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href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Operational history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Widening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Widening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Widening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Widening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traffic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Traffic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_(motorvej)" title="M25 (motorvej) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="M25 (motorvej)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="M25 motorway" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopista_M25_(Reino_Unido)" title="Autopista M25 (Reino Unido) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autopista M25 (Reino Unido)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%B2%DB%B5" title="آزادراه ام۲۵ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزادراه ام۲۵" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoroute_M25_(Grande-Bretagne)" title="Autoroute M25 (Grande-Bretagne) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Autoroute M25 (Grande-Bretagne)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_(autoestrada_do_Reino_Unido)" title="M25 (autoestrada do Reino Unido) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="M25 (autoestrada do Reino Unido)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorway_M25" title="Motorway M25 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Motorway M25" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="כביש הטבעת של לונדון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כביש הטבעת של לונדון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostrada_M25_(Gran_Bretagna)" title="Autostrada M25 (Gran Bretagna) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Autostrada M25 (Gran Bretagna)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_(Groot-Brittanni%C3%AB)" title="M25 (Groot-Brittannië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="M25 (Groot-Brittannië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4" title="M25モーターウェイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="M25モーターウェイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_(motorvei)" title="M25 (motorvei) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="M25 (motorvei)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25" title="M25 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="M25" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostrada_M25_(Wielka_Brytania)" title="Autostrada M25 (Wielka Brytania) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Autostrada M25 (Wielka Brytania)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_Motorway" title="M25 Motorway – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="M25 Motorway" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C25_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="М25 (Великобритания) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="М25 (Великобритания)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_motorwey" title="M25 motorwey – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="M25 motorwey" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="M25 motorway" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia%C4%BEnica_M25_(Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo)" title="Diaľnica M25 (Spojené kráľovstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Diaľnica M25 (Spojené kráľovstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_(Engleska)" title="M25 (Engleska) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="M25 (Engleska)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25" title="M25 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="M25" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_(motorv%C3%A4g)" title="M25 (motorväg) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="M25 (motorväg)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1_25" title="มอเตอร์เวย์เอ็ม 25 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มอเตอร์เวย์เอ็ม 25" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_Otoyolu_(Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1k)" title="M25 Otoyolu (Birleşik Krallık) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="M25 Otoyolu (Birleşik Krallık)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C25_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Автомагістраль М25 (Велика Британія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Автомагістраль М25 (Велика Британія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8525_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%92" title="ایم25 موٹروے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایم25 موٹروے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="M25高速公路 (英國) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="M25高速公路 (英國)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19872#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/UK-Motorway-M25.svg/246px-UK-Motorway-M25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/UK-Motorway-M25.svg/327px-UK-Motorway-M25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="141" /></a></div> M25</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">London Orbital Motorway</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"><div class="switcher-container"><div> <a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 290px; height: 240px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="240" data-overlays="["_952c1e92ed77640263e0edbbe1f175ae78c0350b"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,290x240.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=M25_motorway&revid=1259265779&groups=_952c1e92ed77640263e0edbbe1f175ae78c0350b" width="290" height="240" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,290x240@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=M25_motorway&revid=1259265779&groups=_952c1e92ed77640263e0edbbe1f175ae78c0350b 2x" alt="Map" /></a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  M25 motorway <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  A282 Dartford Crossing<hr /> Show interactive map</div><div> <a href="/wiki/File:M25_motorway_(Great_Britain)_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/M25_motorway_%28Great_Britain%29_map.svg/262px-M25_motorway_%28Great_Britain%29_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="262" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/M25_motorway_%28Great_Britain%29_map.svg/394px-M25_motorway_%28Great_Britain%29_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/M25_motorway_%28Great_Britain%29_map.svg/524px-M25_motorway_%28Great_Britain%29_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1279" /></a> Shown with the UK motorway network<hr /> Show UK motorways map</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Egham_M25_aerial_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Egham M25 aerial 2011.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Egham_M25_aerial_2011.jpg/290px-Egham_M25_aerial_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Egham_M25_aerial_2011.jpg/435px-Egham_M25_aerial_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Egham_M25_aerial_2011.jpg/580px-Egham_M25_aerial_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Junction 13 looking south</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header header-motorway">Route information</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Part of <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tabliczka_E15.svg/39px-Tabliczka_E15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="39" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tabliczka_E15.svg/58px-Tabliczka_E15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tabliczka_E15.svg/78px-Tabliczka_E15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="130" /> <a href="/wiki/European_route_E15" title="European route E15">E15</a> and <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Tabliczka_E30.svg/39px-Tabliczka_E30.svg.png" decoding="async" width="39" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Tabliczka_E30.svg/58px-Tabliczka_E30.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Tabliczka_E30.svg/78px-Tabliczka_E30.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="130" /> <a href="/wiki/European_route_E30" title="European route E30">E30</a><a href="#cite_note-AAAtlas-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Maintained by Connect Plus (contracted to <a href="/wiki/National_Highways" title="National Highways">National Highways</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">188 km (117 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Existed</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">1975–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">Opened: 1975 Completed: 1986</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header header-motorway"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Major junctions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital road">Orbital</a> around <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Dartford_Crossing" title="Dartford Crossing">A282</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Anti-clockwise end</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dartford" title="Dartford">Dartford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dartford_Crossing" title="Dartford Crossing">Dartford Crossing</a> southern approach)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major intersections</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><a href="/wiki/File:Junction_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Junction_3.svg/28px-Junction_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Junction_3.svg/42px-Junction_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Junction_3.svg/56px-Junction_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="726" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:UK-Motorway-M20.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/UK-Motorway-M20.svg/55px-UK-Motorway-M20.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/UK-Motorway-M20.svg/82px-UK-Motorway-M20.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/UK-Motorway-M20.svg/109px-UK-Motorway-M20.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="141" /></a> J3 → <a href="/wiki/M20_motorway" title="M20 motorway">M20 motorway</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Junction_5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Junction_5.svg/28px-Junction_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Junction_5.svg/42px-Junction_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Junction_5.svg/56px-Junction_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="726" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:UK-Motorway-M26.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/UK-Motorway-M26.svg/55px-UK-Motorway-M26.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/UK-Motorway-M26.svg/82px-UK-Motorway-M26.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/UK-Motorway-M26.svg/109px-UK-Motorway-M26.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="141" /></a> J5 → <a href="/wiki/M26_motorway" title="M26 motorway">M26 motorway</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Junction_7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Junction_7.svg/28px-Junction_7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Junction_7.svg/42px-Junction_7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Junction_7.svg/56px-Junction_7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="726" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:UK-Motorway-M23.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/UK-Motorway-M23.svg/55px-UK-Motorway-M23.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/UK-Motorway-M23.svg/82px-UK-Motorway-M23.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/UK-Motorway-M23.svg/109px-UK-Motorway-M23.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="141" /></a> J7 → <a href="/wiki/M23_motorway" title="M23 motorway">M23 motorway</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Junction_12.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Junction_12.svg/28px-Junction_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Junction_12.svg/42px-Junction_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Junction_12.svg/56px-Junction_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="726" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:UK-Motorway-M3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/UK-Motorway-M3.svg/45px-UK-Motorway-M3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/UK-Motorway-M3.svg/68px-UK-Motorway-M3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/UK-Motorway-M3.svg/90px-UK-Motorway-M3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="141" /></a> J12 → <a href="/wiki/M3_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M3 motorway (Great Britain)">M3 motorway</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Junction_15.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Junction_15.svg/28px-Junction_15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Junction_15.svg/42px-Junction_15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Junction_15.svg/56px-Junction_15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="726" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:UK-Motorway-M4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/UK-Motorway-M4.svg/45px-UK-Motorway-M4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/UK-Motorway-M4.svg/68px-UK-Motorway-M4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/UK-Motorway-M4.svg/90px-UK-Motorway-M4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="141" /></a> J15 → <a href="/wiki/M4_motorway" title="M4 motorway">M4 motorway</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Junction_16.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Junction_16.svg/28px-Junction_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Junction_16.svg/42px-Junction_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Junction_16.svg/56px-Junction_16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="726" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:UK-Motorway-M40.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UK-Motorway-M40.svg/55px-UK-Motorway-M40.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UK-Motorway-M40.svg/82px-UK-Motorway-M40.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UK-Motorway-M40.svg/109px-UK-Motorway-M40.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="141" /></a> J16 → <a href="/wiki/M40_motorway" title="M40 motorway">M40 motorway</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Junction_21.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Junction_21.svg/28px-Junction_21.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Junction_21.svg/42px-Junction_21.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Junction_21.svg/56px-Junction_21.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="726" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:UK-Motorway-M1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/UK-Motorway-M1.svg/45px-UK-Motorway-M1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/UK-Motorway-M1.svg/68px-UK-Motorway-M1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/UK-Motorway-M1.svg/90px-UK-Motorway-M1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="141" /></a> J21 → <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1 motorway</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Junction_23.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Junction_23.svg/28px-Junction_23.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Junction_23.svg/42px-Junction_23.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Junction_23.svg/56px-Junction_23.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="726" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:UK-Motorway-A1_(M).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UK-Motorway-A1_%28M%29.svg/64px-UK-Motorway-A1_%28M%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UK-Motorway-A1_%28M%29.svg/95px-UK-Motorway-A1_%28M%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UK-Motorway-A1_%28M%29.svg/127px-UK-Motorway-A1_%28M%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="141" /></a> J23 → <a href="/wiki/A1(M)_motorway" title="A1(M) motorway">A1(M) motorway</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Junction_27.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Junction_27.svg/28px-Junction_27.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Junction_27.svg/42px-Junction_27.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Junction_27.svg/56px-Junction_27.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="726" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:UK-Motorway-M11.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/UK-Motorway-M11.svg/55px-UK-Motorway-M11.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/UK-Motorway-M11.svg/82px-UK-Motorway-M11.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/UK-Motorway-M11.svg/109px-UK-Motorway-M11.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="141" /></a> J27 → <a href="/wiki/M11_motorway" title="M11 motorway">M11 motorway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Clockwise end</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dartford_Crossing" title="Dartford Crossing">Dartford Crossing</a> northern approach)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header header-motorway"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Counties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Primary_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary status">Primary destinations</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> <a href="/wiki/Dartford_Crossing" title="Dartford Crossing">Dartford Crossing</a> <a href="/wiki/Sevenoaks" title="Sevenoaks">Sevenoaks</a> <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick Airport</a> <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> <a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a> <a href="/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport" title="London Stansted Airport">Stansted Airport</a> <a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Essex" title="Brentwood, Essex">Brentwood</a> <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford,_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelmsford, Essex">Chelmsford</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilford,_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilford, Essex">Ilford</a> <a href="/wiki/Romford,_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Romford, Essex">Romford</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header header-motorway">Road network</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motorways_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of motorways in the United Kingdom">Motorways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_zones_in_Great_Britain" title="List of roads zones in Great Britain">A and B road zones</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241597584">.mw-parser-output .browse-table{width:100%;background:none;border-collapse:collapse;display:table;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .browse-table+.browse-table,.mw-parser-output .browse-table+link+.browse-table,.mw-parser-output .browse-table+style+.browse-table{margin-top:3px}.mw-parser-output .browse-table td{padding:0;border:none;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .browse-table tr:not(:first-child) td{padding-top:3px}</style><table class="browse-table"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:left">← <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/UK-Motorway-M23.svg/24px-UK-Motorway-M23.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/UK-Motorway-M23.svg/36px-UK-Motorway-M23.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/UK-Motorway-M23.svg/48px-UK-Motorway-M23.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="141" /> <a href="/wiki/M23_motorway" title="M23 motorway">M23</a></td><td style="padding-right:3px;padding-left:3px;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap"></td><td style="text-align:right;direction:rtl">→ <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/UK-Motorway-M26.svg/24px-UK-Motorway-M26.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/UK-Motorway-M26.svg/36px-UK-Motorway-M26.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/UK-Motorway-M26.svg/48px-UK-Motorway-M26.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="141" /> <a href="/wiki/M26_motorway" title="M26 motorway">M26</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> The M25 or London Orbital Motorway is a major road encircling most of <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>. The 117-mile-long (188 km) motorway is one of the most important roads in the UK and one of the busiest. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> opened the final section in 1986, making the M25 the longest <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring road</a> in Europe upon opening.