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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Science fiction involving black people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Black_science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Black science fiction">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Black+science+fiction%22">"Black science fiction"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Black+science+fiction%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Black+science+fiction%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Black+science+fiction%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Black+science+fiction%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Black+science+fiction%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nichelle_Nichols,_NASA_Recruiter_-_GPN-2004-00017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Nichelle_Nichols%2C_NASA_Recruiter_-_GPN-2004-00017.jpg/230px-Nichelle_Nichols%2C_NASA_Recruiter_-_GPN-2004-00017.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Nichelle_Nichols%2C_NASA_Recruiter_-_GPN-2004-00017.jpg/345px-Nichelle_Nichols%2C_NASA_Recruiter_-_GPN-2004-00017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Nichelle_Nichols%2C_NASA_Recruiter_-_GPN-2004-00017.jpg/460px-Nichelle_Nichols%2C_NASA_Recruiter_-_GPN-2004-00017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="2815" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nichelle_Nichols" title="Nichelle Nichols">Nichelle Nichols</a> as <a href="/wiki/Nyota_Uhura" title="Nyota Uhura">Lieutenant Uhura</a>, a starship officer on the 1960s TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek</a></i>. Hers was an early example of a non-stereotypical role for an African-American actress.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Black science fiction</b> or <b>black speculative fiction</b> is an umbrella term that covers a variety of activities within the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a> genres where people of the African descent take part or are depicted. Some of its defining characteristics include a critique of the social structures leading to black oppression paired with an investment in social change.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black science fiction is "fed by technology but not led by it."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that black science fiction often explores with human engagement with technology instead of technology as an innate good.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1990s a number of cultural critics began to use the term <a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a> to depict a cultural and literary movement of thinkers and artists of the African diaspora who were using science, technology, and science fiction as means of exploring the black experience.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as <a href="/wiki/Nisi_Shawl" title="Nisi Shawl">Nisi Shawl</a> describes in her Tor.com series on the history of black science fiction, black science fiction is a wide-ranging genre with a history reaching as far back as the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, because of the interconnections between black culture and black science fiction, "readers and critics need first to be familiar with the traditions of African American literature and culture" in order to correctly interpret the nuances of the texts.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, John Pfeiffer has argued that there have always been elements of speculative fiction in black literature.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_science_fiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jess_Nevins" title="Jess Nevins">Jess Nevins</a>, "a fully accurate history of black speculative fiction ... would be impossible to write" because very little is known of the <a href="/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">dime novel</a> authors of the 19th century and the <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp magazine</a> writers of the early 20th century, including notably their ethnicity. Although the concept of science fiction as a discrete genre had already emerged in the late 19th century, its early black exponents do not appear to have been influenced by each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Nevins_2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevins_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, because of the genre of science fiction often prioritizing publication via a set of canonical magazines, it can be difficult to create a timeline for black science fiction because its authors may not have been included in those publications.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_science_fiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1859, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany">Martin Delany</a> (1812–1885), one of the foremost U.S. black political leaders and known as the "father of Black Nationalism,"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began publishing <i><a href="/wiki/Blake;_or_the_Huts_of_America" title="Blake; or the Huts of America">Blake; or the Huts of America</a></i> as a serial in <i>The Anglo-African Magazine</i>. Delany, also internationally known as a scientist and explorer,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> positioned <i>Blake</i> as an engagement with the racial sciences of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Anglo-African Magazine</i> often also published articles on science, particularly the science of race.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject of Delany's serial novel is a successful slave revolt in the Southern states and the founding of a new black country in Cuba. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a> described it as "about as close to an SF-style alternate history novel as you can get."