Public health failure in the prevention of neural tube defects - CityU Scholars

<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <title>Public health failure in the prevention of neural tube defects - CityU Scholars | A Research Hub of Excellence</title> <meta property="og:image" content="/resources/style/gfx/logo_top.png" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/public-health-failure-in-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects(62252143-91ff-48ef-a50b-67037842a0d7).html" /> <link rel="image_src" type="image/png" href="/resources/style/gfx/logo_top.png" /> <link rel="icon" href="/resources/style/gfx/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,300,700,600" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/resources/style/fonts/icons/css/fontello.css?stamp=1731905518316" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/resources/style/js/slick/slick.css?stamp=1731905518316" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/resources/style/js/slick/slick-theme.css?stamp=1731905518316" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/resources/style/css/main.css?stamp=1731905518316" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/scholars/portal/css/main_cu.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="/dwr/engine.js?stamp=1731905518316"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/dwr/interface/PureFacade.js?stamp=1731905518316"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/resources/style/lib/prototype.js?stamp=1731905518316"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/resources/style/js/atira.js?stamp=1731905518316"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/resources/style/js/atira_chart.js?stamp=1731905518316"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/dwr/interface/GraphFacade.js?stamp=1731905518316"></script> <script type="text/javascript">(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');ga('create', 'UA-11187669-7', { 'cookieDomain': document.location.hostname });ga('set', 'anonymizeIp', true);ga('send', 'pageview');</script> <meta name="citation_title" content="Public health failure in the prevention of neural tube defects: time to abandon the tolerable upper intake level of folate" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Nicholas J. Wald" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Queen Mary University of London" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Joan K. Morris" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Queen Mary University of London" /><meta name="citation_author" content="Colin Blakemore" /><meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Advanced Study" /><meta name="citation_author_email" content="cblakemo@cityu.edu.hk" /><meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="0000-0003-2659-7899" /><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2018" /><meta name="citation_online_date" content="2022/01/05" /><meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/files/88688217/40429912.pdf" /><meta name="citation_online_date" content="2022/01/05" /><meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1186/s40985-018-0079-6" /><meta name="citation_language" content="English" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Anencephaly; Folate; Folic acid; Neural tube defects; Spina bifida; Tolerable upper intake level" /><meta name="citation_pmid" content="29450103" /><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Public Health 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class="type_family">Research output<span class="type_family_sep">: </span></span><span class="type_classification_parent">Journal Publications and Reviews<span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span></span><span class="type_classification">RGC 62 - Review of books or of software (or similar publications/items)</span><span class="type_classification"><span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span>peer-review</span></p></div> <div class="tabs-container"> <ul class="clear"> <li class="selected"><a class="portal_link" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/public-health-failure-in-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects(62252143-91ff-48ef-a50b-67037842a0d7).html"><span>Overview</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="pub-full"> <div class="pub-top"> <div class="view-box scopus"> <span class="number">66</span> <span>Scopus Citations</span> </div> <div class="view-box viewall-scopus"> <a target="_blank" class="view_all_scopus_button" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/pubmetrics.