<a href="#cite_note-Berliner_Ring_is_longer-2">[a]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dartford_Crossing" title="Dartford Crossing">Dartford Crossing</a> completes the orbital route but is not classed as motorway; it is classed as a <a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">trunk road</a> and designated as the <a href="/wiki/A282" class="mw-redirect" title="A282">A282</a>. In some cases, including notable legal contexts such as the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_2003" title="Communications Act 2003">Communications Act 2003</a>, the M25 is used as a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> alternative boundary for Greater London. In the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Plan" title="Greater London Plan">Greater London Plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Abercrombie" title="Patrick Abercrombie">Patrick Abercrombie</a> proposed an orbital motorway around London. This evolved into the <a href="/wiki/London_Ringways" title="London Ringways">London Ringways</a> project in the early 1960s, and by 1966, planning had started on two projects, <a href="/wiki/London_Ringways#Ringway_3" title="London Ringways">Ringway 3</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/London_Ringways#Ringway_4" title="London Ringways">Ringway 4</a> to the south. By the time the first sections opened in 1975, it was decided the ringways would be combined into a single orbital motorway. The M25 was one of the first motorway projects to consider environmental concerns and almost 40 public inquiries took place. The road was built as planned despite some protests that included the section over the <a href="/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs">North Downs</a> and around <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a> which required an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Common_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Common Tunnel">Bell Common Tunnel</a>. Although the M25 was popular during construction, it quickly became apparent that there was insufficient traffic capacity. Because of the public inquiries, several junctions merely served local roads where office and retail developments were built, attracting even more traffic onto the M25 than it was designed for. The congestion has led to traffic management schemes that include <a href="/wiki/Variable_speed_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable speed limit">variable speed limit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smart_motorway" title="Smart motorway">smart motorway</a>. Since opening, the M25 has been progressively widened, particularly near <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Route">Route</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Route">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:070921-Final_DLS_map.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/070921-Final_DLS_map.pdf/page1-300px-070921-Final_DLS_map.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/070921-Final_DLS_map.pdf/page1-450px-070921-Final_DLS_map.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/070921-Final_DLS_map.pdf/page1-600px-070921-Final_DLS_map.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2479" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>Map of the M25 showing the junction numbers and driver location signs</figcaption></figure> The M25 almost completely encircles <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> and passes briefly through it, in the east and west.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heathrow-4">[3]</a> Junctions 1A–5 are in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, 6–13 are in <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, 14 and a small part of 15 are in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hillingdon" title="London Borough of Hillingdon">Hillingdon</a>, Greater London, 15–16 are in <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a>, 17–24 are in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, 25 is in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield" title="London Borough of Enfield">Enfield</a>, Greater London and 26–31 are in <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heathrow-4">[3]</a> Policing of the road is carried out by an integrated group made up of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thames_Valley_Police" title="Thames Valley Police">Thames Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex_Police" title="Essex Police">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent_Police" title="Kent Police">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_Constabulary" title="Hertfordshire Constabulary">Hertfordshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrey_Police" title="Surrey Police">Surrey</a> forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201524-5">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom#Primary_destinations" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Primary destinations</a> signed ahead on the motorway include the <a href="/wiki/Dartford_Crossing" title="Dartford Crossing">Dartford Crossing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevenoaks" title="Sevenoaks">Sevenoaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport" title="London Stansted Airport">Stansted Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Essex" title="Brentwood, Essex">Brentwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> To the east of London the two ends of the M25 are joined to complete a loop by the non-motorway A282 Dartford Crossing of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> between <a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dartford" title="Dartford">Dartford</a>. The crossing consists of twin two-lane tunnels and the four-lane <a href="/wiki/QE2_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="QE2 Bridge">QE2 (Queen Elizabeth II) bridge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AATrust-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> with a main span of 450 metres (1,480 ft).<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Passage across the bridge or through the tunnels is subject to a <a href="/wiki/Road_pricing" title="Road pricing">charge</a> between 6 am and 10 pm, its level depending on the kind of vehicle. The road is not under motorway regulations so that other traffic can cross the Thames east of the <a href="/wiki/Woolwich_Ferry" title="Woolwich Ferry">Woolwich Ferry</a>;<a href="#cite_note-11">[b]</a> the only crossing further to the east is <a href="/wiki/Gravesend-Tilbury_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravesend-Tilbury Ferry">a passenger ferry</a> between <a href="/wiki/Gravesend" title="Gravesend">Gravesend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tilbury" title="Tilbury">Tilbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> At junction 5, the clockwise carriageway of the M25 is routed off the main north–south <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual carriageway</a> onto the main east–west dual carriageway with the main north–south carriageway becoming the <a href="/wiki/A21_road_(England)" title="A21 road (England)">A21</a>. In the opposite direction, to the east of the point where the M25 diverges from the main east–west carriageway, that carriageway becomes the <a href="/wiki/M26_motorway" title="M26 motorway">M26 motorway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-J5-13">[11]</a> From here to junction 8, the M25 follows the edge of the <a href="/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs">North Downs</a> close to several historic buildings such as <a href="/wiki/Chevening" title="Chevening">Chevening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titsey_Place" title="Titsey Place">Titsey Place</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hever_Castle" title="Hever Castle">Hever Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chartwell" title="Chartwell">Chartwell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leadbetter-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-barkham-15">[13]</a> The interchange with the <a href="/wiki/M23_motorway" title="M23 motorway">M23 motorway</a> near <a href="/wiki/Reigate" title="Reigate">Reigate</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange#Four-level_stack" title="Stack interchange">four-level stack</a>; one of only a few examples in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201543-16">[14]</a> Past this, the M25 runs close to the <a href="/wiki/Surrey_Hills_National_Landscape" title="Surrey Hills National Landscape">Surrey Hills National Landscape</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leadbetter-14">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M23-M25_Intersection_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15455.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/M23-M25_Intersection_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15455.jpg/220px-M23-M25_Intersection_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15455.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/M23-M25_Intersection_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15455.jpg/330px-M23-M25_Intersection_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15455.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/M23-M25_Intersection_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15455.jpg/440px-M23-M25_Intersection_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15455.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Four level stack interchange at junction 7 with the M23</figcaption></figure> To the west, the M25 passes close to the edge of Heathrow Airport, and within sight of <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> North of this, it goes under the <a href="/wiki/Chalfont_Viaduct" title="Chalfont Viaduct">Chalfont Viaduct</a> railway bridge, completed in 1906, which carries the <a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Main_Line" title="Chiltern Main Line">Chiltern Main Line</a>. <a href="/wiki/Red_kite" title="Red kite">Red kites</a> can often be seen overhead to the north of this, up to junction 21. The northern section of the M25 passes close to <a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Pastoral_Centre" title="All Saints Pastoral Centre">All Saints Pastoral Centre</a> near <a href="/wiki/London_Colney" title="London Colney">London Colney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waltham_Abbey" title="Waltham Abbey">Waltham Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copped_Hall" title="Copped Hall">Copped Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leadbetter-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-barkham-15">[13]</a> This section also features two <a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Cut-and-cover" title="Tunnel">cut-and-cover tunnels</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Common_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Common Tunnel">Bell Common Tunnel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-barkham-15">[13]</a> The north-eastern section of the motorway passes close to <a href="/wiki/North_Ockendon" title="North Ockendon">North Ockendon</a>, the only settlement of Greater London situated outside the M25.<a href="#cite_note-independent_20161017-18">[16]</a> It then runs close to the <a href="/wiki/Rainham_Marshes_Nature_Reserve" title="Rainham Marshes Nature Reserve">Rainham Marshes Nature Reserve</a> before reaching the northern end of the Dartford Crossing.<a href="#cite_note-leadbetter-14">[12]</a> In 2004, following an opinion poll, the <a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a> proposed aligning the Greater London boundary with the M25.<a href="#cite_note-20">[c]</a> "Inside the M25" and "outside/beyond the M25" are colloquial, looser alternatives to "Greater London" sometimes used in haulage. The <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_2003" title="Communications Act 2003">Communications Act 2003</a> explicitly uses the M25 as the boundary in requiring a proportion of television programmes to be made outside the London area; it states a requirement of "a suitable proportion of the programmes made in the United Kingdom" to be made "in the United Kingdom outside the M25 area", defined in Section 362 as "the area the outer boundary of which is represented by the London Orbital Motorway (M25)".<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> Sections of the M25 form part of two long-distance <a href="/wiki/International_E-road_network" title="International E-road network">E-roads</a>, designated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_route_E15" title="European route E15">E15</a>, which runs from <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a> to <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe201611-23">[20]</a> follows the M25 and A282 clockwise from the A1(M) at junction 23 to the M20 at junction 3;<a href="#cite_note-AAAtlas-1">[1]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E30" title="European route E30">E30</a> <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> to <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a> route runs from the M4 at junction 15, clockwise to the A12 at junction 28.<a href="#cite_note-AAAtlas-1">[1]</a> The United Kingdom is formally part of the E-roads network but, unlike in other countries, these routes are not marked on any road signs.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features">Features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> The M25 was originally built mostly as a dual three-lane motorway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201525-25">[22]</a> Much of this has since been widened to dual four lanes for almost half, to a dual five-lanes section between junctions 12 and 14 and a dual six-lane section between junctions 14 and 15. Further widening is in progress of minor sections with plans for <a href="/wiki/Smart_motorway" title="Smart motorway">smart motorways</a> in many others.<a href="#cite_note-bp-26">[23]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Motorway_service_area" title="Motorway service area">motorway service areas</a> are on the M25, and two others are directly accessible from it. Those on the M25 are <a href="/wiki/Clacket_Lane_services" title="Clacket Lane services">Clacket Lane</a> between junctions 5 and 6 (in the south-east) and <a href="/wiki/Cobham_services" title="Cobham services">Cobham</a> between junctions 9 and 10 (in the south-west). Those directly accessible from it are <a href="/wiki/South_Mimms_services" title="South Mimms services">South Mimms</a> off junction 23 (to the north of London) and <a href="/wiki/Thurrock_services" title="Thurrock services">Thurrock</a> off junction 31 (to the east of London).<a href="#cite_note-cobhamServices-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-CobhamOpen-28">[25]</a> As is common with other motorways, the M25 is equipped with emergency ("SOS") telephones. These connect to two <a href="/wiki/National_Highways" title="National Highways">National Highways</a> operated control centres at <a href="/wiki/Godstone" title="Godstone">Godstone</a> (for junctions 1 to 15 inclusive) and <a href="/wiki/South_Mimms" title="South Mimms">South Mimms</a> (for 16–31). The Dartford Crossing has a dedicated control centre. There is an extensive network of <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">closed-circuit television</a> (CCTV) on the motorway so incidents can be easily identified and located. A number of <a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">4×4</a> vehicles patrol the motorway, attempting to keep traffic moving where possible, and assisting the local police. They can act as a <a href="/wiki/Rolling_roadblock" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling roadblock">rolling roadblock</a> when there are obstacles on the road.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201524-5">[4]</a> When completed, the M25 only had <a href="/wiki/Street_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Street lighting">street lighting</a> for 65 miles (105 km) of its 117-mile (188 km) length.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> Originally, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_vapor_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium vapor lamp">low pressure sodium</a> (SOX) lighting was the most prominent technology used, but this has been gradually replaced with high-pressure sodium (SON) lighting. As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit">[update]</a> the motorway has more than 10,000 streetlights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201526-30">[27]</a> The M25 has a number of pollution control valves along its length, which can shut off drainage in the event of a chemical or fuel spill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201526-30">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plans">Plans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ringways_3_%26_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ringways_3_%26_4.png/220px-Ringways_3_%26_4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ringways_3_%26_4.png/330px-Ringways_3_%26_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ringways_3_%26_4.png/440px-Ringways_3_%26_4.png 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="1871" /></a><figcaption>Map of Ringways 3 & 4 showing sections combined to form the M25</figcaption></figure> The idea of a general bypass around London was first proposed early in the 20th century. An outer orbital route around the capital had been suggested in 1913, and was re-examined as a motorway route in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bressey" title="Charles Bressey">Sir Charles Bressey's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Sir Edwin Lutyens'</a> The Highway Development Survey, 1937.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramley1946146-31">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Abercrombie" title="Patrick Abercrombie">Sir Patrick Abercrombie's</a> <a href="/wiki/County_of_London_Plan" title="County of London Plan">County of London Plan, 1943</a> and Greater London Plan, 1944 proposed a series of five roads encircling the capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2001148-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> The northern sections of the M25 follow a similar route to the <a href="/wiki/Outer_London_Defence_Ring" title="Outer London Defence Ring">Outer London Defence Ring</a>, a concentric series of anti-tank defences and pillboxes designed to slow down a potential German invasion of the capital during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201519-34">[31]</a> This was marked as the D Ring on Abercombie's plans. Following the war, 11 separate <a href="/wiki/County_council" title="County council">county councils</a> told the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transport (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Transport</a> that an orbital route was "first priority" for London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018113-35">[32]</a> Plans stalled because the route was planned to pass through several urban areas, which attracted criticism. The original D Ring through northwest London was intended to be a simple upgrade of streets. In 1951, Middlesex County Council planned a route for the orbital road through the county, passing through <a href="/wiki/Eastcote" title="Eastcote">Eastcote</a> and west of <a href="/wiki/Bushey" title="Bushey">Bushey</a>, connecting with the proposed <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1 motorway</a>, but it was rejected by the Ministry two years later. An alternative route via <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Harrow" title="London Borough of Harrow">Harrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ealing" title="Ealing">Ealing</a> was proposed, but this was abandoned after the council revealed the extent of property demolition required.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018113-35">[32]</a> In 1964, the <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a> announced the <a href="/wiki/London_Ringways" title="London Ringways">London Ringways</a> plan, to consist of four concentric motorway rings around London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher201843,112-36">[33]</a> The following year, the transport minister <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Barbara Castle</a> announced that the D Ring would be essential to build. The component parts of what became the M25 came from <a href="/wiki/London_Ringways#Ringway_3" title="London Ringways">Ringway 3</a> / <a href="/wiki/M16_motorway" title="M16 motorway">M16 motorway</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/London_Ringways#Ringway_4" title="London Ringways">Ringway 4</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018113-35">[32]</a> The Ringways plan was controversial owing to the destruction required for the inner two ring roads, (<a href="/wiki/London_Ringways#Ringway_1" title="London Ringways">Ringway 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Ringways#Ringway_2" title="London Ringways">Ringway 2</a>). Parts of Ringway 1 were constructed (including the <a href="/wiki/West_Cross_Route" title="West Cross Route">West Cross Route</a>), despite stiff opposition, before the overall plan was postponed in February 1972. In April 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a> elections resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> victory; the party then formally announced the cancellation of the Ringways running inside Greater London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018103-37">[34]</a> This did not affect the routes that would become the M25, because they were planned as central government projects from the outset.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018111-38">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Construction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M25_-_Work_In_Progress_at_Tatling_End_-_geograph.org.uk_-_37213.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M25_-_Work_In_Progress_at_Tatling_End_-_geograph.org.uk_-_37213.jpg/220px-M25_-_Work_In_Progress_at_Tatling_End_-_geograph.org.uk_-_37213.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M25_-_Work_In_Progress_at_Tatling_End_-_geograph.org.uk_-_37213.jpg/330px-M25_-_Work_In_Progress_at_Tatling_End_-_geograph.org.uk_-_37213.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M25_-_Work_In_Progress_at_Tatling_End_-_geograph.org.uk_-_37213.jpg/440px-M25_-_Work_In_Progress_at_Tatling_End_-_geograph.org.uk_-_37213.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>View north from Higher <a href="/wiki/Denham,_Buckinghamshire" title="Denham, Buckinghamshire">Denham</a> Fire Station at Tatling End on the A40 in July 1984, with the <a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Main_Line" title="Chiltern Main Line">Chiltern Main Line</a> five-arch 1906 <a href="/wiki/Chalfont_Viaduct" title="Chalfont Viaduct">Chalfont Viaduct</a>, originally built to straddle the <a href="/wiki/River_Misbourne" title="River Misbourne">River Misbourne</a> </figcaption></figure> There was no individual <a href="/wiki/Public_inquiry" title="Public inquiry">public inquiry</a> into the M25 as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018116-39">[36]</a> Each section was presented to planning authorities in its own right and was individually justified, with 39 separate public inquiries relating to sections of the route. The need for the ministry to negotiate with local councils meant that more junctions with local traffic were built than originally proposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018117-40">[37]</a> A report in 1981 showed that the M25 had the potential to attract office and retail development along its route, negating the proposed traffic improvements and making Central London a less desirable place to work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018118-41">[38]</a> None of the motorway was prevented from being built by objections at the public inquiries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201511-42">[39]</a> However, as a consequence of the backlash against the Ringways, and criticism at the public inquiries, the motorway was built with environmental concerns in mind. New features included additional earth mounds, cuttings and fences that reduced noise, and over two million trees and shrubs to hide the view of the road.