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The serialization ended prematurely, but the entire novel was eventually published in serial form in the <i>Weekly Anglo-African</i> in weekly installments from November 1861 to May 1862. </p><p><i>The Anglo-African</i> was considered the premier publication featuring the work of black scientists and theorists; <i>Blake'</i>s inclusion in its serials highlights its connection to a larger political context focused on black citizenship in the antebellum South.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, while it incorporates elements of the fugitive slave narrative, <i>Blake'</i>s narrator is also a scientist, whose focus on data collection and research stand in repudiation of the racial science of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, this reflects one of Delany's major themes: that Africa and its contributions to science and math were foundational to the Western world.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of genre, <i>Blake</i> represents an early example of black utopian speculative fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Passing and the African American Novel,</i> Maria Giulia Fabi writes, "Less convinced of the libratory potential of technological progress than their white counterparts, African American utopian writers focused on the process of individual and collective ideological change rather than on the accomplished perfection of utopia itself."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also a proto-<a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturist</a> novel. Lisa Yaszek writes, "[I]n a move that would set the tone for nearly a century of Afrofuturist SF to come," Delany explores the ambivalence and precarity of black cultural survival while simultaneously arguing for black technological prowess.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, because of Delany's interest in black separatism and the establishment of a black state, <i>Blake</i> is an extension and exploration of the themes and ideas he explored in his 1852 publication of <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17154/17154-h/17154-h.htm">The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Blake</i> was never published as a complete, stand-alone novel in the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Chesnutt" title="Charles W. Chesnutt">Charles W. Chesnutt</a> (1858–1932) was a noted writer of folkloric <a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(folk_magic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoodoo (folk magic)">hoodoo</a> stories. His collection <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conjure_Woman_(stories)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Conjure Woman (stories)">The Conjure Woman</a></i> (1899) is the first known speculative fiction collection written by a person of color. The 1892 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Iola_Leroy" title="Iola Leroy">Iola Leroy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Frances_Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Harper">Frances Harper</a> (1825–1911), the leading black woman poet of the 19th century, has been described as the first piece of African-American <a href="/wiki/Utopian_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian fiction">utopian fiction</a> on account of its vision of a peaceful and equal polity of men and women, whites and former slaves. In contrast, the 1899 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium_in_Imperio" title="Imperium in Imperio">Imperium in Imperio</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Griggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutton Griggs">Sutton Griggs</a> (1872–1933) ends with preparations for a violent takeover of Texas for African Americans by a secret black government.<sup id="cite_ref-Nevins_2012_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevins_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Imperium in Imperio</i> is credited with being the first political novel written by an African American.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Griggs self-published his novel and sold it door-to-door.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_science_fiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Of_One_Blood_(novel)" title="Of One Blood (novel)">Of One Blood</a></i> (1902) by the prolific writer and editor <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hopkins" title="Pauline Hopkins">Pauline Hopkins</a> (1859–1930), describing the discovery of a hidden civilization with advanced technology in Ethiopia, is the first "<a href="/wiki/Lost_city" title="Lost city">lost race</a>" novel by an African-American author. However, unlike other entrants into this genre, Hopkins' "lost race" offers a homecoming to her black protagonists.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_Ahead_for_the_Negro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Light Ahead for the Negro (page does not exist)">Light Ahead for the Negro</a></i>, a 1904 novel by <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Johnson" title="Edward A. Johnson">Edward A. Johnson</a> (1860–1944), is an early attempt at imagining a realistic <a href="/wiki/Post-racial_America" title="Post-racial America">post-racist American society</a>, describing how by 2006 Negroes are encouraged to read books and given land by the government. <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>'s 1920 story <i><a href="/wiki/The_Comet_(short_story)" title="The Comet (short story)">The Comet</a></i>, in which only a black man and a white woman survive an apocalyptic event, is the first work of <a href="/wiki/Post-apocalyptic_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-apocalyptic fiction">post-apocalyptic fiction</a> in which African Americans appear as subjects. <a href="/wiki/George_Schuyler" title="George Schuyler">George Schuyler</a> (1895–1977), the noted conservative U.S. critic and writer, published several works of speculative fiction in the 1930s, using the framework of pulp fiction to explore racial conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Nevins_2012_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevins_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Courier" title="Pittsburgh