CINXE.COM

Cloud SQL FAQ  |  Cloud SQL Documentation  |  Google Cloud

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta name="google-signin-client-id" content="721724668570-nbkv1cfusk7kk4eni4pjvepaus73b13t.apps.googleusercontent.com"> <meta name="google-signin-scope" content="profile email https://www.googleapis.com/auth/developerprofiles https://www.googleapis.com/auth/developerprofiles.award https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform https://www.googleapis.com/auth/webhistory"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Google Cloud"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="theme-color" content="#039be5"><meta charset="utf-8"> <meta content="IE=Edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="manifest" href="/_pwa/cloud/manifest.json" crossorigin="use-credentials"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//www.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//fonts.googleapis.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//apis.google.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//www.google-analytics.com" crossorigin><link rel="stylesheet" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Google+Sans:400,500,700|Google+Sans+Text:400,400italic,500,500italic,700,700italic|Roboto:400,400italic,500,500italic,700,700italic|Roboto+Mono:400,500,700&display=swap"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Icons&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined&display=block"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/vc61f3a0387a95203927a8030a57938b9d8c2246db3c9ed3d338920451fb459e6/cloud/css/app.css"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/vc61f3a0387a95203927a8030a57938b9d8c2246db3c9ed3d338920451fb459e6/cloud/images/favicons/onecloud/favicon.ico"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/vc61f3a0387a95203927a8030a57938b9d8c2246db3c9ed3d338920451fb459e6/cloud/images/favicons/onecloud/super_cloud.png"><link rel="canonical" href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/faq"><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Google Cloud" href="https://cloud.google.com/s/opensearch.xml"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/faq" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/faq" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/faq?hl=zh-cn" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/faq?hl=fr" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/faq?hl=de" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="id" href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/faq?hl=id" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="it" href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/faq?hl=it" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="ja" href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/faq?hl=ja" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="ko" href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/faq?hl=ko" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt-BR" href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/faq?hl=pt-br" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="es-419" href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/faq?hl=es-419" /><title>Cloud SQL FAQ &nbsp;|&nbsp; Cloud SQL Documentation &nbsp;|&nbsp; Google Cloud</title> <meta property="og:title" content="Cloud SQL FAQ &nbsp;|&nbsp; Cloud SQL Documentation &nbsp;|&nbsp; Google Cloud"><meta property="og:url" content="https://cloud.google.com/sql/faq"><meta property="og:image" content="https://cloud.google.com/_static/cloud/images/social-icon-google-cloud-1200-630.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630"><meta property="og:locale" content="en"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "headline": "Cloud SQL FAQ" } </script><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Cloud SQL", "item": "https://cloud.google.com/sql" },{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Documentation", "item": "https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs" },{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "name": "Cloud SQL FAQ", "item": "https://cloud.google.com/sql/faq" }] } </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/extras.css"></head> <body class="" template="page" theme="cloud-theme" type="article" layout="docs" free-trial display-toc pending> <devsite-progress type="indeterminate" id="app-progress"></devsite-progress> <a href="#main-content" class="skip-link button"> Skip to main content </a> <section class="devsite-wrapper"> <devsite-cookie-notification-bar></devsite-cookie-notification-bar><cloudx-track userCountry="SG"></cloudx-track> <cloudx-utils-init></cloudx-utils-init> <devsite-header keep-tabs-visible> <div class="devsite-header--inner" data-nosnippet> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row-wrapper-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row"> <button type="button" id="devsite-hamburger-menu" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Navigation menu button" visually-hidden aria-label="Open menu"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <a href="/" class="devsite-site-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site logo" track-type="globalNav" track-name="googleCloud" track-metadata-position="nav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav"> <picture> <img src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/vc61f3a0387a95203927a8030a57938b9d8c2246db3c9ed3d338920451fb459e6/cloud/images/cloud-logo.svg" class="devsite-site-logo" alt="Google Cloud"> </picture> </a> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item devsite-has-google-wordmark"> </li> </ul> </span> </div> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row-middle"> <div class="devsite-header-upper-tabs"> <cloudx-tabs-nav class="upper-tabs"> <nav class="devsite-tabs-wrapper" aria-label="Upper tabs"> <tab class="devsite-active"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - docs-home" track-metadata-module="primary nav" aria-label="Documentation, selected" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Documentation" track-name="docs-home" track-link-column-type="single-column" > Documentation </a> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-clickable "> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/tech-area-overviews" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/tech-area-overviews" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Technology areas" track-name="technology-areas" track-link-column-type="single-column" > Technology areas </a> <button aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Technology areas" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/tech-area-overviews" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Technology areas" track-name="technology-areas" track-link-column-type="single-column" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></button> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" role="menu" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <button class="devsite-tabs-close-button material-icons button-flat gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close dropdown menu" aria-label="Close dropdown menu" track-type="nav" track-name="close" track-metadata-eventdetail="#" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav">close</button> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column "> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/ai-ml" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/ai-ml" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> AI and ML </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/application-development" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/application-development" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Application development </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/application-hosting" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/application-hosting" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Application hosting </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/compute-area" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/compute-area" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Compute </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/data" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/data" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Data analytics and pipelines </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/databases" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/databases" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Databases </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/dhm-cloud" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/dhm-cloud" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Distributed, hybrid, and multicloud </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/generative-ai" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/generative-ai" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Generative AI </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/industry" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/industry" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Industry solutions </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/networking" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/networking" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Networking </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/observability" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/observability" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Observability and monitoring </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/security" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/security" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Security </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/storage" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/storage" track-metadata-position="nav - technology-areas" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Storage </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-clickable "> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/cross-product-overviews" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/cross-product-overviews" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - crossproduct" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Cross-product tools" track-name="crossproduct" track-link-column-type="single-column" > Cross-product tools </a> <button aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Cross-product