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042449650&origin=recordpage"> Scopus Metrics </a> </div> <div class="view-box almetric"> <script type="text/javascript" src="//d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script> <div class="altmetric-embed pure_altmetric_component" data-badge-type="2" data-badge-popover="left" data-hide-no-mentions="true" data-link-target="true" data-doi="10.1186/s40985-018-0079-6"></div> </div> <div class="graph_viewer"> <div class="graph"><a class="portal_graphviewer_button" href="javascript:void(0);" id="j_id-222676425_40f6ca2e"><span>View graph of relations</span></a> <script type="text/javascript"></script> <i class="icon-network"></i> </div> </div> <div class="addthis"> <div class="addthis_sharing_toolbox"></div> </div> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Author(s)</h2><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_associatesauthorsclassifiedsummarizedlistportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_associatesauthorsclassifiedsummarizedlistportal rendering_contributiontojournal_associatesauthorsclassifiedsummarizedlistportal"><ul class="relations persons"><li class="external">Nicholas J. Wald</li><li class="external">Joan K. Morris</li><li><a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/colin-blakemore(d49cb3c7-4485-43be-82ac-0483ed407c03).html" class="link person"><span>Colin Blakemore</span></a></li></ul></div> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Detail(s)</h2><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_detailsportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_detailsportal rendering_contributiontojournal_detailsportal"><div class="book"><table class="properties"><tbody><tr class="language"><th scope="row">Original language</th><td>English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Article number</th><td>2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Journal / Publication</th><td><a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/public-health-reviews(815e528a-594b-42fd-ad19-57f4193e2551)/publications.html" class="link"><span>Public Health Reviews</span></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Volume</th><td>39</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Online published</th><td><span class="date">31 Jan 2018</span></td></tr><tr class="status"><th scope="row">Publication status</th><td><span class="prefix">Published - </span><span class="date">2018</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Externally published</th><td>Yes</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Link(s)</h2> <table class="properties pub-links"> <tr> <th>DOI</th> <td><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_versioneddoiextensionportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_versioneddoiextensionportal rendering_contributiontojournal_versioneddoiextensionportal"><h2 class="subheader">DOI</h3><ul class="relations links digital_object_identifiers"><li class="embargo_date_ended available open "><a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-018-0079-6" class="link"><span>https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-018-0079-6</span></a> <span class="common_icon_16" style="background-image: url('/resources/style/icons/type/openaccess16.png');"></span><p class="dimmed">Final Published version</p></li></ul></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th></th> <td> <span class="sfx-button" title="Check@CityULib"> <a href="https://julac.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_tim=2024-11-24T01%3A54%3A55HKT&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2FencUTF-8&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Fkev%3Afmt%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2F%3Apure&rft.atitle=Public%20health%20failure%20in%20the%20prevention%20of%20neural%20tube%20defects&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40985-018-0079-6&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Nicholas%20J.&rft.auinit=N&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=39&rft.issn=0301-0422&rft.jtitle=Public%20Health%20Reviews&institution=CUH_ALMA&vid=CUH" target="_blank"> Check@CityULib </a> </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>Attachment(s)</th> <td><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_versioneddocumentextensionportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_versioneddocumentextensionportal rendering_contributiontojournal_versioneddocumentextensionportal"><div class="subheader documents">Documents</div><ul class="relations documents"><li class="available"><a onclick="if (this.href) {window.open(this.href)}; return false;" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/files/88688217/40429912.pdf" class="link title"><span>40429912.pdf</span></a> <span class="common_icon_16" style="background-image: url('/resources/style/icons/type/openaccess16.png');"></span><p class="dimmed">Final Published version, 662 KB<span class="mimetype">, PDF</span></p></li></ul></div><div class="rendering rendering_keywordable rendering_keywordgroupcopyright rendering_keywordable_keywordgroupcopyright"><div class="publishercopyright"><span class="copy-header">Publisher's Copyright Statement</span><ul class="relations keywords"><li>This full text