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran2009208–209-43">[40]</a> Construction of parts of the two outer ring roads, Ringways 3 and 4, began in 1973. The first section, between South Mimms and Potters Bar in Hertfordshire (junctions 23 to 24) opened in September 1975.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018115-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-tmad-45">[42]</a> It was provisionally known as the M16 and was given the temporary general-purpose road designation <a href="/wiki/A1178_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A1178 road">A1178</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> A section of the North Orbital Road between <a href="/wiki/Rickmansworth" title="Rickmansworth">Rickmansworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunton_Bridge" title="Hunton Bridge">Hunton Bridge</a> was proposed in 1966, with detailed planning in 1971. The North Orbital Extension was given the go-ahead in January 1973, from Maple Cross. It was 6.2 miles, and was to cost £6.5m.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> The road was constructed to motorway standards and opened on Thursday 26 February 1976, as a section of the <a href="/wiki/A405_road" title="A405 road">A405</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> It eventually became part of the M25's route.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018115-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-tmad-45">[42]</a> The section to the south, from <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> to Rickmansworth had five separate routes proposed when a public inquiry was launched in 1974. The Department of Transport sent out 15,000 questionnaires about the preferred route, with 5,000 replies. A route was fixed in 1978, with objections delaying the start of construction in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201511-42">[39]</a> The southern section of what became the M25 through Surrey and Kent was first conceived to be an east–west road south of London to relieve the <a href="/wiki/A25_road" title="A25 road">A25</a>, and running parallel to it, with its eastern end following the route of what is now the <a href="/wiki/M26_motorway" title="M26 motorway">M26</a>. It was originally proposed as an all-purpose route, but was upgraded to motorway standard in 1966. It was the first section of the route announced as M25 from the beginning. The first section from <a href="/wiki/Godstone" title="Godstone">Godstone</a> to <a href="/wiki/Reigate" title="Reigate">Reigate</a> (junctions 6 to 8) was first planned in 1966 and opened in February 1976.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018115-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-tmad-45">[42]</a> A section of Ringway 3 south of the river between Dartford and Swanley (junctions 1 to 3) was constructed between May 1974 and April 1977.<a href="#cite_note-tmad-45">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_Common_Tunnel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_53233.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bell_Common_Tunnel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_53233.jpg/220px-Bell_Common_Tunnel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_53233.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bell_Common_Tunnel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_53233.jpg/330px-Bell_Common_Tunnel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_53233.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bell_Common_Tunnel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_53233.jpg/440px-Bell_Common_Tunnel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_53233.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Inside the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Common#Tunnel" title="Bell Common">Bell Common Tunnel</a> near <a href="/wiki/Epping,_Essex" title="Epping, Essex">Epping</a></figcaption></figure> In 1975, following extensive opposition to some parts of Ringway 3 through Middlesex and South London, the transport minister <a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert,_Baron_Gilbert" title="John Gilbert, Baron Gilbert">John Gilbert</a> announced that the north section of Ringway 3 already planned would be combined with the southern section of Ringway 4, forming a single orbital motorway to be known as the M25, and the M16 designation was dropped. This scheme required two additional sections to join what were two different schemes, from Swanley to Sevenoaks in the south-east and Hunton Bridge to Potters Bar in the north-west. The section of Ringway 3 west of South Mimms anti-clockwise around London to Swanley in Kent was cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018116-39">[36]</a> The section from Potters Bar to the <a href="/wiki/Dartford_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartford Tunnel">Dartford Tunnel</a> was constructed in stages from June 1979 onwards, with the final section between <a href="/wiki/Waltham_Cross" title="Waltham Cross">Waltham Cross</a> (junction 25) to <a href="/wiki/Theydon_Garnon" title="Theydon Garnon">Theydon Garnon</a> (junction 27) opening in January 1984.<a href="#cite_note-tmad-45">[42]</a> This section, running through <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a>, attracted opposition and protests. In 1973, local residents had parked <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvesters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a> in protest against the road, draped with large banners reading "Not Epping Likely". As a consequence of this, the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Common_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Common Tunnel">Bell Common Tunnel</a> that runs in this area is twice as long as originally proposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018119-50">[47]</a> The most controversial section of the M25 was that between Swanley and Sevenoaks (junctions 3 to 5) in Kent across the <a href="/wiki/Darenth" title="Darenth">Darenth Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badgers_Mount" title="Badgers Mount">Badgers Mount</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs">North Downs</a>. An 1,800-member group named Defend Darenth Valley and the North Downs Action Group (DANDAG) argued that the link was unnecessary, it would damage an <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a> and it would be primarily used by local traffic as a bypass for the old <a href="/wiki/A21_road_(England)" title="A21 road (England)">A21 road</a> between Farnborough and Sevenoaks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018121-51">[48]</a> After a length inquiry process, chaired by <a href="/wiki/George_Dobry" title="George Dobry">George Dobry</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a>, the transport minister <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Kenneth Clarke</a> announced the motorway would be built as proposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018120-52">[49]</a> The section from the <a href="/wiki/M40_motorway" title="M40 motorway">M40 motorway</a> to the 1970s North Orbital Road construction (junctions 16 to 17) opened in January 1985.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018121-51">[48]</a> The route under the <a href="/wiki/Chalfont_Viaduct" title="Chalfont Viaduct">Chalfont Viaduct</a> meant the motorway was restricted to a width of three lanes in each direction.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, officially opened the M25 on 29 October 1986, with a ceremony in the section between junctions 22 to 23 (<a href="/wiki/London_Colney" title="London Colney">London Colney</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Mimms" title="South Mimms">South Mimms</a>).<a href="#cite_note-independent_20161017-18">[16]</a> To avoid the threat of road protesters, the ceremony was held a quarter of a mile from the nearest bridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran2009209-54">[51]</a> The total estimated cost of the motorway was around £1 billion. It required 2 million tonnes (2.2 million short tons) of concrete, 2.5 million tonnes (2.8 million short tons) of <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a> and involved the removal of 49 million cubic metres (1,700 million cubic feet) of spoil. Upon completion, it was the longest orbital motorway in the world at 117 miles (188 km).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018121-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berliner_Ring_is_longer-2">[a]</a> At the opening ceremony, Thatcher announced that 98 miles (158 km) had been constructed while the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> were in office, calling it "a splendid achievement for Britain".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran2009209-54">[51]</a> A 58-page brochure was published, commemorating the completion of the motorway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201514-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Operational history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M4_M25_junction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/M4_M25_junction.jpg/220px-M4_M25_junction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/M4_M25_junction.jpg/330px-M4_M25_junction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/M4_M25_junction.jpg/440px-M4_M25_junction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The M4/M25 motorway junction (junction 15), near <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a></figcaption></figure> The M25 was initially popular with the public. In the <a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987 general election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> won in every constituency that the motorway passed through, in particular gaining <a href="/wiki/Thurrock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Thurrock (UK Parliament constituency)">Thurrock</a> from <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>. Coach tours were organised for a trip around the new road. However, it quickly became apparent that the M25 suffered from chronic congestion. A report in <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> said it "had taken 70 years to plan [the motorway], 12 to build it and just one to find it was inadequate". Thatcher rebuked the negative response, calling it "carping and criticism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018122-56">[53]</a> Traffic levels quickly exceeded the maximum design capacity. Two months before it opened, the government admitted that the three-lane section between junctions 11 and 13 was inadequate and that it would have to be widened to four.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018122-56">[53]</a> In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport" title="Secretary of State for Transport">Secretary of State for Transport</a> announced plans to widen the whole of the M25 to four lanes.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> By 1993 the motorway, designed for a maximum of 88,000 vehicles per day, was carrying 200,000.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> At that time, the M25 carried 15% of UK motorway traffic and there were plans to add six lanes to the section from junctions 12 to 15, as well as widening the rest of the motorway to four lanes.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> In parts, particularly the western third, that plan went ahead. Again, however, plans to widen further sections to eight lanes (four each way) were scaled back in 2009 in response to rising costs. The plans were reinstated in the agreed <a href="/wiki/Highways_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways Agency">Highways Agency</a> 2013–14 business plan.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> In June 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a> (DfT) announced a proposal to widen the section close to Heathrow Airport to fourteen lanes by way of three additional link roads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018126-61">[58]</a> That attracted fierce opposition from <a href="/wiki/Road_protest_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Road protest in the United Kingdom">anti-motorway protesters</a> who were critical of the <a href="/wiki/Newbury_Bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Newbury Bypass">Newbury Bypass</a> and other schemes,<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> but also from local authorities. Surrey County Council led a formal objection to the widening scheme,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018126-61">[58]</a> and it was cancelled shortly afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> In 1994, the Standing Advisory Committee on Trunk Road Appraisal published a report saying that "the M25 experience most probably does ... serve as an example of a case where roads generate traffic" and that further improvements to the motorway were counter-productive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018126-61">[58]</a> In April 1995, the Transport Minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mawhinney" title="Brian Mawhinney">Brian Mawhinney</a> announced that the Heathrow link roads would be scrapped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018127-64">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M25_motorway_2004-04-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/M25_motorway_2004-04-25.jpg/220px-M25_motorway_2004-04-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/M25_motorway_2004-04-25.jpg/330px-M25_motorway_2004-04-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/M25_motorway_2004-04-25.jpg/440px-M25_motorway_2004-04-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>The M25 motorway near Heathrow, showing a <a href="/wiki/Motorway_Incident_Detection_and_Automatic_Signalling" title="Motorway Incident Detection and Automatic Signalling">MIDAS</a> installed gantry</figcaption></figure> In 1995, a contract was awarded to widen the section between junctions 8 and 10 from six to eight lanes at a cost of £93.4 million,<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Motorway_Incident_Detection_and_Automatic_Signalling" title="Motorway Incident Detection and Automatic Signalling">Motorway Incident Detection and Automatic Signalling</a> (MIDAS) system was introduced from junction 10 to junction 15 in 1995, at a cost of £13.5M. That was extended to junction 16 in 2002, at a cost of £11.7M. The system consists of a distributed network of traffic and weather sensors, <a href="/wiki/Speed_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed camera">speed cameras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speed_limit#Variable_speed_limits" title="Speed limit">variable-speed signs</a>, that control traffic speeds with little human supervision. It has improved traffic flow slightly, reducing the amount of start-stop driving.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> After Labour won the <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997 election</a>, the road budget was cut from £6 billion to £1.4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018127-64">[61]</a> However, the DfT announced new proposals to widen the section between junction 12 (M3) and junction 15 (M4) to 12 lanes. At the <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Terminal_5" title="Heathrow Terminal 5">Heathrow Terminal 5</a> public inquiry, a Highways Agency official said that the widening was needed to accommodate traffic to the proposed new terminal, but the transport minister said that no such evidence had been given.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> Environmental groups objected to the decision to go ahead with a scheme to create the widest motorways in the UK, without holding a <a href="/wiki/Public_inquiry" title="Public inquiry">public inquiry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a> claimed the real reason for the widening was to support Terminal 5.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018127-64">[61]</a> The decision was again deferred. A ten-lane scheme was announced in 1998,<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> and the £148 million 'M25 Jct 12 to 15 Widening' contract was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Beatty" title="Balfour Beatty">Balfour Beatty</a> in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> The scheme was completed in 2005, with dual-five lanes between junctions 12 and 14 and dual-six lanes from junctions 14 to 15.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> In 2007, junction 25 (A10/Waltham Cross) was remodelled to increase capacity. The nearby Holmesdale Tunnel was widened to three lanes in an easterly direction, and an additional left-turn lane added from the A10 onto the motorway. The total cost was £75 million.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> Work to widen the exit slip-roads in both directions at junction 28 (<a href="/wiki/A12_road_(England)" title="A12 road (England)">A12</a> / A1023) was completed in 2008. That was designed to reduce the amount of traffic queuing on the slip roads at busy periods, particularly traffic from the clockwise M25 joining the northbound A12.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> In 2018, a new scheme was proposed, because the junction had reached capacity, accommodating over 7,500 vehicles per hour. The scheme involved building a two-lane link road between the M25 and the A12. The work was expected to be completed around 2021/22.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Widening">Widening</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Widening">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Widening_of_the_M25_Motorway_near_South_Mimms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Widening_of_the_M25_Motorway_near_South_Mimms.jpg/220px-Widening_of_the_M25_Motorway_near_South_Mimms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Widening_of_the_M25_Motorway_near_South_Mimms.jpg/330px-Widening_of_the_M25_Motorway_near_South_Mimms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Widening_of_the_M25_Motorway_near_South_Mimms.jpg/440px-Widening_of_the_M25_Motorway_near_South_Mimms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Widening of the M25 Motorway near South Mimms</figcaption></figure> In 2006, the Highways Agency proposed widening 63 miles (101 km) of the M25 from six to eight lanes, between junctions 5 and 6, and 16 to 30, as part of a Design, Build, Finance and Operate (DBFO) project.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> A shortlist of contractors was announced in October 2006 for the project, which was expected to cost £4.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> Contractors were asked to resubmit their bids in January 2008,<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> and in June 2009 the new transport minister indicated that the cost had risen to £5.5 billion and the benefit to cost ratio had dropped considerably.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> In January 2009 the government announced that plans to widen the sections from junctions 5 to 7 and 23 to 27 had been 'scrapped' and that hard shoulder running would be introduced instead. However, widening to four lanes was reinstated in the 2013–14 Highways Agency Business Plan.<a href="#cite_note-bp-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> In 2009, a £6.2 billion M25 DBFO <a href="/wiki/Private_finance_initiative" title="Private finance initiative">private finance initiative</a> contract<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> was awarded to Connect Plus to widen the sections between junctions 16 to 23 and 27 to 30, and maintain the M25 and the Dartford Crossing for a 30-year period.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> Work to widen the section between junctions 16 (M40) and 23 (A1(M)) to dual four lanes<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> started in July 2009 at an estimated cost of £580 million.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> The junction 16 to 21 (M1) section was completed by July 2011 and the junction 21 to 23 by June 2012.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> Works to widen the junctions 27 (M11) to 30 (A13) section to dual four lanes also started in July 2009. The junction 27 to 28 (A12) section was completed in July 2010,<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> and the junction 28 to 29 (A127) in June 2011, and finally the junction 29 to 30 (A13) section opened in May 2012.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> Work to introduce smart motorway technology and permanent <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">hard shoulder running</a> on two sections of the M25 began in 2013. The first section between junctions 5 (A21/M26) and 7 (M23) started construction in May 2013 with the scheme being completed and opened in April 2014.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> The second section, between junctions 23 (A1/A1(M)) and 27 (M11), began construction in February 2013 and was completed and opened in November 2014.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> In December 2016, Highways England completed the capacity project at junction 30 (Thurrock) as part of the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Gateway" title="Thames Gateway">Thames Gateway</a> Delivery Plan.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> The £100 million scheme included widening the M25 to four lanes, adding additional link roads, and improvements to drainage.