Courier"><i>The Pittsburgh Courier</i></a>, Schuyler's serials lampoon the <a href="/wiki/The_Talented_Tenth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Talented Tenth">Talented Tenth</a>, criticize <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination based on skin color">colorism</a>, and explore <a href="/wiki/Double_consciousness" title="Double consciousness">double-consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1920s, speculative fiction was also published by African writers. In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the popular 1920 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Chaka_(novel)" title="Chaka (novel)">Chaka</a></i>, written in <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mofolo" title="Thomas Mofolo">Thomas Mofolo</a> (1876–1948) presented a <a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">magical realist</a> account of the life of the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> king <a href="/wiki/Shaka" title="Shaka">Shaka</a>. <i>Nnanga Kôn</i>, a 1932 novel by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Njemba_Medu" title="Jean-Louis Njemba Medu">Jean-Louis Njemba Medou</a>, covers the disastrous <a href="/wiki/First_contact_(anthropology)" title="First contact (anthropology)">first contact</a> of white colonialists with the <a href="/wiki/Bulu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulu people">Bulu people</a>. It became so popular in Medou's native <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> that it has become the basis of local folklore. 1934 saw the publication of two Nigerian novels describing the deeds of rulers in a mythic version of the country's past, <i>Gandoki</i> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Bello_Kagara" title="Muhammadu Bello Kagara">Muhammadu Bello Kagara</a> (1890–1971) and <a href="/wiki/Ruwan_Bagaja" title="Ruwan Bagaja">Ruwan Bagaja</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nalo_Hopkinson" title="Nalo Hopkinson">Abubakar Imam</a>. In 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togolese</a> novelist <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Couchoro" title="Félix Couchoro">Félix Couchoro</a> (1900–1968) wrote the magical realist romance novel <i>Amour de Féticheuse</i>. The story <i><a href="/wiki/Yayne_Ab%C3%A4ba" title="Yayne Abäba">Yayne Abäba</a></i> in the 1945 collection <i>Arremuňň</i> by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4konnen_Endalka%C4%8D%C4%8D%C3%A4w" class="mw-redirect" title="Mäkonnen Endalkaččäw">Mäkonnen Endalkaččäw</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> writer writing in <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, is notable as an early work of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_science_fiction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muslim science fiction (page does not exist)">Muslim science fiction</a>, describing the adventures of a teenage <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> girl sold into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Nevins_2012_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevins_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950-present">1950-present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_science_fiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1950-present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Barnes" title="Steven Barnes">Steven Barnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nalo_Hopkinson" title="Nalo Hopkinson">Nalo Hopkinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_Faust" title="Minister Faust">Minister Faust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nnedi_Okorafor" title="Nnedi Okorafor">Nnedi Okorafor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Sibanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ken Sibanda (page does not exist)">Ken Sibanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/N._K._Jemisin" title="N. K. Jemisin">N. K. Jemisin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tananarive_Due" title="Tananarive Due">Tananarive Due</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Hairston" title="Andrea Hairston">Andrea Hairston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Thorne" title="Geoffrey Thorne">Geoffrey Thorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisi_Shawl" title="Nisi Shawl">Nisi Shawl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Bacon" title="Eugen Bacon">Eugen Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheree_Thomas" title="Sheree Thomas">Sheree Renée Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suyi_Davies_Okungbowa" title="Suyi Davies Okungbowa">Suyi Davies Okungbowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wole_Talabi" title="Wole Talabi">Wole Talabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oghenechovwe_Donald_Ekpeki" title="Oghenechovwe Donald Ekpeki">Oghenechovye Ekpeki Donald</a>, Milton Davis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mshaidash.com/">M'Shai S. Dash</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hancock_Rux" title="Carl Hancock Rux">Carl Hancock Rux</a> are among the writers who continue to work in black science fiction and <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a> is a noted science fiction writer, literary critic, and memoirist whose science fiction explores and experiments with mythology, race, memory, sexuality, perception and gender.