is made available under CC-BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</li></ul></div></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>Link to Scopus</th> <td><a target="_blank" class="scopus-link-pub" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042449650&origin=recordpage"> https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042449650&origin=recordpage </a></td> </tr> <tr class="permanent_link"> <th>Permanent Link</th> <td> <a href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/publication(62252143-91ff-48ef-a50b-67037842a0d7).html">https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/publication(62252143-91ff-48ef-a50b-67037842a0d7).html</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Abstract</h2><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_customabstractportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_customabstractportal rendering_contributiontojournal_customabstractportal"><div class="textblock">The neural tube defects anencephaly and spina bifida are two of the most common serious congenital malformations. Most cases can be prevented by consuming sufficient folic acid immediately before pregnancy and in early pregnancy. Fortification of flour with folic acid to prevent these defects has been implemented in 81 countries without public objection or indication of harm. An obstacle to the wider adoption of fortification arises from the creation of a "tolerable upper intake level" for folate (which includes natural food folate as well as synthetic folic acid), and which has been set at 1 mg/day, thereby proscribing higher folate intakes. Increasing the intake of folic acid in a population will necessarily increase the number of people with a folate intake greater than 1 mg per day, and this concern is obstructing folic acid fortification. This paper shows that the scientific basis for setting any upper limit, let alone one at 1 mg/day, is flawed. An upper intake level is therefore unnecessary and should be removed, thus allaying unjustified concerns about folic acid fortification. As a result, the full global opportunity to prevent two serious fatal or disabling disorders can and should be realized.</div></div> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Research Area(s)</h2><div class="rendering rendering_keywordable rendering_keywordgroupsexcludecopyright rendering_keywordable_keywordgroupsexcludecopyright"><div class="keywordcontainers"><ul class="relations keywords"><li>Anencephaly, Folate, Folic acid, Neural tube defects, Spina bifida, Tolerable upper intake level</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="publication_related_concepts"> <div class="view_preview_panel"><script type="text/javascript" src="/resources/style/js/concept_tooltip.js?stamp=1731905518316"></script> <div class="relationlist for_publication_fingerprints"> <h2 class="section for_publication_fingerprints subheader"> Fingerprint </h2> <p class="portal_inline_help">Publication fingerprints text</p> <div class="concept_listing" data-content-id="40429912" data-locale="en_GB"> <div 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rank_100"><em></em></span> <span class="domain"> <span class="text">Keyphrases</span> </span> </span> </div></span></a> </div> <div class="concept-badge-wrapper"><a class="portal_link concept" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/concepts/refinement.html?conceptIds=196894984" title="Folic Acid in Keyphrases has a weight of 100%"><span> <div class="canvas-wrap"> <canvas class="canvas" width="50" height="50" data-procent="100"></canvas> <span class="procent">100</span> </div> <div class="finger-info"> <span class="title"> <span class="text">Folic Acid</span> </span> <span class="concept_badge less_100" data-content-id="196894984" data-thesauri-acronym="keyphrases"> <span class="rating rank_100"><em></em></span> <span class="domain"> <span class="text">Keyphrases</span> </span> </span> </div></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="concept_links"><a class="portal_link" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/public-health-failure-in-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects(62252143-91ff-48ef-a50b-67037842a0d7)/fingerprints.html"><span>Full Fingerprint ›</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-box citations"> <h2 class="subheader">Citation Format(s)</h2> <div class="tabs-container citations clear"> <ul class="citations"> <li class="selected"><a href="#">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="#">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="#">APA</a></li> <li><a href="#">Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="#">Author</a></li> </ul> <div class="cite-export"> <span class="publication_export">[ <a class="portal_link" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/public-health-failure-in-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects(62252143-91ff-48ef-a50b-67037842a0d7).ris?download=true"><span>RIS</span></a> ]</span> <span