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href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Castle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Castle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmer_gaztelua" title="Walmer gaztelua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Walmer gaztelua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelo_de_Walmer" title="Castelo de Walmer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Castelo de Walmer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" title="沃爾默城堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沃爾默城堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Walmer_Castle&params=51.200992_N_1.402308_E_type:landmark_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°12′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°24′08″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.200992°N 1.402308°E</span><span 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Castle in Kent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For several vessels of this name, see <a href="/wiki/Walmer_Castle_(ship)" title="Walmer Castle (ship)"><i>Walmer Castle</i> (ship)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Walmer Castle</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="label"><a href="/wiki/Walmer" title="Walmer">Walmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walmer_Castle_from_the_west.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Walmer_Castle_from_the_west.jpg/250px-Walmer_Castle_from_the_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Walmer_Castle_from_the_west.jpg/375px-Walmer_Castle_from_the_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Walmer_Castle_from_the_west.jpg/500px-Walmer_Castle_from_the_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4454" data-file-height="2774" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The castle from the east in 2018</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kent_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walmer Castle is located in Kent"><img alt="Walmer Castle is located in Kent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kent_UK_location_map.svg/250px-Kent_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kent_UK_location_map.svg/375px-Kent_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kent_UK_location_map.svg/500px-Kent_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.845%;left:95.364%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Walmer Castle"><img alt="Walmer Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div>Walmer Castle</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Walmer_Castle&params=51.200992_N_1.402308_E_type:landmark_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°12′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°24′08″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.200992°N 1.402308°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.200992; 1.402308</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Device_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Device Fort">Device Fort</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Open to<br />the public</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">1539</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Events</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #00247D; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">Scheduled monument</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Artillery castle at Walmer</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">19 October 1981</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1013381?section=official-list-entry">1013381</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #1E8C00; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Parks_and_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens">National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Walmer Castle</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 1986</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1000291?section=official-list-entry">1000291</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Walmer Castle</b> is an artillery fort originally constructed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> in <a href="/wiki/Walmer" title="Walmer">Walmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, between 1539 and 1540. It formed part of the King's <a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device programme</a> to protect against invasion from France and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, and defended the strategically important <a href="/wiki/The_Downs_(ship_anchorage)" title="The Downs (ship anchorage)">Downs anchorage</a> off the English coast. Comprising a <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">keep</a> and four circular <a href="/wiki/Bastions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastions">bastions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moated</a> stone castle covered 0.61 acres (0.25 ha) and had 39 firing positions on the upper levels for <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_and_early_modern_gunpowder_artillery" title="List of medieval and early modern gunpowder artillery">artillery</a>. It cost <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> a total of £27,092 to build the three castles of Walmer, <a href="/wiki/Sandown_Castle,_Kent" title="Sandown Castle, Kent">Sandown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deal_Castle" title="Deal Castle">Deal</a>, which lay adjacent to one another along the coast and were connected by earthwork defences.<sup id="cite_ref-Money16thC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Money16thC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original invasion threat passed, but during the <a href="/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War" title="Second English Civil War">Second English Civil War</a> of 1648–49, Walmer was seized by pro-<a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a> insurgents and was only retaken by <a href="/wiki/Roundheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundheads">Parliamentary forces</a> after several months' fighting. </p><p>In the 18th century, Walmer became the official residence of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a> and was gradually modified from a military fortification into a private residence. Various <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Ministers</a> and prominent politicians were appointed as Lord Warden, including <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Lord Granville</a>, who adapted parts of the Tudor castle as living spaces and constructed extensive gardens around the property. By 1904, the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> agreed that Walmer had no remaining military utility and it passed to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Works (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Works</a>. Successive Lord Wardens continued to use the property but it was also opened to the public. Walmer was no longer considered a particularly comfortable or modern residence, however, and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Curzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Curzon">Lord Curzon</a> blamed the poor condition of the castle for <a href="/wiki/Mary_Curzon,_Baroness_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston">his wife's death</a> in 1906. </p><p>Lord Wardens since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> have included <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a>, but they have made only intermittent use of Walmer Castle. In the 21st century, Walmer Castle is run as a tourist attraction by <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>. The interior of the castle displays a range of historical objects and pictures associated with the property and its Lord Wardens, protected since the 19th century by special legislation. The grounds include the Queen Mother's Garden, designed by <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Hobhouse" title="Penelope Hobhouse">Penelope Hobhouse</a> as a 95th birthday gift for Elizabeth in 1997. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walmer Castle was built to defend the English coast from attack by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in the final years of the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>. Traditionally <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities, only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications, and while France and the Empire remained in conflict with one another, maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> seemed unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modest defences, based around simple <a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">blockhouses</a> and towers, existed in the south-west and along the <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a> coast, with a few more impressive works in the north of England, but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walmer_or_Sandown_(Kent)_castle,_1539_draft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Walmer_or_Sandown_%28Kent%29_castle%2C_1539_draft.jpg/170px-Walmer_or_Sandown_%28Kent%29_castle%2C_1539_draft.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Walmer_or_Sandown_%28Kent%29_castle%2C_1539_draft.jpg/255px-Walmer_or_Sandown_%28Kent%29_castle%2C_1539_draft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Walmer_or_Sandown_%28Kent%29_castle%2C_1539_draft.jpg/340px-Walmer_or_Sandown_%28Kent%29_castle%2C_1539_draft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3199" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A 1539 early design for either Walmer or nearby <a href="/wiki/Sandown_Castle,_Kent" title="Sandown Castle, Kent">Sandown Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1533, Henry broke with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> in order to <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annul</a> the long-standing marriage to his wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> and remarry.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine was the aunt of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, and he took the annulment as a personal insult.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538, and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An invasion of England appeared certain.