tools" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/cross-product-overviews" track-metadata-position="nav - crossproduct" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Cross-product tools" track-name="crossproduct" track-link-column-type="single-column" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></button> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" role="menu" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <button class="devsite-tabs-close-button material-icons button-flat gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close dropdown menu" aria-label="Close dropdown menu" track-type="nav" track-name="close" track-metadata-eventdetail="#" track-metadata-position="nav - crossproduct" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav">close</button> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column "> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/access-resources" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/access-resources" track-metadata-position="nav - crossproduct" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Access and resources management </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/costs-usage" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/costs-usage" track-metadata-position="nav - crossproduct" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Costs and usage management </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/devtools" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/devtools" track-metadata-position="nav - crossproduct" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud SDK, languages, frameworks, and tools </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/iac" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/iac" track-metadata-position="nav - crossproduct" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Infrastructure as code </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/docs/migration" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/docs/migration" track-metadata-position="nav - crossproduct" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Migration </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-clickable "> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Related sites" track-name="related-sites" track-link-column-type="single-column" > Related sites </a> <button aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Related sites" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Related sites" track-name="related-sites" track-link-column-type="single-column" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></button> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" role="menu" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <button class="devsite-tabs-close-button material-icons button-flat gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close dropdown menu" aria-label="Close dropdown menu" track-type="nav" track-name="close" track-metadata-eventdetail="#" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav">close</button> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column "> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud Home </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/free" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/free" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Free Trial and Free Tier </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/architecture" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/architecture" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Architecture Center </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/blog" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Blog </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/contact" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/contact" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Contact Sales </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/developers" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/developers" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud Developer Center </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Developer Center </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/marketplace" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://console.cloud.google.com/marketplace" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud Marketplace </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/marketplace/docs" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/marketplace/docs" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud Marketplace Documentation </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://www.cloudskillsboost.google/paths" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://www.cloudskillsboost.google/paths" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud Skills Boost </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/solutions" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/solutions" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud Solution Center </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/support-hub" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/support-hub" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud Support </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@googlecloudtech" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://www.youtube.com/@googlecloudtech" track-metadata-position="nav - related-sites" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Cloud Tech Youtube Channel </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> </nav> </cloudx-tabs-nav> </div> <devsite-search enable-signin enable-search enable-suggestions project-name="Cloud SQL Documentation" tenant-name="Google Cloud" project-scope="/sql/docs" url-scoped="https://cloud.google.com/s/results/sql/docs" > <form class="devsite-search-form" action="https://cloud.google.com/s/results" method="GET"> <div class="devsite-search-container"> <button type="button" search-open class="devsite-search-button devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons" aria-label="Open search"></button> <div class="devsite-searchbox"> <input aria-activedescendant="" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-label="Search" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="listbox" autocomplete="off" class="devsite-search-field devsite-search-query" name="q" placeholder="Search" role="combobox" type="text" value="" > <div class="devsite-search-image material-icons" aria-hidden="true"> </div> <div class="devsite-search-shortcut-icon-container" aria-hidden="true"> <kbd class="devsite-search-shortcut-icon">/</kbd> </div> </div> </div> </form> <button type="button" search-close class="devsite-search-button devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons" aria-label="Close search"></button> </devsite-search> </div> <devsite-language-selector> <ul role="presentation"> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="en" >English</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="de" >Deutsch</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="es_419" >Español – América Latina</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fr" >Français</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="id" >Indonesia</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="it" >Italiano</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pt_br" >Português – Brasil</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_cn" >中文 – 简体</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ja" >日本語</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ko" >한국어</a> </li> </ul> </devsite-language-selector> <a class="devsite-header-link devsite-top-button button gc-analytics-event " href="//console.cloud.google.com/" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site header link: Console" track-metadata-position="nav" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav" track-name="console" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade" > Console </a> <devsite-user enable-profiles fp-auth id="devsite-user"> <span class="button devsite-top-button" aria-hidden="true" visually-hidden>Sign in</span> </devsite-user> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-collapsible-section "> <div class="devsite-header-background"> <div class="devsite-product-id-row" hidden> <div class="devsite-product-description-row"> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-doc-set-nav-row"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/sql" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Lower Header" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="Cloud SQL: Relational Database Service" > Cloud SQL </a> </li> </ul> <cloudx-tabs-nav class="lower-tabs"> <nav class="devsite-tabs-wrapper" aria-label="Lower tabs"> <tab > <a href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/introduction" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/introduction" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - guides" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Guides" track-name="guides" > Guides </a> </tab> <tab class="devsite-active"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/resources" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-eventdetail="https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/resources" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - resources" track-metadata-module="primary nav" aria-label="Resources, selected" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Resources" track-name="resources" > Resources </a> </tab> </nav> </cloudx-tabs-nav> <div class="devsite-product-button-row"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/contact" class="cta-button-secondary button " track-name="sales" track-metadata-position="nav" data-overflow="devsite-tabs-wrapper" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav" data-overflow-wrapper="tab" track-type="contact" data-overflow-container="left" >Contact Us</a> <a href="//console.cloud.google.com/freetrial" class="cloud-free-trial-button cta-button-primary button-primary button cloud-button cloud-button--primary " track-type="freeTrial" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav" track-name="gcpCta" data-overflow-class="devsite-header-link devsite-top-button button cloud-free-trial-button cloud-free-trial-enabled cloud-button cloud-button--primary" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade" track-metadata-position="nav" data-overflow="devsite-top-logo-row" data-overflow-container="right" >Start free</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </devsite-header> <devsite-book-nav