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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_de_Arreglo" title="Plan de Arreglo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plan de Arreglo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תוכנית הפשרה לסהרה המערבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנית הפשרה לסהרה המערבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB_(%E8%A5%BF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A9)" title="解決計画 (西サハラ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="解決計画 (西サハラ)" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1991 UN proposal for a referendum on Western Sahara</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the proposed plan to end the conflict in South West Africa (now Namibia), see <a href="/wiki/Settlement_Proposal" title="Settlement Proposal">Settlement Proposal</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:18em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding:0.5em 0.5em 0;">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg/200px-Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg/300px-Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg/400px-Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1304" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Army_of_Liberation" title="Moroccan Army of Liberation">Moroccan Army of Liberation</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Saguia_el_Hamra_and_Wadi_el_Dhahab" title="Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab">Movement for the Liberation of<br />Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_National_Union_Party" title="Sahrawi National Union Party">Sahrawi National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_partition_agreement" title="Western Sahara partition agreement">Partition agreement</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saguia_el-Hamra" title="Saguia el-Hamra">Saguia el-Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_Oro" title="Río de Oro">Río de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiris_al-Gharbiyya" title="Tiris al-Gharbiyya">Tiris al-Gharbiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(region)" title="Free Zone (region)">Free Zone</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Western_Sahara" title="Annexation of Western Sahara">Annexation of Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status of Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Morocco" title="Foreign relations of Morocco">Foreign relations of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Politics of the SADR</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Advisory_Council_for_Saharan_Affairs" title="Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs">Royal Advisory Council<br />for Saharan Affairs</a></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Clashes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemla_Intifada" title="Zemla Intifada">Zemla Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sahrawi_Intifada" title="First Sahrawi Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sahrawi_Intifada" title="Second Sahrawi Intifada">Independence Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gdeim_Izik_protest_camp" title="Gdeim Izik protest camp">Gdeim Izik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Western_Saharan_protests" title="2011 Western Saharan protests">Arab Spring protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">2020–present clashes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugees" title="Sahrawi refugees">Refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps" title="Sahrawi refugee camps">camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationality_law" title="Sahrawi nationality law">Sahrawi nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_settlers" title="Moroccan settlers">Moroccan settlers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">Moroccan Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Western_Sahara" title="Human rights in Western Sahara">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_peace_process" title="Western Sahara peace process">Peace process</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Western_Sahara" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Western Sahara">UN resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Nations_visiting_mission_to_Spanish_Sahara" title="1975 United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara">UN visiting mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">UN referendum mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion_on_Western_Sahara" title="Advisory opinion on Western Sahara">ICJ Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Settlement Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Agreement" title="Houston Agreement">Houston Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhasset_negotiations" title="Manhasset negotiations">Manhasset negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_Autonomy_Proposal" title="Western Sahara Autonomy Proposal">Autonomy Proposal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Template:Western Sahara conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Template talk:Western Sahara conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western Sahara conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Settlement Plan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خطة التسوية</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Khiṭṭah al-Taswiyah</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Plan de Arreglo</i>) was an agreement between the ethnically <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Saharawi</a> <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> on the organization of a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>, which would constitute an expression of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> for the people of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, leading either to full <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>, or integration with the Kingdom of Morocco. It resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Cease-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cease-fire">cease-fire</a> which remains effective <a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">until 2020</a>, and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a> peace force to oversee it and to organize the referendum. The referendum never occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_Plan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi people</a> who became Spanish subjects when <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> colonized the area in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) became involved with <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> when the UN asked Spain on December 16, 1965, through a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> resolution, to <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonize</a> the former Spanish territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20062_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20062-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">King Hassan II</a> of Morocco rejected claims of independence for Western Sahara as early as 1975, despite <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> findings that Morocco did not have legal ties to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20063_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20063-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a Moroccan rule of the area can be traced to <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic expansion</a> in the area, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Midrarid_dynasty" title="Midrarid dynasty">Midrarid dynasty</a> (823-977 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-:7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1975, King Hassan ordered an invasion of Western Sahara, and the United States pressured Spain to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Spain withdrew from Western Sahara in 1976, an ongoing dispute began between the former territory and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1975, Moroccan troops, ordered by King Hassan, lead 350,000 <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilians</a> into Western Sahara in order to "seize the territory for Morocco" in the <a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the march, Spain divided the territory between Morocco and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> was formed by Saharwi people in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group started fighting for the independence of Western Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group has been backed by <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polisario's fight for independence caused Mauritania to relinquish its claim on Western Sahara<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1979, Mauritania signed a peace agreement with Polisario and when Mauritania withdrew, Morocco took up occupation of that land as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20062_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20062-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1991, when a cease-fire was brokered, Polisario Front ran a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla war</a> against the Moroccan Army.