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Henry issued an order, called a "<a href="/wiki/Device_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Device Fort">device</a>", in 1539, giving instructions for the "defence of the realm in time of invasion" and the construction of forts along the English coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deal_Walmer_Sandown_Saunders_Guidebook_Page005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Deal_Walmer_Sandown_Saunders_Guidebook_Page005.jpg/220px-Deal_Walmer_Sandown_Saunders_Guidebook_Page005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Deal_Walmer_Sandown_Saunders_Guidebook_Page005.jpg/330px-Deal_Walmer_Sandown_Saunders_Guidebook_Page005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Deal_Walmer_Sandown_Saunders_Guidebook_Page005.jpg/440px-Deal_Walmer_Sandown_Saunders_Guidebook_Page005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1489" data-file-height="2713" /></a><figcaption>Map of Deal Walmer and Sandown Castles, "The three castles which keep the Downs"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Walmer and the adjacent castles of <a href="/wiki/Deal_Castle" title="Deal Castle">Deal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandown_Castle,_Kent" title="Sandown Castle, Kent">Sandown</a> were constructed to protect <a href="/wiki/The_Downs_(ship_anchorage)" title="The Downs (ship anchorage)">the Downs</a> in east Kent, an important anchorage formed by the <a href="/wiki/Goodwin_Sands" title="Goodwin Sands">Goodwin Sands</a> which gave access to <a href="/wiki/Deal,_Kent" title="Deal, Kent">Deal Beach</a>, on which enemy soldiers could easily be landed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stone castles were supported by a line of four earthwork forts, known as the Great Turf, the Little Turf Bulwark, the Great White Bulwark of Clay and the Walmer Bulwark, and a 2.5-mile-long (4.0 km) defensive ditch and bank.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collectively the castles became known as the "castles of the Downs" and cost <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> a total of £27,092 to build.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Money16thC_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Money16thC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walmer was built between April 1539 and autumn 1540, by a team including Richard Benese as the surveyor, William Clement as the master carpenter, and Christopher Dickenson as the master mason.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially garrisoned by a captain, two lieutenants, two porters, ten gunners and three soldiers, at an annual cost of £174.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Money16thC_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Money16thC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was probably equipped with a range of brass and <a href="/wiki/Cast-iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Cast-iron">cast-iron</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_and_early_modern_gunpowder_artillery" title="List of medieval and early modern gunpowder artillery">guns</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebuses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bows</a> for close defence.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P28_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P28-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1597, a report listed the castle's artillery as comprising a <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">culverin</a>, five <a href="/wiki/Demi-culverin" title="Demi-culverin">demi-culverins</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Saker_(cannon)" title="Saker (cannon)">saker</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Minion_(cannon)" title="Minion (cannon)">minion</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Falconet_(cannon)" title="Falconet (cannon)">falcon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P28_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P28-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walmer_Castle_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Walmer_Castle_aerial_view.jpg/220px-Walmer_Castle_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Walmer_Castle_aerial_view.jpg/330px-Walmer_Castle_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Walmer_Castle_aerial_view.jpg/440px-Walmer_Castle_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3660" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the castle seen from the north-east, showing the later alterations to the upper storeys, with the gatehouse to the upper right</figcaption></figure> <p>Walmer Castle was left to decline in the early 17th century, with little money being made available for repairs and the garrison receiving low pay, leading some members to reside in nearby Deal rather the fort itself, and to take on additional employment to supplement their wages.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walmer Castle was seized by Parliamentary forces at the start of the first <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> between the supporters of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a>, but did not play a significant role in the remainder of the initial conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the few years of unsteady peace after 1645, the <a href="/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War" title="Second English Civil War">Second Civil War</a> broke out in 1648, this time with Charles' Royalist supporters joined by Scottish allies. The Parliamentary navy was based in the Downs, protected by Walmer and the other Henrician castles, but by May a Royalist insurrection was under way across Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Batten" title="William Batten">William Batten</a> had been forced to resign from his post as Commander of the Fleet the previous year by Parliamentary officials, and he now encouraged the fleet to join the Royalist faction.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir Henry Palmer, a former sailor, accompanied by other members of the Kentish gentry, also called on the fleet to revolt, taking advantage of the many fellow Kentish men in the crews.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walmer and Deal Castle declared for the King, shortly after the garrisons at Sandown.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With both the coastal fortresses and the navy now under Royalist control, Parliament feared that foreign forces might be landed along the coast or aid sent to the Scots.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parliament defeated the wider insurgency at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maidstone" title="Battle of Maidstone">Battle of Maidstone</a> at the start of June, and then sent a force under the command of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rich_(soldier)" title="Nathaniel Rich (soldier)">Nathaniel Rich</a> to deal with Walmer and the other castles along the Downs.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walmer Castle was the first to be besieged, and surrendered on 12 July.<sup id="cite_ref-HarringtonP51_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarringtonP51-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deal was attacked in late July, and in August artillery assaults began on Sandown as well, leading to the surrender of both remaining fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walmer was badly damaged during the conflict and it was estimated by Rich, responsible for carrying out the repairs, that the work would cost at least £500.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P31_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P31-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Money16thC_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Money16thC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1649, Parliament ordered new supplies of ammunition and powder be sent to Walmer and the other castles of the Downs, which were brought back into good order.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The garrison at Walmer remained substantial during the period, with a governor, a corporal and 20 soldiers, but when <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> was <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">restored to the throne</a> in 1660 he reduced the numbers again to a captain, lieutenant, porter and 16 men.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688 against Charles' brother, King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a>, the townsfolk of Deal seized Walmer Castle on behalf of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Orange" title="Prince of Orange">Prince of Orange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the century, however, the castle was increasingly regarded as out of date from a military perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P31_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P31-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th–19th_centuries"><span id="18th.E2.80.9319th_centuries"></span>18th–19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th–19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1700–1828"><span id="1700.E2.80.931828"></span>1700–1828</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1700–1828"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaac_Cruikshank_-_A_New_Catamaran_Expedition!!!_(1805).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Isaac_Cruikshank_-_A_New_Catamaran_Expedition%21%21%21_%281805%29.jpg/220px-Isaac_Cruikshank_-_A_New_Catamaran_Expedition%21%21%21_%281805%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Isaac_Cruikshank_-_A_New_Catamaran_Expedition%21%21%21_%281805%29.jpg/330px-Isaac_Cruikshank_-_A_New_Catamaran_Expedition%21%21%21_%281805%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Isaac_Cruikshank_-_A_New_Catamaran_Expedition%21%21%21_%281805%29.jpg/440px-Isaac_Cruikshank_-_A_New_Catamaran_Expedition%21%21%21_%281805%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>A satirical cartoon of 1805, depicting <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> directing operations against the French from Walmer Castle (left)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century, Walmer Castle became the official residence of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P31_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P31-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lord Warden was originally a medieval title linked to <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Ports" title="Cinque Ports">five key ports</a> along the coast of England; the position's prominence had faded, but it still retained important judicial and military functions.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Sackville,_1st_Duke_of_Dorset" title="Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset">Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset</a>, was appointed to the post in 1708 he decided that the existing residence in <a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a> was unsatisfactory, probably because of the semi-ruinous state of the castle, and moved into Walmer Castle instead.