scrollbars > <div class="devsite-book-nav-filter" > <span class="filter-list-icon material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></span> <input type="text" placeholder="Filter" aria-label="Type to filter" role="searchbox"> <span class="filter-clear-button hidden" data-title="Clear filter" aria-label="Clear filter" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <nav class="devsite-book-nav devsite-nav nocontent" aria-label="Side menu"> <div class="devsite-mobile-header"> <button type="button" id="devsite-close-nav" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close navigation" aria-label="Close navigation"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <a href="/" class="devsite-site-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site logo" track-type="globalNav" track-name="googleCloud" track-metadata-position="nav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav"> <picture> <img src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/vc61f3a0387a95203927a8030a57938b9d8c2246db3c9ed3d338920451fb459e6/cloud/images/cloud-logo.svg" class="devsite-site-logo" alt="Google Cloud"> </picture> </a> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item devsite-has-google-wordmark"> </li> </ul> </span> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-book-nav-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-top"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Documentation" track-name="docs-home" track-link-column-type="single-column" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Documentation" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Documentation </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/sql/docs/introduction" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Guides" track-name="guides" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Guides" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Guides </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/sql/docs/resources" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Resources" track-name="resources" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Resources" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="_book"> Resources </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="_book"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/tech-area-overviews" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Technology areas" track-name="technology-areas" track-link-column-type="single-column" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Technology areas" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Technology areas </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Technology areas" track-name="technology-areas" track-link-column-type="single-column" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Technology areas"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Technology areas"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/cross-product-overviews" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Cross-product tools" track-name="crossproduct" track-link-column-type="single-column" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Cross-product tools" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Cross-product tools </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Cross-product tools" track-name="crossproduct" track-link-column-type="single-column" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Cross-product tools"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Cross-product tools"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Related sites" track-name="related-sites" track-link-column-type="single-column" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Related sites" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Related sites </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Related sites" track-name="related-sites" track-link-column-type="single-column" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Related sites"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Related sites"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="//console.cloud.google.com/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " track-metadata-position="nav" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav" track-name="console" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Console" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Console </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/contact" class="cta-button-secondary button" track-name="sales" track-metadata-position="nav" data-overflow="devsite-tabs-wrapper" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav" data-overflow-wrapper="tab" track-type="contact" data-overflow-container="left" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Contact Us" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Contact Us </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="//console.cloud.google.com/freetrial" class="cloud-free-trial-button cta-button-primary button-primary button cloud-button cloud-button--primary" track-type="freeTrial" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav" track-name="gcpCta" data-overflow-class="devsite-header-link devsite-top-button button cloud-free-trial-button cloud-free-trial-enabled cloud-button cloud-button--primary" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade" track-metadata-position="nav" data-overflow="devsite-top-logo-row" data-overflow-container="right" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Start free" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Start free </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-bottom"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="_book"> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud SQL</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/docs/resources" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/docs/resources" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/docs/resources" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>All resources</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Pricing</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/pricing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/pricing" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/pricing" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Pricing</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/cud" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/cud" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/cud" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Committed use discounts</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/docs/pricing-examples" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/docs/pricing-examples" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/docs/pricing-examples" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Pricing examples</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/docs/quotas" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/docs/quotas" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/docs/quotas" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Quotas and limits</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cloud Ready</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/docs/cloud-ready/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/docs/cloud-ready/overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/docs/cloud-ready/overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/docs/cloud-ready/partners" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/docs/cloud-ready/partners" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/docs/cloud-ready/partners" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Validated partner solutions</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/docs/release-notes" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/docs/release-notes" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/docs/release-notes" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Release notes</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/maintenance-changelog" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/maintenance-changelog" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/maintenance-changelog" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Maintenance changelogs</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/docs/media" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/docs/media" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/docs/media" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Media: articles, videos, and podcasts</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/faq" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/faq" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/faq" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>FAQ</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Database versions and version policies</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/docs/db-versions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/docs/db-versions" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/docs/db-versions" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/docs/extended-support" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/docs/extended-support" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/docs/extended-support" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Extended support</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/docs/operational-guidelines" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/docs/operational-guidelines" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/docs/operational-guidelines" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Operational guidelines</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/sla" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/sla" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/sla" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Service Level Agreement</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/docs/best-practices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/docs/best-practices" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/docs/best-practices" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Best Practices</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/docs/shared-responsibility" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/docs/shared-responsibility" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/docs/shared-responsibility" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Shared