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class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Special:EditPage/Scandinavian family name etymology">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Talk:Scandinavian family name etymology">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Synthesis plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/40px-Ambox_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/60px-Ambox_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/80px-Ambox_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article or section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research">synthesis of material</a> which does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiably mention</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_removal#Irrelevant_information" title="Wikipedia:Content removal">relate</a> to the main topic.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Scandinavian_family_name_etymology##" title="Talk:Scandinavian family name etymology">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Heritable <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family names</a> were generally adopted rather late within <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> were the first to take names that would be passed on from one generation to the next. Later, <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a> in <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a> took heritable names. Family names (surnames) were still used together with <i>primary <a href="/wiki/Patronym" class="mw-redirect" title="Patronym">patronyms</a></i> (father's name plus an <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affix</a> denoting relationship), which were used by all social classes. This meant that most families until modern times did not have surnames. Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Patronym" class="mw-redirect" title="Patronym">patronyms</a> were generally derived from the father's given name with the addition of a <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> meaning 'son' or 'daughter' or by occupation like Møller - ( Miller ) naming tradition remained commonly used throughout the Scandinavian countries during the time of surname formation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forms of the patronymic <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> include: <i>-son</i>, <i>-sen</i>, <i>-fen</i>, <i>-søn</i>, <i>-ler</i>, <i>-zen</i>, <i>-zon/zoon</i>, and <i>-sson</i>,'datter'. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denmark">Denmark</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavian_family_name_etymology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common Danish family name <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surnames</a> are <a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">patronymic</a> and end in <i>-sen</i>; for example <i>Rasmussen</i>, originally meaning "son of Rasmus" (Rasmus' son). Descendants of Danish or Norwegian immigrants to the United States frequently have similar names ending in the suffix "-sen" or have changed the spelling to "-son". Approximately one-third of the <a href="/wiki/Danish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish people">Danish</a> population bear one of the ten most common surnames. More than two-thirds have a patronym ending in <i>-sen</i> in their full name. Many of these patronymics are, however, very rare, local or testimony of unusual descent, e.g. <b>Heilesen</b> from <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Northern Jutland</a>, <b>Holdensen</b> and <b>Boldsen</b> from the former <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Duchy of Schleswig</a> or Common etymological classes of surnames are occupational (e.g., <i>Møller</i>—miller, <i>Schmidt</i>—smith, and <i>Fisker</i>—fisher, for example names taken after a village or farmstead inhabited by ancestors. </p><p>Other higher class people took heritable surnames during the following centuries, <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> often <i>Latinized</i> names (e.g. <i>Pontoppidan</i> made from <i>Broby</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> often <i>Germanized</i> names. Naming acts applying to all citizens were issued 1771 (for the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Duchy of Schleswig</a> only) and in 1828. The rural population only reluctantly gave up the traditional primary patronyms. Several naming acts replaced the first; in 1856, 1904, 1961, 1981, 2005. The result of the first act was that most people took a patronymic surname as their heritable family name, with the overwhelming dominance of a few surnames as a consequence. Later acts have attempted to motivate people to change to surnames that would allow safer identification of individuals. </p><p>In the table, the top surnames in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> are listed as of 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2012<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, longtime most popular name <a href="/wiki/Jensen_(surname)" title="Jensen (surname)">Jensen</a> was overtaken by <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_(surname)" title="Nielsen (surname)">Nielsen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general tendency over the past century has been to give up the commonest names and adopt less frequently-used ones. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Surname </th> <th>Number of bearers 1971 </th> <th>Number of bearers 2012 </th> <th>Number of bearers 2022<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Etymology </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nielsen_(surname)" title="Nielsen (surname)">Nielsen</a> </td> <td align="right">349,126 </td> <td align="right">264,159 </td> <td align="right">236,397 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Niels" title="Niels">Niels</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jensen_(surname)" title="Jensen (surname)">Jensen</a> </td> <td align="right">368,631 </td> <td align="right">264,824 </td> <td align="right">233,713 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Jens_(given_name)" title="Jens (given name)">Jens</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hansen_(surname)" title="Hansen (surname)">Hansen</a> </td> <td align="right">297,937 </td> <td align="right">220,956 </td> <td align="right">197,548 