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Duke occupied the post of Lord Warden until 1765, save for two periods when it was filled by <a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_2nd_Duke_of_Ormonde" title="James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde">James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Sidney,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="John Sidney, 6th Earl of Leicester">John Sidney, 6th Earl of Leicester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P29_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P29-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He carried out extensive work to make the castle more habitable, building extensions towards the north bastion and constructing a small house in the south bastion for the soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P31_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P31-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the subsequent Lord Wardens, the politicians <a href="/wiki/Robert_Darcy,_4th_Earl_of_Holderness" title="Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness">Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francis_North,_1st_Earl_of_Guilford" title="Francis North, 1st Earl of Guilford">Francis North, 1st Earl of Guilford</a>, the castle continued to house artillery but it became increasingly less military in character.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> was then made the Lord Warden in 1792. Pitt was badly in debt and King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> believed that the post, which came with a salary of £3,000 a year, would usefully supplement Pitt's income.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Money18thC_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Money18thC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt made extensive use of the castle and by 1803 he used it as his main residence in an effort to reduce his living costs.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt's niece, Lady <a href="/wiki/Hester_Stanhope" class="mw-redirect" title="Hester Stanhope">Hester Stanhope</a>, joined him at Walmer between 1803 and 1806; together with Pitt, she carried out extensive work on the castle gardens, transforming them from a simple <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">kitchen garden</a> into a set of landscaped ornamental enclosures; Stanhope enlisted the Dover militia to help with the <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscaping</a> and planting.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>, Pitt became energetically involved in the protection of the ports along the coast, entertaining the local garrison commanders, naval captains and the local gentry at Walmer on a regular basis.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Pitt resigned as prime minister in 1801, fears remained of a French invasion and he formed a volunteer cavalry unit at Walmer Castle, where he lived with his new officers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also formed a unit of bombardier infantry and a fleet of 35 fishing boats called <a href="/wiki/Lugger" title="Lugger">luggers</a>, which he armed with 12-pound (5.4 kg) or 18-pound (8.2 kg) guns, reviewing them from the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanhope remarked on the constant drilling of army units around the castle during her time there.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool</a>, took possession of Walmer Castle following the death of Pitt in 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P29_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P29-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liverpool was a favourite of King George's, and his appointment as Lord Warden was again intended to provide a valuable income and a country retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As prime minister, Liverpool used Walmer as a personal retreat and as a location for private political discussions with selected guests.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1829–99"><span id="1829.E2.80.9399"></span>1829–99</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1829–99"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke_of_Wellington%27s_room,_Walmer_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Duke_of_Wellington%27s_room%2C_Walmer_Castle.jpg/220px-Duke_of_Wellington%27s_room%2C_Walmer_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Duke_of_Wellington%27s_room%2C_Walmer_Castle.jpg/330px-Duke_of_Wellington%27s_room%2C_Walmer_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Duke_of_Wellington%27s_room%2C_Walmer_Castle.jpg/440px-Duke_of_Wellington%27s_room%2C_Walmer_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3321" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>'s room, including his original chair and camp bed</figcaption></figure> <p>On Lord Liverpool's death in 1828, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a> and the prime minister at the time, asked King <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> for the post of Lord Warden, primarily because he was seeking the use of Walmer Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellington took up post in 1829 and considered Walmer to be "the most charming marine residence".<sup id="cite_ref-Shepherd2008P5_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepherd2008P5-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made use of the castle each autumn, entertaining extensively there but living and sleeping in a single room.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was visited there twice by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a>, once when she was still a princess and later as queen.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellington let the gardens fall into a poor condition.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellington died in his room at Walmer on 14 September 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His embalmed body was kept in his room to lie in state until 10 November,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when the room was opened for public visitors during the final two days, around 9,000 attended.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Duke's body was finally removed to London via Deal, complete with a military escort.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie</a> became Lord Warden; on his death, the prime minister <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston</a>, took over the castle in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P29_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P29-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston initially declined to buy the contents of the castle from his predecessor's estate on taking up the post, a practice which had become traditional for the Lords Warden, complaining about the high price being proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-shepherd5_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shepherd5-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This raised the risk that the historical contents of the castle might be sold off at open auction; and some of Wellington's former belongings were therefore removed by his family for safekeeping.<sup id="cite_ref-shepherd5_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shepherd5-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The politician <a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville</a> was offered the post of Lord Warden by the new prime minister, <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord Russell</a> in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell noted that the role would be expensive for Granville to perform — the salary had been abolished in 1828 — but that it would provide him with a property by the sea, which Granville had been seeking to acquire for a while.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Granville took over Walmer in 1865. He expanded the gardens, built new kennels for a hunting pack and spent many years reassembling the furniture and other objects that Pitt and Wellington had used at the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received large numbers of visitors, many of whom stopped off while travelling to or from France.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diplomat Baron de Malortie visited Granville and his family at Walmer, and later praised the homely atmosphere in the castle. He described how, after breakfast, the family and guests would all gather in the drawing room, which was the only large room in the house, and Granville would answer government correspondence amid the daily life of the rest of the household.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The businessman and politician <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">William Smith</a> was appointed Lord Warden in 1891, but died in Walmer Castle during his first visit here in October of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepherd2008P13_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepherd2008P13-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith had proposed that the historical artefacts in the castle should be protected from being removed by later Lord Wardens and suggested that government pass an Indenture of Heirlooms Bill.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepherd2008P13_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepherd2008P13-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government carried out the plan after Smith's death, protecting almost 70 pieces of furniture and 50 artworks at the castle and forbidding them being moved from the castle without the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a>'s approval.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a>, became the next Lord Warden; with adequate legal protection now in place, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wellesley,_3rd_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Henry Wellesley, 3rd Duke of Wellington">3rd Duke of Wellington</a> suggested returning his grandfather's possessions to the castle, but <a href="/wiki/Georgina_Gascoyne-Cecil,_Marchioness_of_Salisbury" title="Georgina Gascoyne-Cecil, Marchioness of Salisbury">Lady Salisbury</a> declined the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th–21st_centuries"><span id="20th.E2.80.9321st_centuries"></span>20th–21st centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th–21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walmer_Castle_-_central_corridor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Walmer_Castle_-_central_corridor.jpg/170px-Walmer_Castle_-_central_corridor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Walmer_Castle_-_central_corridor.jpg/255px-Walmer_Castle_-_central_corridor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Walmer_Castle_-_central_corridor.jpg/340px-Walmer_Castle_-_central_corridor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The central corridor on the first floor of the castle, looking north</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1904 the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> had concluded that Walmer had no remaining military value and agreed to transfer the castle to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Works" title="Office of Works">Office of Works</a>, who accepted it on the condition that they were paid £2,400 in order to carry out repairs.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Money20thC_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Money20thC-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Office's survey noted that "the lower floor ... is very inconvenient, dark and not conducive to health while the women servants have to sleep in a sort of dormitory in the slopes of the roof... The principal floor is, generally speaking, badly arranged and badly lighted and the Dining Room is very small"; the report suggested that it would be best to demolish the building and rebuild it.