Responsibility</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/docs/getting-support" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/docs/getting-support" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/docs/getting-support" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Getting support</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/docs/billing-questions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/docs/billing-questions" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/docs/billing-questions" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Billing questions</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/sql/docs/security-bulletins" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /sql/docs/security-bulletins" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/sql/docs/security-bulletins" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Security bulletins</span></a></li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Technology areas" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/ai-ml" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: AI and ML" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > AI and ML </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/application-development" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Application development" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Application development </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/application-hosting" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Application hosting" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Application hosting </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/compute-area" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Compute" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Compute </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Data analytics and pipelines" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Data analytics and pipelines </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/databases" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Databases" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Databases </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/dhm-cloud" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Distributed, hybrid, and multicloud" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Distributed, hybrid, and multicloud </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/generative-ai" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Generative AI" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Generative AI </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/industry" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Industry solutions" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Industry solutions </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/networking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Networking" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Networking </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/observability" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Observability and monitoring" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Observability and monitoring </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Security" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Security </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/storage" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Storage" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Storage </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Cross-product tools" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/access-resources" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Access and resources management" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Access and resources management </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/costs-usage" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Costs and usage management" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Costs and usage management </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/devtools" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud SDK, languages, frameworks, and tools" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud SDK, languages, frameworks, and tools </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/iac" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Infrastructure as code" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Infrastructure as code </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/migration" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Migration" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Migration </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Related sites" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud Home" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud Home </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/free" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Free Trial and Free Tier" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Free Trial and Free Tier </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/architecture" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Architecture Center" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Architecture Center </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Blog" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Blog </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/contact" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Contact Sales" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Contact Sales </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/developers" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud Developer Center" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud Developer Center </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Developer Center" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Developer Center </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/marketplace" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud Marketplace" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud Marketplace </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/marketplace/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud Marketplace Documentation" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud Marketplace Documentation </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://www.cloudskillsboost.google/paths" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud Skills Boost" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud Skills Boost </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/solutions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud Solution Center" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud Solution Center </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/support-hub" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud Support" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud Support </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@googlecloudtech" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Cloud Tech Youtube Channel" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Cloud Tech Youtube Channel </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </devsite-book-nav> <section id="gc-wrapper"> <main role="main" id="main-content" class="devsite-main-content" has-book-nav has-sidebar > <div class="devsite-sidebar"> <div class="devsite-sidebar-content"> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" role="navigation" aria-label="On this page" depth="2" scrollbars ></devsite-toc> <devsite-recommendations-sidebar class="nocontent devsite-nav"> </devsite-recommendations-sidebar> </div> </div> <devsite-content> <article class="devsite-article"> <div class="devsite-article-meta nocontent" role="navigation"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="Google Cloud" > Home </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/sql" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="2" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="2" track-metadata-eventdetail="Cloud SQL: Relational Database Service" > Cloud SQL </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="3" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="3" track-metadata-eventdetail="Cloud SQL Documentation" > Documentation </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/resources" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="4" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="4" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > Resources </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-thumb-rating position="header"> </devsite-thumb-rating> </div> <devsite-feedback position="header" project-name="Cloud SQL Documentation" product-id="82040" bucket="documentation" context="Cloud SQL docs feedback link" version="t-devsite-webserver-20250325-r00-rc02.468097317163234188" data-label="Send Feedback Button" track-type="feedback" track-name="sendFeedbackLink" track-metadata-position="header" class="nocontent" project-feedback-url="https://issuetracker.google.com/issues/new?component=378788" project-icon="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/vc61f3a0387a95203927a8030a57938b9d8c2246db3c9ed3d338920451fb459e6/cloud/images/favicons/onecloud/super_cloud.png" project-support-url="https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/getting-support" > <button> Send feedback </button> </devsite-feedback> <h1 class="devsite-page-title" tabindex="-1"> Cloud SQL FAQ <div class="devsite-actions" data-nosnippet><devsite-feature-tooltip ack-key="AckCollectionsBookmarkTooltipDismiss" analytics-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" analytics-action-show="Callout Profile displayed" analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> <span slot="popout-heading"> Stay organized with collections </span> <span slot="popout-contents"> Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </span> </devsite-feature-tooltip></div> </h1> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <div style="font-size:medium; margin-bottom:40px; border-top:1px solid black;" class="nocontent"> <div style="float:right"> </div> </div> <ul> <li id="top">About <ul> <li><a href="#whatissql">What is Cloud SQL?</a></li> <li><a href="#benefits">What are the benefits of using Cloud SQL?</a></li> <li><a href="#version">Which database versions are available with Cloud SQL? How are updates managed?</a></li> <li><a href="#supportmysqlfeatures">Does Cloud SQL support all database features?