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over a period of thirty-five years, "over 100,000 Sahrawis have been displaced from the area."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the lack of agreement, the Saharwi people's voice in the matter has been marginalized, according to Toby Shelley, writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Report" title="Middle East Report">Middle East Report</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The territory of Western Sahara also plays a part in the struggle of Algeria and Morocco over "regional preeminence" of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20064_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20064-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morocco views Western Sahara as a "check on Algeria's regional ambitions being pursued via Polisario surrogates."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20065_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20065-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_Plan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United Nations became more involved with the conflict in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> (OAU) also became involved in the Settlement Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN and the OAU introduced a plan in the late 1980s and negotiated with parties for about five years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley2004135_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley2004135-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 20, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">King Hassan</a> of Morocco agreed to a referendum "for the self-determination" of the Western Saharan people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20063_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20063-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once eligible voters were identified for the referendum, the people of Western Sahara would vote on whether they would be independent or become part of Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan "was accepted in principle by Morocco and Polisario at the end of August 1988."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley2004135_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley2004135-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referendum was written up in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_658" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 658">Security Council Resolution 658</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> became involved in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement resulted in a cease-fire between Morocco and Polisario,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which went into effect on September 6, 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cease-fire was treated as a separate issue from the rest of the Settlement Plan, which included voter registration for the referendum, by <a href="/wiki/Javier_P%C3%A9rez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Javier Pérez de Cuéllar">Pérez de Cuéllar</a>, the current <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">United Nations Secretary General</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZunesMundy2010188_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZunesMundy2010188-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referendum was written up as <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_690" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 690">Security Council Resolution 690</a> on April 29, 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20062_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20062-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resolution 690 also created the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara</a> (MINURSO).<sup id="cite_ref-:9_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polisario hoped that the Settlement Plan would have "an outcome similar to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Evian Accords</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley2004135_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley2004135-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polisario also supported the right of native Western Saharans to have a voice in the future of the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referendum was then supposed take place in 1992, but this never happened, as both parties did not agree over who should be allowed to <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">vote</a> on Western Saharan independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley2004139_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley2004139-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN reported that the Settlement Plan had become a "<a href="/wiki/Zero-sum_game" title="Zero-sum game">zero-sum game</a>" where each side felt that winning was paramount and both felt the stakes for losing were high.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley2004136_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley2004136-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each group only cooperated when they felt that they would be able to achieve an outcome desirable to them.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the problem with voter registration was a lack of agreement between Polisario and Morocco over who could claim Saharawi ethnicity and who should be allowed to vote on the referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morocco interpreted a December 1991 broadening of the voter eligibility criteria "as a license to submit applications on behalf of individuals with questionable ties to the Western Sahara."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Morocco may have "improperly influenced Sahrawi tribal leaders who live in the Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN moved 373 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeepers</a> into the area to help validate Western Saharan voters.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polisario believed that Morocco was identifying tribal groups as voters who did not have a close connection to Western Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley2004140_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley2004140-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, King Hassan also moved 37,000 people from Morocco into Western Sahara to act as potential voters, which "infuriated Polisario and shocked the peacekeepers."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polisario believed that limiting voters to those were listed as "Western Saharan" on the 1974 Spanish <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> would lead to a vote for independence and did not want additional voters identified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZunesMundy2010191_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZunesMundy2010191-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the voter registration process, United Nations personnel faced further difficulties in deploying <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a> peacekeepers from Morocco and the Moroccan government forbid Western Saharans from making contact with any foreign person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZunesMundy2010194_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZunesMundy2010194-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polisario also interrupted the voter identification process, during which they questioned the integrity of MINURSO.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20064_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20064-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process stalled in 1995, during which the United Nations Security Council was sent to assess the situation, the consequences of which raised the stakes of the process for all parties involved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20065_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20065-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1996, recommendations for complete withdrawal of peacekeepers and the suspension of the voter registration process were called for by the <a href="/wiki/UN_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Secretary General">UN Secretary General</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20065_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20065-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, Eric Jensen, the Acting Special Representative, attempted to renegotiate the process, with little success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20065_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20065-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a>, was appointed as a UN envoy by new UN Secretary General, <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley2004142_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley2004142-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial peace talks left many people in the area hopeful.