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry2014P15_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry2014P15-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proposals were made to find the next Lord Warden, [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston], alternative accommodation and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> were approached as replacement tenants for the castle, but declined the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry2014P15_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry2014P15-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ministry acquired agreement for most of the castle to be opened to the public, with various historical objects related to the property being put on display, including some donated by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord Curzon moved into the castle when returned from <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> in 1905. His wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Curzon,_Baroness_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston">Mary</a>, fell ill, which Curzon believed to be a result of their poor accommodation, and despite being moved to a new residence, she died shortly afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P33_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P33-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Curzon decided to resign the post of Lord Warden, leaving the castle, and subsequently the Prince of Wales, the future <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, took up the post.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P33_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P33-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Lygon,_7th_Earl_Beauchamp" title="William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp">William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp</a>, became the Lord Warden in 1913, building a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapel</a> at the castle and holding large parties there each summer.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His children later commented that they found the castle was chilly and cramped.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prime minister, <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, was invited by Beauchamp to use the castle during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> as a weekend retreat, as it had good communication links with the front line in France.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asquith's wife, <a href="/wiki/Margot_Asquith,_Countess_of_Oxford_and_Asquith" class="mw-redirect" title="Margot Asquith, Countess of Oxford and Asquith">Margot</a>, was not initially impressed by Walmer, noting in her diary that while it was "very distinguished" and had "great charm", it was "terribly exposed" with "cold... noisy corridors and small rooms"; she later came to like the castle and noted that she was sad to finally leave it.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lygon had sexual relations with men, which was illegal in England during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-oxforddnb1938_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxforddnb1938-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumours spread about the parties that he had held at Walmer Castle after the war, where, according to the historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Davenport-Hines" title="Richard Davenport-Hines">Richard Davenport-Hines</a>, he had "behaved indiscreetly with young men".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King was informed about his lifestyle and Lygon fled the country in 1931, resigning the appointment of Lord Warden the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-oxforddnb1938_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxforddnb1938-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walmer_Castle_Three_seaward_facing_cannons.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Walmer_Castle_Three_seaward_facing_cannons.JPG/220px-Walmer_Castle_Three_seaward_facing_cannons.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Walmer_Castle_Three_seaward_facing_cannons.JPG/330px-Walmer_Castle_Three_seaward_facing_cannons.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Walmer_Castle_Three_seaward_facing_cannons.JPG/440px-Walmer_Castle_Three_seaward_facing_cannons.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7250" data-file-height="4744" /></a><figcaption>Three cannons on one of the castle's firing platforms</figcaption></figure> <p>Lygon's successor, the politician <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading</a>, became the Lord Warden in 1934, holding jovial family gatherings there.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife, <a href="/wiki/Stella_Isaacs,_Marchioness_of_Reading" title="Stella Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading">Stella</a>, attempted to restore Wellington's old bedroom to its earlier appearance during the Duke's tenure and, as part of this project, the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_4th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 4th Duke of Wellington">4th Duke of Wellington</a> agreed to send the original contents of the room back to the castle, where they still remain.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The politician <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon" title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon">Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon</a>, became Lord Warden in 1936, followed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> who followed him in 1941 during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P29_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P29-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill noted to the <a href="/wiki/John_Reith,_1st_Baron_Reith" title="John Reith, 1st Baron Reith">Minister of Works and Buildings</a> that he had told King George V on taking up the position that he doubted that he would be able to live at Walmer Castle during the war, as it was within range of the German artillery along the French coast, or indeed that he would able to afford to live there afterwards, and for that reason he hoped that the state would maintain the castle and gardens, and decide what use it should be put to after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a>, the Australian politician, became the Lord Warden in 1965 and visited the castle on an annual basis, staying in the flat there.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother</a> followed Menzies in 1978, initially visiting the castle from the Royal Yacht <a href="/wiki/HMY_Britannia" title="HMY Britannia">HMY Britannia</a>, but from 1986 onwards taking over the entire castle for three days each July.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This required moving furniture, silverware and other furnishings from London and caused difficulties for English Heritage, who managed the property.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admiral of the Fleet <a href="/wiki/Michael_Boyce,_Baron_Boyce" title="Michael Boyce, Baron Boyce">Michael Boyce, Baron Boyce</a>, took up the post of Lord Warden in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P29_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P29-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since his death on 6 November 2022 the post was vacant<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until June 2024 when Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Zambellas" title="George Zambellas">George Zambellas</a> became the current Lord Warden. </p><p>In the 21st century, the property is managed by <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>, attracting 152,391 visitors in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-ALVA_2019_visitor_numbers_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALVA_2019_visitor_numbers-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English Heritage carried out a £674,000 programme of improvements to the castle in 2015 intended to improve the visitor experience.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The castle is protected under UK law as a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">scheduled monument</a>, while the surrounding gardens are protected with a grade II <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Castle">Castle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Castle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walmer_Plan,_modern_labelled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Walmer_Plan%2C_modern_labelled.svg/260px-Walmer_Plan%2C_modern_labelled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Walmer_Plan%2C_modern_labelled.svg/390px-Walmer_Plan%2C_modern_labelled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Walmer_Plan%2C_modern_labelled.svg/520px-Walmer_Plan%2C_modern_labelled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the ground floor of the castle; key: A - gatehouse; B - porter's lodge; C - gunpowder store; D - servant's hall E - Hall Room; F - Gunners' Lodging; G - Willingdon Room; H - Sackville Room</figcaption></figure> <p>Walmer Castle retains most of its original 16th-century structure, with a tall <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">keep</a>, 83 feet (25 m) across, at the centre, flanked by four rounded <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a>, one of which served as a <a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">gatehouse</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a>, surrounded in turn by a <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtain wall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its curved walls are 15 feet (4.6 m) thick.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was nearly identical to its sister castle at Sandown and was approximately 167 by 167 feet (51 by 51 m) across, covering 0.61 acres (0.25 ha).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/John_Rigby_Hale" title="John Rigby Hale">John Hale</a> considered the original castle to form a transitional design between older medieval English designs and <a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">newer Italian styles</a> of defence.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The castle had three tiers of <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_and_early_modern_gunpowder_artillery" title="List of medieval and early modern gunpowder artillery">artillery</a> – the heaviest and longest range weapons occupying the upper levels, including the keep – with a total of 39 firing positions, and 31 <a href="/wiki/Gunloop" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunloop">gunloops</a> in the basement for <a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">handguns</a> should close defence be required.