</a></li> <li><a href="#sizeqps">Are there any size or QPS limits?</a></li> <li><a href="#notifiedofchanges">How can I be notified when there are any changes to Cloud SQL?</a></li> <li><a href="#requestfeature">How do I report a bug, request a feature, or ask a question?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>Getting Started <ul> <li><a href="#tools">What is the best MySQL tool to use for managing my instance?</a></li> <li><a href="#innodb">What storage engine do I use?</a></li> <li><a href="#empty">Why does my new instance with no data show disk space used?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>Data Storage, Replication, and Authentication <ul> <li><a href="#data_location">Where is my data stored?</a></li> <li><a href="/sql/docs/mysql/choosing-ssd-hdd">Should I use solid-state drives (SSD) or hard disk drives (HDD) for storage?</a></li> <li><a href="#what_is_a_zone">What is a zone?</a></li> <li><a href="#storage_limits">What are the limits on storage?</a></li> <li><a href="#replication">How is my data replicated?</a></li> <li><a href="#failover">How does Cloud SQL failover work?</a></li> <li><a href="#encryption">Is my data encrypted?</a></li> <li><a href="#encryption-manage-rest">How is encryption managed for data at rest?</a></li> <li><a href="#encryption-manage-transit">How is encryption managed for data in transit?</a></li> <li><a href="#rr_kinds">What kind of read replicas can I create?</a></li> <li><a href="#rr_listing">How can I tell if an instance is a read replica?</a></li> <li><a href="#rr_lb">Does Cloud SQL provide load balancing for requests to read replicas?</a></li> <li><a href="#ad">Does Cloud SQL for SQL Server integrate with Managed Service for Microsoft Active Directory?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>Backup and Recovery <ul> <li><a href="#backups_how">How do I recover an instance?</a></li> <li><a href="#backups_cost">How much do backups cost?</a></li> <li><a href="#backups_access">Can I access automated backups older than seven days?</a></li> <li><a href="#crr-dr">When do I use external versus cross-region replication for regional failure protection?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>Managing Your Instances <ul> <li><a href="#restart">Which actions cause Cloud SQL instances to restart?</a></li> <li><a href="#shutdown">How long are instances shut down during restart?</a></li> <li><a href="#changetiers">Can I make my database larger or smaller?</a></li> <li><a href="#vcpus">Can I upgrade and downgrade vCPUs?</a></li> <li><a href="#apisconsole">Do I need to use the Google Cloud console to manage Cloud SQL?</a></li> <li><a href="#reclaimingspace">How can I reclaim the space from a dropped table?</a></li> <li><a href="#reclaimingspacetemp">How can I reclaim the space used by temporary files?</a></li> <li><a href="#importexportdatabases">Can I import or export a specific database?</a></li> <li><a href="#importexportcsvfile">Can I import or export a CSV file?</a></li> <li><a href="#googlestorage">Do I need a Cloud Storage account to import or export data from an instance?</a></li> <li><a href="#importerrorrdbms">What does <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ERROR_RDBMS</code> mean on an import operation?</a></li> <li><a href="#reuse">If I delete my instance, can I reuse the instance name?</a></li> <li><a href="#adminuser">What is the cloudsqladmin database user?</a></li> <li><a href="#grantall">How can I use <code translate="no" dir="ltr">GRANT ALL</code>?</a></li> <li><a href="#transactionlogs">How can I access transaction logs for my instances?</a></li> <li><a href="#transaction-isolation">What level of transaction isolation does Cloud SQL provide?</a></li> <li><a href="#instance-protection">How can I protect my instance from accidental deletion?</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li>Insights <ul> <li><a href="#insights-query-plan">Why can't I find the sample query plan in Insights?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>Pricing and Billing <ul> <li><a href="#can_I_try">How can I try out Cloud SQL?</a></li> <li><a href="#number_instances">How many instances can I create in a project?</a></li> <li><a href="#what_size_database">What size database instance do I need? How much RAM?</a></li> <li><a href="#how_usage_calculated">How is use of my instance calculated?</a></li> <li><a href="#how_storage_calculated">How is storage calculated?</a></li> <li><a href="#how_much">How can I see how much I will be charged?</a></li> <li><a href="#reaches_max_size">What happens when my instance reaches the allowed size?</a></li> <li><a href="#why_suspended">Why is my instance suspended?</a></li> <li><a href="#why_deleted">Why was my instance deleted?</a></li> <li><a href="#cancelsqlaccount">How can I cancel my Cloud SQL account?</a></li> <li><a href="#disable_billing">How do I disable billing?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>Using Cloud SQL with App Engine <ul> <li><a href="#gaeconnect">Can I connect from App Engine to a MySQL instance?</a></li> <li><a href="#gaeconnect-pg">Can I connect from App Engine to a PostgreSQL instance?</a></li> <li><a href="#gaeconnect-sqlserver">Can I connect from App Engine to a SQL Server instance?</a></li> <li><a href="#location">Can my App Engine application in the US access my Cloud SQL instance in the EU (and the other way around)?</a></li> <li><a href="#choice">Which Google Cloud database service is right for me?</a></li> <li><a href="#installmysql">Do I need to install a local database server to use the App Engine Development Server?</a> </li> <li><a href="#languages">What languages can I use to access my instance?</a></li> <li><a href="#django">Can I use Django with Cloud SQL?</a></li> <li><a href="#formatcode">Which placeholders can I use in my Python query string?</a></li> <li><a href="#connections">How do I manage connections?</a></li> <li><a href="#invalidconnectioniderror"> What does a SQLException with message of "Invalid connection ID" mean?</a></li> <li><a href="#externaldev">Can I access my Cloud SQL instance programmatically outside of App Engine?</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <h2 id="about" data-text="About" tabindex="-1">About</h2> <dl> <dt id="whatissql">What is Cloud SQL?</dt> <dd>Cloud SQL is a service that delivers fully managed SQL databases in the cloud. Cloud SQL provides PostgreSQL, SQL Server, and MySQL databases.</dd> <dt id="benefits">What are the benefits of using Cloud SQL?</dt> <dd>Cloud SQL lets you hand off to Google the mundane, but necessary and often time consuming tasks — like applying patches and updates, managing backups and configuring replications — so you can put your focus on building great applications. And because we use standard wire protocols, you can connect from just about any application, anywhere.</dd> <dt id="version">Which database versions are available with Cloud SQL? How are updates managed?</dt> <dd> <dd> <p>Cloud SQL for MySQL supports MySQL 8.4, 8.0 (default), 5.7, and 5.6.</p> <p>Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL supports PostgreSQL 9.6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 (default), and 17.</p> <p>Cloud SQL for SQL Server supports these editions of SQL Server: SQL Server 2017 Standard, SQL Server 2017 Enterprise, SQL Server 2017 Express, SQL Server 2017 Web, SQL Server 2019 Standard, SQL Server 2019 Enterprise, SQL Server 2019 Express, SQL Server 2019 Web, SQL Server 2022 Standard (default), SQL Server 2022 Enterprise, SQL Server 2022 Express, and SQL Server 2022 Web.</p> <p>Minor version updates are deployed as part of scheduled maintenance, with no further action required on your part. For more information about updates, see <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/maintenance">Overview of maintenance on Cloud SQL instances</a>. </p> <p>To see the current version of your instance, go to the <a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/">Google Cloud console</a>, click the instance name to open the <b>Instance details</b> page. Or, you can use the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">gcloud sql instances describe</code> command.</p> </dd> <dt id="supportmysqlfeatures">Does Cloud SQL support all database features?</dt> <dd> Cloud SQL supports most common features of MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server. For a list of the differences between standard database functionality and what Cloud SQL provides, see, for example, <a href="/sql/docs/features#differences">Differences between Cloud SQL and standard MySQL functionality</a>. Also see <a href="/sql/docs/postgres/features#differences-pg">Differences between Cloud SQL and standard PostgreSQL functionality</a>. Additionally, see <a href="/sql/docs/sqlserver/features#sqlserver-unavailable"> SQL Server features unavailable for Cloud SQL</a>. </dd> <dt id="sizeqps">Are there any size or QPS limits?</dt> <dd>There are no queries per second (QPS) limits for Cloud SQL instances. For information about connection, size, and App Engine-specific limits, see <a href="/sql/docs/quotas">Quotas and Limits</a>. </dd> <dt id="notifiedofchanges">How can I be notified when there are any changes to Cloud SQL?</dt> <dd>You can sign up for the <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/google-cloud-sql-announce">google-cloud-sql-announce</a> forum where we post announcements and news about Cloud SQL.</dd> <dt id="requestfeature">How do I report a bug, request a feature, or ask a question?</dt> <dd>You can report bugs and request a feature on our <a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/google-cloud-sql-discuss">google-cloud-sql-discuss</a> group. You can ask a question in <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/google-cloud-sql" target="_blank">Stack Overflow</a>. For other support options, see the <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/support">Cloud SQL Support</a> page. </dd> </dl> <a href="#top">Back to top</a> <h2 id="getting-started" data-text="Getting Started" tabindex="-1">Getting Started</h2> <dl> <dt id="tools">What is the best MySQL tool to use for managing my instance?</dt> <dd>There are a variety of MySQL tools available for Cloud SQL. For executing individual statements, you can use the <a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/mysql.html"> MySQL Command-Line Tool</a>. For executing more complicated tasks or to use a richer database development environment, you can try <a href="https://blog.toadworld.com/tag/mysql"> Toad for MySQL</a> or <a href="http://www.mysql.com/products/workbench/"> MySQL Workbench</a>. For more information, see <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/admin-tools">Admin and Reporting Tools</a>. </dd> <dt id="innodb">What storage engine do I use?