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Work began to widen the M25 and A3 around junction 10 in November 2022.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> The project is intended to limit congestion at the junction and allow traffic to proceed more safely.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> However, these plans caused concerns about the amount of woodland that would be required.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> In March 2024, National Highways announced the first all-day closure of the M25 in its operational history. The motorway was closed between junctions 10 and 11 from 15–18 March in order to remove a bridleway bridge.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> The road was closed completely for two other occasions that year, with a final two closures scheduled for 2025.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traffic">Traffic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Traffic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M25_Motorway_Clockwise._Approaching_Junction_14_For_A3113_For_Heathrow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1280493.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/M25_Motorway_Clockwise._Approaching_Junction_14_For_A3113_For_Heathrow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1280493.jpg/220px-M25_Motorway_Clockwise._Approaching_Junction_14_For_A3113_For_Heathrow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1280493.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/M25_Motorway_Clockwise._Approaching_Junction_14_For_A3113_For_Heathrow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1280493.jpg/330px-M25_Motorway_Clockwise._Approaching_Junction_14_For_A3113_For_Heathrow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1280493.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/M25_Motorway_Clockwise._Approaching_Junction_14_For_A3113_For_Heathrow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1280493.jpg/440px-M25_Motorway_Clockwise._Approaching_Junction_14_For_A3113_For_Heathrow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1280493.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Near <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a>, the M25 is six lanes wide in each direction.</figcaption></figure> The M25 is one of Europe's busiest motorways. In 2003, a maximum of 196,000 vehicles a day were recorded just south of Heathrow, between junctions 13 and 14.<a href="#cite_note-Motorway_traffic_up_4%_on_2003-99">[96]</a> The stretch between the nearby junctions 14 and 15 consistently records the highest daily traffic counts on the British strategic road network, with the average flow in 2018 being 219,492 vehicles (lower than the record peak measured in 2014 of 262,842).<a href="#cite_note-GB_Road_Traffic_Counts-100">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highways_Agency_Smart_Motorways_control_centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Highways_Agency_Smart_Motorways_control_centre.jpg/220px-Highways_Agency_Smart_Motorways_control_centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Highways_Agency_Smart_Motorways_control_centre.jpg/330px-Highways_Agency_Smart_Motorways_control_centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Highways_Agency_Smart_Motorways_control_centre.jpg/440px-Highways_Agency_Smart_Motorways_control_centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>A control room for the M25 junction 5–7 <a href="/wiki/Smart_motorway" title="Smart motorway">smart motorway</a> scheme</figcaption></figure> Traffic on the M25 is monitored by Connect Plus Services on behalf of National Highways. The company operates a series of transportable CCTV cameras that can be easily moved into congestion hotspots, allowing operators to have a clear view of the motorway and so assess what might be done to tackle particular areas of congestion.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> Prior to its liquidation in 2018, <a href="/wiki/Carillion" title="Carillion">Carillion</a> was subcontracted to manage traffic on the M25, delivering live alerts from body-worn cameras via 3G, 4G and Wi-Fi.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Since 1995, sections of the M25 have been equipped with variable speed limits, which slow traffic in the event of congestion or an obstruction, and help manage the traffic flow.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> The scheme was originally trialled between junctions 10 and 16, and was made a permanent fixture in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> The Dartford Crossing is the only fixed vehicle crossing of the Thames east of Greater London.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> It is also the busiest crossing in the United Kingdom, and consequently puts pressure on M25 traffic.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> Users of the crossing do not pay a toll, but rather a congestion charge. The signs at the crossing are the same as those deployed over the <a href="/wiki/London_congestion_charge" title="London congestion charge">London congestion charge</a> zone.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> In 2009, the Department for Transport published options for a new <a href="/wiki/Lower_Thames_Crossing" title="Lower Thames Crossing">Lower Thames Crossing</a> to add capacity to the Dartford Crossing, or create a new road and crossing linking to the M2 and M20 motorways.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Plans for that stalled, and were cancelled in 2013 by the Mayor of London, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, being replaced by a proposed <a href="/wiki/Gallions_Reach_Crossing" title="Gallions Reach Crossing">Gallions Reach Crossing</a>. Initially seen as a straight ferry replacement for the <a href="/wiki/Woolwich_Ferry" title="Woolwich Ferry">Woolwich Ferry</a>, it was later mooted as a bridge or tunnel.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> By 2019, the plans had changed, with the <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a> to be extended to <a href="/wiki/Thamesmead" title="Thamesmead">Thamesmead</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incidents">Incidents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Incidents">edit</a>]</div> On 11 December 1984, nine people died and ten were injured in a multiple-vehicle collision between junctions 5 and 6. Twenty-six vehicles were involved when dense fog descended suddenly.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> On 16 December 1988, several vehicles were stolen and used as getaway for acts of murder and robbery, using the M25 to quickly move between targets. The <a href="/wiki/M25_Three" title="M25 Three">M25 Three</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rowe" title="Raphael Rowe">Raphael Rowe</a>, were tried and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1990. Their convictions were overturned in 2000 and Rowe, who studied journalism while in prison, became an <a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">investigative journalist</a> for the BBC.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201515-115">[112]</a> In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Noye" title="Kenneth Noye">Kenneth Noye</a> murdered Stephen Cameron in a <a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">road rage</a> incident while stopped at traffic lights on an M25 junction in Kent. He was convicted in 2000 and sentenced to life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> He was released in June 2019.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> In November 2014, during overnight roadworks, a 16-foot (4.9 m) piece of road surface near junction 9 at <a href="/wiki/Leatherhead" title="Leatherhead">Leatherhead</a> failed to set correctly due to rain. This created a 1-foot (0.30 m) pothole in the road and caused a 12-mile (19 km) tailback. The Minister for Transport <a href="/wiki/John_Hayes_(British_politician)" title="John Hayes (British politician)">John Hayes</a> criticised the work and the resulting traffic problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201527-119">[116]</a> The M25 has had problems with animals and birds on the carriageway. In 2009, the Highways Agency reported that they had been called out several times a week to remove a swan from the motorway around junction 13.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran2009145-120">[117]</a> There have been several crashes resulting in horses escaping their horseboxes onto the carriageway.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racing">Racing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Racing">edit</a>]</div> The motorway has attracted unofficial, and illegal, <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">motor racing</a>. At the end of the 1980s, before the advent of automated speed enforcement devices, owners of <a href="/wiki/Supercars" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercars">supercars</a> would meet at night at service stations such as <a href="/wiki/South_Mimms_services" title="South Mimms services">South Mimms</a> and conduct time trials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran2009163-124">[121]</a> Times below 1 hour were achieved – an average speed of over 117 mph (188 km/h), which included coming to a halt at the <a href="/wiki/Dartford_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartford Tunnel">Dartford Tunnel</a> road user charge payment booths.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> The winner received champagne rather than money. The Enfield Gazette referred to an "M25 club", and posters appeared near the M25 advertising the "First London Cannonball Run".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran2009163-124">[121]</a> The racing had mostly disappeared by the end of the 1980s after speed cameras were introduced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran2009164-127">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insulate_Britain_protests">Insulate Britain protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Insulate Britain protests">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insulate_Britain_protests" title="Insulate Britain protests">Insulate Britain protests</a></div> In 2021, several sections of the M25 were disrupted after the home energy and insulation campaign group <a href="/wiki/Insulate_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulate Britain">Insulate Britain</a> blocked junctions including Nos. 3 (<a href="/wiki/Swanley" title="Swanley">Swanley</a>), 6 (<a href="/wiki/Godstone" title="Godstone">Godstone</a>), 14 (Heathrow), 20 (<a href="/wiki/Kings_Langley" title="Kings Langley">Kings Langley</a>) and 31 (<a href="/wiki/Lakeside_Shopping_Centre" title="Lakeside Shopping Centre">Lakeside</a>). A spokesman for <a href="/wiki/The_AA" title="The AA">the AA</a> said the actions were counterproductive, as they would cause increased vehicle emissions owing to delays, as well having a negative effect on the economy.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> 92 people were arrested following the first incident on 13 September, followed by a further 70 two days later. Insulate Britain said they would continue to disrupt the M25 until the government responded.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> On 29 October, two days before the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference">2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference</a>, Insulate Britain protests blocked traffic from junctions 21 to 22 in Hertfordshire and 28 to 29 in Essex. 19 arrests were made.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cultural references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:18em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The M25 is a form of social control to ensure disruptive elements in society are neutralised by keeping a significant proportion of them in continual motion. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Will_Self" title="Will Self">Will Self</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton20156-132">[129]</a></cite> </div> The M25 and the Dartford Crossing are known for frequent traffic jams. This was noticed before the entire road had been completed; at the official opening ceremony Margaret Thatcher complained about "those who carp and criticise". The jams have inspired derogatory names, such as "Britain's Biggest Car Park"<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> and songs (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chris_Rea" title="Chris Rea">Chris Rea</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Hell_(song)" title="The Road to Hell (song)">The Road to Hell</a>").<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> Nevertheless, coach tours around the M25 have continued to run into the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> The M25 plays a role in the comedy-fantasy novel <a href="/wiki/Good_Omens" title="Good Omens">Good Omens</a>, as "evidence for the hidden hand of Satan in the affairs of Man".<a href="#cite_note-independent_20161017-18">[16]</a> The demon character, Crowley, had manipulated the design of the M25 to resemble a Satanic <a href="/wiki/Sigil_(magic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigil (magic)">sigil</a>, and tried to ensure it would anger as many people as possible to drive them off the path of good.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gaiman_2003-137">[134]</a> The lengthy series of public inquiries for motorways throughout the 1970s, particularly the M25, influenced the opening of <a href="/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy" title="The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy">The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a>, where the Earth is destroyed to make way for a hyperspace bypass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201510-138">[135]</a> The M25 enjoyed a more positive reputation among <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">ravers</a> in the late 1980s, when this new orbital motorway became a popular route to the parties that took place around the outskirts of London.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> Its use for these raves inspired the name of the electronic duo <a href="/wiki/Orbital_(band)" title="Orbital (band)">Orbital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-independent_20161017-18">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iain_Sinclair" title="Iain Sinclair">Iain Sinclair</a>'s 2002 book and film London Orbital is based on a year-long journey around the M25 on foot.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Give_Peas_A_Chance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1723109.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Give_Peas_A_Chance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1723109.jpg/220px-Give_Peas_A_Chance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1723109.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Give_Peas_A_Chance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1723109.jpg/330px-Give_Peas_A_Chance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1723109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Give_Peas_A_Chance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1723109.jpg/440px-Give_Peas_A_Chance_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1723109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>The "Give Peas a chance" graffiti on the Chalfont Viaduct, before its removal in 2018</figcaption></figure> A piece of <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Chalfont_Viaduct" title="Chalfont Viaduct">Chalfont Viaduct</a>, clearly visible from the M25 and reading "Give Peas a chance" (parodying <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Give_Peace_a_Chance" title="Give Peace a Chance">Give Peace a Chance</a>") became popular with the public, attracting its own <a href="/wiki/Facebook_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook group">Facebook group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> The message originally read "Peas", supposedly the tag of a London graffiti artist; the rest of the wording is reported to have referred to his frequent clashes with the law.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> In September 2018, after almost 20 years, the graffiti was vandalised and then removed and replaced with the message "Give Helch a break".<a href="#cite_note-bbc_20180921-145">[142]</a> A spokesman for <a href="/wiki/Network_Rail" title="Network Rail">Network Rail</a> sympathised with the requests to restore the "much-loved graffiti", but said they do not condone people putting their lives at risk by trespassing.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_20180921-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Junctions_and_services">Junctions and services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Junctions and services">edit</a>]</div> Data from <a href="/wiki/Driver_location_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Driver location signs">driver location signs</a> provide carriageway identifier information.<a href="#cite_note-DLS-147">[144]</a> The numbers on the signs are kilometres from a point on the north side of the Dartford Crossing, while the letter is "A" for the clockwise carriageway and "B" for the anticlockwise. They are spaced every 500 metres (1,600 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201526-30">[27]</a> The M25 has been criticised for having too many junctions; 14 of them serve only local roads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018117-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_King_(campaigner)" title="Edmund King (campaigner)">Edmund King</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/The_Automobile_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="The Automobile Association">Automobile Association</a>, attributed congestion on the M25 to excessive junctions. This leads to "junction hoppers" who only use the motorway for a short distance before exiting;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran200599-149">[146]</a> their difference in speed when entering and leaving the main carriageway causes a <a href="/wiki/Domino_effect" title="Domino effect">domino effect</a>, resulting in all vehicles slowing down.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> Drivers who only use the M25 to travel a short distance are believed by some to have less overall driving experience, exacerbating traffic and safety issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran200599-149">[146]</a> The M25 originally opened without any service areas. The first, at <a href="/wiki/South_Mimms_services" title="South Mimms services">South Mimms</a>, was opened by Margaret Thatcher in June 1987, a week before the election. Thatcher admired the practical and no-frills architecture of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Forte" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Forte">Charles Forte</a> and praised him in her opening speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran2009156-151">[148]</a> The second, <a href="/wiki/Clacket_Lane_services" title="Clacket Lane services">Clacket Lane</a>, was opened by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Key_(politician)" title="Robert Key (politician)">Robert Key</a>, Minister for Roads and Traffic, on 21 July 1993. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwinBridleBaldwinPorter2002938-152">[149]</a> Construction was delayed as the remains of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villa</a> were found on the site, requiring archaeological research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwinBridleBaldwinPorter2002764-153">[150]</a> The other service area between junctions is <a href="/wiki/Cobham_services" title="Cobham services">Cobham</a>, which opened on 13 September 2012.<a href="#cite_note-CobhamOpen-28">[25]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center" bgcolor="00703C" style="color: #FFD200;"> <td colspan="6">A282 (Dartford Crossing) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">miles </th> <th scope="col">km<a href="#cite_note-DLS-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[d]</a> </th> <th scope="col">Clockwise exits (A carriageway)<a href="#cite_note-DLS-147">[144]</a> </th> <th scope="col">Junction </th> <th scope="col">Anti-clockwise exits (B carriageway) </th> <th scope="col">Opening date<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher2018121-51">[48]</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>0.0 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td style="background:#dcdcfe;"><a href="/wiki/Dartford_Crossing" title="Dartford Crossing">Dartford Crossing</a> South (Queen Elizabeth II Bridge) <a href="/wiki/File:UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg/40px-UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg/60px-UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg/80px-UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> </th> <td style="background:#dcdcfe;">Dartford Crossing North (Dartford Tunnels) <a href="/wiki/File:UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg/40px-UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg/60px-UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg/80px-UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td>November 1963 (west tunnel) May 1980 (east tunnel) October 1991 (bridge) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>3.5 </td> <td>5.7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swanscombe" title="Swanscombe">Swanscombe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erith" title="Erith">Erith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluewater_(shopping_centre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluewater (shopping centre)">Bluewater</a> <a href="/wiki/A206_road" title="A206 road">A206</a> </td> <th scope="row">J1A<a href="#cite_note-156">[e]</a> </th> <td>Swanscombe, Erith A206 </td> <td>September 1986 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>4.7 </td> <td>7.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dartford" title="Dartford">Dartford</a> <a href="/wiki/A225_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A225 road">A225</a> </td> <th scope="row">J1B </th> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">No Exit </td> <td>September 1986 </td></tr> <tr align="center" bgcolor="0080d0" style="color: white;"> <td colspan="6">M25 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>5.5 </td> <td>8.