophotometer (datacolor 650) to get the CIELAB coordinates (L*, a* and b*). The color values (K/S) of the samples were calculated by Kubelka-Munk equation and from that value the strength% were determined. The results show that DRK and DBK were positively influenced by the increase of electrolyte and temperature though DYK was negatively influenced. All over depth of shade was increasing with the increase of electrolyte, alkali and temperature and 1:20 liquor ratio was found more suitable than 1:10 and 1:30.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7552209" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9ed4c19131f0b0e5b3a66bbc87bb6f62" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34114069,"asset_id":7552209,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34114069/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2973960" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ijret">Editor IJRET</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2973960" type="text/json">{"id":2973960,"first_name":"Editor","last_name":"IJRET","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ijret","display_name":"Editor IJRET","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ijret?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2973960/983269/4472728/s65_editor.ijret.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7552209 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7552209"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7552209, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7552209", }); 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For this experiment single joursey knitted fabrics were taken. The selected dyestuffs were Drimarene Yellow K2R (DYK), Drimarene Red K8B (DRK) and Drimarene Blue K2RL (DBK). 1% on the weight of fabric (owf) of each dye was considered for producing 9 combined shades on 9 fabric samples. Isothermal exhaust method was followed for dyeing. To observe the effect of a particular parameter, that one was varied while other parameters kept constant. The dyed samples were tested in a reflectance spectrophotometer (datacolor 650) to get the CIELAB coordinates (L*, a* and b*). The color values (K/S) of the samples were calculated by Kubelka-Munk equation and from that value the strength% were determined. The results show that DRK and DBK were positively influenced by the increase of electrolyte and temperature though DYK was negatively influenced. All over depth of shade was increasing with the increase of electrolyte, alkali and temperature and 1:20 liquor ratio was found more suitable than 1:10 and 1:30.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34114069,"asset_id":7552209,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2973960,"first_name":"Editor","last_name":"IJRET","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ijret","display_name":"Editor IJRET","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ijret?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2973960/983269/4472728/s65_editor.ijret.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":133177,"name":"Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1122959,"name":"Shade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shade?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1249212,"name":"Alkali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alkali?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5475423" data-work_id="5475423" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5475423/Towards_an_understanding_of_induced_charge_electrokinetics_at_large_applied_voltages_in_concentrated_solutions">Towards an understanding of induced-charge electrokinetics at large applied voltages in concentrated solutions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The venerable theory of electrokinetic phenomena rests on the hypothesis of a dilute solution of point-like ions in quasi-equilibrium with a weakly charged surface, whose potential relative to the bulk is of order the thermal voltage... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5475423" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The venerable theory of electrokinetic phenomena rests on the hypothesis of a dilute solution of point-like ions in quasi-equilibrium with a weakly charged surface, whose potential relative to the bulk is of order the thermal voltage (kT/e ≈ 25 mV at room temperature). In nonlinear electrokinetic phenomena, such as AC or induced-charge electro-osmosis (ACEO, ICEO) and induced-charge electrophoresis (ICEP), several Volts ≈ 100 kT/e are applied to polarizable surfaces in microscopic geometries, and the resulting electric fields and induced surface charges are large enough to violate the assumptions of the classical theory. In this article, we review the experimental and theoretical literatures, highlight discrepancies between theory and experiment, introduce possible modifications of the theory, and analyze their consequences. We argue that, in response to a large applied voltage, the "compact layer" and "shear plane" effectively advance into the liquid, due to the crowding of counter-ions. Using simple continuum models, we predict two general trends at large voltages: (i) ionic crowding against a blocking surface expands the diffuse double layer and thus decreases its differential capacitance, and (ii) a charge-induced viscosity increase near the surface reduces the electro-osmotic mobility; each trend is enhanced by dielectric saturation. The first effect is able to predict high-frequency flow reversal in ACEO pumps, while the second may explain the decay of ICEO flow with increasing salt concentration. Through several colloidal examples, such as ICEP of an uncharged metal sphere in an asymmetric electrolyte, we show that nonlinear electrokinetic phenomena are generally ion-specific. Similar theoretical issues arise in nanofluidics (due to confinement) and ionic liquids (due to the lack of solvent), so the paper concludes with a general framework of modified electrokinetic equations for finite-sized ions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5475423" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a76436a3165df7c752d8d5c4815a65a3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49278321,"asset_id":5475423,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49278321/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7695126" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MustafaKILI%C3%87">Mustafa KILIÇ</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7695126" type="text/json">{"id":7695126,"first_name":"Mustafa","last_name":"KILIÇ","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MustafaKILIÇ","display_name":"Mustafa KILIÇ","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MustafaKILI%C3%87?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7695126/12782993/14207038/s65_mustafa.kili_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5475423 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5475423"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5475423, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5475423", }); 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In nonlinear electrokinetic phenomena, such as AC or induced-charge electro-osmosis (ACEO, ICEO) and induced-charge electrophoresis (ICEP), several Volts ≈ 100 kT/e are applied to polarizable surfaces in microscopic geometries, and the resulting electric fields and induced surface charges are large enough to violate the assumptions of the classical theory. In this article, we review the experimental and theoretical literatures, highlight discrepancies between theory and experiment, introduce possible modifications of the theory, and analyze their consequences. We argue that, in response to a large applied voltage, the \"compact layer\" and \"shear plane\" effectively advance into the liquid, due to the crowding of counter-ions. Using simple continuum models, we predict two general trends at large voltages: (i) ionic crowding against a blocking surface expands the diffuse double layer and thus decreases its differential capacitance, and (ii) a charge-induced viscosity increase near the surface reduces the electro-osmotic mobility; each trend is enhanced by dielectric saturation. The first effect is able to predict high-frequency flow reversal in ACEO pumps, while the second may explain the decay of ICEO flow with increasing salt concentration. Through several colloidal examples, such as ICEP of an uncharged metal sphere in an asymmetric electrolyte, we show that nonlinear electrokinetic phenomena are generally ion-specific. Similar theoretical issues arise in nanofluidics (due to confinement) and ionic liquids (due to the lack of solvent), so the paper concludes with a general framework of modified electrokinetic equations for finite-sized ions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49278321,"asset_id":5475423,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7695126,"first_name":"Mustafa","last_name":"KILIÇ","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MustafaKILIÇ","display_name":"Mustafa 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href="https://www.academia.edu/15871182/Synergistic_effect_between_lithium_bis_fluorosulfonyl_imide_LiFSI_and_lithium_bis_oxalato_borate_LiBOB_salts_in_LiPF6_based_electrolyte_for_high_performance_Li_ion_batteries">Synergistic effect between lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) and lithium bis-oxalato borate (LiBOB) salts in LiPF6-based electrolyte for high-performance Li-ion batteries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Electrolyte Lithium salt Graphite anode Lithium iron phosphate a b s t r a c t</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15871182" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" 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t","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42846046,"asset_id":15871182,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35044450,"first_name":"Vincent","last_name":"Battaglia","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BattagliaV","display_name":"Vincent Battaglia","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BattagliaV?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div 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Haghtalab","profile_url":"https://modares.academia.edu/AliHaghtalab?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/207624/48241/44411/s65_ali.haghtalab.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":80799,"name":"Classical Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_Physics?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":81504,"name":"Correlation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Correlation?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":114719,"name":"Gibbs Free Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gibbs_Free_Energy?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":629119,"name":"Fluid phase equilibria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluid_phase_equilibria?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1137227,"name":"Activity Coefficient","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activity_Coefficient?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":2037336,"name":"Phase Equilibrium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Equilibrium?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15431185" data-work_id="15431185" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15431185/The_role_of_Li_ion_battery_electrolyte_reactivity_in_performance_decline_and_self_discharge">The role of Li-ion battery electrolyte reactivity in performance decline and self-discharge</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The purpose of this paper is to report on the reactivity of PF 5 and EC/linear carbonates to understand the thermal and electrochemical decomposition reactions of LiPF 6 in carbonate solvents and how these reactions lead to the formation... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15431185" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The purpose of this paper is to report on the reactivity of PF 5 and EC/linear carbonates to understand the thermal and electrochemical decomposition reactions of LiPF 6 in carbonate solvents and how these reactions lead to the formation of products that impact the performance of lithium-ion batteries. The behavior of other salts such as LiBF 4 and LiTFSI are also examined. Solid LiPF 6 is in equilibrium with solid LiF and PF 5 gas. In the bulk electrolyte, the equilibrium can move toward products as PF 5 reacts with the solvents. The Lewis acid property of the PF 5 induces a ring-opening polymerization of the EC that is present in the electrolyte and can lead to PEO-like polymers. The polymerization is endothermic until 170 8C and is driven by CO 2 evolution. Above this temperature the polymerization becomes exothermic and leads to a violent decomposition. The PEO-like polymers also react with the PF 5 to yield further products that may be soluble in the electrolyte or participate in solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation in real cells. GPC analysis of the heated electrolytes indicates the presence of material with M w up to 5000. More details on the polymerization reactions and further reactions with PF 5 are reported. Transesterification and polymer products are observed in the electrolytes of cycled and aged Li-ion cells. Formation of polymer materials which are further crosslinked by reaction with acidic species leads to degradation of the transport properties of the electrolyte in the composite electrodes with the accompanying loss of power and energy density. Generation of CO 2 in lithium-ion cells leads to saturation of the electrolyte and cessation of the polymerization reaction. However, CO 2 is easily reduced at the anode to oxalate, carbonate and CO. The carbonate contributes to the SEI layer while the oxalate is sufficiently soluble to reach the cathode to be re-oxidized to CO 2 thus resulting in a shuttle mechanism that explains reversible self-discharge. Irreversible reduction of CO 2 to carbonate and CO partially accounts for irreversible self-discharge. #</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15431185" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2972da32f4fd4c6a12b69ac1013c822c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43207481,"asset_id":15431185,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43207481/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34574727" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohnKerr12">John Kerr</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34574727" type="text/json">{"id":34574727,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Kerr","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JohnKerr12","display_name":"John Kerr","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JohnKerr12?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15431185 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15431185"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15431185, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15431185", }); 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The behavior of other salts such as LiBF 4 and LiTFSI are also examined. Solid LiPF 6 is in equilibrium with solid LiF and PF 5 gas. In the bulk electrolyte, the equilibrium can move toward products as PF 5 reacts with the solvents. The Lewis acid property of the PF 5 induces a ring-opening polymerization of the EC that is present in the electrolyte and can lead to PEO-like polymers. The polymerization is endothermic until 170 8C and is driven by CO 2 evolution. Above this temperature the polymerization becomes exothermic and leads to a violent decomposition. The PEO-like polymers also react with the PF 5 to yield further products that may be soluble in the electrolyte or participate in solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation in real cells. GPC analysis of the heated electrolytes indicates the presence of material with M w up to 5000. More details on the polymerization reactions and further reactions with PF 5 are reported. Transesterification and polymer products are observed in the electrolytes of cycled and aged Li-ion cells. Formation of polymer materials which are further crosslinked by reaction with acidic species leads to degradation of the transport properties of the electrolyte in the composite electrodes with the accompanying loss of power and energy density. Generation of CO 2 in lithium-ion cells leads to saturation of the electrolyte and cessation of the polymerization reaction. However, CO 2 is easily reduced at the anode to oxalate, carbonate and CO. The carbonate contributes to the SEI layer while the oxalate is sufficiently soluble to reach the cathode to be re-oxidized to CO 2 thus resulting in a shuttle mechanism that explains reversible self-discharge. Irreversible reduction of CO 2 to carbonate and CO partially accounts for irreversible self-discharge. #","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43207481,"asset_id":15431185,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34574727,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Kerr","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JohnKerr12","display_name":"John Kerr","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JohnKerr12?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":9043,"name":"Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":16012,"name":"High Energy Density Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Energy_Density_Physics?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":32909,"name":"Polymerization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerization?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":60653,"name":"Transport Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transport_Properties?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":133465,"name":"Lithium Ion Battery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lithium_Ion_Battery?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":483677,"name":"Thermal Decomposition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermal_Decomposition?