</dt> <dd>For MySQL instances, InnoDB is the only storage engine supported. <p>If you have a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">mysqldump</code> file where all your tables are in MyISAM format, you can convert them to InnoDB format by piping the file through a sed script:</p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="Bash">mysqldump<span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span>--databases<span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">[</span>DATABASE_NAME<span class="devsite-syntax-o">]</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-se">\</span> -h<span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">[</span>INSTANCE_IP<span class="devsite-syntax-o">]</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span>-u<span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">[</span>USERNAME<span class="devsite-syntax-o">]</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span>-p<span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">[</span>PASSWORD<span class="devsite-syntax-o">]</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-se">\</span> --hex-blob<span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span>--default-character-set<span class="devsite-syntax-o">=</span>utf8mb4<span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-p">|</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span>sed<span class="devsite-syntax-w"> </span><span class="devsite-syntax-s1">'s/ENGINE=MyISAM/ENGINE=InnoDB/g'</span><span class="devsite-syntax-w"> &gt; </span><span class="devsite-syntax-o">[</span>DATABASE_FILE<span class="devsite-syntax-o">]</span>.sql</pre></devsite-code> <p class="warning"><b>Warning:</b> Don't do this if your <code translate="no" dir="ltr">mysqldump</code> file contains the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">mysql</code> schema. Those files must remain in MyISAM.</p> </dd> <dt id="empty">Why does my new instance with no data show disk space used?</dt> <dd>Cloud SQL and the database both use some space for system files and metadata when your instance is created.</dd> <a href="#top">Back to top</a> <h2 id="data-storage,-replication,-and-authentication" data-text="Data Storage, Replication, and Authentication" tabindex="-1">Data Storage, Replication, and Authentication</h2> <dl> <dt id="data_location">Where is my data stored?</dt> <dd> <p>Instance data is stored in the region where the instance resides. If you do not specify a storage location, your backups are stored in the multiregion that is geographically closest to the location of your Cloud SQL instance. For example, if your Cloud SQL instance is in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">us-central1</code>, your backups are stored in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">us</code> multi-region by default. However, a default location like <code translate="no" dir="ltr">australia-southeast1</code> is outside of a multi-region. The closest multi-region is <code translate="no" dir="ltr">asia</code>. </p> </dd> <dt id="what_is_a_zone">What is a zone?</dt> <dd><p>A zone is an independent entity in a specific geographical location where you can run your resources. For example, a zone named us-central1-a indicates a location in the central United States.</p> <p>For MySQL instances, fault tolerance across zones can be achieved by configuring the instance for <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/high-availability">high availability</a>. The high availability configuration is strongly recommended for all production instances.</p> <p>For more information about zones, see <a href="/compute/docs/zones">Zone Resources</a> in the Compute Engine documentation. </dd> <dt id="storage_limits">What are the limits on storage?</dt> <dd> For information on storage limits, see <a href="/sql/docs/quotas#fixed-limits">Quotas and Limits</a>. </dd> <dt id="replication">How is my data replicated?</dt> <dd> <p><b>MySQL instances:</b> MySQL instances provide a <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/high-availability">high availability configuration</a> and MySQL read replicas. MySQL read replicas use <a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/replication.html" target="_blank">asynchronous replication</a>.</p> <p> PostgreSQL instances provide a <a href="/sql/docs/postgres/high-availability">high availability configuration</a> and <a href="/sql/docs/postgres/replication/create-replica">read replicas</a>. </p> <p> SQL Server instances provide a <a href="/sql/docs/sqlserver/high-availability">high availability configuration</a> and <a href="/sql/docs/sqlserver/replication/create-replica">read replicas</a>. </p> </dd> <dt id="rr_kinds">What kind of read replicas can I create?</dt> <dd> <p>For more information about read replicas, including use cases for each type, see <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/replication">Replication Options</a>.</p> </dd> <dt id="failover">How does Cloud SQL failover work?</dt> <dd> <p> For information about failover, see <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/high-availability">Overview of the High Availability Configuration</a>. </p> </dd> <dt id="encryption">Is my data encrypted?</dt> <dd>Cloud SQL customer data is encrypted when stored in database tables, temporary files, and backups. External connections can be encrypted by <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/configure-ssl-instance">using SSL</a>, or by using the <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/sql-proxy">Cloud SQL Auth Proxy</a>. </dd> <dt id="encryption-manage-rest">How is encryption managed for data at rest?</dt> <dd><p>Your data is encrypted using the 256-bit <a href="https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard">Advanced Encryption Standard</a> (AES-256), or better, with symmetric keys: that is, the same key is used to encrypt the data when it is stored, and to decrypt it when it is used. These data keys are themselves encrypted using a key stored in a secure keystore, and changed regularly.</p> <p>For more details, see <a href="/security/encryption/default-encryption">Encryption at Rest in Google Cloud</a>.</p> </dd> <dt id="encryption-manage-transit">How is encryption managed for data in transit?</dt> <dd> <p>Google encrypts and authenticates all data in transit at one or more network layers when data moves outside physical boundaries not controlled by Google or on behalf of Google. Data in transit inside a physical boundary controlled by or on behalf of Google is generally authenticated but might not be encrypted by default. If you connect to an instance using its public IP address, use SSL/TLS certificates, so the data is secure during transmission. You can choose which additional security measures to apply based on your threat model. For example, you can <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/configure-ssl-instance">configure SSL</a> for intra-zone connections to Cloud SQL.</p> <p>For more details, see <a href="/security/encryption-in-transit">Encryption in Transit in Google Cloud</a>.</p> </dd> <dt id="rr_listing">How can I tell if an instance is a read replica?</dt> <dd>You can use the Google Cloud console to see all of your Cloud SQL instances, and whether an instance is a primary or read replica instance. You can also use the <a href="/sdk/gcloud">gcloud CLI</a> to check whether an instance is a primary or read replica. For more information, see <a href="/sql/docs/replication/manage-replicas">Checking replication status</a>. </dd> <dt id="rr_lb">Does Cloud SQL provide load balancing for requests to read replicas?</dt> <dd>Cloud SQL does not automatically provide or configure load balancing. You can use <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/manage-connections">connection pooling</a> to distribute read requests between read replicas by switching between multiple connection endpoints. </dd> <dt id="ad">Does Cloud SQL for SQL Server integrate with Managed Service for Microsoft Active Directory?</dt> <dd> Yes. Authentication, authorization, and more are available; as a starting point, see the <a href="/sql/docs/sqlserver/ad">overview</a>. </dd> </dl> <a href="#top">Back to top</a> <h2 id="backup-and-recovery" data-text="Backup and Recovery" tabindex="-1">Backup and Recovery</h2> <dl> <dt id="backups_how">How do I recover an instance?</dt> <dd> <p> To restore to a backup you can use the <a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/">Google Cloud console</a> or the <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/cloud-sdk"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">gcloud</code> command-line</a> tool. For more details, see <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/backup-recovery/restoring">Restoring an Instance</a>. </p> <p> To restore an instance to a specific point in time, you use a point-in-time recovery. For more information, see <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/backup-recovery/pitr#pitr"> Use point-in-time recovery</a>. </p> </dd> <dt id="backups_cost">How much do backups cost?</dt> <dd> <p>Backups are charged at the <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/pricing#2nd-gen-storage-networking-prices">instance storage rate</a>.</p> <p> <p>For more information about instance storage pricing and instance rates, see <a href="/sql/pricing">Pricing</a>.</p> </dd> <dt id="backups_access">Can I access automated backups older than seven days?</dt> <dd> <p>Automated backups occur every day and by default are retained for seven days. You can <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/backup-recovery/backups#retention">configure the backup retention value</a> from one to 365 backups. At the end of retention period, the oldest backup is deleted. Automated backups are incremental. They contain only data that changed after the previous backup was taken. Your oldest backup is a similar size to your database. When the oldest backup is deleted, the size of the next oldest backup increases so that a full backup still exists. <p>Note that on-demand backups are not deleted until you manually remove them.</p> </dd> <dt id="pitr_perf">How does point-in-time recovery impact performance?</dt> <dd>For Cloud SQL for MySQL, point-in-time recovery requires that you enable binary logging. This means that every update to your database is written to an independent log, which involves a small reduction in write performance. Performance of read operations are unaffected by binary logging, regardless of the size of the binary log files. </dd> <dt id="crr-dr">When do I use external versus cross-region replication for regional failure protection?