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (SE & C), <a href="/wiki/Bexleyheath" title="Bexleyheath">Bexleyheath</a> <a href="/wiki/A2_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A2 road (Great Britain)">A2</a> <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> (<a href="/wiki/M2_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M2 motorway (Great Britain)">M2</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ebbsfleet_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebbsfleet International">Ebbsfleet International</a> <a href="/wiki/File:British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg/24px-British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg/37px-British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg/48px-British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="177" /></a> Non Motorway Traffic </td> <th scope="row">J2 </th> <td>London (SE & C), Bexleyheath, <a href="/wiki/Bluewater_(shopping_centre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluewater (shopping centre)">Bluewater</a> <a href="/wiki/A2_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A2 road (Great Britain)">A2</a> Canterbury (<a href="/wiki/M2_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M2 motorway (Great Britain)">M2</a>) <a href="/wiki/Dartford" title="Dartford">Dartford</a> (<a href="/wiki/A225_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A225 road">A225</a>) Ebbsfleet International <a href="/wiki/File:British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg/24px-British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg/37px-British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg/48px-British_Rail_-_colour_reversed_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="177" /></a> </td> <td>September 1986 (northbound) April 1977 (southbound) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>8.7 </td> <td>14.0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maidstone" title="Maidstone">Maidstone</a> <a href="/wiki/M20_motorway" title="M20 motorway">M20</a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (SE), <a href="/wiki/Swanley" title="Swanley">Swanley</a> <a href="/wiki/A20_road_(England)" title="A20 road (England)">A20</a> </td> <th scope="row">J3 </th> <td>London (SE & C), <a href="/wiki/Lewisham" title="Lewisham">Lewisham</a> A20 Channel Tunnel, Maidstone M20 </td> <td>April 1977 (northbound) February 1986 (southbound) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>12.2 </td> <td>19.6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromley" title="Bromley">Bromley</a> <a href="/wiki/A21_road_(England)" title="A21 road (England)">A21</a> <a href="/wiki/Orpington" title="Orpington">Orpington</a> <a href="/wiki/A224_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A224 road">A224</a> </td> <th scope="row">J4 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (SE), Bromley A21 Orpington A224 </td> <td>February 1986 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>16.3 16.4 </td> <td>26.2 26.4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sevenoaks" title="Sevenoaks">Sevenoaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a> <a href="/wiki/A21_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A21 road">A21</a> </td> <th scope="row">J5 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maidstone" title="Maidstone">Maidstone</a> <a href="/wiki/M26_motorway" title="M26 motorway">M26</a> (<a href="/wiki/M20_motorway" title="M20 motorway">M20</a>) Sevenoaks, Hastings A21 </td> <td>July 1980 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>21.0 </td> <td>33.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clacket_Lane_services" title="Clacket Lane services">Clacket Lane services</a> </td> <th scope="row">Services </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Clacket_Lane_services" title="Clacket Lane services">Clacket Lane services</a> </td> <td>July 1993 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>25.8 </td> <td>41.6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godstone" title="Godstone">Godstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caterham" title="Caterham">Caterham</a> <a href="/wiki/A22_road" title="A22 road">A22</a> <a href="/wiki/Redhill,_Surrey" title="Redhill, Surrey">Redhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westerham" title="Westerham">Westerham</a> (<a href="/wiki/A25_road" title="A25 road">A25</a>) </td> <th scope="row">J6 </th> <td>Eastbourne, Godstone, Caterham A22 Westerham (A25) </td> <td>November 1979 (eastbound) February 1976 (westbound) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>28.6 </td> <td>46.0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crawley" title="Crawley">Crawley</a> <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports" title="List of airports"><img alt="Airport interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/13px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/20px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/26px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a> <a href="/wiki/M23_motorway" title="M23 motorway">M23</a> </td> <th scope="row">J7 </th> <td>Croydon Brighton, Gatwick <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports" title="List of airports"><img alt="Airport interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/13px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/20px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/26px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> M23 </td> <td>February 1976 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>31.9 </td> <td>51.4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reigate" title="Reigate">Reigate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutton,_London" title="Sutton, London">Sutton</a> <a href="/wiki/A217_road" title="A217 road">A217</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston</a> (<a href="/wiki/A240_road" title="A240 road">A240</a>) </td> <th scope="row">J8 </th> <td>Reigate, Sutton A217 Redhill (A25) </td> <td>February 1976 (eastbound) October 1985 (westbound) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>38.5 39.5 </td> <td>62.0 63.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leatherhead" title="Leatherhead">Leatherhead</a> <a href="/wiki/A243_road" title="A243 road">A243</a> <a href="/wiki/Dorking" title="Dorking">Dorking</a> (<a href="/wiki/A24_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A24 road (Great Britain)">A24</a>) </td> <th scope="row">J9 </th> <td>Leatherhead A243 Dorking (A24) </td> <td>October 1985 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>42.6 43.2 </td> <td>68.6 69.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobham_services" title="Cobham services">Cobham services</a> </td> <th scope="row">Services </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobham_services" title="Cobham services">Cobham services</a> </td> <td>September 2012 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>45.0 </td> <td>72.4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (SW & C) <a href="/wiki/A3_road" title="A3 road">A3</a> </td> <th scope="row">J10 </th> <td>London (SW), Kingston, Guildford, Portsmouth <a href="/wiki/A3_road" title="A3 road">A3</a> </td> <td>October 1985 (eastbound) December 1983 (westbound) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>49.8 </td> <td>80.2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a> <a href="/wiki/A320_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A320 road">A320</a> <a href="/wiki/Chertsey" title="Chertsey">Chertsey</a> <a href="/wiki/A317_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A317 road">A317</a> </td> <th scope="row">J11 </th> <td>Chertsey A317 Woking A320 </td> <td>December 1983 (southbound) October 1980 (northbound) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>52.1 </td> <td>83.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basingstoke" title="Basingstoke">Basingstoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_London" title="Richmond, London">Richmond</a> <a href="/wiki/M3_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M3 motorway (Great Britain)">M3</a> </td> <th scope="row">J12 </th> <td>The SOUTH WEST, Southampton London (SW & C), Richmond M3 </td> <td>October 1980 (southbound) December 1976 (northbound) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>55.2 </td> <td>88.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (W), <a href="/wiki/Hounslow" title="Hounslow">Hounslow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staines-upon-Thames" title="Staines-upon-Thames">Staines</a> <a href="/wiki/A30_road" title="A30 road">A30</a> </td> <th scope="row">J13 </th> <td>London (W), Hounslow, Staines A30 </td> <td>November 1981 (southbound) August 1982 (northbound) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>57.0 </td> <td>91.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports" title="List of airports"><img alt="Airport interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/13px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/20px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/26px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> (Terminals 4, 5 & Cargo) <a href="/wiki/A3113_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A3113 road">A3113</a> </td> <th scope="row">J14 </th> <td>Heathrow <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports" title="List of airports"><img alt="Airport interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/13px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/20px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/26px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> (Terminals 4, 5 & Cargo) <a href="/wiki/A3113_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A3113 road">A3113</a> </td> <td>August 1982 (southbound) September 1985 (northbound) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>59.0 </td> <td>95.0 </td> <td>The WEST, <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (W & C), <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports" title="List of airports"><img alt="Airport interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/13px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/20px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/26px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> (Terminals 1, 2 & 3) <a href="/wiki/M4_motorway" title="M4 motorway">M4</a> </td> <th scope="row">J15 </th> <td>London (W), Heathrow <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports" title="List of airports"><img alt="Airport interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/13px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/20px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/26px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> (Terminals 1, 2 & 3) The WEST, Slough, Reading M4 </td> <td>September 1985 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>63.8 </td> <td>102.6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> <a href="/wiki/Uxbridge" title="Uxbridge">Uxbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (W) <a href="/wiki/M40_motorway" title="M40 motorway">M40</a> </td> <th scope="row">J16 </th> <td>Uxbridge, London (W & C) Birmingham, Oxford M40 </td> <td>September 1985 (southbound) January 1985 (northbound) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>68.7 </td> <td>110.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rickmansworth" title="Rickmansworth">Rickmansworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maple_Cross" title="Maple Cross">Maple Cross</a> A412 </td> <th scope="row">J17 </th> <td>Maple Cross A412 </td> <td>January 1985 (southbound) February 1976 (northbound) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>69.9 </td> <td>112.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amersham" title="Amersham">Amersham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chorleywood" title="Chorleywood">Chorleywood</a> <a href="/wiki/A404_road" title="A404 road">A404</a> </td> <th scope="row">J18 </th> <td>Amersham, Chorleywood, Rickmansworth A404 </td> <td>February 1976 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>71.5 </td> <td>116.4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a> <a href="/wiki/A41_road" title="A41 road">A41</a> </td> <th scope="row">J19 </th> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Exit via J20 – Watford A41 </td> <td>September 1976 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>73.5 </td> <td>118.2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aylesbury" title="Aylesbury">Aylesbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead" title="Hemel Hempstead">Hemel Hempstead</a> A41 </td> <th scope="row">J20 </th> <td>Aylesbury, Hemel Hempstead, Watford A41 </td> <td>August 1986 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>76.3 </td> <td>122.8 </td> <td>The NORTH <a href="/wiki/London_Luton_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Luton Airport">Luton</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports" title="List of airports"><img alt="Airport interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/13px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/20px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/26px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</a> </td> <th scope="row">J21 </th> <td>The NORTH Luton <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports" title="List of airports"><img alt="Airport interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/13px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/20px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/26px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> M1 </td> <td>August 1986 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>76.9 </td> <td>123.7 </td> <td>(M1 South) <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (NW & C) <a href="/wiki/A405_road" title="A405 road">A405</a> </td> <th scope="row">J21A </th> <td>(M1 South) St Albans, London (NW & C), Watford A405 </td> <td>August 1986 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>80.6 </td> <td>129.7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a> <a href="/wiki/A1081_road" title="A1081 road">A1081</a> </td> <th scope="row">J22 </th> <td>St Albans A1081 </td> <td>August 1986 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>83.3 </td> <td>134.0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_Hertfordshire" title="Hatfield, Hertfordshire">Hatfield</a> <a href="/wiki/A1(M)_motorway" title="A1(M) motorway">A1(M)</a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (N & C) <a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1</a> <a href="/wiki/Chipping_Barnet" title="Chipping Barnet">Barnet</a> <a href="/wiki/A1081_road" title="A1081 road">A1081</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Mimms_services" title="South Mimms services">South Mimms services</a> </td> <th scope="row">J23 </th> <td>London (N & C) A1 Barnet A1081 Hatfield A1(M) South Mimms services </td> <td>August 1986 (westbound) September 1975 (eastbound) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>85.9 </td> <td>138.2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potters_Bar" title="Potters Bar">Potters Bar</a> <a href="/wiki/A111_road_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="A111 road (England)">A111</a> </td> <th scope="row">J24 </th> <td>Potters Bar A111 </td> <td>September 1975 (westbound) June 1981 (eastbound) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>91.4 </td> <td>147.1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (N & C) <a href="/wiki/Enfield_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfield Town">Enfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertford" title="Hertford">Hertford</a> <a href="/wiki/A10_road_(England)" title="A10 road (England)">A10</a> </td> <th scope="row">J25 </th> <td>London (N & C) Enfield, Hertford A10 </td> <td>June 1981 (westbound) January 1984 (eastbound) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Holmesdale Tunnel </td> <th scope="row">Tunnel </th> <td>Holmesdale Tunnel </td> <td>January 1984 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>94.9 </td> <td>152.7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waltham_Abbey_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waltham Abbey (town)">Waltham Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loughton" title="Loughton">Loughton</a> <a href="/wiki/A121_road_(England)" title="A121 road (England)">A121</a> </td> <th scope="row">J26 </th> <td>Waltham Abbey, Loughton A121 </td> <td>January 1984 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Bell Common Tunnel </td> <th scope="row">Tunnel </th> <td>Bell Common Tunnel </td> <td>January 1984 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>99.2 </td> <td>159.7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stansted_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Stansted Airport">Stansted</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports" title="List of airports"><img alt="Airport interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/13px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/20px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/26px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (N & E) <a href="/wiki/M11_motorway" title="M11 motorway">M11</a> </td> <th scope="row">J27 </th> <td>London (NE & C) Cambridge, Harlow, Stansted <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports" title="List of airports"><img alt="Airport interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/13px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/20px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/26px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> M11 </td> <td>January 1984 (westbound) April 1983 (eastbound) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>107.1 </td> <td>172.4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (E & C), <a href="/wiki/Romford" title="Romford">Romford</a> <a href="/wiki/A12_road_(England)" title="A12 road (England)">A12</a> <a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Essex" title="Brentwood, Essex">Brentwood</a> <a href="/wiki/A1023_road" title="A1023 road">A1023</a> </td> <th scope="row">J28 </th> <td>Chelmsford A12 Brentwood A1023 </td> <td>April 1983 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=M25_motorway&params=54.17005_N_2.73748_W_dim:4000_region:GB">54°10′12″N 2°44′15″W / 54.17005°N 2.73748°W / 54.17005; -2.73748</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>109.9 </td> <td>176.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southend" class="mw-redirect" title="Southend">Southend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southend_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Southend Airport">Southend Airport</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports" title="List of airports"><img alt="Airport interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/13px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/20px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/26px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/Basildon" title="Basildon">Basildon</a> <a href="/wiki/A127_road" title="A127 road">A127</a> </td> <th scope="row">J29 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (E & C), Romford, Southend, Southend Airport <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports" title="List of airports"><img alt="Airport interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/13px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/20px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/26px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a>, Basildon A127 </td> <td>April 1983 (northbound) December 1982 (southbound) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>115.2 </td> <td>185.4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilbury" title="Tilbury">Tilbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakeside_Shopping_Centre" title="Lakeside Shopping Centre">Lakeside</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (E & C) <a href="/wiki/A13_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A13 road (Great Britain)">A13</a> <a href="/wiki/Thurrock_services" title="Thurrock services">Thurrock services</a> </td> <th scope="row">J30 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (E & C), Tilbury, Thurrock, Lakeside <a href="/wiki/A13_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A13 road (Great Britain)">A13</a> Thurrock services Non Motorway Traffic </td> <td>December 1982 </td></tr> <tr align="center" bgcolor="00703C" style="color: #FFD200;font-size:120%;"> <td colspan="6">A282 (Dartford Crossing) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>115.9 </td> <td>186.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">No Exit </td> <th scope="row">J31 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakeside_Shopping_Centre" title="Lakeside Shopping Centre">Lakeside</a> <a href="/wiki/A_roads_in_Zone_1_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme" title="A roads in Zone 1 of the Great Britain numbering scheme">A1306</a> <a href="/wiki/Purfleet" title="Purfleet">Purfleet</a> (<a href="/wiki/A1090_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A1090 road">A1090</a>) <a href="/wiki/West_Thurrock" title="West Thurrock">West Thurrock</a> (<a href="/wiki/A126_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A126 road">A126</a>) Thurrock services </td> <td>December 1982 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#dcdcfe;"><a href="/wiki/Dartford_Crossing" title="Dartford Crossing">Dartford Crossing</a> South (Queen Elizabeth II Bridge) <a href="/wiki/File:UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg/40px-UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg/60px-UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg/80px-UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> </th> <td style="background:#dcdcfe;">Dartford Crossing North (Dartford Tunnels) <a href="/wiki/File:UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg/40px-UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg/60px-UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg/80px-UK_traffic_sign_symbol_NS67.