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1574764,"name":"Cell Formation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Formation?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1852738,"name":"Power Sources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Sources?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1880965,"name":"Ring Opening Polymerization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ring_Opening_Polymerization?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1929731,"name":"Reactivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reactivity?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6005072" data-work_id="6005072" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6005072/Thermal_activated_thermal_battery_technology">Thermal activated (“thermal”) battery technology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article gives an overview of the important properties and design characteristics of electrolyte used in thermally activated (thermal) batteries. The basic physical properties of the main compositions are reviewed. The properties of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6005072" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article gives an overview of the important properties and design characteristics of electrolyte used in thermally activated (thermal) batteries. The basic physical properties of the main compositions are reviewed. The properties of electrolytes such as melting point, ionic conductivity, surface tension, density, thermal characteristics, and moisture sensitivity were analyzed in relation with the functioning of the batteries. Solubility data of alkali metals, sulphides, and oxides were compiled and analyzed. The important parameters of separator pellets are discussed in terms of both electrical and mechanical properties as they pertain to thermal-battery design and functioning. A number of lower-melting electrolytes are presented along with key physical properties for possible use in applications requiring lower operating temperatures such as borehole power supplies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6005072" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="297d8c3f56bfbc27e01627e49c4dce21" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49057673,"asset_id":6005072,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49057673/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8979767" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PatrickMasset">Patrick Masset</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8979767" type="text/json">{"id":8979767,"first_name":"Patrick","last_name":"Masset","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PatrickMasset","display_name":"Patrick Masset","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PatrickMasset?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8979767/2931334/3430667/s65_patrick.masset.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6005072 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6005072"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6005072, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6005072", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6005072 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6005072; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6005072"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6005072 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6005072"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6005072; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6005072]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6005072").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6005072").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6005072"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9043" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance">Performance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9043" type="text/json">{"id":9043,"name":"Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="205584" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solubility">Solubility</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="205584" type="text/json">{"id":205584,"name":"Solubility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solubility?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="260118" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES">CHEMICAL SCIENCES</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="260118" type="text/json">{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6005072]'), work: {"id":6005072,"title":"Thermal activated (“thermal”) battery technology","created_at":"2014-02-09T02:07:11.140-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6005072/Thermal_activated_thermal_battery_technology?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_6005072","summary":"This article gives an overview of the important properties and design characteristics of electrolyte used in thermally activated (thermal) batteries. The basic physical properties of the main compositions are reviewed. The properties of electrolytes such as melting point, ionic conductivity, surface tension, density, thermal characteristics, and moisture sensitivity were analyzed in relation with the functioning of the batteries. Solubility data of alkali metals, sulphides, and oxides were compiled and analyzed. The important parameters of separator pellets are discussed in terms of both electrical and mechanical properties as they pertain to thermal-battery design and functioning. A number of lower-melting electrolytes are presented along with key physical properties for possible use in applications requiring lower operating temperatures such as borehole power supplies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49057673,"asset_id":6005072,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8979767,"first_name":"Patrick","last_name":"Masset","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PatrickMasset","display_name":"Patrick Masset","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PatrickMasset?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8979767/2931334/3430667/s65_patrick.masset.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":9043,"name":"Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":205584,"name":"Solubility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solubility?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":366195,"name":"Ionic Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Conductivity?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":394521,"name":"Surface Tension","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Tension?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1228946,"name":"Physical Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Properties?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1729609,"name":"Chromate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chromate?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1852738,"name":"Power Sources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Sources?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8115491" data-work_id="8115491" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8115491/Use_of_ionic_liquids_in_sol_gel_ionogels_and_applications">Use of ionic liquids in sol-gel; ionogels and applications</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The current strong interest in ionic liquids is motivated by their unique combination of properties such as negligible vapour pressure, thermal stability, non-flammability, high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical stability... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8115491" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The current strong interest in ionic liquids is motivated by their unique combination of properties such as negligible vapour pressure, thermal stability, non-flammability, high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical stability window. The first part of this short review deals with all the specific aspects of sol-gel in the presence of ionic liquid, which can act as drying control chemical additive, catalyst, porogenous agent and solvent or co-solvent. The second part is devoted to the properties of the gels in which the ionic liquid is kept confined (ionogels) and their applications as electrolyte membranes, optical devices, catalysts and sensors. To cite this article: A. Vioux et al., C. R. Chimie 13 (2010). # 2009 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8115491" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d9035d7e191c7755d7053527131d16ab" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48210085,"asset_id":8115491,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48210085/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15756492" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SabrinaSol">Sabrina Sol</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15756492" type="text/json">{"id":15756492,"first_name":"Sabrina","last_name":"Sol","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SabrinaSol","display_name":"Sabrina Sol","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SabrinaSol?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15756492/4259144/4954334/s65_sabrina.sol.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8115491 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8115491"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8115491, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8115491", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8115491 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8115491; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8115491"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8115491 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8115491"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8115491; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8115491]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8115491").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8115491").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8115491"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4749" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Catalysis">Catalysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4749" type="text/json">{"id":4749,"name":"Catalysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Catalysis?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16215" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Liquid">Ionic Liquid</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16215" type="text/json">{"id":16215,"name":"Ionic Liquid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Liquid?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Liquids">Ionic Liquids</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="33003" type="text/json">{"id":33003,"name":"Ionic Liquids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Liquids?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35607" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biocatalysis">Biocatalysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="35607" type="text/json">{"id":35607,"name":"Biocatalysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biocatalysis?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8115491]'), work: {"id":8115491,"title":"Use of ionic liquids in sol-gel; ionogels and applications","created_at":"2014-08-28T06:12:01.899-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8115491/Use_of_ionic_liquids_in_sol_gel_ionogels_and_applications?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_8115491","summary":"The current strong interest in ionic liquids is motivated by their unique combination of properties such as negligible vapour pressure, thermal stability, non-flammability, high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical stability window. The first part of this short review deals with all the specific aspects of sol-gel in the presence of ionic liquid, which can act as drying control chemical additive, catalyst, porogenous agent and solvent or co-solvent. The second part is devoted to the properties of the gels in which the ionic liquid is kept confined (ionogels) and their applications as electrolyte membranes, optical devices, catalysts and sensors. To cite this article: A. Vioux et al., C. R. Chimie 13 (2010). # 2009 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48210085,"asset_id":8115491,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15756492,"first_name":"Sabrina","last_name":"Sol","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SabrinaSol","display_name":"Sabrina Sol","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SabrinaSol?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15756492/4259144/4954334/s65_sabrina.sol.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4749,"name":"Catalysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Catalysis?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":16215,"name":"Ionic Liquid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Liquid?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":33003,"name":"Ionic Liquids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Liquids?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":35607,"name":"Biocatalysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biocatalysis?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":40957,"name":"Heterogeneous Catalysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heterogeneous_Catalysis?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":85460,"name":"Sol Gel Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sol_Gel_Process?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":263097,"name":"Application","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Application?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":274524,"name":"Confinement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confinement?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":366195,"name":"Ionic Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Conductivity?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":389180,"name":"Thermal Stability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermal_Stability?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":959334,"name":"Sol gel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sol_gel-1?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13209935" data-work_id="13209935" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13209935/Vapor_liquid_equilibrium_in_the_sodium_carbonate_sodium_bicarbonate_water_CO2_system">Vapor–liquid equilibrium in the sodium carbonate–sodium bicarbonate–water–CO2-system</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Vapor-liquid equilibria of the carbon dioxide loaded sodium carbonate-water system were measured in the temperature range 40-80 1C and for sodium carbonate concentrations 8-12 wt%. In addition the vapor pressure of water over 10-30 wt%... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13209935" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Vapor-liquid equilibria of the carbon dioxide loaded sodium carbonate-water system were measured in the temperature range 40-80 1C and for sodium carbonate concentrations 8-12 wt%. In addition the vapor pressure of water over 10-30 wt% sodium carbonate solutions for the temperature range 27-100 1C was measured in an ebulliometer. The system was modeled using the electrolyte-NRTL model. Experimental vapor-liquid data from this study as well as data available in the literature from 25 to 195 1C and for sodium carbonate concentrations from 0.5 to 12 wt% were used for parameter fitting. The average deviation of the model predictions compared to all experimental data found is 9.8% for the partial pressure of CO 2 . For vapor pressure of water the standard deviation is 0.6% up to 100 1C and 30 wt% sodium carbonate solutions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13209935" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0e8bdcc1e2ccf53cadd5cb170a5c5a87" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45682325,"asset_id":13209935,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45682325/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32464346" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HallvardSvendsen">Hallvard Svendsen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32464346" type="text/json">{"id":32464346,"first_name":"Hallvard","last_name":"Svendsen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HallvardSvendsen","display_name":"Hallvard Svendsen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HallvardSvendsen?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13209935 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13209935"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13209935, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13209935", }); 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In addition the vapor pressure of water over 10-30 wt% sodium carbonate solutions for the temperature range 27-100 1C was measured in an ebulliometer. The system was modeled using the electrolyte-NRTL model. Experimental vapor-liquid data from this study as well as data available in the literature from 25 to 195 1C and for sodium carbonate concentrations from 0.5 to 12 wt% were used for parameter fitting. The average deviation of the model predictions compared to all experimental data found is 9.8% for the partial pressure of CO 2 . For vapor pressure of water the standard deviation is 0.6% up to 100 1C and 30 wt% sodium carbonate solutions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45682325,"asset_id":13209935,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32464346,"first_name":"Hallvard","last_name":"Svendsen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HallvardSvendsen","display_name":"Hallvard Svendsen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HallvardSvendsen?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":4594,"name":"Carbon Dioxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbon_Dioxide?