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First Baker reviewed the prior proposals and consulted with all parties involved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20066_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20066-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He, along with <a href="/wiki/Chester_Crocker" title="Chester Crocker">Chester A. Crocker</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_R._Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Bolton">John R. Bolton</a>, conducted private talks with Polisario and Morocco along with Algeria and Mauritania acting as observers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20066_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20066-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the talks, which covered the "issues of refugees, reduction of Moroccan troops, prisoners of war and political prisoners," along with an agreement on a code of conduct for the voter registration, eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Agreement" title="Houston Agreement">Houston Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20067_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20067-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voter identification began again on December 3, 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20067_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20067-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A referendum was meant to occur by 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing201483_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing201483-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to Morocco's refusal to accept the census results, and thus unlikelihood of accepting referendum based on the voters proposed, the UN Secretary General suspended the Settlement Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Miguel_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miguel-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, King Hassan died and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a> took over.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing201483_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing201483-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Mohammed "strongly reasserted Morocco's claim to the region."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20065_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20065-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1999, <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a>, who supported the independence of Western Sahara, became president of Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20065_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20065-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_Settlement_Plan">After the Settlement Plan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_Plan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After the Settlement Plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan</a></div> <p>Other solutions were sought by the UN Secretary-General's Special Envoy James Baker in 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoussellier2014133_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoussellier2014133-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Morocco accepted these, but Algeria and the Polisario Front rejected what became known as <a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan</a> I. In 2003 <a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan</a> II was rejected by Morocco and accepted by Algeria and the Polisario Front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing201484_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing201484-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2004, James Baker resigned his post as UN Envoy to Western Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, Morocco introduced a plan where the Sahrawi people could govern themselves, as long as they were under Moroccan rule. That plan was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polisario has threatened to end the ceasefire, but without aid from Algeria, it has not done so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20065_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20065-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ceasefire was eventually ended in 2020 after <a href="/wiki/Guerguerat_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerguerat crisis">Morocco launched a military operation</a> near <a href="/wiki/Guerguerat" title="Guerguerat">Guerguerat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_Plan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Focusing mainly on self-determination for the territory may have excluded other possible solutions to the conflict. Samuel J. Spector has criticized the UN's "tendency to ignore Morocco's strategic interest in the territory and historical rights."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anna Theofilopoulou discusses how the United Nations allowed each side to erode and derail the process, rather than "developing and sticking to a strategy designed to tackle head-on the difficulties in dealing with this conflict."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou200614_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou200614-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rubin_(historian)" title="Michael Rubin (historian)">Michael Rubin</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_International_Security_Affairs" title="The Journal of International Security Affairs">The Journal of International Security Affairs</a></i>, believes that Moroccan rule of the Saharwi people is the best way for the area to remain stable, free from terrorism and will provide a better <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob A. Mundy, writing in the <i>Mediterranean Quarterly</i> in 2004, described how while the United Nations was attempting to avoid a conflict similar to <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, they instead created the setting for a very similar situation.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></i> wrote in 1995, that both side of the conflict were creating obstacles in the process of identifying potential voters for the referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2006 report to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, Carol Migdalovitz writes that without a resolution on a settlement plan for Western Sahara, diplomatic relations between Morocco and Algeria will remain strained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20066_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20066-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_Plan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_Plan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBennis2016" class="citation news cs1">Bennis, Samir (15 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2016/04/184361/western-sahara-why-the-referendum-was-impossible-since-day-one/">"Western Sahara: Why the Referendum Has Been Impossible Since Day One"</a>. <i>Morocco World News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications. 2011. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739760000" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739760000"><bdi>978-0739760000</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morocco+Foreign+Policy+and+Government+Guide%3A+Strategic+Information+and+Developments&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=International+Business+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0739760000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5V77mdCXHJcC%26q%3D%2522settlement%2Bplan%2522%2Bsahrawi%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettlement+Plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZunesMundy2010188-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZunesMundy2010188_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZunesMundy2010">Zunes & Mundy 2010</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArieff2014" class="citation journal cs1">Arieff, Alexis (8 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS20962.pdf">"Western Sahara"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Congressional Research Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2016</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Index-Journal&rft.atitle=Western+Sahara+Refugee+Hope+to+Return+Home+With+New+Peace+Deal&rft.date=1997-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F7076708%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettlement+Plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20066-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20066_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20066_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheofilopoulou2006">Theofilopoulou 2006</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20067-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20067_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou20067_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheofilopoulou2006">Theofilopoulou 2006</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing201483-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing201483_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing201483_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2014">King 2014</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miguel-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miguel_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiguel2005" class="citation journal cs1">Miguel, C. Ruiz (2005). "El largo camino jurídico y político hacia el Plan Baker II. ¿Estación de término?". <i>Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional</i>. <b>5</b>: 461.