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td>November 1963 (west tunnel) May 1980 (east tunnel) October 1991 (bridge) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Entering <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">Notes <ul><li>Distances in kilometres and carriageway identifiers are obtained from <a href="/wiki/Driver_location_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Driver location signs">driver location signs</a>/location marker posts. Where a junction spans several hundred metres and the data is available, both the start and finish values for the junction are shown.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="6" class="jct-bottom notheme"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129796324">.mw-parser-output .jct-bottom{text-align:center;background-color:#eaecf0}.mw-parser-output .jct-bottom-legend{margin-left:1.6em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .jct-bottom-legend ul{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .jct-bottom-legend-color{border:1px solid #000}</style>1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist jct-bottom-legend"><ul><li>      <a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Complete_and_incomplete_interchanges" title="Interchange (road)">Incomplete access</a></li><li>       <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Tolled</a></li></ul></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Berliner_Ring_is_longer-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berliner_Ring_is_longer_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berliner_Ring_is_longer_2-1">b</a> Since the completion of the M25, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_10" title="Bundesautobahn 10">Berliner Ring</a> has been completed to run at a slightly longer 196 km (122 mi)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201520-157">[152]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Pedestrians and cyclists cannot directly use the Dartford Crossing, but a shuttle service is available for the latter.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> This move would be bound to be resisted by the communities affected, including Watford, <a href="/wiki/Loughton" title="Loughton">Loughton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom">Epsom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> The table gives details of each junction, including the roads interchanged and the destinations that are signed from the motorway on the blue advance direction signs. Figures in kilometres are from the driver location signs; figures in miles are derived from them. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Junctions 1A and 1B are part of the A282, though they use the M25's numbering scheme.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AAAtlas-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAAtlas_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAAtlas_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAAtlas_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAA_Publishing2019" class="citation book cs1">AA Publishing (2019). 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Retrieved 19 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Petition+calls+for+M25+%27give+peas+a+chance%27+graffiti+return&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-beds-bucks-herts-45593174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM25+motorway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/motorists-devastated-as-iconic-give-peas-a-chance-m25-graffiti-is-erased-a3941311.html">"Motorists devastated as iconic "Give Peas A Chance" M25 graffiti is erased"</a>. London Evening Standard. 20 September 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Motorists+devastated+as+iconic+%22Give+Peas+A+Chance%22+M25+graffiti+is+erased&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fmotorists-devastated-as-iconic-give-peas-a-chance-m25-graffiti-is-erased-a3941311.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM25+motorway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DLS-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DLS_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DLS_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DLS_147-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605140242/http://www.highways.gov.uk/business/documents/070921-Final_DLS_map.pdf">"M25 Road Network Driver Location Signs"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Highways_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways Agency">Highways Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highways.gov.uk/business/documents/070921-Final_DLS_map.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M25+Road+Network+Driver+Location+Signs&rft.pub=Highways+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highways.gov.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fdocuments%2F070921-Final_DLS_map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM25+motorway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Orbital Motorways: Proceedings of the Conference Organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers and Held in Stratford-upon-Avon on 24–26 April 1990. Thomas Telford. 1990. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-727-71591-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-727-71591-3"><bdi>978-0-727-71591-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orbital+Motorways%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Conference+Organized+by+the+Institution+of+Civil+Engineers+and+Held+in+Stratford-upon-Avon+on+24%E2%80%9326+April+1990&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-727-71591-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM25+motorway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran200599-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran200599_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran200599_149-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoran2005">Moran 2005</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/plan-for-smart-junctions-to-end-gridlock-on-m25-a3222156.html">"Plan for "smart" junctions to end gridlock on the M25"</a>. London Evening Standard. 11 April 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Plan+for+%22smart%22+junctions+to+end+gridlock+on+the+M25&rft.date=2016-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftransport%2Fplan-for-smart-junctions-to-end-gridlock-on-m25-a3222156.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM25+motorway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran2009156-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran2009156_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoran2009">Moran 2009</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwinBridleBaldwinPorter2002938-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwinBridleBaldwinPorter2002938_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaldwinBridleBaldwinPorter2002">Baldwin et al. 2002</a>, p. 938. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwinBridleBaldwinPorter2002764-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwinBridleBaldwinPorter2002764_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaldwinBridleBaldwinPorter2002">Baldwin et al. 2002</a>, p. 764. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roads.org.uk/motorway/m25">"M25"</a>. roads.org.uk. Retrieved 19 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=roads.org.uk&rft.atitle=M25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roads.org.uk%2Fmotorway%2Fm25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM25+motorway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton201520-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton201520_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton2015">Hamilton 2015</a>, p. 20. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: General and cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher2018" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Wayne (2018). Rings Around London: Orbital motorways and the battle for homes before roads. Capital History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1854144218" title="Special:BookSources/978-1854144218"><bdi>978-1854144218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rings+Around+London%3A+Orbital+motorways+and+the+battle+for+homes+before+roads&rft.pub=Capital+History&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1854144218&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM25+motorway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwinBridleBaldwinPorter2002" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Peter; Bridle, Ron; Baldwin, Robert; Porter, John (2002). The Motorway Achievement, Volume 1. Thomas Telford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-727-73196-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-727-73196-8"><bdi>978-0-727-73196-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Motorway+Achievement%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-727-73196-8&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Bridle%2C+Ron&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+Robert&rft.au=Porter%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM25+motorway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramley1946" class="citation book cs1">Bramley, J. F. (1946). Roads for Britain: a digest of plans of future highways (2nd ed.). Staples Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roads+for+Britain%3A+a+digest+of+plans+of+future+highways&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Staples+Press&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Bramley&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM25+motorway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2015" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Ray (2015). M25: A Circular Tour of the London Orbital. Summersdale Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-783-72656-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-783-72656-1"><bdi>978-1-783-72656-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M25%3A+A+Circular+Tour+of+the+London+Orbital&rft.pub=Summersdale+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-783-72656-1&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM25+motorway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2005" class="citation book cs1">Moran, Joe (2005). Reading the Everyday. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31709-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31709-2"><bdi>978-0-415-31709-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Everyday&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-31709-2&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM25+motorway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2009" class="citation book cs1">Moran, Joe (2009). On Roads: A Hidden History. Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-846-68052-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-846-68052-6"><bdi>978-1-846-68052-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Roads%3A+A+Hidden+History&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-846-68052-6&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM25+motorway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Denis (2001). London and the Thames Valley. Thomas Telford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-727-72876-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-727-72876-0"><bdi>978-0-727-72876-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+and+the+Thames+Valley&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-727-72876-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM25+motorway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe2016" class="citation web cs1">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (1 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2016/sc1/ECE-TRANS-SC1-2016-03-Rev1e.pdf">"ECE/TRANS/SC.1/2016/3/Rev.1: European Agreement on Main International Traffic Arteries"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ECE%2FTRANS%2FSC.1%2F2016%2F3%2FRev.1%3A+European+Agreement+on+Main+International+Traffic+Arteries&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft.au=United+Nations+Economic+Commission+for+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unece.org%2Ffileadmin%2FDAM%2Ftrans%2Fdoc%2F2016%2Fsc1%2FECE-TRANS-SC1-2016-03-Rev1e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM25+motorway" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Iain_Sinclair" title="Iain Sinclair">Sinclair, Iain</a> (2002), London Orbital: A Walk Around the M25, London: Granta Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86207-547-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86207-547-6"><bdi>1-86207-547-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Orbital%3A+A+Walk+Around+the+M25&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86207-547-6&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Iain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM25+motorway" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Phippen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roy Phippen (page does not exist)">Phippen, Roy</a> (2005), Travelling M25 Clockwise, London: Pallas Athene, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873429-90-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-873429-90-8"><bdi>1-873429-90-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travelling+M25+Clockwise&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pallas+Athene&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-873429-90-8&rft.aulast=Phippen&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM25+motorway" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=M25_motorway&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:M25_motorway" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:M25 motorway">M25 motorway</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096941587">.mw-parser-output .attached-kml-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .attached-kml-error 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KML/M25 motorway</a></div><div title="KML & Wikidata" class="attached-kml-wikidata">KML is from Wikidata</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways Agency">Highways Agency</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://highwaysengland.co.uk/roadworks-search/?days=0&region=all-regions&county=all-counties&location=&radius=10&roadlist=&severity=Severe">Roadworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways Agency">Highways Agency</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914115834/http://www.highways.gov.uk/traffic/traffic.aspx">Current Traffic Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways Agency">Highways Agency</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080802114933/http://www.dartfordrivercrossing.co.uk/drc/aboutf.htm">Dartford – Thurrock River Crossing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720023542/http://www.iht.org/motorway/londonm25.htm">The Motorway Archive's M25 page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbrd.co.uk/motorway/m25/">CBRD M25 Motorway Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061201054436/http://www.cbrd.co.uk/histories/openingbooklets/">CBRD M25 Opening Booklet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://londonist.com/london/best-of-london/wonders-of-the-m25">Wonders of the M25</a> – Londonist</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Motorways_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Motorways in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="17px_Motorways_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_motorway_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/UK_motorway_symbol.svg/17px-UK_motorway_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/UK_motorway_symbol.svg/26px-UK_motorway_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/UK_motorway_symbol.svg/34px-UK_motorway_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="561" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorways in the United Kingdom">Motorways in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2489C9; color:white;width:1%">Great Britain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M11_motorway" title="M11 motorway">M11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M18_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M18 motorway (Great Britain)">M18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M180_motorway" title="M180 motorway">M180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M181_motorway" title="M181 motorway">M181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1(M)_motorway" title="A1(M) motorway">A1(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A167_road" title="A167 road">A167(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A194_road" title="A194 road">A194(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1077(M)_motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="A1077(M) motorway">A1077(M)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M2_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M2 motorway (Great Britain)">M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M20_motorway" title="M20 motorway">M20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_motorway" title="M23 motorway">M23</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M26_motorway" title="M26 motorway">M26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M27_motorway" title="M27 motorway">M27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M271_motorway" title="M271 motorway">M271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M275_motorway" title="M275 motorway">M275</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M3_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M3 motorway (Great Britain)">M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M32_motorway" title="M32 motorway">M32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A3_road" title="A3 road">A3(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A38(M)_motorway" title="A38(M) motorway">A38(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A308(M)_motorway" title="A308(M) motorway">A308(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A329(M)_motorway" title="A329(M) motorway">A329(M)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M4_motorway" title="M4 motorway">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M40_motorway" title="M40 motorway">M40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M42_motorway" title="M42 motorway">M42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M45_motorway" title="M45 motorway">M45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M48_motorway" title="M48 motorway">M48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M49_motorway" title="M49 motorway">M49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A48(M)_motorway" title="A48(M) motorway">A48(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A404(M)_motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="A404(M) motorway">A404(M)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M5_motorway" title="M5 motorway">M5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M50_motorway_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="M50 motorway (Great Britain)">M50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M53_motorway" title="M53 motorway">M53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M54_motorway" title="M54 motorway">M54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M55_motorway" title="M55 motorway">M55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M56_motorway" title="M56 motorway">M56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M57_motorway" title="M57 motorway">M57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M58_motorway" title="M58 motorway">M58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mancunian_Way" title="Mancunian Way">A57(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Inner_Ring_Road" title="Leeds Inner Ring Road">A58(M)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M6_motorway" title="M6 motorway">M6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M6_Toll" title="M6 Toll">M6 Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M60_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M60 motorway (Great Britain)">M60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M61_motorway" title="M61 motorway">M61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M62_motorway" title="M62 motorway">M62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M65_motorway" title="M65 motorway">M65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M66_motorway" title="M66 motorway">M66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M67_motorway" title="M67 motorway">M67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M69_motorway" title="M69 motorway">M69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M602_motorway" title="M602 motorway">M602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M606_motorway" title="M606 motorway">M606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M621_motorway" title="M621 motorway">M621</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Inner_Ring_Road" title="Leeds Inner Ring Road">A64(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A66_road" title="A66 road">A66(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A627(M)_motorway" title="A627(M) motorway">A627(M)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M73_motorway" title="M73 motorway">M73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A74(M)_and_M74_motorways" title="A74(M) and M74 motorways">M74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M77_motorway" title="M77 motorway">M77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A74(M)_and_M74_motorways" title="A74(M) and M74 motorways">A74(M)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M8_motorway_(Scotland)" title="M8 motorway (Scotland)">M8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M80_motorway" title="M80 motorway">M80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M876_motorway" title="M876 motorway">M876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M898_motorway" title="M898 motorway">M898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A8(M)_motorway" title="A8(M) motorway">A8(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A823(M)_motorway" title="A823(M) motorway">A823(M)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M9_motorway_(Scotland)" title="M9 motorway (Scotland)">M9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M90_motorway" title="M90 motorway">M90</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:UK_motorways_map_(thick_lines).