<sup id="cite_ref-harrington21_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington21-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">embrasures</a> in the walls were all widely splayed to provide the maximum possible space for the guns to operate and traverse, and the interior of the castle was designed with vents to allow the smoke from its guns to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-harrington21_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrington21-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 18th century onwards, the interior of the castle was converted to provide accommodation for the Lord Wardens, almost all of which is now open to visitors. The castle is still entered through the ground floor of the gatehouse in the western bastion, which contains the original porter's lodge.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P37_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P37-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the middle of the castle is the keep, which originally housed the Servants' Hall and now a set of tea rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P37_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P37-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the southern bastion is a set of rooms which are reached through the Hall Room, originally built as gunners' lodgings in the 18th century and converted into the entrance hall to the castle in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the far side of the bastion are the Sackville and Willingdon Rooms, built in the 18th century; the Willingdon Room is now used as a museum for objects relating to William Pitt.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lucas Room has been redecorated in a mid-19th century style and is used to present various items of Wellington memorabilia.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The north and east bastions are filled in, providing solid foundations for the gun platforms above.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P37_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P37-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second floor contains the Lord Warden's private apartments in the west bastion and the western half of the keep.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad2008P37_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad2008P37-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the southern bastion is the Duke of Wellington's Room and the Lucas Room, originally part of an apartment of rooms selected by William Pitt for his use, as they formed the warmest part of the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepherd2008P5_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepherd2008P5-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corridor running across the castle through the keep was built by Pitt to link the north and south halves of the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Prince Consort's and Queen Victoria's rooms in the keep are named after their use during the royal visit of 1842, although their decoration today dates from the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dining Room, Drawing Room and Ante Room, which overlook the northern bastion, date from the 1730s, when the Duke of Dorset constructed them to form a private set of chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rooms feature a range of pink and purple window glass, which tradition says was installed by the Earl of Liverpool to protect his wife's eyesight; recent analysis shows that some of the pink-tinted glass dates from the 1730s, and discoloured naturally over time, while other panes were intentionally purchased around 1800 in these hues, but probably as status symbols and not for any medical purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gardens">Gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother%27s_garden,_Walmer_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother%27s_garden%2C_Walmer_Castle.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother%27s_garden%2C_Walmer_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother%27s_garden%2C_Walmer_Castle.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother%27s_garden%2C_Walmer_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother%27s_garden%2C_Walmer_Castle.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother%27s_garden%2C_Walmer_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>The Queen Mother's Garden</figcaption></figure> <p>The gardens of Walmer Castle date mainly from the 1790s and 1860s and comprise around 32 acres (13 ha) of land, split evenly between formal ornamental gardens and <a href="/wiki/Landscaped_parkland" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscaped parkland">parkland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main body of the gardens stretches away from the castle towards the north-west, and is made up of protected, well-drained, <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>-based soil, forming a maritime <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The castle is approached through the castle <a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">meadow</a>, an area of open parkland, lined with <a href="/wiki/Quercus_ilex" title="Quercus ilex">Holm oaks</a> planted in the 1860s, and is surrounded by the dry moat, now a garden dating from at least the 1850s and planted with trees and shrubs.<sup id="cite_ref-historicengland18_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historicengland18-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adjacent to the castle are the Queen Mother's Garden and the <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">kitchen garden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">glasshouses</a>. The Queen Mother's Garden was built by English Heritage as a 95th birthday gift for the then Lord Warden in 1997, the site having been originally part of the wider kitchen gardens, before being turned into a <a href="/wiki/Tennis_court" title="Tennis court">tennis court</a> in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-historicengland18_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historicengland18-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designed by <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Hobhouse" title="Penelope Hobhouse">Penelope Hobhouse</a>, the garden incorporates a 92-foot-long (28 m) pool, a viewing mound and a classical pavilion.<sup id="cite_ref-historicengland18_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historicengland18-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two glasshouses have been restored, functioning as cold greenhouses, while the remainder of the kitchen garden is planted with a mixture of vegetables, fruit trees and flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 262-foot-long (80 m) Broadwalk is the main axis of the gardens and separates the glasshouses from the 328-foot-long (100 m) Oval Lawn, planted with <a href="/wiki/Lime_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime tree">lime trees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yew" title="Yew">yews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Broadwalk is lined by the "Cloud Hedge", a formal 19th-century yew hedge that grew out of control in the Second World War and was left in its current, undulating style.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two terraces in the middle of the garden, designed by <a href="/wiki/William_Masters_(botanist)" title="William Masters (botanist)">William Masters</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Italian_garden" title="Italian garden">Italianate</a> style, separate the further half of the garden.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other side are the paddock, planted with Holm oaks, and a curved belt of woodland of <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a> trees, badly damaged in the storms of <a href="/wiki/Great_Storm_of_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Storm of 1987">1987</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burns%27_Day_storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Burns' Day storm">1990</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the far end is the Glen, a woodland hollow formed from an old chalk quarry in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castles_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Castles in Great Britain and Ireland">Castles in Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Money16thC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Money16thC_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Money16thC_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Money16thC_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Money16thC_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Comparing early modern costs and prices with those of the modern period is challenging. £27,092 in 1539 could be equivalent to between £15.3 million and £6,960 million in 2014, depending on the price comparison used, and £174 to between £98,000 and £44 million. For comparison, the total royal expenditure on all the Device Forts across England between 1539–47 came to £376,500, with <a href="/wiki/St_Mawes_Castle" title="St Mawes Castle">St Mawes Castle</a>, for example, costing £5,018, and <a href="/wiki/Sandgate_Castle" title="Sandgate Castle">Sandgate Castle</a> £5,584. £500 in 1648 could be equivalent to between £60,300 and £16.7 million.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Money18thC-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Money18thC_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comparing 18th century costs and prices with those of the modern period depends on the measure used. £3,000 in 1792 could be equivalent to between £326,000 and £23.4 million in 2014, depending on the price comparison used.<sup id="cite_ref-measuringworth1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-measuringworth1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Money20thC-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Money20thC_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The equivalent value of early 20th century money in the modern period depends on the measure used. £2,400 in 1903 could be equivalent to between £241,000 and £2.3 million in 2014, depending on the price comparison used.<sup id="cite_ref-measuringworth1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-measuringworth1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1987">Thompson 1987</a>, p. 111; <a href="#CITEREFHale1983">Hale 1983</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1991">King 1991</a>, pp. 176–177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley1976">Morley 1976</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale1983">Hale 1983</a>, p. 63; <a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley1976">Morley 1976</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFHale1983">Hale 1983</a>, pp. 63–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale1983">Hale 1983</a>, p. 66; <a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFWalton2010">Walton 2010</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders1963">Saunders 1963</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1991">King 1991</a>, p. 178; <a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiddleHillerScottStreeten2001">Biddle et al. 2001</a>, p. 12; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_H._OfficerSamuel_H._Williamson2014" class="citation web cs2">Lawrence H. Officer; Samuel H. Williamson (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/">"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present"</a>, MeasuringWorth<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Ways+to+Compute+the+Relative+Value+of+a+UK+Pound+Amount%2C+1270+to+Present&rft.pub=MeasuringWorth&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Lawrence+H.