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":7968,"name":"Prediction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prediction?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":69841,"name":"Standard Deviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Standard_Deviation?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":95528,"name":"Phase equilibria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_equilibria?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":114713,"name":"Vapor Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vapor_Pressure?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":264903,"name":"Vapor liquid equilibrium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vapor_liquid_equilibrium?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":595175,"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering_Science?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1114988,"name":"Vapor Liquid Equilibria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vapor_Liquid_Equilibria?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1120502,"name":"Experimental Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Data?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1333410,"name":"Sodium Bicarbonate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium_Bicarbonate?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":2037336,"name":"Phase Equilibrium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Equilibrium?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31770122" data-work_id="31770122" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31770122/Ideal_Behavior_of_Water_Solutions_of_Strong_Electrolytes_and_Non_electrolytes_at_High_Concentrations">Ideal Behavior of Water Solutions of Strong Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes at High Concentrations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Contrary to widely held beliefs, many concentrated aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes and nonelectrolytes are shown to behave ideally by calculating the activity of water (a w ) from vapor pressure data. The mole fraction of water... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31770122" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Contrary to widely held beliefs, many concentrated aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes and nonelectrolytes are shown to behave ideally by calculating the activity of water (a w ) from vapor pressure data. The mole fraction of water (x w ) is equal to the water activity a w (Raoult's Law) when the mole fraction of water is calculated by accounting for water strongly bound to the solute, which is then not available to act as solvent. In this case</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31770122" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c76a9488e853d62d69ff205c7faf0e94" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52074506,"asset_id":31770122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52074506/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61113270" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndreasZavitsas">Andreas Zavitsas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61113270" type="text/json">{"id":61113270,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Zavitsas","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AndreasZavitsas","display_name":"Andreas Zavitsas","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndreasZavitsas?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61113270/173581519/163596336/s65_andreas.zavitsas.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31770122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31770122"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31770122, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31770122", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31770122]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31770122").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31770122").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31770122"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="522" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="522" type="text/json">{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2215" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water">Water</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2215" type="text/json">{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35828" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solution_Chemistry">Solution Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="35828" type="text/json">{"id":35828,"name":"Solution Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solution_Chemistry?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35829" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aqueous_Solutions">Aqueous Solutions</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="35829" type="text/json">{"id":35829,"name":"Aqueous Solutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aqueous_Solutions?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31770122]'), work: {"id":31770122,"title":"Ideal Behavior of Water Solutions of Strong Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes at High Concentrations","created_at":"2017-03-08T06:43:00.674-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31770122/Ideal_Behavior_of_Water_Solutions_of_Strong_Electrolytes_and_Non_electrolytes_at_High_Concentrations?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_31770122","summary":"Contrary to widely held beliefs, many concentrated aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes and nonelectrolytes are shown to behave ideally by calculating the activity of water (a w ) from vapor pressure data. The mole fraction of water (x w ) is equal to the water activity a w (Raoult's Law) when the mole fraction of water is calculated by accounting for water strongly bound to the solute, which is then not available to act as solvent. In this case","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52074506,"asset_id":31770122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61113270,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Zavitsas","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AndreasZavitsas","display_name":"Andreas Zavitsas","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndreasZavitsas?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61113270/173581519/163596336/s65_andreas.zavitsas.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":35828,"name":"Solution Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solution_Chemistry?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":35829,"name":"Aqueous Solutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aqueous_Solutions?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":109384,"name":"Viscosity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscosity?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":114713,"name":"Vapor Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vapor_Pressure?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":155133,"name":"Equation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equation?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":179589,"name":"Water Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Activity?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":336426,"name":"Particle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":963588,"name":"Ideal Solutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideal_Solutions?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":989646,"name":"Aqueous Solution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aqueous_Solution?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1137227,"name":"Activity Coefficient","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activity_Coefficient?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1191377,"name":"Water Vapor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Vapor?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6864599" data-work_id="6864599" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6864599/A_REVIEW_ON_FUEL_CELL_AND_ITS_APPLICATIONS">A REVIEW ON FUEL CELL AND ITS APPLICATIONS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">With the increase in the demand of electrical energy now it is the time to think for the alternate source of energy. In order to mitigate the demand of electrical energy and to create pollution free environment the fuel cell acts as an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6864599" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">With the increase in the demand of electrical energy now it is the time to think for the alternate source of energy. In order to mitigate the demand of electrical energy and to create pollution free environment the fuel cell acts as an alternate solution. The fuel cells are very much similar to an ordinary dry cell or battery. It has an electrode, some chemical material and an electrical circuit to give the supply to an external circuit. Due to absence of rotating devices they are quite simple and efficient in nature. This paper describes about the working methods of fuel cells and their future and economic growth.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6864599" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="083b664435dc55a7cc9eb07ac0661d47" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33553075,"asset_id":6864599,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33553075/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2973960" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ijret">Editor IJRET</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2973960" type="text/json">{"id":2973960,"first_name":"Editor","last_name":"IJRET","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ijret","display_name":"Editor IJRET","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ijret?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2973960/983269/4472728/s65_editor.ijret.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6864599 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6864599"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6864599, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6864599", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6864599 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6864599; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6864599"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6864599 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6864599"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6864599; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6864599]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6864599").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6864599").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6864599"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2738" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renewable_Energy">Renewable Energy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2738" type="text/json">{"id":2738,"name":"Renewable Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renewable_Energy?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27303" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fuel_Cell">Fuel Cell</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27303" type="text/json">{"id":27303,"name":"Fuel Cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fuel_Cell?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="213820" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dc">Dc</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="213820" type="text/json">{"id":213820,"name":"Dc","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dc?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="909150" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrode">Electrode</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="909150" type="text/json">{"id":909150,"name":"Electrode","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrode?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6864599]'), work: {"id":6864599,"title":"A REVIEW ON FUEL CELL AND ITS APPLICATIONS","created_at":"2014-04-24T20:55:14.633-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6864599/A_REVIEW_ON_FUEL_CELL_AND_ITS_APPLICATIONS?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_6864599","summary":"With the increase in the demand of electrical energy now it is the time to think for the alternate source of energy. In order to mitigate the demand of electrical energy and to create pollution free environment the fuel cell acts as an alternate solution. The fuel cells are very much similar to an ordinary dry cell or battery. It has an electrode, some chemical material and an electrical circuit to give the supply to an external circuit. Due to absence of rotating devices they are quite simple and efficient in nature. This paper describes about the working methods of fuel cells and their future and economic growth.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33553075,"asset_id":6864599,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2973960,"first_name":"Editor","last_name":"IJRET","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ijret","display_name":"Editor IJRET","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ijret?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2973960/983269/4472728/s65_editor.ijret.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2738,"name":"Renewable Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renewable_Energy?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":27303,"name":"Fuel Cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fuel_Cell?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":213820,"name":"Dc","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dc?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":false},{"id":909150,"name":"Electrode","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrode?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37123084" data-work_id="37123084" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37123084/Conversion_of_Fruit_to_Battery">Conversion of Fruit to Battery</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Batteries are device that store chemical energy and convert it to electrical energy, so using fruit as battery acts like a wet cell that consists of a negative and positive electrode with an electrolyte which conducts ions, also, copper... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37123084" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Batteries are device that store chemical energy and convert it to electrical energy, so using fruit as battery acts like a wet cell that consists of a negative and positive electrode with an electrolyte which conducts ions, also, copper and zinc metals acts as electrodes while citric acid of the fruit is the electrolyte. Fruits battery comprises of the combination of different materials which are the copper penny (coin), galvanized nail, multimeter, alligator clips, connecting wires and light emitting diode (LED) bulb, by which all connected together make up the fruit battery used to light up a LED bulb. The fruit battery has different application which are; lightening a bulb and charging a battery in which the combinations are all connected in such a way that the penny and the galvanized nail are inserted into the fruits with alligator clips attached to end of the two electrodes and connected to others in series, the two ends of the connecting wire is then connected to the LED bulb depending on the capacity of the fruit battery. In a nutshell, apple generated the highest voltage out of all the fruits tested, the higher the acidity and size of the fruit, the higher the voltage, also, the far apart the electrodes inserted into the fruits, the higher the voltage using copper and zinc as the best electrode over copper and steel or steel and zinc electrode.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37123084" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ec79b603d3ea3cb215ec8074f5366b44" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57074747,"asset_id":37123084,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57074747/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="87876335" href="https://noun.academia.edu/AJAGBESUNDAYADEOLA">AJAGBE SUNDAY ADEOLA</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="87876335" type="text/json">{"id":87876335,"first_name":"AJAGBE","last_name":"SUNDAY ADEOLA","domain_name":"noun","page_name":"AJAGBESUNDAYADEOLA","display_name":"AJAGBE SUNDAY ADEOLA","profile_url":"https://noun.academia.edu/AJAGBESUNDAYADEOLA?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/87876335/20140786/107653628/s65_ajagbe.sunday_adeola.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37123084 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37123084"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37123084, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37123084", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37123084 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37123084; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37123084"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37123084 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37123084"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37123084; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37123084]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37123084").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37123084").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37123084"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_Engineering">Electrical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49" type="text/json">{"id":49,"name":"Electrical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1380" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Engineering">Computer Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1380" type="text/json">{"id":1380,"name":"Computer Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7454" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Communication_Technology">Information Communication Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7454" type="text/json">{"id":7454,"name":"Information Communication Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Communication_Technology?