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America">Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America</a> named Delany its 30th <a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">SFWA Grand Master</a>. </p><p>Delany addressed the challenges facing African Americans in the science fiction community in an essay titled "Racism and Science Fiction." </p> <blockquote><p>Since I began to publish in 1962, I have often been asked, by people of all colors, what my experience of racial prejudice in the science fiction field has been. Has it been nonexistent? By no means: It was definitely there. A child of the political protests of the ’50s and ’60s, I’ve frequently said to people who asked that question: As long as there are only one, two, or a handful of us, however, I presume in a field such as science fiction, where many of its writers come out of the liberal-Jewish tradition, prejudice will most likely remain a slight force—until, say, black writers start to number thirteen, fifteen, twenty percent of the total. At that point, where the competition might be perceived as having some economic heft, chances are we will have as much racism and prejudice here as in any other field.</p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p>We are still a long way away from such statistics.</p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p>But we are certainly moving closer.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Misha_Green" title="Misha Green">Misha Green</a> is an African American screenwriter, director, and producer best known as the showrunner for the science fiction/horror series <a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_Country_(TV_series)" title="Lovecraft Country (TV series)">Lovecraft Country</a> on HBO. Lovecraft Country's impact on black science fiction on the screen is visible via its majority Black cast and a storyline depicted through the lens of Black protagonists. The series which is directly inspired by the work of <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H.P. Lovecraft</a>, an American author of science fiction and a notorious racist and xenophobe, juxtaposes Lovecraft's work by challenging what his stories and ideals represent via the centering of Black culture. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_impact_of_the_information_age_on_black_science_fiction">The impact of the information age on black science fiction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_science_fiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The impact of the information age on black science fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">information age</a> created an opportunity for the emergence of Black science fiction based organizations and media outlets. Media based organizations such as blacksci-fi.com,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Black Science Fiction Society, and the State of Black Science Fiction group on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> centers creators of Black science fiction and its fandom. Founded in 1999 by Philadelphia native, Maurice Waters, blacksci-fi.com is one of the first media websites created that is dedicated to Black science fiction and other Black speculative fiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_science_fiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Afrofuturism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></div> <p>More and more, science fiction is paralleled with <a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">afrofuturism</a> as a subgenre as science fiction is an exploration of a rewiring of the present. In writer Kodwo Eshun's journal, <i>Future Considerations on Afrofuturism</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he expands upon this notion in which "Afrofuturism studies the appeals that black artists, musicians, critics, and writers have made to the future, in moments where any future was made difficult for them to imagine".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afrofuturism and science fiction continually intersect as "most science fiction tales dramatically deal with how the individual is going to contend with these alienating, dislocating societies and circumstances and that pretty much sums up the mass experiences of black people in the postslavery twentieth century" (298). </p><p>Like the works of Afrofuturism, science fiction represents a form of unapologetic Black art that isn't categorized. Specifically with Black science fiction as a genre, it fits the mold of the post-soul as it takes different experiences of the diaspora to produce something new and "science fiction operates through the power of falsification, the drive to rewrite reality, and the will to deny plausibility, while the scenario operates through the control and prediction of plausible alternative tomorrows". The workings of science function can serve as metaphors for the fundamental experience of post-slavery Black people in the twentieth century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a> was an extremely influential science fiction writer and instructor. In 1995, she became the first science fiction writer to win the <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur Fellowship</a>, nicknamed the "Genius Grant." In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Carl_Brandon_Society" title="Carl Brandon Society">Carl Brandon Society</a> established the Octavia E. Butler Memorial Scholarship which provides support to a student of color attending <a href="/wiki/Clarion_Workshop" title="Clarion Workshop">Clarion Writers' Workshop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clarion_West_Writers_Workshop" title="Clarion West Writers Workshop">Clarion West Writers Workshop</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Carl_Brandon_Society" title="Carl Brandon Society">Carl Brandon Society</a>'s website, "It furthers Octavia’s legacy by providing the same experience/opportunity that Octavia had to future generations of new writers of color." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nalo_Hopkinson" title="Nalo Hopkinson">Nalo Hopkinson</a> is a renowned science fiction and fantasy writer, professor, and editor whose short stories explore class, race, and sexuality using themes from <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caribbean">Afro-Caribbean</a> culture, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_folklore" title="Caribbean folklore">Caribbean Folklore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Skin_Folk" title="Skin Folk">Skin Folk</a></i>, a collection of short stories which won the 2002 World Fantasy Award for Best Story Collection, takes its influence from Caribbean history and language, with its tradition of written storytelling. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Carl_Brandon_Society" title="Carl Brandon Society">Carl Brandon Society</a> is a group originating in the science fiction community dedicated to addressing the representation of people of color in the fantastical genres such as science fiction, fantasy, and horror. The Society recognizes works by authors of color and featuring characters of color through awards, provides reading lists for educators and librarians, including one for <a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a> and has a <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a> specifically for collecting information about people of color working in these genres.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 2017 Black Speculative Fiction Report notes that only 4.3% of published speculative fiction works released in 2017 were written by black authors.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Quantum_Futurism">Black Quantum Futurism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_science_fiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Black Quantum Futurism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Black_Quantum_Futurism" title="Black Quantum Futurism">Black Quantum Futurism</a> (BQF) is a theoretical framework and methodology that proposes "a new approach to living and experiencing reality by way of the manipulation of space-time in order to see into possible futures, and/or collapse space-time into a desired future in order to bring about that future’s reality."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literature such as <i>Black Quantum Futurism Theory & Practice, Volume 1</i> written by Afrofuturist and black science fiction author, <a href="/wiki/Rasheedah_Phillips" title="Rasheedah Phillips">Rasheedah Phillips</a>, explores the framework and methodology of BQF and how it is applied within afrofuturism centered art and literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_science_fiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Africanfuturism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></div> <p>Africanfuturism is a cultural aesthetic and philosophy of science that centers on the fusion of African culture, history, mythology, point of view, with technology based in Africa and not limiting to the diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was coined by Nigerian American writer <a href="/wiki/Nnedi_Okorafor" title="Nnedi Okorafor">Nnedi Okorafor</a> in 2019 in a blog post as a single word. Nnedi Okorafor defines Africanfuturism as a sub-category of science fiction that is "directly rooted in African culture, history, mythology and point-of-view..and...does not privilege or center the West," is centered with optimistic "visions in the future," and is written by (and centered on) "people of African descent" while rooted in the African continent. As such its center is African, often does extend upon the continent of Africa, and includes the Black diaspora, including fantasy that is set in the future, making a narrative "more science fiction than fantasy" and typically has mystical elements.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is different from Afrofuturism, which focuses mainly on the African diaspora, particularly the United States. Works of Africanfuturism include science fiction, fantasy, alternate history, horror and magic realism. </p><p>Writers of Africanfuturism include <a href="/wiki/Nnedi_Okorafor" title="Nnedi Okorafor">Nnedi Okorafor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tochi_Onyebuchi" title="Tochi Onyebuchi">Tochi Onyebuchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oghenechovwe_Donald_Ekpeki" title="Oghenechovwe Donald Ekpeki">Oghenechovwe Donald Ekpeki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tade_Thompson" title="Tade Thompson">Tade Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namwali_Serpell" title="Namwali Serpell">Namwali Serpell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Samatar" title="Sofia Samatar">Sofia Samatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wole_Talabi" title="Wole Talabi">Wole Talabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suyi_Davies_Okungbowa" title="Suyi Davies Okungbowa">Suyi Davies Okungbowa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgenres">Subgenres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_science_fiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subgenres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kali Tal argues that one of the subgenres of black science fiction is black near-future militant fiction, and categorizes <i>Imperium</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Empire_(novel)" title="Black Empire (novel)">Black Empire</a></i> as examples of this subgenre.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_science_fiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/27px-Dragon-149393.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/41px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/54px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrofuturism in film">Afrofuturism in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction_by_writers_of_color" title="Speculative fiction by writers of color">Speculative fiction by writers of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_superheroes" title="List of black superheroes">List of black superheroes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_science_fiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTal2002" class="citation journal cs1">Tal, Kali (2002-06-01). 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href="http://www.blacksci-fi.com">BlackSci-Fi.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africansfs.com/">African Speculative Fiction Society</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Science_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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