+Officer&rft.au=Samuel+H.+Williamson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fukcompare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 8; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408225636/https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/unvbrit/a/001cotaugi00001u00021000.html">"A Colored Bird's Eye View of "A Castle for the Downes"; Probably an Early Design for Walmer and Sundown Castles"</a>, British Library, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/unvbrit/a/001cotaugi00001u00021000.html">the original</a> on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Colored+Bird%27s+Eye+View+of+%22A+Castle+for+the+Downes%22%3B+Probably+an+Early+Design+for+Walmer+and+Sundown+Castles&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fonlinegallery%2Fonlineex%2Funvbrit%2Fa%2F001cotaugi00001u00021000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElvin1890">Elvin 1890</a>, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coad2008P28-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coad2008P28_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coad2008P28_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoad2008">Coad 2008</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoad2008">Coad 2008</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElvin1890">Elvin 1890</a>, p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 50; <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1962">Kennedy 1962</a>, pp. 251–252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1962">Kennedy 1962</a>, pp. 248–250; <a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshton1994">Ashton 1994</a>, p. 440</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1962">Kennedy 1962</a>, pp. 251–252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshton1994">Ashton 1994</a>, pp. 439–440</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshton1994">Ashton 1994</a>, p. 440; <a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarringtonP51-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HarringtonP51_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 51; <a href="#CITEREFAshton1994">Ashton 1994</a>, p. 442</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coad2008P31-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coad2008P31_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coad2008P31_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coad2008P31_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coad2008P31_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoad2008">Coad 2008</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElvin1890">Elvin 1890</a>, p. 210; <a href="#CITEREFCoad2008">Coad 2008</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElvin1890">Elvin 1890</a>, pp. 211–213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElvin1890">Elvin 1890</a>, p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoad2008">Coad 2008</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFElvin1890">Elvin 1890</a>, pp. 236–237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoad2008">Coad 2008</a>, pp. 30–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coad2008P29-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coad2008P29_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coad2008P29_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coad2008P29_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coad2008P29_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coad2008P29_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoad2008">Coad 2008</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoad2008">Coad 2008</a>, pp. 29, 31–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoad2008">Coad 2008</a>, pp. 29, 32; <a href="#CITEREFShepherd2008">Shepherd 2008</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-measuringworth1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-measuringworth1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-measuringworth1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_H._OfficerSamuel_H._Williamson2014" class="citation web cs2">Lawrence H. 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<a href="#CITEREFMaxwell1893">Maxwell 1893</a>, pp. 326–327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzmaurice1905a">Fitzmaurice 1905a</a>, p. 489</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzmaurice1905a">Fitzmaurice 1905a</a>, p. 489; <a href="#CITEREFCoad2008">Coad 2008</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaxwell1893">Maxwell 1893</a>, p. 327; <a href="#CITEREFCoad2008">Coad 2008</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFFitzmaurice1905a">Fitzmaurice 1905a</a>, p. 490</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzmaurice1905b">Fitzmaurice 1905b</a>, pp. 130–131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzmaurice1905b">Fitzmaurice 1905b</a>, pp. 129–130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shepherd2008P13-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd2008P13_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd2008P13_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShepherd2008">Shepherd 2008</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShepherd2008">Shepherd 2008</a>, pp. 5, 13; 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font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulvagh2008">Mulvagh 2008</a>, p. 372; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Davenport-Hines2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2">Richard Davenport-Hines (2011), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34643">"Lygon, William, seventh Earl Beauchamp (1872–1938)"</a></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34643">10.1093/ref:odnb/34643</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lygon%2C+William%2C+seventh+Earl+Beauchamp+%281872%E2%80%931938%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34643&rft.au=Richard+Davenport-Hines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F34643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; 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<a href="#CITEREFSaunders1989">Saunders 1989</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coad2008P37-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coad2008P37_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coad2008P37_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coad2008P37_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coad2008P37_90-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoad2008">Coad 2008</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShepherd2008">Shepherd 2008</a>, pp. 2–3; <a href="#CITEREFCoad2008">Coad 2008</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShepherd2008">Shepherd 2008</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShepherd2008">Shepherd 2008</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShepherd2008">Shepherd 2008</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShepherd2008">Shepherd 2008</a>, pp. 10–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShepherd2008">Shepherd 2008</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDungworthGirbal2011">Dungworth & Girbal 2011</a>, pp. 13–14, 44–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinze2008">Hinze 2008</a>, pp. 16–17; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.historicengland.org.uk/resultsingle_print.aspx?uid=1000291">"List Entry Summary"</a>, Historic England<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+Entry+Summary&rft.pub=Historic+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flist.historicengland.org.uk%2Fresultsingle_print.aspx%3Fuid%3D1000291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinze2008">Hinze 2008</a>, pp. 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historicengland18-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historicengland18_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historicengland18_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historicengland18_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinze2008">Hinze 2008</a>, pp. 18, 22; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.historicengland.org.uk/resultsingle_print.aspx?uid=1000291">"List Entry Summary"</a>, Historic England<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+Entry+Summary&rft.pub=Historic+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flist.historicengland.org.uk%2Fresultsingle_print.aspx%3Fuid%3D1000291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinze2008">Hinze 2008</a>, p. 22; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.historicengland.org.uk/resultsingle_print.aspx?uid=1000291">"List Entry Summary"</a>, Historic England<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+Entry+Summary&rft.pub=Historic+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flist.historicengland.org.uk%2Fresultsingle_print.aspx%3Fuid%3D1000291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinze2008">Hinze 2008</a>, p. 19; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.historicengland.org.uk/resultsingle_print.aspx?uid=1000291">"List Entry Summary"</a>, Historic England<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+Entry+Summary&rft.pub=Historic+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flist.historicengland.org.uk%2Fresultsingle_print.aspx%3Fuid%3D1000291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/walmer-castle-and-gardens/things-to-see-and-do/broadwalk/">"Walmer Castle's Broadwalk"</a>, English Heritage<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walmer+Castle%27s+Broadwalk&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fvisit%2Fplaces%2Fwalmer-castle-and-gardens%2Fthings-to-see-and-do%2Fbroadwalk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinze2008">Hinze 2008</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinze2008">Hinze 2008</a>, p. 20; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.historicengland.org.uk/resultsingle_print.aspx?uid=1000291">"List Entry Summary"</a>, Historic England<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+Entry+Summary&rft.pub=Historic+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flist.historicengland.org.uk%2Fresultsingle_print.aspx%3Fuid%3D1000291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinze2008">Hinze 2008</a>, p. 21</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshton1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ashton_(historian)" title="Robert Ashton (historian)">Ashton, Robert</a> (1994). <i>Counter-revolution: The Second Civil War and Its Origins, 1646–8</i>. Avon, UK: The