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="909150" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrode">Electrode</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="909150" type="text/json">{"id":909150,"name":"Electrode","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrode?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37123084]'), work: {"id":37123084,"title":"Conversion of Fruit to Battery","created_at":"2018-07-25T22:30:27.296-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37123084/Conversion_of_Fruit_to_Battery?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_37123084","summary":"Batteries are device that store chemical energy and convert it to electrical energy, so using fruit as battery acts like a wet cell that consists of a negative and positive electrode with an electrolyte which conducts ions, also, copper and zinc metals acts as electrodes while citric acid of the fruit is the electrolyte. Fruits battery comprises of the combination of different materials which are the copper penny (coin), galvanized nail, multimeter, alligator clips, connecting wires and light emitting diode (LED) bulb, by which all connected together make up the fruit battery used to light up a LED bulb. The fruit battery has different application which are; lightening a bulb and charging a battery in which the combinations are all connected in such a way that the penny and the galvanized nail are inserted into the fruits with alligator clips attached to end of the two electrodes and connected to others in series, the two ends of the connecting wire is then connected to the LED bulb depending on the capacity of the fruit battery. In a nutshell, apple generated the highest voltage out of all the fruits tested, the higher the acidity and size of the fruit, the higher the voltage, also, the far apart the electrodes inserted into the fruits, the higher the voltage using copper and zinc as the best electrode over copper and steel or steel and zinc electrode.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57074747,"asset_id":37123084,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":87876335,"first_name":"AJAGBE","last_name":"SUNDAY ADEOLA","domain_name":"noun","page_name":"AJAGBESUNDAYADEOLA","display_name":"AJAGBE SUNDAY ADEOLA","profile_url":"https://noun.academia.edu/AJAGBESUNDAYADEOLA?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/87876335/20140786/107653628/s65_ajagbe.sunday_adeola.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":49,"name":"Electrical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1380,"name":"Computer Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":7454,"name":"Information Communication Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Communication_Technology?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":909150,"name":"Electrode","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrode?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":2177422,"name":"Light Emitting Diode","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light_Emitting_Diode?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26122450" data-work_id="26122450" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26122450/Treatment_of_Oily_Wastewater_of_a_Gas_Refinery_by_Electrocoagulation_Using_Aluminum_Electrodes">Treatment of Oily Wastewater of a Gas Refinery by Electrocoagulation Using Aluminum Electrodes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Oily wastewaters are the most important discharges of gas refineries from an environmental point-of-view. In the present study, treatment of gas refinery oily wastewater by electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes was investigated.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26122450" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Oily wastewaters are the most important discharges of gas refineries from an environmental point-of-view. In the present study, treatment of gas refinery oily wastewater by electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes was investigated. The effects of electrode distance, initial pH, sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) as a supporting electrolyte, polyaluminum chloride dosage as a coagulant aid, and current density on the efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were examined. The results revealed that the COD removal rate increases by applying more current density and polyaluminum chloride and, to a lesser extent, Na2SO4 dosage. The results also showed that 97% COD can be removed at optimum operational conditions. Specific electrical energy consumption could be reduced from 19.48 kWh (kg COD removal)(-1) to 11.057 kWh (kg COD removal)(-1) using Na2SO4 as a supporting electrolyte. Gas chromatographic analysis of raw and treated wastewater also revealed that most normal hydrocarbons (nea...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26122450" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="966bc5f0cec7a189a1376a234a2a9cac" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46463693,"asset_id":26122450,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46463693/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="49892529" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MohsenSaeedi1">Mohsen Saeedi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="49892529" type="text/json">{"id":49892529,"first_name":"Mohsen","last_name":"Saeedi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MohsenSaeedi1","display_name":"Mohsen Saeedi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MohsenSaeedi1?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26122450 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26122450"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26122450, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26122450", }); 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In the present study, treatment of gas refinery oily wastewater by electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes was investigated. The effects of electrode distance, initial pH, sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) as a supporting electrolyte, polyaluminum chloride dosage as a coagulant aid, and current density on the efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were examined. The results revealed that the COD removal rate increases by applying more current density and polyaluminum chloride and, to a lesser extent, Na2SO4 dosage. The results also showed that 97% COD can be removed at optimum operational conditions. Specific electrical energy consumption could be reduced from 19.48 kWh (kg COD removal)(-1) to 11.057 kWh (kg COD removal)(-1) using Na2SO4 as a supporting electrolyte. Gas chromatographic analysis of raw and treated wastewater also revealed that most normal hydrocarbons (nea...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46463693,"asset_id":26122450,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":49892529,"first_name":"Mohsen","last_name":"Saeedi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MohsenSaeedi1","display_name":"Mohsen Saeedi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MohsenSaeedi1?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":5285,"name":"Petroleum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Petroleum?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":17726,"name":"Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Density?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":21724,"name":"Water Pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Pollution?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":41274,"name":"Iran","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iran?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":55258,"name":"Aluminum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aluminum?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":84278,"name":"Ph","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ph?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":96172,"name":"Flocculation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flocculation?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":373249,"name":"Electrolytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolytes?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":414914,"name":"Waste Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waste_Water?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":650836,"name":"Electrocoagulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrocoagulation?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":661887,"name":"Chemical Oxygen Demand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Oxygen_Demand?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":833779,"name":"Water Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Environment?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":846015,"name":"Electrodes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrodes?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":909150,"name":"Electrode","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrode?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1121337,"name":"Refinery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refinery?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1137254,"name":"Hydrogen-Ion Concentration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrogen-Ion_Concentration?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1186744,"name":"DCO","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DCO?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1362522,"name":"Aluminum Hydroxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aluminum_Hydroxide?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1487674,"name":"Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Oxygen_Demand_Analysis?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1508344,"name":"Coagulants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coagulants?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1647834,"name":"Floculation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Floculation?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1663770,"name":"Sulfates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sulfates?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33052157" data-work_id="33052157" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33052157/Electrodeposition_of_zinc_from_sodium_zincate_hydroxide_electrolytes_in_a_spouted_bed_electrode">Electrodeposition of zinc from sodium zincate/hydroxide electrolytes in a spouted bed electrode</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Zinc has been electrodeposited from sodium zincate/hydroxide electrolytes in a spouted bed electrode (SBE). The anticipated application is the removal of zinc from steel degalvanizing electrolytes. A number of short-term (2 to 3 hours)... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33052157" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Zinc has been electrodeposited from sodium zincate/hydroxide electrolytes in a spouted bed electrode (SBE). The anticipated application is the removal of zinc from steel degalvanizing electrolytes. A number of short-term (2 to 3 hours) batch experiments have been carried out to determine the effect of design and operating parameters (e.g., current density and temperature) on cell performance, as reflected in the measured cell voltage and current efficiency. A significant effort was devoted to discovering a suitable diaphragm material. A combination of two materials was found to give a stable and acceptable cell voltage. In short-term runs, this combination gave DC energy consumptions of 2.3 to 2.5 kWh/kg zinc at current densities of 2500 to 4000 A/m 2 . Two long-term runs were carried out, the longer being of 82-hour duration to grow particles from 0.4 mm to approximately 1 mm (i.e., by roughly a factor of 15 in mass) and from 1 mm to approximately 3 mm (factor of 27). Current efficiencies and energy consumptions were comparable to those in the shorter runs; the particles produced had a metallic appearance and were not friable. Auxiliary experiments were carried out to probe the potential distribution in the SBE. V. JIRICNY, Staff Scientist, is with the Institute of Chemical Process The work described in the present article has been aimed Fundamentals, Prague, Czech Republic. A. ROY, Graduate Student, and at the use of the SBE for recovery of zinc from solutions J.W. EVANS, Professor, are with the Department of Materials Science and produced during the degalvanizing of steel such as in the Engineering</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33052157" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6eca990928f437a25e4532fe2ddd875f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53160101,"asset_id":33052157,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53160101/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9723783" href="https://coventry.academia.edu/ArijitRoy">Arijit Roy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9723783" type="text/json">{"id":9723783,"first_name":"Arijit","last_name":"Roy","domain_name":"coventry","page_name":"ArijitRoy","display_name":"Arijit Roy","profile_url":"https://coventry.academia.edu/ArijitRoy?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9723783/3822714/6278371/s65_arijit.roy.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33052157 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33052157"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33052157, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33052157", }); 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The anticipated application is the removal of zinc from steel degalvanizing electrolytes. A number of short-term (2 to 3 hours) batch experiments have been carried out to determine the effect of design and operating parameters (e.g., current density and temperature) on cell performance, as reflected in the measured cell voltage and current efficiency. A significant effort was devoted to discovering a suitable diaphragm material. A combination of two materials was found to give a stable and acceptable cell voltage. In short-term runs, this combination gave DC energy consumptions of 2.3 to 2.5 kWh/kg zinc at current densities of 2500 to 4000 A/m 2 . Two long-term runs were carried out, the longer being of 82-hour duration to grow particles from 0.4 mm to approximately 1 mm (i.e., by roughly a factor of 15 in mass) and from 1 mm to approximately 3 mm (factor of 27). Current efficiencies and energy consumptions were comparable to those in the shorter runs; the particles produced had a metallic appearance and were not friable. Auxiliary experiments were carried out to probe the potential distribution in the SBE. V. JIRICNY, Staff Scientist, is with the Institute of Chemical Process The work described in the present article has been aimed Fundamentals, Prague, Czech Republic. A. ROY, Graduate Student, and at the use of the SBE for recovery of zinc from solutions J.W. EVANS, Professor, are with the Department of Materials Science and produced during the degalvanizing of steel such as in the Engineering","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53160101,"asset_id":33052157,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9723783,"first_name":"Arijit","last_name":"Roy","domain_name":"coventry","page_name":"ArijitRoy","display_name":"Arijit Roy","profile_url":"https://coventry.academia.edu/ArijitRoy?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9723783/3822714/6278371/s65_arijit.roy.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":116277,"name":"Electrometallurgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrometallurgy?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":173959,"name":"Current Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Current_Density?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6005071" data-work_id="6005071" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6005071/Thermal_activated_thermal_battery_technology">Thermal activated (thermal) battery technology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article gives an overview of the important properties and design characteristics of electrolyte used in thermally activated (thermal) batteries. The basic physical properties of the main compositions are reviewed. The properties of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6005071" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article gives an overview of the important properties and design characteristics of electrolyte used in thermally activated (thermal) batteries. The basic physical properties of the main compositions are reviewed. The properties of electrolytes such as melting point, ionic conductivity, surface tension, density, thermal characteristics, and moisture sensitivity were analyzed in relation with the functioning of the batteries. Solubility data of alkali metals, sulphides, and oxides were compiled and analyzed. The important parameters of separator pellets are discussed in terms of both electrical and mechanical properties as they pertain to thermal-battery design and functioning. 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nano-silicon electrode by fluoroethylene carbonate and vinylene carbonate</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25572744" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="67c209b6239ae9081902085a656b98a8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45903188,"asset_id":25572744,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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Passerini","profile_url":"https://kit.academia.edu/StefanoPasserini?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/49066345/12908788/28790522/s65_stefano.passerini.