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/UK_motorways_map_%28thick_lines%29.svg/110px-UK_motorways_map_%28thick_lines%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/UK_motorways_map_%28thick_lines%29.svg/165px-UK_motorways_map_%28thick_lines%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/UK_motorways_map_%28thick_lines%29.svg/220px-UK_motorways_map_%28thick_lines%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1279" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2489C9; color:white;width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M1_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)" title="M1 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)" title="M2 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M3_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)" title="M3 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M5_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)" title="M5 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M12_motorway" title="M12 motorway">M12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M22_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)" title="M22 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A8(M)_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)" title="A8(M) motorway (Northern Ireland)">A8(M)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2489C9; color:white;width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M10_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M10 motorway (Great Britain)">M10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Cross_Route" title="West Cross Route">M41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M63_motorway" title="M63 motorway">M63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M90_motorway" title="M90 motorway">M85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A18_road_(England)#A18(M)_motorway" title="A18 road (England)">A18(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westway_(London)" title="Westway (London)">A40(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A41_road" title="A41 road">A41(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cross_Route" title="East Cross Route">A102(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A601(M)_motorway" title="A601(M) motorway">A601(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A6144(M)_motorway" title="A6144(M) motorway">A6144(M)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2489C9; color:white;width:1%">Unbuilt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M12_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M12 motorway (Great Britain)">M12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M15_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M15 motorway (Great Britain)">M15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M16_motorway" title="M16 motorway">M16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M31_motorway" title="M31 motorway">M31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M64_motorway" title="M64 motorway">M64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_relief_road" title="M4 relief road">M4 relief road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2489C9; color:white;width:1%">Junctions (<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Motorway_junctions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Motorway junctions in the United Kingdom">Category</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almondsbury_Interchange" title="Almondsbury Interchange">Almondsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxden_Junction" title="Broxden Junction">Broxden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catthorpe_Interchange" title="Catthorpe Interchange">Catthorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross,_Glasgow" title="Charing Cross, Glasgow">Charing Cross, Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denton_Island" title="Denton Island">Denton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handy_Cross_roundabout" title="Handy Cross roundabout">Handy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longbridge_Interchange" title="Longbridge Interchange">Longbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydiate_Ash" title="Lydiate Ash">Lydiate Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Corner" title="Scotch Corner">Scotch Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Junction,_Birmingham" title="Spaghetti Junction, Birmingham">Spaghetti Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch_Island" title="Switch Island">Switch Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorney_Interchange" title="Thorney Interchange">Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorpe_Interchange" title="Thorpe Interchange">Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurcroft_Interchange" title="Thurcroft Interchange">Thurcroft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2489C9; color:white;width:1%">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auchenshuggle_Bridge" title="Auchenshuggle Bridge">Auchenshuggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonmouth_Bridge" title="Avonmouth Bridge">Avonmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromford_Viaduct" title="Bromford Viaduct">Bromford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Bridge" title="Don Bridge">Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friarton_Bridge" title="Friarton Bridge">Friarton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathurst_Viaduct" title="Gathurst Viaduct">Gathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Bridge,_Glasgow" title="Kingston Bridge, Glasgow">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway_Viaducts" title="Medway Viaducts">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M8_Bridge_to_Nowhere" title="M8 Bridge to Nowhere">to Nowhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouse_Bridge_(M62)" title="Ouse Bridge (M62)">Ouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakewood_Viaduct" title="Rakewood Viaduct">Rakewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scammonden_Bridge" title="Scammonden Bridge">Scammonden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Severn_Crossing" title="Second Severn Crossing">Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severn_Bridge" title="Severn Bridge">Severn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_Thames_Bridge" title="M4 Thames Bridge">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelwall_Viaduct" title="Thelwall Viaduct">Thelwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinsley_Viaduct" title="Tinsley Viaduct">Tinsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensferry_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensferry Bridge">Queensferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_motorway_Usk_bridge" title="M4 motorway Usk bridge">Usk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaver_Viaduct" title="Weaver Viaduct">Weaver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#2489C9; color:white;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Highways" title="National Highways">National Highways</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Highways_traffic_officer" title="National Highways traffic officer">Traffic officers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Trunk_Road_Agent" title="South Wales Trunk Road Agent">South Wales Trunk Road Agent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government_traffic_officer" title="Welsh Government traffic officer">Traffic officers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Scotland" title="Transport Scotland">Transport Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DfI_Roads" title="DfI Roads">DfI Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_By-pass" title="Preston By-pass">Preston By-pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_motorway" title="Smart motorway">Smart motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorway_service_area" title="Motorway service area">Motorway service area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motorway_service_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of motorway service areas in the United Kingdom">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#2489C9; color:white;background:#0079C1; font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Motorways_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Motorways in the United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Motorways_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Motorways in the United Kingdom">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Strategic_road_network_in_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Motorways_and_Trunk_Roads_in_England" title="Template:Motorways and Trunk Roads in England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Motorways_and_Trunk_Roads_in_England" title="Template talk:Motorways and Trunk Roads in England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Motorways_and_Trunk_Roads_in_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Motorways and Trunk Roads in England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Strategic_road_network_in_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Strategic road network in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Highways#Operating_the_network" title="National Highways">South West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M4_motorway" title="M4 motorway">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M5_motorway" title="M5 motorway">M5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M32_motorway" title="M32 motorway">M32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M48_motorway" title="M48 motorway">M48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M49_motorway" title="M49 motorway">M49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A4_road_(England)" title="A4 road (England)">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A30_road" title="A30 road">A30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A36_road" title="A36 road">A36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A38_road" title="A38 road">A38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A40_road" title="A40 road">A40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A46_road" title="A46 road">A46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A303_road" title="A303 road">A303</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Highways#Operating_the_network" title="National Highways">Area 3</a> (South)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M3_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M3 motorway (Great Britain)">M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_motorway" title="M4 motorway">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M27_motorway" title="M27 motorway">M27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M271_motorway" title="M271 motorway">M271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A3_road#A3(M)" title="A3 road">A3(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A308(M)_motorway" title="A308(M) motorway">A308(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A404(M)_motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="A404(M) motorway">A404(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A3_road" title="A3 road">A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A27_road" title="A27 road">A27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A31_road" title="A31 road">A31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A34_road" title="A34 road">A34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A303_road" title="A303 road">A303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A404_road" title="A404 road">A404</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Highways#Operating_the_network" title="National Highways">Area 4</a> (South East)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M2_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M2 motorway (Great Britain)">M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M20_motorway" title="M20 motorway">M20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_motorway" title="M23 motorway">M23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A2_road_(England)" title="A2 road (England)">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A20_road_(England)" title="A20 road (England)">A20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A21_road_(England)" title="A21 road (England)">A21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A23_road" title="A23 road">A23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A26_road" title="A26 road">A26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A27_road" title="A27 road">A27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A259_road" title="A259 road">A259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A2070_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A2070 road (Great Britain)">A2070</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Highways#Operating_the_network" title="National Highways">Area 5</a> (<a href="/wiki/DBFO" class="mw-redirect" title="DBFO">DBFO</a>) (M25 links)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M3_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M3 motorway (Great Britain)">M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_motorway" title="M4 motorway">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M11_motorway" title="M11 motorway">M11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M20_motorway" title="M20 motorway">M20</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M26_motorway" title="M26 motorway">M26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1(M)_motorway" title="A1(M) motorway">A1(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A2_road_(England)" title="A2 road (England)">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A3_road" title="A3 road">A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A13_road_(England)" title="A13 road (England)">A13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A20_road_(England)" title="A20 road (England)">A20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A23_road" title="A23 road">A23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A30_road" title="A30 road">A30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A40_road" title="A40 road">A40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A282_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A282 road">A282</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A316_road" title="A316 road">A316</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A405_road" title="A405 road">A405</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1089_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A1089 road">A1089</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A3113_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A3113 road">A3113</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Highways#Operating_the_network" title="National Highways">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M11_motorway" title="M11 motorway">M11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1(M)_motorway" title="A1(M) motorway">A1(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A5_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A5 road (Great Britain)">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A11_road_(England)" title="A11 road (England)">A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A12_road_(England)" title="A12 road (England)">A12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A14_road_(England)" title="A14 road (England)">A14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A47_road" title="A47 road">A47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A120_road" title="A120 road">A120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A141_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A141 road">A141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A414_road" title="A414 road">A414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A421_road" title="A421 road">A421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A428_road" title="A428 road">A428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1307_road" title="A1307 road">A1307</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Highways#Operating_the_network" title="National Highways">Area 7</a> (East Midlands)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M6_motorway" title="M6 motorway">M6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M45_motorway" title="M45 motorway">M45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M69_motorway" title="M69 motorway">M69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A5_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A5 road (Great Britain)">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A6_road_(England)" title="A6 road (England)">A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A14_road_(England)" title="A14 road (England)">A14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A38_road" title="A38 road">A38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A42_road_(England)" title="A42 road (England)">A42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A43_road" title="A43 road">A43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A45_road" title="A45 road">A45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A46_road" title="A46 road">A46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A50_road" title="A50 road">A50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A52_road" title="A52 road">A52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A453_road" title="A453 road">A453</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A516_road" title="A516 road">A516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A5111_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A5111 road">A5111</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Highways#Operating_the_network" title="National Highways">Area 9</a> (West Midlands)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M5_motorway" title="M5 motorway">M5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M6_motorway" title="M6 motorway">M6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M40_motorway" title="M40 motorway">M40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M42_motorway" title="M42 motorway">M42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M50_motorway_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="M50 motorway (Great Britain)">M50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M54_motorway" title="M54 motorway">M54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M69_motorway" title="M69 motorway">M69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A5_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A5 road (Great Britain)">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A38_road" title="A38 road">A38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A40_road" title="A40 road">A40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A45_road" title="A45 road">A45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A46_road" title="A46 road">A46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A49_road" title="A49 road">A49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A50_road" title="A50 road">A50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A446_road" title="A446 road">A446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A449_road" title="A449 road">A449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A458_road" title="A458 road">A458</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A483_road" title="A483 road">A483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A500_road" title="A500 road">A500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A4510_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A4510 road">A4510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A5148_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A5148 road">A5148</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Highways#Operating_the_network" title="National Highways">North West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M6_motorway" title="M6 motorway">M6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M53_motorway" title="M53 motorway">M53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M55_motorway" title="M55 motorway">M55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M56_motorway" title="M56 motorway">M56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M57_motorway" title="M57 motorway">M57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M58_motorway" title="M58 motorway">M58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M60_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M60 motorway (Great Britain)">M60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M61_motorway" title="M61 motorway">M61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M62_motorway" title="M62 motorway">M62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M65_motorway" title="M65 motorway">M65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M66_motorway" title="M66 motorway">M66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M67_motorway" title="M67 motorway">M67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M602_motorway" title="M602 motorway">M602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A74(M)_and_M74_motorways" title="A74(M) and M74 motorways">A74(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A627(M)_motorway" title="A627(M) motorway">A627(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A41_road" title="A41 road">A41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A55_road" title="A55 road">A55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A56_road" title="A56 road">A56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A66_road" title="A66 road">A66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A483_road" title="A483 road">A483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A494_road" title="A494 road">A494</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A550_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A550 road">A550</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A556_road" title="A556 road">A556</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A585_road" title="A585 road">A585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A590_road" title="A590 