</dt> <dd> <table> <tr> <th><b>External replication</b></th> <th><b>Cross-region replication</b></th> </tr> <tr> <td>Self managed by customer</td> <td>Cloud SQL managed cross region replica</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Can replicate between non-Google Cloud and Google Cloud instances</td> <td>Can replicate only between Cloud SQL instances</td> </tr> <tr> <td>To migrate to/from Google Cloud to minimize downtime or for hybrid/multi cloud data protection</td> <td>To migrate data between Google Cloud regions to minimize downtime</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Supports cross major version replication</td> <td>Does not support cross major version replication</td> </tr> </table> </dd> </dl> <a href="#top">Back to top</a> <h2 id="managing-your-instances" data-text="Managing Your Instances" tabindex="-1">Managing Your Instances</h2> <dl> <dt id="restart">Which actions might cause Cloud SQL instances to restart?</dt> <dd> Cloud SQL instances might be restarted when you or Cloud SQL takes the following actions: <ul> <li>Update</li> <li>Create</li> <li>Promote replica</li> <li>Maintenance</li> <li>Recreate replica</li> <li>Failover</li> <li>Restart</li> <li>Restore instance from backup</li> <li>Enable high availability on an existing instance (this is an update to the instance)</li> <li>Add a database flag that requires a restart</li> </ul> <p>Restarting an instance doesn't change the public or private IP addresses of the instance.</p> <p>See the following section: <a href="#shutdown">How long are instances shut down during restart?</a></p> </dd> <dt id="shutdown">How long are instances shut down during restart?</dt> <dd> <p> When instances are restarted, the majority of them are shut down for one to two minutes. Before the instance is shut down, all connections are ended and current work is flushed from disk.</p> <p>For instances with a large load, this process takes longer, and it might look like the instance is stuck. In these cases, it might take up to an hour for the instance to shut down and restart. Reasons for instances taking a long time to shut down and restart can include when the user has many write transactions or when the transactions run for a long time.</p> </dd> <dt id="changetiers">Can I make my database larger or smaller?</dt> <dd> <p>You can increase the amount of storage available to your instance at any time without incurring downtime. You cannot decrease the size of the storage of your instance. You can also configure your instance to automatically increase its storage capacity when space is running low. <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/instance-settings#automatic-storage-increase-2ndgen">Learn more</a>. </p> </dd> <dt id="vcpus">Can I upgrade and downgrade vCPUs?</dt> <dd> <p> Yes. You can change the number of vCPUs that you use on your instance. You can increase or decrease the number of cores you use as many times as you want. It typically takes less than five minutes of downtime to change the number of vCPUs. If you are increasing the number of vCPUs on your <a href="/sql/docs/editions-intro">Cloud SQL Enterprise Plus edition</a> primary instance, then the change takes effect with near-zero downtime. </p> <dd> <dt id="apisconsole">Do I need to use the Google Cloud console to manage Cloud SQL?</dt> <dd>No. All management tasks that can be done using the Console can also be done programmatically using the <a href="/sql/docs/admin-api">Cloud SQL Admin API</a>, or scripted using the <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/cloud-sdk"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">gcloud</code> command-line tool</a>. </dd> <dt id="reclaimingspace">How can I reclaim the space from a dropped table?</dt> <dd>When you drop a table from a database and then check the Google Cloud console, you might see that the space freed by dropping the tables is not reflected in the reported <b>Storage Used</b> of the instance. Instances running MySQL 5.5 have the <a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/innodb-parameters.html#sysvar_innodb_file_per_table"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">innodb_file_per_table</code></a> flag set to <code translate="no" dir="ltr">OFF</code> by default; InnoDB never shrinks its default tablespace. To reclaim space for this configuration, create a new instance from the smaller database, or change the value of the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">innodb_file_per_table</code> flag to <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ON</code>. For information about changing database flags, see <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/flags">Configuring Database Flags</a>. </dd> <dt id="reclaimingspacetemp">How can I reclaim the space used by temporary files?</dt> <dd>Temporary files can grow when SQL queries create many temporary tables. To reclaim the space used by temporary tables, you need to restart the database. Note that restarting the database does not reduce the provisioned disk space resulting from the growth of temporary files. </dd> <dt id="trackchanges">How can I track changes to data?</dt> <dd>To track changes to data, <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/backup-recovery/pitr#enablingpitr">enable binary logging</a> for your instance. Tracking changes to data can help you recover from accidental data loss. In the event of accidental data loss such as from a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">DROP DATABASE</code> command, you can restore up to the binary log coordinates just before the data loss event. For more information, see <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/backup-recovery/restore#tips-pitr">point-in-time recovery</a>. Binary logging is not yet available for PostgreSQL instances. </dd> <dt id="importexportdatabases">Can I import or export a specific database?</dt> <dd> Yes. For MySQL instances and SQL Server instances, you can import and export either a single database or multiple databases. For PostgreSQL instances, you can only import or export a specific database. </dd> <dt id="importexportcsvfile">Can I import or export a CSV file?</dt> <dd> You can import or export a CSV file for MySQL or PostgreSQL. For more information, see <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/import-export/import-export-csv">Creating a CSV file</a>. <p>CSV is not currently supported in Cloud SQL for SQL Server.</p> </dd> <dt id="googlestorage">Do I need a Cloud Storage account to import or export data to an instance?</dt> <dd> Cloud SQL supports importing and exporting databases, such as compressed or uncompressed SQL dump files and CSV files, using a Cloud Storage bucket. To import or export using a Cloud Storage bucket, you need to either sign up for a Google Cloud account and create a bucket, or have access to a Cloud Storage bucket in another account. For more information, see <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/import-export/import-export-sql">Exporting and importing using SQL dump files</a>, <a href="/sql/docs/postgres/import-export/import-export-dmp">Exporting and importing using pg_dump and pg_restore</a>, <a href="/sql/docs/sqlserver/import-export/import-export-bak">Exporting and importing using BAK files</a>, or <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/import-export/import-export-csv">Exporting and importing using CSV files</a>. </dd> <dt id="importerrorrdbms">What does <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ERROR_RDBMS</code> mean on an import operation?</dt> <dd> This error occurs if MySQL returns an error during a data import operation. Common causes include invalid syntax, using a database or table that has not been defined, and attempting to run MySQL statements that require the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SUPER</code> privilege. </dd> <dt id="reuse">If I delete my instance, can I reuse the instance name?</dt> <dd>Yes.</dd> <dt id="adminuser">What is the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">cloudsqladmin</code> database user?</dt> <dd>Every Cloud SQL instance includes a database user called <code translate="no" dir="ltr">cloudsqladmin</code>. You may notice this user if you specify <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SHOW GRANTS FOR cloudsqladmin@localhost</code>. On some instances this will also show up in the system user table. This user account is used by automated processes that need to access the data in your instance (for example, backing up your instance or performing an import or export).</dd> <dt id="grantall">How can I use <code translate="no" dir="ltr">GRANT ALL</code>?</dt> <dd>Cloud SQL does not support <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SUPER</code> privileges, which means that <code translate="no" dir="ltr">GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES</code> statements will not work. As an alternative, you can use <code translate="no" dir="ltr">GRANT ALL ON `%`.*</code>. </dd> <dt id="transactionlogs">How can I access transaction logs for my instances?</dt> <dd>For MySQL instances, if you enable binary logging for your instance (see <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/backup-recovery/pitr#enablingpitr">Enabling binary logging</a>) and configure an IP address for your instance (see <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/configure-ip"> Configuring access for IP connections</a>), then you can use the standard MySQL <a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/mysqlbinlog.html" target="_blank">mysqlbinlog</a> utility to examine the transaction logs for the instance. </dd> <dt id="transaction-isolation">What level of transaction isolation does Cloud SQL provide?