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25572744 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25572744"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25572744, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25572744", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25572744 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25572744; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25572744"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25572744 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25572744"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25572744; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25572744]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25572744").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25572744").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25572744"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="260118" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES">CHEMICAL SCIENCES</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="260118" type="text/json">{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="389180" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermal_Stability">Thermal Stability</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="389180" type="text/json">{"id":389180,"name":"Thermal Stability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermal_Stability?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1276642" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte">Electrolyte</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1276642" type="text/json">{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25572744]'), work: {"id":25572744,"title":"Enhanced thermal stability of a lithiated nano-silicon electrode by fluoroethylene carbonate and vinylene carbonate","created_at":"2016-05-24T00:24:23.192-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25572744/Enhanced_thermal_stability_of_a_lithiated_nano_silicon_electrode_by_fluoroethylene_carbonate_and_vinylene_carbonate?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_25572744","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45903188,"asset_id":25572744,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":49066345,"first_name":"Stefano","last_name":"Passerini","domain_name":"kit","page_name":"StefanoPasserini","display_name":"Stefano Passerini","profile_url":"https://kit.academia.edu/StefanoPasserini?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/49066345/12908788/28790522/s65_stefano.passerini.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":389180,"name":"Thermal Stability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermal_Stability?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1852738,"name":"Power Sources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Sources?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20158188" data-work_id="20158188" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20158188/Factors_Involved_in_the_Design_of_Dye_Sensitized_Solar_Cell">Factors Involved in the Design of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) are the thin film low cost solar cells. It is based on the semiconductor formed between photo sensitized anode and electrolyte. It is a photo electrochemical system. DSSC are simple to make, flexible and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20158188" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) are the thin film low cost solar cells. It is based on the semiconductor formed between photo sensitized anode and electrolyte. It is a photo electrochemical system. DSSC are simple to make, flexible and transparent. The price to performance ratio is good. DSSC Consist of Transparent Conductive oxide (TCO) glass, Dye sensitized Nanoparticle, electrolyte and counter-electrode. Conversion efficiency depends on type of electrolyte used, materials which curbs recombination, type of dye and Nanoparticles. This study brings various possible arrangements of TCO and organic and natural dye sensitization of Nanoparticles and various electrolyte used in DSSC. By modifying a various component the conversion efficiency of the DSSC are increased. This study focuses on various strategies followed to increase conversion efficiency.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20158188" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1e49ffb2ae8efeefb2ef4bede10f3af0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41039726,"asset_id":20158188,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41039726/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11643968" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JournalIjsrd">IJSRD Journal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11643968" type="text/json">{"id":11643968,"first_name":"IJSRD","last_name":"Journal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JournalIjsrd","display_name":"IJSRD Journal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JournalIjsrd?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11643968/11131958/12422777/s65_journal.ijsrd.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20158188 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20158188"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20158188, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20158188", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20158188 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20158188; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20158188"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20158188 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20158188"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20158188; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20158188]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20158188").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20158188").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20158188"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8950" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticle">Nanoparticle</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8950" type="text/json">{"id":8950,"name":"Nanoparticle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticle?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146066" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Dye">Natural Dye</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146066" type="text/json">{"id":146066,"name":"Natural Dye","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Dye?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="164666" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DSSC">DSSC</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="164666" type="text/json">{"id":164666,"name":"DSSC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DSSC?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1276642" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte">Electrolyte</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1276642" type="text/json">{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20158188]'), work: {"id":20158188,"title":"Factors Involved in the Design of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell","created_at":"2016-01-11T02:47:13.227-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20158188/Factors_Involved_in_the_Design_of_Dye_Sensitized_Solar_Cell?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_20158188","summary":"Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) are the thin film low cost solar cells. It is based on the semiconductor formed between photo sensitized anode and electrolyte. It is a photo electrochemical system. DSSC are simple to make, flexible and transparent. The price to performance ratio is good. DSSC Consist of Transparent Conductive oxide (TCO) glass, Dye sensitized Nanoparticle, electrolyte and counter-electrode. Conversion efficiency depends on type of electrolyte used, materials which curbs recombination, type of dye and Nanoparticles. This study brings various possible arrangements of TCO and organic and natural dye sensitization of Nanoparticles and various electrolyte used in DSSC. By modifying a various component the conversion efficiency of the DSSC are increased. This study focuses on various strategies followed to increase conversion efficiency.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41039726,"asset_id":20158188,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11643968,"first_name":"IJSRD","last_name":"Journal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JournalIjsrd","display_name":"IJSRD Journal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JournalIjsrd?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11643968/11131958/12422777/s65_journal.ijsrd.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8950,"name":"Nanoparticle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticle?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":146066,"name":"Natural Dye","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Dye?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":164666,"name":"DSSC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DSSC?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20112858" data-work_id="20112858" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20112858/A_Review_on_Combined_Effect_of_HHO_Gas_and_Compression_Ratio_on_the_Performance_and_Emission_Characteristics_of_Spark_Ignition_Engine">A Review on Combined Effect of HHO Gas and Compression Ratio on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Spark Ignition Engine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The reserve of petroleum over the world is limited. It is very important to save petroleum fuels or find some substitutes. The oxygen enriched hydrogen-HHO gas was produced by the process of water electrolysis. Hydroxyl gas was produced... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20112858" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The reserve of petroleum over the world is limited. It is very important to save petroleum fuels or find some substitutes. The oxygen enriched hydrogen-HHO gas was produced by the process of water electrolysis. Hydroxyl gas was produced by the electrolysis process of different electrolytes (KOH, NaOH, and NaCl) with various electrode designs in a leak proof Plexiglas reactor (hydrogen generator). This review paper presents the concern with the effectiveness of oxygen enriched hydrogen-HHO gas addition on performance and combustion characteristics of a SI engine with variable compression ratio. The effect will be shown on the SI engine of the brake thermal efficiency, un-burn hydrocarbon, NOx emission, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide with the use of HHO and a variable compression ratio.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20112858" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="78ff5540a55609a50a05358e25f37ec5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41015301,"asset_id":20112858,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41015301/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11643968" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JournalIjsrd">IJSRD Journal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11643968" type="text/json">{"id":11643968,"first_name":"IJSRD","last_name":"Journal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JournalIjsrd","display_name":"IJSRD Journal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JournalIjsrd?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11643968/11131958/12422777/s65_journal.ijsrd.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20112858 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20112858"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20112858, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20112858", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20112858 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20112858; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20112858"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20112858 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20112858"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20112858; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20112858]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20112858").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20112858").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20112858"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296091" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolysis">Electrolysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296091" type="text/json">{"id":296091,"name":"Electrolysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolysis?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1276642" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte">Electrolyte</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1276642" type="text/json">{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1323218" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Characteristics">Performance Characteristics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1323218" type="text/json">{"id":1323218,"name":"Performance Characteristics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Characteristics?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1325961" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SI_engine">SI engine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1325961" type="text/json">{"id":1325961,"name":"SI engine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SI_engine?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20112858]'), work: {"id":20112858,"title":"A Review on Combined Effect of HHO Gas and Compression Ratio on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Spark Ignition Engine","created_at":"2016-01-08T20:42:11.804-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20112858/A_Review_on_Combined_Effect_of_HHO_Gas_and_Compression_Ratio_on_the_Performance_and_Emission_Characteristics_of_Spark_Ignition_Engine?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_20112858","summary":"The reserve of petroleum over the world is limited. It is very important to save petroleum fuels or find some substitutes. The oxygen enriched hydrogen-HHO gas was produced by the process of water electrolysis. Hydroxyl gas was produced by the electrolysis process of different electrolytes (KOH, NaOH, and NaCl) with various electrode designs in a leak proof Plexiglas reactor (hydrogen generator). This review paper presents the concern with the effectiveness of oxygen enriched hydrogen-HHO gas addition on performance and combustion characteristics of a SI engine with variable compression ratio. The effect will be shown on the SI engine of the brake thermal efficiency, un-burn hydrocarbon, NOx emission, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide with the use of HHO and a variable compression ratio.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41015301,"asset_id":20112858,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11643968,"first_name":"IJSRD","last_name":"Journal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JournalIjsrd","display_name":"IJSRD Journal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JournalIjsrd?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11643968/11131958/12422777/s65_journal.ijsrd.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":296091,"name":"Electrolysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolysis?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1323218,"name":"Performance Characteristics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Characteristics?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":1325961,"name":"SI engine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SI_engine?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":2004912,"name":"Compression Ratio","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Compression_Ratio?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1179282" data-work_id="1179282" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1179282/Pitzer_and_Pitzer_Simonson_Clegg_modeling_approaches_Ternary_HCl_1_propanol_water_electrolyte_system">Pitzer and Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg modeling approaches: Ternary HCl+ 1-propanol+ water electrolyte system</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Despite its success for modeling electrolyte thermodynamics in aqueous media, the use of the Pitzer approach for the investigation of electrolytes in nonaqueous or in mixed solvent media is still very limited. Further, a review of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1179282" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Despite its success for modeling electrolyte thermodynamics in aqueous media, the use of the Pitzer approach for the investigation of electrolytes in nonaqueous or in mixed solvent media is still very limited. Further, a review of the literature reveals that there are no more than a few research groups who have used the exact form of the Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg (PSC) ion-interaction approach for the investigation of electrolytes in mixed solvent systems. As a continuation of our previous studies, the present investigation reports modeling of HCl in the 2-propanol + water mixed solvent system with the Pitzer, PSC and an extended form of the PSC ion-interaction approaches using the experimental potentiometric data from a cell containing pH glass membrane and Ag/AgCl electrodes. The electrochemical measurements were performed over the HCl molality range from 0.01 to 4.5 mol·kg −1 in mixed 2-propanol (x%) + water (100 − x%) solvents, with different solvent percent mass fractions (x% = 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) at 298.15 ± 0.05 K.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1179282" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ecdc6ba45a3edbd82a9aff894fc6987d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51069699,"asset_id":1179282,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51069699/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="269104" href="https://sbmu-ir.academia.edu/FDeyhimi">F. Deyhimi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="269104" type="text/json">{"id":269104,"first_name":"F.","last_name":"Deyhimi","domain_name":"sbmu-ir","page_name":"FDeyhimi","display_name":"F. Deyhimi","profile_url":"https://sbmu-ir.academia.edu/FDeyhimi?