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anuario+Mexicano+de+Derecho+Internacional&rft.atitle=El+largo+camino+jur%C3%ADdico+y+pol%C3%ADtico+hacia+el+Plan+Baker+II.+%C2%BFEstaci%C3%B3n+de+t%C3%A9rmino%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=461&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Miguel&rft.aufirst=C.+Ruiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettlement+Plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoussellier2014133-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoussellier2014133_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoussellier2014">Roussellier 2014</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing201484-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing201484_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2014">King 2014</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennis2014" class="citation news cs1">Bennis, Samir (28 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2014/04/129472/time-for-un-to-adopt-a-realistic-approach-to-the-sahara-conflict/">"Time for UN To Adopt A Realistic Approach to the Sahara Conflict"</a>. <i>Morocco World News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morocco+World+News&rft.atitle=Time+for+UN+To+Adopt+A+Realistic+Approach+to+the+Sahara+Conflict&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft.aulast=Bennis&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moroccoworldnews.com%2F2014%2F04%2F129472%2Ftime-for-un-to-adopt-a-realistic-approach-to-the-sahara-conflict%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettlement+Plan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou200614-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheofilopoulou200614_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheofilopoulou2006">Theofilopoulou 2006</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20066-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMigdalovitz20066_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMigdalovitz2006">Migdalovitz 2006</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Settlement_Plan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2014" class="citation book cs1">King, Stephen J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8wPGAgAAQBAJ&q=%22settlement+plan%22+&pg=PP1">"The Emergence and Politics of the Polisario Front"</a>. In Boukhars, Anouar; Roussellier, Jacques (eds.). <i>Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics</i>. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442226852" title="Special:BookSources/9781442226852"><bdi>9781442226852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+and+Politics+of+the+Polisario+Front&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Western+Sahara%3A+Myths%2C+Nationalisms%2C+and+Geopolitics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781442226852&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8wPGAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522settlement%2Bplan%2522%2B%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettlement+Plan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigdalovitz2006" class="citation report cs1">Migdalovitz, Carol (29 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a457333.pdf">Western Sahara: Status of Settlement Efforts</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). CRS Report for Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025055323/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a457333.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara%3A+Status+of+Settlement+Efforts&rft.pub=CRS+Report+for+Congress&rft.date=2006-09-29&rft.aulast=Migdalovitz&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa457333.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettlement+Plan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoussellier2014" class="citation book cs1">Roussellier, Jacques (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8wPGAgAAQBAJ&q=%22settlement+plan%22+&pg=PP1">"The Evolving Role of the United Nations: The Impossible Dual Track?"</a>. In Boukhars, Anouar; Roussellier, Jacques (eds.). <i>Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics</i>. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442226852" title="Special:BookSources/9781442226852"><bdi>9781442226852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolving+Role+of+the+United+Nations%3A+The+Impossible+Dual+Track%3F&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Western+Sahara%3A+Myths%2C+Nationalisms%2C+and+Geopolitics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781442226852&rft.aulast=Roussellier&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8wPGAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522settlement%2Bplan%2522%2B%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettlement+Plan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley2004" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Toby (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tXFo3b-07NgC&pg=PR3"><i>Endgame in the Western Sahara: What Future for Africa's Last Colony?</i></a>. London: Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1842773402" title="Special:BookSources/1842773402"><bdi>1842773402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endgame+in+the+Western+Sahara%3A+What+Future+for+Africa%27s+Last+Colony%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1842773402&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtXFo3b-07NgC%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettlement+Plan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheofilopoulou2006" class="citation journal cs1">Theofilopoulou, Anna (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr166.pdf">"The United Nations and Western Sahara: A Never-ending Affair"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United States Institute of Peace Special Report</i>. <b>166</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+States+Institute+of+Peace+Special+Report&rft.atitle=The+United+Nations+and+Western+Sahara%3A+A+Never-ending+Affair&rft.volume=166&rft.date=2006-07&rft.aulast=Theofilopoulou&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fsr166.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettlement+Plan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZunesMundy2010" class="citation book cs1">Zunes, Stephen; Mundy, Jacob (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XzuIbQAXUIC&q=%22settlement+plan%22+&pg=PA188"><i>Western Sahara: War, Nationalism, and Conflict Resolution</i></a>. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815632191" title="Special:BookSources/9780815632191"><bdi>9780815632191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara%3A+War%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Conflict+Resolution&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+NY&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780815632191&rft.aulast=Zunes&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Mundy%2C+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XzuIbQAXUIC%26q%3D%2522settlement%2Bplan%2522%2B%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASettlement+Plan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settlement_Plan&oldid=1253333173">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settlement_Plan&oldid=1253333173</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_in_international_relations" title="Category:1991 in international relations">1991 in international relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Category:Politics of Western Sahara">Politics of Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Western_Sahara_peace_process" title="Category:Western Sahara peace process">Western Sahara peace process</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Morocco_and_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Morocco and the United Nations">Morocco and the United Nations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 12:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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