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Hans_(name)" title="Hans (name)">Hans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andersen" title="Andersen">Andersen</a> </td> <td align="right">188,359 </td> <td align="right">161,379 </td> <td align="right">150,161 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Anders" title="Anders">Anders</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pedersen" title="Pedersen">Pedersen</a> </td> <td align="right">203,426 </td> <td align="right">166,417 </td> <td align="right">149,643 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Peder" class="mw-redirect" title="Peder">Peder</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christensen_(surname)" title="Christensen (surname)">Christensen</a> </td> <td align="right">159,943 </td> <td align="right">121,147 </td> <td align="right">111,816 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christen_(given_name)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christen (given name) (page does not exist)">Christen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larsen_(surname)" title="Larsen (surname)">Larsen</a> </td> <td align="right">148,214 </td> <td align="right">118,144 </td> <td align="right">107,721 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Lars" title="Lars">Lars</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rensen" title="Sørensen">Sørensen</a> </td> <td align="right">139,111 </td> <td align="right">113,207 </td> <td align="right">102,848 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_(given_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Søren (given name)">Søren</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rasmussen" title="Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a> </td> <td align="right">117,355 </td> <td align="right">96,250 </td> <td align="right">88,351 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Rasmus_(given_name)" title="Rasmus (given name)">Rasmus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jorgensen" title="Jorgensen">Jørgensen</a> </td> <td align="right">110,132 </td> <td align="right">89,846 </td> <td align="right">82,285 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/George_(given_name)" title="George (given name)">Jørgen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petersen" title="Petersen">Petersen</a> </td> <td align="right">130,236 </td> <td align="right">81,250 </td> <td align="right">72,757 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Peter_(first_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter (first name)">Peter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madsen_(surname)" title="Madsen (surname)">Madsen</a> </td> <td align="right">76,441 </td> <td align="right">65,222 </td> <td align="right">60,676 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Mads_(given_name)" title="Mads (given name)">Mads</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kristensen" title="Kristensen">Kristensen</a> </td> <td align="right">58,990 </td> <td align="right">61,274 </td> <td align="right">57,758 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Kristen_(given_name)" title="Kristen (given name)">Kristen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olsen_(surname)" title="Olsen (surname)">Olsen</a> </td> <td align="right">65,194 </td> <td align="right">49,091 </td> <td align="right">44,629 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Ole_(name)" title="Ole (name)">Ole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomsen" title="Thomsen">Thomsen</a> </td> <td align="right">40,180 </td> <td align="right">39,473 </td> <td align="right">38,244 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_(name)" title="Thomas (name)">Thomas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christiansen" title="Christiansen">Christiansen</a> </td> <td align="right">45,984 </td> <td align="right">37,493 </td> <td align="right">35,143 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Christian_(given_name)" title="Christian (given name)">Christian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poulsen" title="Poulsen">Poulsen</a> </td> <td align="right">36,544 </td> <td align="right">32,526 </td> <td align="right">30,545 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Poul" title="Poul">Poul</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johansen" title="Johansen">Johansen</a> </td> <td align="right">36,470 </td> <td align="right">31,517 </td> <td align="right">29,866 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Johan_(given_name)" title="Johan (given name)">Johan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8ller" title="Møller">Møller</a> </td> <td align="right">31,645 </td> <td align="right">30,321 </td> <td align="right">29,481 </td> <td>occupational </td> <td>miller </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mortensen" title="Mortensen">Mortensen</a> </td> <td align="right">not in top 20 </td> <td align="right">not in top 20 </td> <td align="right">28,124 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morten_(given_name)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morten (given name) (page does not exist)">Morten</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norway">Norway</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavian_family_name_etymology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norwegian surnames were originally patronymic and similar to the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">surnames used in modern Iceland</a>, consisting of the father's name and one of the suffixes "-sen"/"-son" (son) or "-datter"/"-dotter" (daughter), depending on the person's gender. Unlike modern surnames (family names), they were specific to a person and were not transferred to a person's children. Before 1500, hereditary surnames (family names) were almost unheard except among a few, select elite families. For a long time after that, they were inconsistently used and only found in the upper strata (often urban) of society. As late as 1801, only 2.2% of the rural population in <a href="/wiki/Western_Norway" title="Western Norway">Western Norway</a> had a hereditary surname. Starting in the 16th century, use of hereditary surnames slowly grew in the cities. Around a fourth of the population of <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> had hereditary surnames by the end of the 17th century, a number which had grown to about 40% by the early 19th century. After this, the use of hereditary surnames in the cities accelerated—by 1865, the vast majority of citizens of <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a> had hereditary surnames, and by the beginning of the 20th century most of the urban population in Norway had hereditary surnames, although non-hereditary patronymics were often used in addition to the family name. The 19th century saw large-scale migration from rural to urban areas, and migrating families often adopted a formerly non-hereditary patronymic as their family name during the move. Around the turn of the century, the common use of hereditary family names became common in rural areas too. In rural areas, toponymic surnames—usually derived from the name of a farm—were a common alternative to adopting a patronymic as the hereditary family name. Finally, a law passed in 1923 ordered that all newborn children should be assigned a hereditary family name at birth, but did not force people who still did not have a family name to adopt one.