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1179282 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1179282"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1179282, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1179282", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1179282 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1179282; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1179282"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1179282 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1179282"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1179282; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1179282]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1179282").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1179282").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1179282"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">24</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="522" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="522" type="text/json">{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="524" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry">Analytical Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="524" type="text/json">{"id":524,"name":"Analytical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2215" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water">Water</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2215" type="text/json">{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1179282]'), work: {"id":1179282,"title":"Pitzer and Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg modeling approaches: Ternary HCl+ 1-propanol+ water electrolyte system","created_at":"2011-12-25T21:17:12.001-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1179282/Pitzer_and_Pitzer_Simonson_Clegg_modeling_approaches_Ternary_HCl_1_propanol_water_electrolyte_system?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_1179282","summary":"Despite its success for modeling electrolyte thermodynamics in aqueous media, the use of the Pitzer approach for the investigation of electrolytes in nonaqueous or in mixed solvent media is still very limited. Further, a review of the literature reveals that there are no more than a few research groups who have used the exact form of the Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg (PSC) ion-interaction approach for the investigation of electrolytes in mixed solvent systems. As a continuation of our previous studies, the present investigation reports modeling of HCl in the 2-propanol + water mixed solvent system with the Pitzer, PSC and an extended form of the PSC ion-interaction approaches using the experimental potentiometric data from a cell containing pH glass membrane and Ag/AgCl electrodes. The electrochemical measurements were performed over the HCl molality range from 0.01 to 4.5 mol·kg −1 in mixed 2-propanol (x%) + water (100 − x%) solvents, with different solvent percent mass fractions (x% = 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) at 298.15 ± 0.05 K.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51069699,"asset_id":1179282,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":269104,"first_name":"F.","last_name":"Deyhimi","domain_name":"sbmu-ir","page_name":"FDeyhimi","display_name":"F. Deyhimi","profile_url":"https://sbmu-ir.academia.edu/FDeyhimi?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":524,"name":"Analytical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":4748,"name":"Electrochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrochemistry?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":7742,"name":"Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glass?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":35828,"name":"Solution Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solution_Chemistry?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":62806,"name":"Electroanalytical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroanalytical_Chemistry?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":65140,"name":"Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Models?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":73865,"name":"Potentiometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potentiometry?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":80799,"name":"Classical Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_Physics?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":84278,"name":"Ph","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ph?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":86176,"name":"Alcohol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alcohol?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":121705,"name":"Ethanol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethanol?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":242298,"name":"Membrane","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":348756,"name":"Ion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ion?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":629119,"name":"Fluid phase equilibria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluid_phase_equilibria?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":846015,"name":"Electrodes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrodes?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":909150,"name":"Electrode","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrode?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1137227,"name":"Activity Coefficient","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activity_Coefficient?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1257974,"name":"Ions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ions?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":2037336,"name":"Phase Equilibrium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Equilibrium?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10780897" data-work_id="10780897" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10780897/Ceria_based_electrolyte_reinforced_by_sol_gel_technique_for_intermediate_temperature_solid_oxide_fuel_cells">Ceria-based electrolyte reinforced by sol–gel technique for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Electrolyte Solegel Impedance spectroscopy Solid oxide fuel cells a b s t r a c t High performance solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) based on gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) electrolyte are demonstrated for intermediate temperature operation.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10780897" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Electrolyte Solegel Impedance spectroscopy Solid oxide fuel cells a b s t r a c t High performance solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) based on gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) electrolyte are demonstrated for intermediate temperature operation. The inherent technical limitations of the GDC electrolyte in sinterability and mechanical properties are overcome by applying solegel coating technique to the screen-printed film. When the quality of the electrolyte film is enhanced by the additional solegel coating, the OCV and maximum power density increase from 0.73 to 0.90 V and from 0.55 to 0.95 W cm À2 , respectively, at 650 C with humidified hydrogen (3% H 2 O) as fuel and air as oxidant. The impedance analysis reveals that the reinforcement of the thin electrolyte with solegel coating significantly reduces the polarization resistance. Elementary reaction steps for the anode and cathode are analyzed based on the systematic impedance study, and the relation between the structural integrity of the electrolyte and the electrode polarization is discussed in detail.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10780897" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="486dcb94c31c4afa35e0a5432752ff94" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47126043,"asset_id":10780897,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47126043/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26243386" href="https://catholic.academia.edu/HAEKOOKLEE">HAE KOOK LEE</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26243386" type="text/json">{"id":26243386,"first_name":"HAE KOOK","last_name":"LEE","domain_name":"catholic","page_name":"HAEKOOKLEE","display_name":"HAE KOOK LEE","profile_url":"https://catholic.academia.edu/HAEKOOKLEE?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26243386/42518644/34091078/s65_hae_kook.lee.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10780897 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10780897"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10780897, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10780897", }); 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The inherent technical limitations of the GDC electrolyte in sinterability and mechanical properties are overcome by applying solegel coating technique to the screen-printed film. When the quality of the electrolyte film is enhanced by the additional solegel coating, the OCV and maximum power density increase from 0.73 to 0.90 V and from 0.55 to 0.95 W cm À2 , respectively, at 650 C with humidified hydrogen (3% H 2 O) as fuel and air as oxidant. The impedance analysis reveals that the reinforcement of the thin electrolyte with solegel coating significantly reduces the polarization resistance. Elementary reaction steps for the anode and cathode are analyzed based on the systematic impedance study, and the relation between the structural integrity of the electrolyte and the electrode polarization is discussed in detail.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47126043,"asset_id":10780897,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26243386,"first_name":"HAE KOOK","last_name":"LEE","domain_name":"catholic","page_name":"HAEKOOKLEE","display_name":"HAE KOOK LEE","profile_url":"https://catholic.academia.edu/HAEKOOKLEE?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26243386/42518644/34091078/s65_hae_kook.lee.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":27374,"name":"Impedance Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Impedance_Spectroscopy?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":104345,"name":"Hydrogen Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrogen_Energy?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":959334,"name":"Sol gel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sol_gel-1?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7127599" data-work_id="7127599" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7127599/108_314_2_PB">108-314-2-PB</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7127599" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cf808d90289390dbb1db9ff2ae1765a9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33766409,"asset_id":7127599,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33766409/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10592969" href="https://rsust.academia.edu/AdegokeAdebayo">Adegoke Adebayo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10592969" type="text/json">{"id":10592969,"first_name":"Adegoke","last_name":"Adebayo","domain_name":"rsust","page_name":"AdegokeAdebayo","display_name":"Adegoke Adebayo","profile_url":"https://rsust.academia.edu/AdegokeAdebayo?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10592969/3506127/4117707/s65_adegoke.adebayo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7127599 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7127599"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7127599, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7127599", }); 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The densities of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10333411" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The solubility of potassium iodide in a propan-1-ol + water binary solvent mixture was measured over the entire composition range from (0 to 1) mass fraction of propan-1-ol at (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K. The densities of the saturated solutions are also reported. The equation given for the solubility of the saturated solutions is correlated with the mole fraction of propan-1-ol and the temperature and density of the solution.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10333411" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c08cc54e6087dc27eb792bc0bc1be1bb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47433998,"asset_id":10333411,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47433998/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25337936" href="https://unipune.academia.edu/RameshPawar">Ramesh Pawar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25337936" type="text/json">{"id":25337936,"first_name":"Ramesh","last_name":"Pawar","domain_name":"unipune","page_name":"RameshPawar","display_name":"Ramesh Pawar","profile_url":"https://unipune.academia.edu/RameshPawar?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25337936/6901406/16250714/s65_ramesh.pawar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10333411 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10333411"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10333411, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10333411", }); 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The densities of the saturated solutions are also reported. The equation given for the solubility of the saturated solutions is correlated with the mole fraction of propan-1-ol and the temperature and density of the solution.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47433998,"asset_id":10333411,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25337936,"first_name":"Ramesh","last_name":"Pawar","domain_name":"unipune","page_name":"RameshPawar","display_name":"Ramesh Pawar","profile_url":"https://unipune.academia.edu/RameshPawar?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25337936/6901406/16250714/s65_ramesh.pawar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":14054,"name":"Chemical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":17726,"name":"Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Density?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":86176,"name":"Alcohol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alcohol?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":160656,"name":"Potassium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potassium?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":205584,"name":"Solubility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solubility?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1228946,"name":"Physical Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Properties?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43627286" data-work_id="43627286" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43627286/Effect_of_residual_sodium_carbonate_in_irrigation_water_on_the_soil_sodication_and_yield_of_palmarosa_Cymbopogon_martinni_and_lemongrass_Cymbopogon_flexuosus_">Effect of residual sodium carbonate in irrigation water on the soil sodication and yield of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinni) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The effects of residual sodium carbonate (RSC) in irrigation water on soil sodication and yield and cation composition of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii Roxb. Wats) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon¯exuosus Steud Wats) were studied in the open... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43627286" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The effects of residual sodium carbonate (RSC) in irrigation water on soil sodication and yield and cation composition of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii Roxb. Wats) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon¯exuosus Steud Wats) were studied in the open bottom reinforced concrete cemented (RCC) cylindrical barrels embedded in the ®eld and ®lled with sandy loam soils. The results indicated that the increasing RSC in irrigation water signi®cantly increased the pH, electrolyte conductivity (ECe) and SARe of the soil and, hence, considerably decreased the herb and oil yield of both the palmarosa and lemongrass. The reduction in total herb yield was 14.5, 18.3, 28.8 and 32.0% in palmarosa and 38.6, 46.0, 57.7 and 62.6% in the lemongrass over control at 4.0, 8.0, 12.0 and 16.0 meq/l of RSC, respectively. The total oil yield of palmarosa increased by 22.6% with the increase in RSC from 2.0 (control) to 4.0 meq/l and further increase in RSC decreased the oil yield by 13.0, 22.4 and 22.9% over control at 8,12 and 16 meq/l of RSC, respectively. The total oil yield of lemongrass was decreased by 27.0, 39.4, 47.7 and 50.8% over control at 4, 8, 12 and 16 meq/l, respectively. The concentration of Na increased signi®cantly and K and Ca decreased with increase in RSC of irrigation water in vegetative tissues of both species. The lemongrass accumulates signi®cantly greater amount of Na in shoot tissues as compared to palmarosa and it failed to survive at high RSC after 21 months of transplanting. The results suggests that palmarosa is more tolerant to irrigation water sodicity than the lemongrass. #</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43627286" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8884376538cbed9e45b138ee948a77fa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63927416,"asset_id":43627286,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63927416/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="163684516" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArunPrasad191">Arun Prasad</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="163684516" type="text/json">{"id":163684516,"first_name":"Arun","last_name":"Prasad","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArunPrasad191","display_name":"Arun Prasad","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArunPrasad191?