class="publication_export">[ <a class="portal_link" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/public-health-failure-in-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects(62252143-91ff-48ef-a50b-67037842a0d7).bibtex?download=true"><span>BibTeX</span></a> ]</span> </div> </div> <div class="citation-container"> <div class="view-box cite"><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_standard rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_standard rendering_contributiontojournal_standard"><a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/public-health-failure-in-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects(62252143-91ff-48ef-a50b-67037842a0d7).html" class="link"><span><strong>Public health failure in the prevention of neural tube defects: time to abandon the tolerable upper intake level of folate.</strong></span></a> / Wald, Nicholas J.; Morris, Joan K.<a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/colin-blakemore(d49cb3c7-4485-43be-82ac-0483ed407c03).html" class="link"><span>; Blakemore, Colin</span></a>. <br />In: <a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/public-health-reviews(815e528a-594b-42fd-ad19-57f4193e2551)/publications.html" class="link"><span>Public Health Reviews</span></a>, Vol. 39, 2, 2018.<p class="type"><span class="type_family">Research output<span class="type_family_sep">: </span></span><span class="type_classification_parent">Journal Publications and Reviews<span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span></span><span class="type_classification">RGC 62 - Review of books or of software (or similar publications/items)</span><span class="type_classification"><span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span>peer-review</span></p></div> </div> <div class="view-box cite" style="display: none;"><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_harvard rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_harvard rendering_contributiontojournal_harvard">Wald, NJ, Morris, JK<a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/colin-blakemore(d49cb3c7-4485-43be-82ac-0483ed407c03).html" class="link"><span> & Blakemore, C</span></a> 2018, '<a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/public-health-failure-in-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects(62252143-91ff-48ef-a50b-67037842a0d7).html" class="link harvard_title"><span>Public health failure in the prevention of neural tube defects: time to abandon the tolerable upper intake level of folate</span></a>', <a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/public-health-reviews(815e528a-594b-42fd-ad19-57f4193e2551)/publications.html" class="link"><span><em>Public Health Reviews</em></span></a>, vol. 39, 2. <a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-018-0079-6" class="link"><span>https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-018-0079-6</span></a></div> </div> <div class="view-box cite" style="display: none;"><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_apa rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_apa rendering_contributiontojournal_apa">Wald, N. J., Morris, J. K.<a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/colin-blakemore(d49cb3c7-4485-43be-82ac-0483ed407c03).html" class="link"><span>, & Blakemore, C.</span></a> (2018). <a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/public-health-failure-in-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects(62252143-91ff-48ef-a50b-67037842a0d7).html" class="link"><span>Public health failure in the prevention of neural tube defects: time to abandon the tolerable upper intake level of folate</span></a>. <a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/public-health-reviews(815e528a-594b-42fd-ad19-57f4193e2551)/publications.html" class="link"><span><em>Public Health Reviews</em></span></a>, <em>39</em>, Article 2. <a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-018-0079-6" class="link"><span>https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-018-0079-6</span></a></div> </div> <div class="view-box cite" style="display: none;"><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_vancouver rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_vancouver rendering_contributiontojournal_vancouver">Wald NJ, Morris JK<a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/colin-blakemore(d49cb3c7-4485-43be-82ac-0483ed407c03).html" class="link"><span>, Blakemore C</span></a>. <span class="title"><a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/public-health-failure-in-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects(62252143-91ff-48ef-a50b-67037842a0d7).html" class="link"><span>Public health failure in the prevention of neural tube defects: <span class="subtitle">time to abandon the tolerable upper intake level of folate</span></span></a></span>. <a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/public-health-reviews(815e528a-594b-42fd-ad19-57f4193e2551)/publications.html" class="link"><span>Public Health Reviews</span></a>. 