<sup id="cite_ref-sod1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sod1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Norwegian toponymic surnames derive from farm names, and these farms were frequently named after the geographical features of the farm's location. Many farm names and thus surnames derive from just one word describing the most obvious or distinguishing geographical feature of their location (such as "Dal", meaning "valley"), while others again are compounds of several words describing the farm's location or geographical features (such as "Solberg", meaning "sunny mountain/hill"). Example of surnames deriving from farm names include "Bakke"/"Bakken" (hill or rise), "Berg"/"Berge" (mountain or hill), "Dahl"/"Dal" (valley), "Haugen" or "Haugan" (hill or mound), "Lie" (side of a valley), "Moen" (meadow), "Rud" (clearing), "Vik" (bay or inlet), and "Hagen" (pasture).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> has undergone substantial standardisation and change since surnames were made mandatory, toponymic surnames are commonly spelt in archaic ways. For example, the surnames "Wiik" and "Wiig" are common variant spellings of "Vik" with well over a thousand people bearing each surname,<sup id="cite_ref-ssb1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssb1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Viik", "Vig", "Viig" and "Wig" (among others) are additional, less common variants of the same name. Similar archaic variants exist of many other Norwegian toponymic surnames.<sup id="cite_ref-sod1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sod1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also Norwegian surnames derived from the word land (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">country</i>) such as Torland and <a href="/wiki/Kverneland_(surname)" title="Kverneland (surname)">Kverneland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, surnames derived from patronymics are decreasing in popularity in favour of surnames derived from toponyms. In 2009, 22.4% of the Norwegian population had a surname with the suffix "-sen", while among the newborns of 2009 the share was down to 18.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decline of patronymic-derived surnames is not a new phenomenon—the early 20th century saw a similar shift in the frequency of surnames, caused by demographic changes due to successive waves of migration from rural to urban areas. For example, the proportion of the population of Bergen bearing a patronymic-derived family name decreased by half in the forty years after 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-sod1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sod1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following table lists the 20 most common Norwegian surnames as of 2013:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Surname </th> <th>Number of bearers 2012 </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Etymology </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hansen_(surname)" title="Hansen (surname)">Hansen</a> </td> <td align="right">54,433 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Hans_(name)" title="Hans (name)">Hans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johansen" title="Johansen">Johansen</a> </td> <td align="right">51,136 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Johan_(given_name)" title="Johan (given name)">Johan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olsen_(surname)" title="Olsen (surname)">Olsen</a> </td> <td align="right">50,655 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Ole_(name)" title="Ole (name)">Ole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larsen_(surname)" title="Larsen (surname)">Larsen</a> </td> <td align="right">38,510 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Lars" title="Lars">Lars</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andersen" title="Andersen">Andersen</a> </td> <td align="right">37,630 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Anders" title="Anders">Anders</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pedersen" title="Pedersen">Pedersen</a> </td> <td align="right">35,688 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Peder" class="mw-redirect" title="Peder">Peder</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilsen" title="Nilsen">Nilsen</a> </td> <td align="right">35,435 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Nils_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nils (disambiguation)">Nils</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kristiansen" title="Kristiansen">Kristiansen</a> </td> <td align="right">23,910 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Christian_(given_name)" title="Christian (given name)">Kristian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jensen_(surname)" title="Jensen (surname)">Jensen</a> </td> <td align="right">23,318 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Jens_(given_name)" title="Jens (given name)">Jens</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karlsen_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlsen (surname)">Karlsen</a> </td> <td align="right">21,677 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Carl_(name)" title="Carl (name)">Karl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johnsen" title="Johnsen">Johnsen</a> </td> <td align="right">20,964 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/John_(given_name)" title="John (given