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43627286 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43627286"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43627286, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43627286", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43627286]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43627286").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43627286").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43627286"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="73" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Engineering">Civil Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="73" type="text/json">{"id":73,"name":"Civil Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3724" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irrigation">Irrigation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3724" type="text/json">{"id":3724,"name":"Irrigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irrigation?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20160" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_Water_Management">Agricultural Water Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="20160" type="text/json">{"id":20160,"name":"Agricultural Water Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_Water_Management?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="129121" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yield">Yield</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="129121" type="text/json">{"id":129121,"name":"Yield","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yield?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43627286]'), work: {"id":43627286,"title":"Effect of residual sodium carbonate in irrigation water on the soil sodication and yield of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinni) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus)","created_at":"2020-07-15T06:33:56.244-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43627286/Effect_of_residual_sodium_carbonate_in_irrigation_water_on_the_soil_sodication_and_yield_of_palmarosa_Cymbopogon_martinni_and_lemongrass_Cymbopogon_flexuosus_?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_43627286","summary":"The effects of residual sodium carbonate (RSC) in irrigation water on soil sodication and yield and cation composition of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii Roxb. Wats) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon¯exuosus Steud Wats) were studied in the open bottom reinforced concrete cemented (RCC) cylindrical barrels embedded in the ®eld and ®lled with sandy loam soils. The results indicated that the increasing RSC in irrigation water signi®cantly increased the pH, electrolyte conductivity (ECe) and SARe of the soil and, hence, considerably decreased the herb and oil yield of both the palmarosa and lemongrass. The reduction in total herb yield was 14.5, 18.3, 28.8 and 32.0% in palmarosa and 38.6, 46.0, 57.7 and 62.6% in the lemongrass over control at 4.0, 8.0, 12.0 and 16.0 meq/l of RSC, respectively. The total oil yield of palmarosa increased by 22.6% with the increase in RSC from 2.0 (control) to 4.0 meq/l and further increase in RSC decreased the oil yield by 13.0, 22.4 and 22.9% over control at 8,12 and 16 meq/l of RSC, respectively. The total oil yield of lemongrass was decreased by 27.0, 39.4, 47.7 and 50.8% over control at 4, 8, 12 and 16 meq/l, respectively. The concentration of Na increased signi®cantly and K and Ca decreased with increase in RSC of irrigation water in vegetative tissues of both species. The lemongrass accumulates signi®cantly greater amount of Na in shoot tissues as compared to palmarosa and it failed to survive at high RSC after 21 months of transplanting. The results suggests that palmarosa is more tolerant to irrigation water sodicity than the lemongrass. #","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63927416,"asset_id":43627286,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":163684516,"first_name":"Arun","last_name":"Prasad","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArunPrasad191","display_name":"Arun Prasad","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArunPrasad191?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":73,"name":"Civil Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":3724,"name":"Irrigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irrigation?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":20160,"name":"Agricultural Water Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_Water_Management?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":129121,"name":"Yield","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yield?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":192512,"name":"Irrigation Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irrigation_Water?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":265967,"name":"Reinforced concrete","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reinforced_concrete?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":429427,"name":"Gramineae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gramineae?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":704293,"name":"Chemical Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Properties?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":3362457,"name":"residual sodium carbonate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/residual_sodium_carbonate?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14682498" data-work_id="14682498" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14682498/Influence_of_surface_conductivity_on_the_apparent_zeta_potential_of_TiO2_nanoparticles_Application_to_the_modeling_of_their_aggregation_kinetics">Influence of surface conductivity on the apparent zeta potential of TiO2 nanoparticles: Application to the modeling of their aggregation kinetics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) are extensively used in consumer products. The release of these NPs into aquatic environments raises the question of their possible risks to the environment and human health. The magnitude of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14682498" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) are extensively used in consumer products. The release of these NPs into aquatic environments raises the question of their possible risks to the environment and human health. The magnitude of the threat may depend on whether TiO 2 NPs are aggregated or dispersed. Currently, limited information is available on this subject. A new approach based on DLVO theory is proposed to describe aggregation kinetics of TiO 2 NPs in aqueous dispersions. It has the advantage of using zeta potentials directly calculated by an electrostatic surface complexation model whose parameters are calibrated by ab initio calculations, crystallographic studies, potentiometric titration and electrophoretic mobility experiments. Indeed, the conversion of electrophoretic mobility measurements into zeta potentials is very complex for metal oxide nanoparticles. This is due to their very high surface electrical conductivity associated with the electromigration of counter and co-ions in their electrical double layer. Our model has only three adjustable parameters (the minimum separation distance between NPs, the Hamaker constant, and the effective interaction radius of the particle), and predicts very well the stability ratios of TiO 2 NPs measured at different pH values and over a broad range of ionic strengths (KCl aqueous solution). We found an effective interaction radius that is significantly smaller than the radius of the aggregate and corresponds to the radius of surface crystallites or small clusters of surface crystallites formed during synthesis of primary particles. Our results confirm that DLVO theory is relevant to predict aggregation kinetics of TiO 2 NPs if the double layer interaction energy is estimated accurately.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14682498" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1418c10239e366b6d8934250ba79b399" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43979914,"asset_id":14682498,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43979914/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33630154" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PatrickOllivier">Patrick Ollivier</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33630154" type="text/json">{"id":33630154,"first_name":"Patrick","last_name":"Ollivier","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PatrickOllivier","display_name":"Patrick Ollivier","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PatrickOllivier?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14682498 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14682498"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14682498, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14682498", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14682498]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14682498").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14682498").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14682498"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">28</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2215" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water">Water</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2215" type="text/json">{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4987" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics">Kinetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4987" type="text/json">{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8950" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticle">Nanoparticle</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8950" type="text/json">{"id":8950,"name":"Nanoparticle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticle?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14682498]'), work: {"id":14682498,"title":"Influence of surface conductivity on the apparent zeta potential of TiO2 nanoparticles: Application to the modeling of their aggregation kinetics","created_at":"2015-08-05T02:24:37.619-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14682498/Influence_of_surface_conductivity_on_the_apparent_zeta_potential_of_TiO2_nanoparticles_Application_to_the_modeling_of_their_aggregation_kinetics?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_14682498","summary":"Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) are extensively used in consumer products. The release of these NPs into aquatic environments raises the question of their possible risks to the environment and human health. The magnitude of the threat may depend on whether TiO 2 NPs are aggregated or dispersed. Currently, limited information is available on this subject. A new approach based on DLVO theory is proposed to describe aggregation kinetics of TiO 2 NPs in aqueous dispersions. It has the advantage of using zeta potentials directly calculated by an electrostatic surface complexation model whose parameters are calibrated by ab initio calculations, crystallographic studies, potentiometric titration and electrophoretic mobility experiments. Indeed, the conversion of electrophoretic mobility measurements into zeta potentials is very complex for metal oxide nanoparticles. This is due to their very high surface electrical conductivity associated with the electromigration of counter and co-ions in their electrical double layer. Our model has only three adjustable parameters (the minimum separation distance between NPs, the Hamaker constant, and the effective interaction radius of the particle), and predicts very well the stability ratios of TiO 2 NPs measured at different pH values and over a broad range of ionic strengths (KCl aqueous solution). We found an effective interaction radius that is significantly smaller than the radius of the aggregate and corresponds to the radius of surface crystallites or small clusters of surface crystallites formed during synthesis of primary particles. Our results confirm that DLVO theory is relevant to predict aggregation kinetics of TiO 2 NPs if the double layer interaction energy is estimated accurately.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43979914,"asset_id":14682498,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33630154,"first_name":"Patrick","last_name":"Ollivier","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PatrickOllivier","display_name":"Patrick Ollivier","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PatrickOllivier?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":8950,"name":"Nanoparticle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticle?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":11404,"name":"Titanium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Titanium?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":13621,"name":"Nanoparticles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticles?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":39752,"name":"Adsorption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adsorption?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":65140,"name":"Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Models?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":88242,"name":"Charged Particle Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Charged_Particle_Therapy?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":155133,"name":"Equation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equation?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":209515,"name":"Interface","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interface?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":348756,"name":"Ion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ion?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":371425,"name":"Electrophoresis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophoresis?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":390245,"name":"Particle Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":440924,"name":"Surface Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Properties?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":562715,"name":"Titanium oxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Titanium_oxide?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":775583,"name":"Shear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shear?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":983062,"name":"Zeta Potential","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zeta_Potential?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1202042,"name":"Electric Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electric_Conductivity?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1202109,"name":"Surface Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Conductivity?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1216935,"name":"Electroforesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroforesis?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1257974,"name":"Ions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ions?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1393305,"name":"Electric Potential","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electric_Potential?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1451660,"name":"Static Electricity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Static_Electricity?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1959878,"name":"Electrophoretic Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophoretic_Mobility?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6625161" data-work_id="6625161" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6625161/Application_of_electrochemically_dissolved_iron_in_the_removal_of_tannic_acid_from_water">Application of electrochemically dissolved iron in the removal of tannic acid from water</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Effects of some experimental parameters (supporting electrolyte, initial pH and current density) on the performance of electrocoagulation process using iron electrodes were investigated. Results of experiments showed that dissolution of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6625161" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Effects of some experimental parameters (supporting electrolyte, initial pH and current density) on the performance of electrocoagulation process using iron electrodes were investigated. Results of experiments showed that dissolution of iron is purely electrochemical and fits well with Faraday's law and leads to Fe 2+ which are chemically oxidized into Fe 3+ in aerated conditions. In neutral and alkaline conditions, the reaction between hydroxyl ions generated at the cathode and dissolved iron ions forms insoluble hydroxo-iron species. Potentiodynamic polarization tests showed that the formation of passive film on iron anode limits the continuous electrochemical dissolution of iron. Corrosion and pitting potentials largely depend on the nature of supporting electrolyte. The dissolution of iron is facilitated by pitting corrosion with chloride ions, but it is inhibited in the presence of phosphate ions. However, fluctuations between pitting and passivity were observed in the presence of sulfate ions but this can be eliminated by the addition of small amount of chloride ions. Electrocoagulation using iron electrodes was applied to remove tannic acid (TA) from water. The obtained results have shown that the efficiency of this electrochemical technology depends largely on certain operating parameters including initial pH, current density and nature of supporting electrolyte. Almost complete COD removal can be achieved in batch electrochemical reactor using iron electrodes under optimized operating conditions after consumption of 1 A h dm −3 . The elimination of TA from water involves a primary mechanism leading to the formation of stable black organometallic complexes and a second mechanism through sweep coagulation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6625161" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c6c264265cd9ee70b0b2278bdc7c8116" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48778943,"asset_id":6625161,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48778943/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10726234" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KhaledEng">Eng Khaled</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10726234" type="text/json">{"id":10726234,"first_name":"Eng","last_name":"Khaled","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KhaledEng","display_name":"Eng Khaled","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KhaledEng?