2018;39:2. Epub 2018 Jan 31. doi: 10.1186/s40985-018-0079-6</div> </div> <div class="view-box cite" style="display: none;"><div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_author rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_author rendering_contributiontojournal_author">Wald, Nicholas J. ; Morris, Joan K. <a rel="Person" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/persons/colin-blakemore(d49cb3c7-4485-43be-82ac-0483ed407c03).html" class="link"><span> ; Blakemore, Colin</span></a>. / <a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/public-health-failure-in-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects(62252143-91ff-48ef-a50b-67037842a0d7).html" class="link"><span><strong>Public health failure in the prevention of neural tube defects : time to abandon the tolerable upper intake level of folate</strong></span></a>. In: <a rel="Journal" href="https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/journals/public-health-reviews(815e528a-594b-42fd-ad19-57f4193e2551)/publications.html" class="link"><span>Public Health Reviews</span></a>. 2018 ; Vol. 39.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-box"> <h2 class="subheader">Download Statistics</h2> <div class="chart-wrapper"><div class="portal_chart" id="j_id55192815_58308cc5" style="height: 300px;"><div class="portal_chart_empty"><span>No data available</span></div><div class="portal_chart_loading"></div></div><script type="text/javascript"> try {(function() { new portal.ChartUtil.renderChart({'element':'j_id55192815_58308cc5','dataSource':'',contentId:null,'chart':{title:{text:''},description:{text:''},categoryLabels:[{identity:'7\/2022',label:'Jul \'22'},{identity:'8\/2022',label:'Aug \'22'},{identity:'9\/2022',label:'Sep \'22'},{identity:'10\/2022',label:'Oct \'22'},{identity:'11\/2022',label:'Nov \'22'},{identity:'12\/2022',label:'Dec \'22'},{identity:'1\/2023',label:'Jan \'23'},{identity:'2\/2023',label:'Feb \'23'},{identity:'3\/2023',label:'Mar \'23'},{identity:'4\/2023',label:'Apr \'23'},{identity:'5\/2023',label:'May \'23'},{identity:'6\/2023',label:'Jun \'23'},{identity:'7\/2023',label:'Jul \'23'},{identity:'8\/2023',label:'Aug \'23'},{identity:'9\/2023',label:'Sep \'23'},{identity:'10\/2023',label:'Oct \'23'},{identity:'11\/2023',label:'Nov \'23'},{identity:'12\/2023',label:'Dec \'23'},{identity:'1\/2024',label:'Jan \'24'},{identity:'2\/2024',label:'Feb \'24'},{identity:'3\/2024',label:'Mar \'24'},{identity:'4\/2024',label:'Apr \'24'},{identity:'5\/2024',label:'May \'24'},{identity:'6\/2024',label:'Jun \'24'},{identity:'7\/2024',label:'Jul \'24'},{identity:'8\/2024',label:'Aug \'24'},{identity:'9\/2024',label:'Sep \'24'},{identity:'10\/2024',label:'Oct \'24'},{identity:'11\/2024',label:'Nov \'24'}],dataSets:[{type:'column',legend:'40429912.pdf (26)',entries:[{identity:'7\/2022',value:1},{identity:'8\/2022',value:1},{identity:'9\/2022',value:1},{identity:'10\/2022',value:0},{identity:'11\/2022',value:1},{identity:'12\/2022',value:0},{identity:'1\/2023',value:1},{identity:'2\/2023',value:1},{identity:'3\/2023',value:0},{identity:'4\/2023',value:1},{identity:'5\/2023',value:1},{identity:'6\/2023',value:2},{identity:'7\/2023',value:0},{identity:'8\/2023',value:0},{identity:'9\/2023',value:0},{identity:'10\/2023',value:1},{identity:'11\/2023',value:1},{identity:'12\/2023',value:0},{identity:'1\/2024',value:1},{identity:'2\/2024',value:3},{identity:'3\/2024',value:2},{identity:'4\/2024',value:1},{identity:'5\/2024',value:0},{identity:'6\/2024',value:1},{identity:'7\/2024',value:0},{identity:'8\/2024',value:0},{identity:'9\/2024',value:1},{identity:'10\/2024',value:3},{identity:'11\/2024',value:2}]}]},years:5,'includeCurrentYear':false,'categoryLabels':'years','chartDataSetType':'column','expandLegends':true,locales:['en_GB']}); })();} catch (e) {if (window['atira']) {atira.handleException(e);}} </script></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="cityu-scholar-footer-outbox"> <div class="cityu-scholar-footer-inbox"> <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityu/privacy/index.htm" title="Footer Privacy Policy" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a> | <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityu/copyright/index.htm#copyright" title="Footer Copyright" target="_blank">Copyright</a> | <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityu/disclaimer/index.htm#disclaimer" title="Footer Disclaimer" target="_blank">Disclaimer</a> | <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityu/accessibility/" title="Footer Accessibility" target="_blank">Accessibility</a> | <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityu/contactus/index.htm" title="Footer Contact Us" target="_blank">Contact Us</a><br /> © City University of Hong Kong. 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