name)">John</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pettersen" title="Pettersen">Pettersen</a> </td> <td align="right">20,466 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Peter_(first_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter (first name)">Petter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eriksen_(surname)" title="Eriksen (surname)">Eriksen</a> </td> <td align="right">19,351 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Eric" title="Eric">Erik</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berg_(surname)" title="Berg (surname)">Berg</a> </td> <td align="right">18,228 </td> <td>landscape </td> <td>mountain or hill </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haugen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Haugen (disambiguation)">Haugen</a> </td> <td align="right">14,467 </td> <td>landscape </td> <td>hill or mound </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hagen_(surname)" title="Hagen (surname)">Hagen</a> </td> <td align="right">14,202 </td> <td>landscape </td> <td>enclosed pasture </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johannessen" title="Johannessen">Johannessen</a> </td> <td align="right">13,539 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Johannes" title="Johannes">Johannes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andreassen" title="Andreassen">Andreassen</a> </td> <td align="right">12,218 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Andreas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Andreas (disambiguation)">Andreas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacobsen_(surname)" title="Jacobsen (surname)">Jacobsen</a> </td> <td align="right">12,016 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halvorsen" title="Halvorsen">Halvorsen</a> </td> <td align="right">11,614 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Halvor" title="Halvor">Halvor</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sweden">Sweden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavian_family_name_etymology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish name</a></div> <p>The most common surnames in Sweden are originally patronymic. Family names ending with the suffix "sson" are the most common names in Sweden. In 1901, the Names Adoption Act was passed, which abolished the patronymic practice. From 1901, everyone had to have a family name that was passed down to the next generation. </p><p>Many family names consist of items from nature, for example Lind/Lindberg (linden/lime + mountain), Berg/Bergkvist (mountain/mountain + twig), Alström/Ahlström (alder + stream), or Dahl/Dahlin (valley). Sometimes the first part of such a composite name refers to the family's place of origin e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Strindberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Strindberg">Strindberg</a> family originating from Strinne; the second part being just ornamental. Families also frequently have military-oriented names such as Skarpsvärd (sharp sword), <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ld" title="Sköld">Sköld</a> (shield) and Stolt (proud). Those names were originally assigned to soldiers under the military allotment system in effect from the 16th century. As in Denmark, the clergy Latinized their names up to about the 18th century, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>. Due to the greater diversity of these names each specific name is less common than most patronymic names. </p><p>The listing of 20 most commonly Swedish surnames as of December 31, 2012. Different spellings are included in every name but the name is presented by the most common spelling:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Surname </th> <th>Number of bearers 2012 </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Etymology </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andersson_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andersson (surname)">Andersson</a> </td> <td align="right">251,621 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Anders" title="Anders">Anders</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johansson" title="Johansson">Johansson</a> </td> <td align="right">251,495 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Johan_(given_name)" title="Johan (given name)">Johan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karlsson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlsson (disambiguation)">Karlsson</a> </td> <td align="right">223,151 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Carl_(name)" title="Carl (name)">Karl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilsson" title="Nilsson">Nilsson</a> </td> <td align="right">171,360 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Nils_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nils (disambiguation)">Nils</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eriksson" title="Eriksson">Eriksson</a> </td> <td align="right">147,514 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Eric" title="Eric">Erik</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larsson" title="Larsson">Larsson</a> </td> <td align="right">124,686 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Lars" title="Lars">Lars</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olsson" title="Olsson">Olsson</a> </td> <td align="right">114,280 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Olaf_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Olaf (disambiguation)">Ola</a> / Olof </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persson" title="Persson">Persson</a> </td> <td align="right">107,911 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Per_(given_name)" title="Per (given name)">Per</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Svensson" title="Svensson">Svensson</a> </td> <td align="right">101,834 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Sven_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sven (disambiguation)">Sven</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gustafsson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustafsson (disambiguation)">Gustafsson</a> </td> <td align="right">97,536 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_(name)" title="Gustav (name)">Gustaf</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pettersson" title="Pettersson">Pettersson</a> </td> <td align="right">96,011 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Peter_(first_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter (first name)">Petter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jonsson" title="Jonsson">Jonsson</a> </td> <td align="right">73,869 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Jon" title="Jon">Jon</a> / Jonas </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jansson" title="Jansson">Jansson</a> </td> <td align="right">50,170 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/John_(first_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="John (first name)">Jan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanson_(surname)" title="Hanson (surname)">Hansson</a> </td> <td align="right">43,926 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Hans_(name)" title="Hans (name)">Hans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengtsson" title="Bengtsson">Bengtsson</a> </td> <td align="right">34,302 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Bengt_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bengt (disambiguation)">Bengt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nsson" title="Jönsson">Jönsson</a> </td> <td align="right">32,249 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns (disambiguation)">Jöns</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lindberg_(surname)" title="Lindberg (surname)">Lindberg</a> </td> <td align="right">27,533 </td> <td>landscape </td> <td>linden + mountain </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakobsson" title="Jakobsson">Jakobsson</a> </td> <td align="right">26,793 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_(name)" title="Jacob (name)">Jakob</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnusson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnusson (disambiguation)">Magnusson</a> </td> <td align="right">26,562 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Magnus" title="Magnus">Magnus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olofsson" title="Olofsson">Olofsson</a> </td> <td align="right">26,424 </td> <td>patronymic </td> <td>son of <a href="/wiki/Olov" title="Olov">Olof</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavian_family_name_etymology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_common_surnames_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most common surnames in Europe">List of most common surnames in Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavian_family_name_etymology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mydanishroots.com/surnames-meaning-and-origin">MyDanishRoots.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://navneforskning.ku.dk/upload/application/pdf/6b85e294/DDSO%20Efternavnets%20historie.pdf">University of Copenhagen, Unit for Name Research</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dst.dk/da/Statistik/emner/navne/navne-i-hele-befolkningen.aspx">"Navne - Danmarks Statistik"</a>. Dst.dk<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Norwegian-American Historical Association.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssb1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ssb1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ssb1" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/navn/statistikk/navn">"Navn"</a>. Statistisk sentralbyrå<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navn&rft.pub=Statistisk+sentralbyr%C3%A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fbefolkning%2Fnavn%2Fstatistikk%2Fnavn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavian+family+name+etymology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/navn/aar/2015-01-27?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=216083">"Surnames used by 200 or more"</a>. <i>ssb.no</i>. 27 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ssb.no&rft.atitle=Surnames+used+by+200+or+more&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fen%2Fbefolkning%2Fstatistikker%2Fnavn%2Faar%2F2015-01-27%3Ffane%3Dtabell%26sort%3Dnummer%26tabell%3D216083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScandinavian+family+name+etymology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/navn/art-2010-01-27-01.html">Name statistics for 2009</a>. Statistics Norway, SSB.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/a/english/navn/etternavn-100.html">Statistics Norway</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____31063.aspx">Swedish Name Statistics</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scandinavian_family_name_etymology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mydanishroots.com/surnames-meaning-and-origin/the-100-most-common-surnames-in-denmark.html">The 100 most common surnames in Denmark </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://surnames.behindthename.com/top/lists/100sws2005.php">Most Common Surnames in Sweden</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://surnames.behindthename.com/top/lists/100nos2005.php">Most Common Surnames in Norway</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scandinavian_family_name_etymology&oldid=1254051752">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scandinavian_family_name_etymology&oldid=1254051752</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surnames" title="Category:Surnames">Surnames</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic-language_surnames" title="Category:Germanic-language surnames">Germanic-language surnames</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Danish-language_surnames" title="Category:Danish-language surnames">Danish-language surnames</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian-language_surnames" title="Category:Norwegian-language surnames">Norwegian-language surnames</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish-language_surnames" title="Category:Swedish-language surnames">Swedish-language surnames</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da)" title="Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)">CS1 Danish-language sources (da)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_May_2016" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from May 2016">Articles that may contain original research from May 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Norwegian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Norwegian-language text">Articles containing Norwegian-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 05:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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