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6625161 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6625161"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6625161, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6625161", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6625161 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6625161; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6625161"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6625161 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6625161"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6625161; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6625161]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6625161").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6625161").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6625161"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17726" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Density">Density</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17726" type="text/json">{"id":17726,"name":"Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Density?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corrosion">Corrosion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27537" type="text/json">{"id":27537,"name":"Corrosion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corrosion?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="84278" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ph">Ph</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="84278" type="text/json">{"id":84278,"name":"Ph","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ph?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6625161]'), work: {"id":6625161,"title":"Application of electrochemically dissolved iron in the removal of tannic acid from water","created_at":"2014-04-01T22:39:31.666-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6625161/Application_of_electrochemically_dissolved_iron_in_the_removal_of_tannic_acid_from_water?f_ri=1276642","dom_id":"work_6625161","summary":"Effects of some experimental parameters (supporting electrolyte, initial pH and current density) on the performance of electrocoagulation process using iron electrodes were investigated. Results of experiments showed that dissolution of iron is purely electrochemical and fits well with Faraday's law and leads to Fe 2+ which are chemically oxidized into Fe 3+ in aerated conditions. In neutral and alkaline conditions, the reaction between hydroxyl ions generated at the cathode and dissolved iron ions forms insoluble hydroxo-iron species. Potentiodynamic polarization tests showed that the formation of passive film on iron anode limits the continuous electrochemical dissolution of iron. Corrosion and pitting potentials largely depend on the nature of supporting electrolyte. The dissolution of iron is facilitated by pitting corrosion with chloride ions, but it is inhibited in the presence of phosphate ions. However, fluctuations between pitting and passivity were observed in the presence of sulfate ions but this can be eliminated by the addition of small amount of chloride ions. Electrocoagulation using iron electrodes was applied to remove tannic acid (TA) from water. The obtained results have shown that the efficiency of this electrochemical technology depends largely on certain operating parameters including initial pH, current density and nature of supporting electrolyte. Almost complete COD removal can be achieved in batch electrochemical reactor using iron electrodes under optimized operating conditions after consumption of 1 A h dm −3 . The elimination of TA from water involves a primary mechanism leading to the formation of stable black organometallic complexes and a second mechanism through sweep coagulation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48778943,"asset_id":6625161,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10726234,"first_name":"Eng","last_name":"Khaled","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KhaledEng","display_name":"Eng Khaled","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KhaledEng?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":17726,"name":"Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Density?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":27537,"name":"Corrosion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corrosion?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":84278,"name":"Ph","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ph?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":false},{"id":96172,"name":"Flocculation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flocculation?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":158597,"name":"Iron","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":173959,"name":"Current Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Current_Density?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":178355,"name":"Dissolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dissolution?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":477865,"name":"Operant Conditioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operant_Conditioning?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":481991,"name":"Tannic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tannic_Acid?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":661887,"name":"Chemical Oxygen Demand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Oxygen_Demand?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":846015,"name":"Electrodes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrodes?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":909150,"name":"Electrode","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrode?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1186744,"name":"DCO","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DCO?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1228238,"name":"Pitting Corrosion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pitting_Corrosion?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1647834,"name":"Floculation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Floculation?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27630172 coauthored" data-work_id="27630172" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27630172/A_novel_hydrogel_electrolyte_extender_for_rapid_application_of_EEG_sensors_and_extended_recordings">A novel hydrogel electrolyte extender for rapid application of EEG sensors and extended recordings</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Objective: Dense-array EEG recordings are now commonplace in research and gaining acceptance in clinical settings. Application of many sensors with traditional electrolytes is time consuming. Saline electrolytes can be used to minimize... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27630172" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Objective: Dense-array EEG recordings are now commonplace in research and gaining acceptance in clinical settings. Application of many sensors with traditional electrolytes is time consuming. Saline electrolytes can be used to minimize application time but recording duration is limited due to evaporation. In the present study, we evaluate a NIPAm (N-isopropyl acrylamide:acrylic acid) base electrolyte extender for use with saline electrolytes. Methods: Sensor-scalp impedances and EEG data quality acquired with the electrolyte extender are compared with those obtained for saline and an EEG electrolyte commonly used in clinical exams (Elefix). Results: The results show that when used in conjunction with saline, electrode-scalp impedances and data across the EEG spectrum are comparable with those obtained using Elefix EEG paste. Conclusions: When used in conjunction with saline, the electrolyte extender permits rapid application of dense-sensor arrays and stable, high-quality EEG data to be obtained for at least 4.5 h. Significance: This is an enabling technology that will make benefits of dense-array EEG recordings practical for clinical applications.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27630172" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eca1d0bf8a865031cfc0030666574e08" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47894210,"asset_id":27630172,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47894210/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="52010859" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KillianKleffnerCanucci">Killian Kleffner-Canucci</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="52010859" type="text/json">{"id":52010859,"first_name":"Killian","last_name":"Kleffner-Canucci","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KillianKleffnerCanucci","display_name":"Killian Kleffner-Canucci","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KillianKleffnerCanucci?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-27630172">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-27630172"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uoregon.academia.edu/JohnNaleway">John Naleway</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-27630172'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-27630172').html(); 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Application of many sensors with traditional electrolytes is time consuming. Saline electrolytes can be used to minimize application time but recording duration is limited due to evaporation. In the present study, we evaluate a NIPAm (N-isopropyl acrylamide:acrylic acid) base electrolyte extender for use with saline electrolytes. Methods: Sensor-scalp impedances and EEG data quality acquired with the electrolyte extender are compared with those obtained for saline and an EEG electrolyte commonly used in clinical exams (Elefix). Results: The results show that when used in conjunction with saline, electrode-scalp impedances and data across the EEG spectrum are comparable with those obtained using Elefix EEG paste. Conclusions: When used in conjunction with saline, the electrolyte extender permits rapid application of dense-sensor arrays and stable, high-quality EEG data to be obtained for at least 4.5 h. Significance: This is an enabling technology that will make benefits of dense-array EEG recordings practical for clinical applications.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47894210,"asset_id":27630172,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":52010859,"first_name":"Killian","last_name":"Kleffner-Canucci","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KillianKleffnerCanucci","display_name":"Killian Kleffner-Canucci","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KillianKleffnerCanucci?f_ri=1276642","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":51833042,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Naleway","domain_name":"uoregon","page_name":"JohnNaleway","display_name":"John Naleway","profile_url":"https://uoregon.academia.edu/JohnNaleway?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51833042/169867518/159845460/s65_john.naleway.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":10904,"name":"Electroencephalography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":102727,"name":"Hydrogel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrogel?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":137986,"name":"Data Quality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Quality?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":250448,"name":"Impedance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Impedance?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":373249,"name":"Electrolytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolytes?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1001120,"name":"Statistical Methods for Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Methods_for_Neuroscience?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1276642,"name":"Electrolyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrolyte?f_ri=1276642"},{"id":1295914,"name":"Potassium Chloride","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potassium_Chloride?f_ri=1276642"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48872291" data-work_id="48872291" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48872291/Effects_of_process_conditions_on_cell_voltage_current_efficiency_and_voltage_balance_of_a_chlor_alkali_membrane_cell">Effects of process conditions on cell voltage, current efficiency and voltage balance of a chlor-alkali membrane cell</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The effects of various operating parameters on the cell voltage and current efficiency of a laboratory-scale chloralkali (CA) membrane cell were studied at low caustic concentrations (5-22 g/L). Five process parameters studied include... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48872291" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The effects of various operating parameters on the cell voltage and current efficiency of a laboratory-scale chloralkali (CA) membrane cell were studied at low caustic concentrations (5-22 g/L). Five process parameters studied include anolyte pH (2-5), cell temperature (25-90EC), electrolyte velocity (2.2-8.4 cm/s), brine concentration (200-300 g/L) and current density (1-4 kA/m 2), which were determined at four levels using DSA/Cl 2 as anode, nickel as cathode and Flemion® 892 as the membrane. Taguchi and ANOVA techniques were employed for experimental design and data analysis, respectively. Current density and cell temperature were found to be the most striking parameters on the cell voltage with contribution percentage (P value) of 70% and 23%, respectively. However, in case of current efficiency, the highest P value is due to brine concentration (33%) while the lowest one corresponds to the cell temperature (13%). The caustic current efficiency was between 97%-99%. The results from voltage balance analysis revealed that the main contributors to the CA cell voltage at low caustic concentration are voltage drop due to the membrane, nickel cathode and the catholyte. The impact of other cell resistance components is minor. The measured and estimated cell voltages were found to come close at higher current densities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48872291" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6dabe34530b2ec0873187e837f9cf774" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67283253,"asset_id":48872291,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67283253/download_file?st=MTc0MDkxMDk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="130860332" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FereidoonMohammadi1">Fereidoon Mohammadi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="130860332" type="text/json">{"id":130860332,"first_name":"Fereidoon","last_name":"Mohammadi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FereidoonMohammadi1","display_name":"Fereidoon Mohammadi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FereidoonMohammadi1?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/130860332/128976921/118374275/s65_fereidoon.mohammadi.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48872291 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48872291"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48872291, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48872291", }); 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Five process parameters studied include anolyte pH (2-5), cell temperature (25-90EC), electrolyte velocity (2.2-8.4 cm/s), brine concentration (200-300 g/L) and current density (1-4 kA/m 2), which were determined at four levels using DSA/Cl 2 as anode, nickel as cathode and Flemion® 892 as the membrane. Taguchi and ANOVA techniques were employed for experimental design and data analysis, respectively. Current density and cell temperature were found to be the most striking parameters on the cell voltage with contribution percentage (P value) of 70% and 23%, respectively. However, in case of current efficiency, the highest P value is due to brine concentration (33%) while the lowest one corresponds to the cell temperature (13%). The caustic current efficiency was between 97%-99%. The results from voltage balance analysis revealed that the main contributors to the CA cell voltage at low caustic concentration are voltage drop due to the membrane, nickel cathode and the catholyte. The impact of other cell resistance components is minor. The measured and estimated cell voltages were found to come close at higher current densities.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67283253,"asset_id":48872291,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":130860332,"first_name":"Fereidoon","last_name":"Mohammadi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FereidoonMohammadi1","display_name":"Fereidoon Mohammadi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FereidoonMohammadi1?f_ri=1276642","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/130860332/128976921/118374275/s65_fereidoon.mohammadi.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":17726,"name":"Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Density?f_ri=1276642","nofollow":true},{"id":21747,"name":"Experimental 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