Bath Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300061147" title="Special:BookSources/9780300061147"><bdi>9780300061147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counter-revolution%3A+The+Second+Civil+War+and+Its+Origins%2C+1646%E2%80%938&rft.place=Avon%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+Bath+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780300061147&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddleHillerScottStreeten2001" class="citation book cs1">Biddle, Martin; Hiller, Jonathon; Scott, Ian; Streeten, Anthony (2001). <i>Henry VIII's Coastal Artillery Fort at Camber Castle, Rye, East Sussex: An Archaeological Structural and Historical Investigation</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0904220230" title="Special:BookSources/0904220230"><bdi>0904220230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII%27s+Coastal+Artillery+Fort+at+Camber+Castle%2C+Rye%2C+East+Sussex%3A+An+Archaeological+Structural+and+Historical+Investigation&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0904220230&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Hiller%2C+Jonathon&rft.au=Scott%2C+Ian&rft.au=Streeten%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockBrock2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brock" title="Michael Brock">Brock, Michael</a>; Brock, Eleanor (2014). <i>Margot Asquith's Great War Diary 1914-1916: The View from Downing Street</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198229773" title="Special:BookSources/9780198229773"><bdi>9780198229773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margot+Asquith%27s+Great+War+Diary+1914-1916%3A+The+View+from+Downing+Street&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780198229773&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Brock%2C+Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2014" class="citation book cs1">Brock, W. R. (2014) [1941]. <i>Lord Liverpool and Liberal Toryism</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107425767" title="Special:BookSources/9781107425767"><bdi>9781107425767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Liverpool+and+Liberal+Toryism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107425767&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=W.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoad2008" class="citation book cs1">Coad, Jonathan (2008). "History of the Castle". In Lawson, Susannah (ed.). <i>Walmer Castle and Gardens</i>. London, UK: English Heritage. pp. 24–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85074-726-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85074-726-0"><bdi>978-1-85074-726-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Castle&rft.btitle=Walmer+Castle+and+Gardens&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=24-36&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85074-726-0&rft.aulast=Coad&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1948" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Winston S. (1948). <i>The Second World War: Volume 3, The Grand Alliance</i>. London, UK: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/223119295">223119295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%3A+Volume+3%2C+The+Grand+Alliance&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F223119295&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDungworthGirbal2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dungworth, David; Girbal, Bruce (2011). "Walmer Castle, Deal, Kent: Analysis of the Glass, Technical Report". <i>Research Department Report Series</i>. London, UK: English Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1749-8775">1749-8775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Department+Report+Series&rft.atitle=Walmer+Castle%2C+Deal%2C+Kent%3A+Analysis+of+the+Glass%2C+Technical+Report&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1749-8775&rft.aulast=Dungworth&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Girbal%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElvin1890" class="citation book cs1">Elvin, Charles R. S. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recordsofwalmert00elvi"><i>Records of Walmer, Together with "The Three Castles that Keep the Downs"</i></a>. London, UK: Henry Gray. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4866519">4866519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+Walmer%2C+Together+with+%22The+Three+Castles+that+Keep+the+Downs%22&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Henry+Gray&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4866519&rft.aulast=Elvin&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecordsofwalmert00elvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzmaurice1905a" class="citation book cs1">Fitzmaurice, Edmond (1905a). <i>The Life of Granville George Leveson Gower, Volume 1</i> (2nd ed.). London, UK: Longman, Greens and Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1494923">1494923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Granville+George+Leveson+Gower%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Greens+and+Co&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1494923&rft.aulast=Fitzmaurice&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzmaurice1905b" class="citation book cs1">Fitzmaurice, Edmond (1905b). <i>The Life of Granville George Leveson Gower, Volume 2</i> (2nd ed.). London, UK: Longman, Greens and Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1494923">1494923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Granville+George+Leveson+Gower%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Greens+and+Co&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1494923&rft.aulast=Fitzmaurice&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFry2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fry, Sebastian (2014). "A History of the National Heritage Collection: Volume Two: 1900-1913". <i>Research Report Series</i>. London, UK: English Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2046-9799">2046-9799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Report+Series&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+National+Heritage+Collection%3A+Volume+Two%3A+1900-1913&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=2046-9799&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2007" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Peter (2007). <i>The Castles of Henry VIII</i>. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472803801" title="Special:BookSources/9781472803801"><bdi>9781472803801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Castles+of+Henry+VIII&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781472803801&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1983" class="citation book cs1">Hale, John R. (1983). <i>Renaissance War Studies</i>. London, UK: Hambledon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0907628176" title="Special:BookSources/0907628176"><bdi>0907628176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+War+Studies&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0907628176&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinze2008" class="citation book cs1">Hinze, Virginia (2008). "Tour of the Gardens and Gardens". In Lawson, Susannah (ed.). <i>Walmer Castle and Gardens</i>. London, UK: English Heritage. pp. 16–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85074-726-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85074-726-0"><bdi>978-1-85074-726-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tour+of+the+Gardens+and+Gardens&rft.btitle=Walmer+Castle+and+Gardens&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=16-24&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85074-726-0&rft.aulast=Hinze&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins, Roy</a> (2002). <i>Churchill</i>. London, UK: Pan Book. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780330488051" title="Special:BookSources/9780330488051"><bdi>9780330488051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Pan+Book&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780330488051&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1962" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, D. E. (1962). "The English Naval Revolt of 1648". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>77</b> (303): 247–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Flxxvii.ccciii.247">10.1093/ehr/lxxvii.ccciii.247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+English+Naval+Revolt+of+1648&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=303&rft.pages=247-256&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Flxxvii.ccciii.247&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=D.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1991" class="citation book cs1">King, D. J. Cathcart (1991). <i>The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History</i>. London, UK: Routledge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415003506" title="Special:BookSources/9780415003506"><bdi>9780415003506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Castle+in+England+and+Wales%3A+An+Interpretative+History&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Routledge+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780415003506&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=D.+J.+Cathcart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell1893" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell, Herbert (1893). <i>Life and Times of the Right Honourable William Henry Smith, M.P., Volume 2</i>. Edinburgh, UK and London, UK: William Blackwood and Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2488581">2488581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Times+of+the+Right+Honourable+William+Henry+Smith%2C+M.P.%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+UK+and+London%2C+UK&rft.pub=William+Blackwood+and+Sons&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2488581&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley1976" class="citation book cs1">Morley, B. M. (1976). <i>Henry VIII and the Development of Coastal Defence</i>. London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0116707771" title="Special:BookSources/0116707771"><bdi>0116707771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII+and+the+Development+of+Coastal+Defence&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0116707771&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=B.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir2015" class="citation book cs1">Muir, Rory (2015). <i>Wellington: Waterloo and the Fortunes of Peace 1814–1852</i>. New Haven, US: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300214048" title="Special:BookSources/9780300214048"><bdi>9780300214048</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%3A+Waterloo+and+the+Fortunes+of+Peace+1814%E2%80%931852&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+US&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780300214048&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Rory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulvagh2008" class="citation book cs1">Mulvagh, Jane (2008). <i>Madresfield: The Real Brideshead</i>. London, UK: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385607728" title="Special:BookSources/9780385607728"><bdi>9780385607728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madresfield%3A+The+Real+Brideshead&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780385607728&rft.aulast=Mulvagh&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutton1898" class="citation journal cs1">Rutton, W. L. (1898). "Henry VIII's Castles at Sandown, Deal, Walmer, Sandgate, and Camber". <i>Archaeologia Cantiana</i>. <b>23</b>: 24–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeologia+Cantiana&rft.atitle=Henry+VIII%27s+Castles+at+Sandown%2C+Deal%2C+Walmer%2C+Sandgate%2C+and+Camber&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=24-30&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Rutton&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1963" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, A. D. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deal-and-walmer-castles/mode/2up"><i>Deal & Walmer Castles Guidebook</i></a>. Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1008177948">1008177948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deal+%26+Walmer+Castles+Guidebook&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office+%28HMSO%29&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1008177948&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=A.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeal-and-walmer-castles%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1989" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Andrew (1989). <i>Fortress Britain: Artillery Fortifications in the British Isles and Ireland</i>. Liphook, UK: Beaufort. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1855120003" title="Special:BookSources/1855120003"><bdi>1855120003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortress+Britain%3A+Artillery+Fortifications+in+the+British+Isles+and+Ireland&rft.place=Liphook%2C+UK&rft.pub=Beaufort&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=1855120003&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2008" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, Rowena (2008). "Tour of the Castle". In Lawson, Susannah (ed.). <i>Walmer Castle and Gardens</i>. London, UK: English Heritage. pp. 16–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85074-726-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85074-726-0"><bdi>978-1-85074-726-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tour+of+the+Castle&rft.btitle=Walmer+Castle+and+Gardens&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=16-24&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85074-726-0&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Rowena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1987" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, M. W. (1987). <i>The Decline of the Castle</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1854226088" title="Special:BookSources/1854226088"><bdi>1854226088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+the+Castle&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=1854226088&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2006" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Hugo (2006). <i>Elizabeth, the Queen Mother</i>. London, UK: Arrow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099476627" title="Special:BookSources/9780099476627"><bdi>9780099476627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%2C+the+Queen+Mother&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Arrow+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780099476627&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton2010" class="citation journal cs1">Walton, Steven A. (2010). "State Building Through Building for the State: Foreign and Domestic Expertise in Tudor Fortification". <i>Osiris</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 66–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F657263">10.1086/657263</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144384757">144384757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osiris&rft.atitle=State+Building+Through+Building+for+the+State%3A+Foreign+and+Domestic+Expertise+in+Tudor+Fortification&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-84&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F657263&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144384757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalmer+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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<li><a href="/wiki/Walmer_Bulwark" class="mw-redirect" title="Walmer Bulwark">Walmer Bulwark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walmer Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandgate_Castle" title="Sandgate Castle">Sandgate Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandown_Castle,_Kent" title="Sandown Castle, Kent">Sandown Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_and_West_Blockhouses" title="East and West Blockhouses">East and West Blockhouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">The Thames</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Tilbury_Blockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="East Tilbury Blockhouse">East Tilbury Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravesend_Blockhouse" title="Gravesend Blockhouse">Gravesend Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higham_Blockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Higham Blockhouse">Higham Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Blockhouse" title="Milton Blockhouse">Milton Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Tilbury_Blockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="West Tilbury Blockhouse">West Tilbury Blockhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Solent" title="The Solent">Solent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calshot_Castle" title="Calshot Castle">Calshot Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cowes_Castle_(16th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cowes Castle (16th century)">East Cowes Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurst_Castle" title="Hurst Castle">Hurst Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netley_Castle" title="Netley Castle">Netley Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandown_Castle,_Isle_of_Wight" title="Sandown Castle, Isle of Wight">Sandown Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpenrode_Bulwark" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharpenrode Bulwark">Sharpenrode Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Castle,_Hamble" title="St Andrew's Castle, Hamble">St Andrew's Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helens_Bulwark" class="mw-redirect" title="St Helens Bulwark">St Helens Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southsea_Castle" title="Southsea Castle">Southsea Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Cowes_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="West Cowes Castle">West Cowes Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouth_Castle" title="Yarmouth Castle">Yarmouth Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brownsea_Castle" title="Brownsea Castle">Brownsea Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Point_Artillery_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil's Point Artillery Tower">Devil's Point Artillery Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Dennis_Blockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Dennis Blockhouse">Little Dennis Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendennis_Castle" title="Pendennis Castle">Pendennis Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Castle" title="Portland Castle">Portland Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandsfoot_Castle" title="Sandsfoot Castle">Sandsfoot Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Catherine%27s_Castle" title="St Catherine's Castle">St Catherine's Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mawes_Castle" title="St Mawes Castle">St Mawes Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hull_Castle" title="Hull Castle">Hull Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_royal_residences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EEF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_palaces_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Royal palaces in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_palaces_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Royal palaces in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_palaces_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal palaces in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_royal_residences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_residences" title="List of British royal residences">British royal residences</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EEF;;width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Castle" title="Hillsborough Castle">Hillsborough Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EEF;;width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birkhall" title="Birkhall">Birkhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craigowan_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Craigowan Lodge">Craigowan Lodge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatcombe_Park" title="Gatcombe Park">Gatcombe Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highgrove_House" title="Highgrove House">Highgrove House</a></li> <li>Kensington Palace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Cottage" title="Ivy Cottage">Ivy Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Cottage" title="Nottingham Cottage">Nottingham Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_House" title="Wren House">Wren House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llwynywermod" title="Llwynywermod">Llwynywermod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandringham_House" title="Sandringham House">Sandringham House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anmer_Hall" title="Anmer Hall">Anmer Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Farm" title="Wood Farm">Wood Farm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarisk,_Isles_of_Scilly" title="Tamarisk, Isles of Scilly">Tamarisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatched_House_Lodge" title="Thatched House Lodge">Thatched House Lodge</a></li> <li>Windsor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Cottage" title="Adelaide Cottage">Adelaide Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagshot_Park" title="Bagshot Park">Bagshot Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogmore_Cottage" title="Frogmore Cottage">Frogmore Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Lodge" title="Royal Lodge">Royal Lodge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EEF;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_residences#Former_royal_residences" title="List of British royal residences">Former royal residences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&oldid=1250559976">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walmer_Castle&oldid=1250559976</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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