road">A590</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A595_road" title="A595 road">A595</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A663_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A663 road">A663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A5036_road" title="A5036 road">A5036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A5103_road" title="A5103 road">A5103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A5117_road" title="A5117 road">A5117</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Highways#Operating_the_network" title="National Highways">Area 12</a> (Yorks/Lincs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M18_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M18 motorway (Great Britain)">M18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M62_motorway" title="M62 motorway">M62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M180_motorway" title="M180 motorway">M180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M181_motorway" title="M181 motorway">M181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M606_motorway" title="M606 motorway">M606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M621_motorway" title="M621 motorway">M621</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1(M)_motorway" title="A1(M) motorway">A1(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A57_road" title="A57 road">A57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A61_road" title="A61 road">A61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A63_road" title="A63 road">A63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A64_road" title="A64 road">A64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A160_road" title="A160 road">A160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A162_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A162 road">A162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A180_road_(England)" title="A180 road (England)">A180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A616_road" title="A616 road">A616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A628_road" title="A628 road">A628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1033_road" title="A1033 road">A1033</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Highways#Operating_the_network" title="National Highways">Area 14</a> (North East)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1(M)_motorway" title="A1(M) motorway">A1(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A66_road#A66(M)" title="A66 road">A66(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A194_road" title="A194 road">A194(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A19_road" title="A19 road">A19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A66_road" title="A66 road">A66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A184_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A184 road">A184</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A696_road" title="A696 road">A696</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Highways#Operating_the_network" title="National Highways">Other DBFO</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M40_motorway" title="M40 motorway">M40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M62_motorway" title="M62 motorway">M62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1(M)_motorway" title="A1(M) motorway">A1(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A6_road_(England)" title="A6 road (England)">A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A19_road" title="A19 road">A19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A30_road" title="A30 road">A30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A35_road" title="A35 road">A35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A50_road" title="A50 road">A50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A69_road" title="A69 road">A69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A168_road" title="A168 road">A168</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A174_road" title="A174 road">A174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A249_road" title="A249 road">A249</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A417_road" title="A417 road">A417</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A419_road" title="A419 road">A419</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1053_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A1053 road">A1053</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Highways#Operating_the_network" title="National Highways">Toll roads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M6_Toll" title="M6 Toll">M6 Toll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Buckinghamshire&#124;link=Buckinghamshire_Transport_in_Buckinghamshire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transport_in_Buckinghamshire" title="Template:Transport in Buckinghamshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transport_in_Buckinghamshire" title="Template talk:Transport in Buckinghamshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transport_in_Buckinghamshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transport in Buckinghamshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Buckinghamshire&#124;link=Buckinghamshire_Transport_in_Buckinghamshire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire"><img alt="Buckinghamshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/FlagOfBuckinghamshire.PNG/23px-FlagOfBuckinghamshire.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/FlagOfBuckinghamshire.PNG/35px-FlagOfBuckinghamshire.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/FlagOfBuckinghamshire.PNG/46px-FlagOfBuckinghamshire.PNG 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="260" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Buckinghamshire" title="Transport in Buckinghamshire">Transport in Buckinghamshire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motorways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_motorway" title="M4 motorway">M4</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M40_motorway" title="M40 motorway">M40</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A-roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A4_road_(England)" title="A4 road (England)">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A40_road" title="A40 road">A40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A41_road" title="A41 road">A41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A404_road" title="A404 road">A404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A412_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A412 road">A412</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A413_road" title="A413 road">A413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A418_road" title="A418 road">A418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A421_road" title="A421 road">A421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A422_road" title="A422 road">A422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A428_road" title="A428 road">A428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A4010_road" title="A4010 road">A4010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A4012_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A4012 road">A4012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A4146_road" title="A4146 road">A4146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A4155_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A4155 road">A4155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A5_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A5 road (Great Britain)">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A508_road" title="A508 road">A508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A509_road" title="A509 road">A509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A5130_road" title="A5130 road">A5130</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akeman_Street" title="Akeman Street">Akeman Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watling_Street" title="Watling Street">Watling Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable junctions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handy_Cross_roundabout" title="Handy Cross roundabout">Handy Cross roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denham_Roundabout" title="Denham Roundabout">Denham Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Roundabout_(High_Wycombe)" title="Magic Roundabout (High Wycombe)">Magic Roundabout (High Wycombe)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motorway service stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaconsfield_services" title="Beaconsfield services">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Pagnell_services" title="Newport Pagnell services">Newport Pagnell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Main_Line" title="Chiltern Main Line">Chiltern Main Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Main_Line" title="Great Western Main Line">Great Western Main Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marston_Vale_line" title="Marston Vale line">Marston Vale line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London%E2%80%93Aylesbury_line" title="London–Aylesbury line">London–Aylesbury line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_line" title="Metropolitan line">Metropolitan line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aylesbury%E2%80%93Princes_Risborough_line" title="Aylesbury–Princes Risborough line">Aylesbury–Princes Risborough line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlow_branch_line" title="Marlow branch line">Marlow branch line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varsity_Line" title="Varsity Line">Varsity Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Central_Main_Line" title="Great Central Main Line">Great Central Main Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banbury_to_Verney_Junction_branch_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Banbury to Verney Junction branch line">Banbury to Verney Junction branch line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brill_Tramway" title="Brill Tramway">Brill Tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycombe_Railway" title="Wycombe Railway">Wycombe Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watlington_and_Princes_Risborough_Railway" title="Watlington and Princes Risborough Railway">Watlington and Princes Risborough Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheddington_to_Aylesbury_Line" title="Cheddington to Aylesbury Line">Cheddington to Aylesbury Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aylesbury_and_Buckingham_Railway" title="Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway">Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverton%E2%80%93Newport_Pagnell_line" title="Wolverton–Newport Pagnell line">Wolverton–Newport Pagnell line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford%E2%80%93Northampton_line" title="Bedford–Northampton line">Bedford–Northampton line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinnor_and_Princes_Risborough_Railway" title="Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway">Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_West_Rail" title="East West Rail">East West Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Railway_Centre" title="Buckinghamshire Railway Centre">Buckinghamshire Railway Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seer_Green_rail_crash" title="Seer Green rail crash">Seer Green rail crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denham_Aerodrome" title="Denham Aerodrome">Denham Aerodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turweston_Aerodrome" title="Turweston Aerodrome">Turweston Aerodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverstone_Heliport" title="Silverstone Heliport">Silverstone Heliport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycombe_Air_Park" title="Wycombe Air Park">Wycombe Air Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Great_Ouse" title="River Great Ouse">River Great Ouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_%26_Milton_Keynes_Waterway_Trust" title="Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway Trust">Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway</a> (planned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Canal" title="Grand Union Canal">Grand Union Canal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slough_Arm" title="Slough Arm">Slough Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendover_Arm_Canal" title="Wendover Arm Canal">Wendover Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aylesbury_Canal_Society" title="Aylesbury Canal Society">Aylesbury Arm</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Footpaths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National Trails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Path" title="Thames Path">Thames Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ridgeway" title="The Ridgeway">The Ridgeway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Long-distance footpaths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icknield_Way" title="Icknield Way">Icknield Way</a> (<a href="/wiki/Icknield_Way_Path" title="Icknield Way Path">path</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Way" title="Chiltern Way">Chiltern Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Ridgeway" title="Greater Ridgeway">Greater Ridgeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midshires_Way" title="Midshires Way">Midshires Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouse_Valley_Way" title="Ouse Valley Way">Ouse Valley Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Way" title="Shakespeare's Way">Shakespeare's Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan%27s_Way_(footpath)" title="Swan's Way (footpath)">Swan's Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cycle paths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_4" title="National Cycle Route 4">Route 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_6" title="National Cycle Route 6">Route 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_51" title="National Cycle Route 51">Route 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_57" title="National Cycle Route 57">Route 57</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transport_in_Milton_Keynes" title="Template:Transport in Milton Keynes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transport_in_Milton_Keynes" title="Template talk:Transport in Milton Keynes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transport_in_Milton_Keynes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transport in Milton Keynes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transport_in_Milton_Keynes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Transport in <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_grid_road_system" title="Milton Keynes grid road system">Milton Keynes grid road system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A421_road" title="A421 road">A421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A422_road" title="A422 road">A422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A4146_road" title="A4146 road">A4146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A5_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A5 road (Great Britain)">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A509_road" title="A509 road">A509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watling_Street" title="Watling Street">Watling Street</a> (Roman road, "Old A5")</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Milton-Keynes-OpenStreetMap.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A transport map of Milton Keynes"><img alt="A transport map of Milton Keynes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Milton-Keynes-OpenStreetMap.png/150px-Milton-Keynes-OpenStreetMap.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Milton-Keynes-OpenStreetMap.png/225px-Milton-Keynes-OpenStreetMap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Milton-Keynes-OpenStreetMap.png/300px-Milton-Keynes-OpenStreetMap.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="604" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Flyover" title="Bletchley Flyover">Bletchley Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bletchley_railway_station" title="Bletchley railway station">Bletchley railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bletchley_TMD" title="Bletchley TMD">Bletchley TMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Brickhill_railway_station" title="Bow Brickhill railway station">Bow Brickhill railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_West_Rail" title="East West Rail">East West Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenny_Stratford_railway_station" title="Fenny Stratford railway station">Fenny Stratford railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marston_Vale_line" title="Marston Vale line">Marston Vale line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Central_railway_station" title="Milton Keynes Central railway station">Milton Keynes Central railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varsity_Line" title="Varsity Line">Varsity Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woburn_Sands_railway_station" title="Woburn Sands railway station">Woburn Sands railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverton_railway_station" title="Wolverton railway station">Wolverton railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverton%E2%80%93Newport_Pagnell_line" title="Wolverton–Newport Pagnell line">Wolverton–Newport Pagnell line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverton_and_Stony_Stratford_Tramway" title="Wolverton and Stony Stratford Tramway">Wolverton and Stony Stratford Tramway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buses_in_Milton_Keynes" title="Buses in Milton Keynes">Buses in Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriva_Shires_%26_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Arriva Shires & Essex">Arriva Shires & Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Coachway" title="Milton Keynes Coachway">Milton Keynes Coachway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK_Metro" title="MK Metro">MK Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Midlands" title="Stagecoach Midlands">Stagecoach Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Counties_Omnibus" title="United Counties Omnibus">United Counties Omnibus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_%26_Milton_Keynes_Waterway_Trust" title="Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway Trust">Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosgrove_aqueduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosgrove aqueduct">Cosgrove aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Canal" title="Grand Union Canal">Grand Union Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_redway_system" title="Milton Keynes redway system">Milton Keynes redway system</a> (shared path network)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roads_in_London" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roads_in_London" title="Template:Roads in London"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roads_in_London" title="Template talk:Roads in London"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roads_in_London" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roads in London"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roads_in_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_London#Roads" title="Transport in London">Roads in London</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Roads_in_London" title="Category:Roads in London">Roads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Motorways_in_London" title="Category:Motorways in London">Motorways</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_motorway" title="M4 motorway">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M11_motorway" title="M11 motorway">M11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ring_roads_in_London" title="Category:Ring roads in London">Ring roads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Ringways" title="London Ringways">London Ringways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Circular_Road,_London" title="South Circular Road, London">South Circular Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Circular_Road,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="North Circular Road, London">North Circular Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Inner_Ring_Road" title="London Inner Ring Road">London Inner Ring Road</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M25 London Orbital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_in_London" title="A1 in London">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A10_road_(England)" title="A10 road (England)">A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A11_road_(England)" title="A11 road (England)">A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A12_road_(England)" title="A12 road (England)">A12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A127_road" title="A127 road">A127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A13_road_(England)" title="A13 road (England)">A13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A2_road_(England)" title="A2 road (England)">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A20_road_(England)" title="A20 road (England)">A20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A23_road" title="A23 road">A23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A3_road" title="A3 road">A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A312_road" title="A312 road">A312</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A316_road" title="A316 road">A316</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A4_road_(England)" title="A4 road (England)">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A40_road_in_London" title="A40 road in London">A40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A41_road" title="A41 road">A41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A5_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A5 road (Great Britain)">A5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_congestion_charge" title="London congestion charge">London congestion charge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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