</dt> <dd> <p><b>MySQL instances:</b> Cloud SQL provides <a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/innodb-transaction-isolation-levels.html#isolevel_repeatable-read" target="_blank"> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">REPEATABLE READ</code></a> transaction isolation. You can change the transaction isolation level for the current session, but usually the default value is preferred. For more information, see <a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/innodb-transaction-isolation-levels.html" target="_blank"> Transaction Isolation Levels</a> in the MySQL documentation. </p> <p><b>PostgreSQL instances:</b> Cloud SQL provides <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/transaction-iso.html" target="_blank"> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Read committed</code></a> transaction isolation. You can change the transaction isolation level for a specific transaction, but usually the default value is preferred. For more information, see <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/transaction-iso.html" target="_blank">Transaction Isolation</a> in the PostgreSQL documentation. </p> <p><b>SQL Server instances:</b> Cloud SQL provides all <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/statements/set-transaction-isolation-level-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver15" target="_blank"> levels of transaction isolation</a>. Thus, the following are supported: <code translate="no" dir="ltr">UNCOMMITTED</code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">READ COMMITTED</code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">REPEATABLE READ</code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SNAPSHOT</code>, and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SERIALIZABLE</code>. </p> </dd> <dt id="instance-protection">How can I protect my instance from accidental deletion?</dt> <dd>You can enable deletion protection when you create an instance or at a later time. If this setting is enabled, you must disable it before deleting the instance. See <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/deletion-protection">Prevent deletion of an instance</a>. </dd> </dl> <a href="#top">Back to top</a> <h2 id="insights" data-text="Insights" tabindex="-1">Insights</h2> <dl> <dt id="insights-query-plan">Why can't I find the sample query plan in Insights?</dt> <dd>We only have sample queries for getting the query plan, because of the performance impact it can have on the query. As a result, sometimes sample query plans do not appear. </dd> </dl> <a href="#top">Back to top</a> <h2 id="pricing_faqs" data-text="Pricing and Billing" tabindex="-1">Pricing and Billing</h2> <dl> <dt id="can_I_try">How can I try out Cloud SQL?</dt> <dd>The smallest instance is the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">db-f1-micro</code>. You can use it to try out the service. Note that shared core instances are not covered by the SLA. </dd> <dt id="number_instances">How many instances can I create in a project?</dt> <dd> For information about the instance limit, see <a href="/sql/docs/quotas#configurable-limits">Quotas and Limits</a>. </dd> <dt id="what_size_database">What size database instance do I need? How much RAM?</dt> <dd>In general, you can increase the performance of your database by choosing a larger instance with more RAM and CPU. This increases the performance of many queries that involve large amounts of computation, such as those involving joins, ORDER BYs, or GROUPing, though the performance of updates affecting single rows will not be much affected. However, the bigger the size of the instance, the greater the operational latency. For more information about instance sizes and pricing, see the <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/pricing">pricing page</a>. </dd> <dt id="how_usage_calculated">How is use of my instance calculated?</dt> <dd> <p> You are charged per minute for the time that your instance is on.</p> <p><b>SQL Server instances:</b> Microsoft SQL Server licensing requires a core license to be assigned to each virtual CPU on your instance, with a four-core minimum for each instance. Instances with fewer than four vCPUs will be charged for SQL Server at four times the license rate to comply with these requirements. For instances with 4 or more vCPUs, you will be charged for the number of SQL Server licenses that is equal to the number of vCPUs.</p> </dd> <dt id="how_storage_calculated">How is storage calculated?</dt> <dd> Storage is calculated based on the amount of storage you have provisioned for your instance. Storage for backups is charged by how much space your backups are using. Storage is charged whether your instance is on or off. </dd> <dt id="how_much">How can I see how much I will be charged?</dt> <dd>The <strong>Billing</strong> tab of the <a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/">Google Cloud console</a> shows you the charges your instances have incurred since the last bill was issued.</dd> <dt id="reaches_max_size">What happens when my instance reaches the allowed size?</dt> <dd>If your instance reaches the provisioned storage size, and you do not have automatic storage increase enabled or it has reached its configured limit, future writes to the database are disallowed until you increase the storage size. Increasing the storage size does not require an instance restart or downtime. </dd> <dt id="why_suspended">Why is my instance suspended?</dt> <dd>This is probably due to an issue with your Google Cloud account. You can determine your billing status by filing a <a href="https://support.google.com/cloud/contact/cloud_platform_billing"> Billing Support Request</a>. After the billing issue is resolved, the instance returns to runnable status within a few hours. Note that suspended MySQL instances are deleted after 90 days. </dd> <dt id="why_deleted">Why was my instance deleted?</dt> <dd> Instances that are suspended for 90 days are deleted. This applies to instances with a state of <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SUSPENDED</code>. Instances that are stopped, with a state of <code translate="no" dir="ltr">RUNNABLE</code>, are not deleted. </dd> <dt id="cancelsqlaccount">How can I cancel my Cloud SQL account?</dt> <dd>You can deactivate Cloud SQL for a project by visiting the <a href="https://console.cloud.google.com/" target="_blank">Google Cloud console</a>, selecting the project, selecting the <strong>API</strong> service to open the API Dashboard. Find the <b>Cloud SQL API</b> and click <b>Disable</b> for that API.</dd> <dt id="disable_billing">How do I disable billing?</dt> <dd>You can disable billing by clicking <strong>Disable billing</strong> in the Google Cloud console <strong>Billing &amp; settings</strong> pane for a project. If you disable billing, you also disable the Cloud SQL service. Make sure you really want to disable the Cloud SQL service before you disable billing. <p>After you disable billing, you will receive one last bill for charges that occurred between the beginning of the billing cycle and when you cancelled.</p> <aside class="caution"><strong>Caution:</strong> When you disable billing, it is disabled for all services in that project. You can't disable billing for individual services or APIs. For more information, see the <a href="https://developers.google.com/console/help/billing">Disabling Billing</a> section in the Google Cloud console help guide.</aside> </dd> </dl> <a href="#top">Back to top</a> <h2 id="using-cloud-sql-with-app-engine" data-text="Using Cloud SQL with App Engine" tabindex="-1">Using Cloud SQL with App Engine</h2> <dl> <dt id="gaeconnect">Can I connect from App Engine to a MySQL instance?</dt> <dd>You can connect from an App Engine application to a MySQL instance, whether the application is running in the standard or the flexible environment. For more information, see <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/connect-app-engine-standard">Connecting from App Engine standard environment</a>, or <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/connect-app-engine-flexible">Connecting from App Engine flexible environment</a>. </dd> <dt id="gaeconnect-pg">Can I connect from App Engine to a PostgreSQL instance?</dt> <dd> You can connect from an App Engine application to a PostgreSQL instance, depending on the environment and language you are using. For more information, see <a href="/sql/docs/postgres/connect-app-engine-standard">Connecting from App Engine standard environment</a>, or <a href="/sql/docs/postgres/connect-app-engine-flexible">Connecting from App Engine flexible environment</a>. </dd> <dt id="gaeconnect-sqlserver">Can I connect from App Engine to a SQL Server instance?</dt> <dd> You can connect from an App Engine application to a SQL Server instance, depending on the environment and language you are using. For more information, see <a href="/sql/docs/sqlserver/connect-app-engine-standard">Connecting from App Engine standard environment</a>, or <a href="/sql/docs/sqlserver/connect-app-engine-flexible">Connecting from App Engine flexible environment</a>. </dd> <dt id="location">Can my App Engine application in the US access my Cloud SQL instance in the EU (and the other way around)?</dt> <dd> <p> If you are connecting to a MySQL instance, your App Engine application does not need to be in the same region, and it can be running in either the standard or the flexible environment. However, a larger distance between your Cloud SQL instance and your App Engine application causes greater latency for connections to the database. </p> <p> If you are connecting to a Cloud SQL instance, your App Engine application does not need to be in the same region. However, a larger distance between your Cloud SQL instance and your App Engine application causes greater latency for connections to the database.</p> </dd> <dt id="choice">Which Google Cloud database service is right for me?</dt> <dd>This depends on the requirements of your application. Google Cloud offers a number of options for storing, managing and retrieving your data. For more information, see <a href="https://cloud.google.com/products/databases/">Google Cloud databases</a>. </dd> <dt id="installmysql">Do I need to install a local database server to use the App Engine Development Server?</dt> <dd>No. You can configure App Engine to use either Cloud SQL or a locally installed database server when running on the development server. </dd> <dt id="languages">What languages can I use to access my instance?</dt> <dd> App Engine standard environment supports several languages that you can use to connect to your instances. For more information, see <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/connect-app-engine-standard">Connecting from App Engine standard environment</a>, or <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/connect-app-engine-flexible">Connecting from App Engine flexible environment</a>. <p> If you are not using App Engine, you can use any language that has an associated connector or API. For a list of supported languages, see the <a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/connectors-apis.html">Connectors and APIs</a> chapter in the MySQL Reference Manual. </p> </dd> <dt id="django">Can I use Django with Cloud SQL?</dt> <dd>Yes. Cloud SQL is compatible with Django. See <a href="/python/django">Getting Started with Django</a>. </dd> <dt id="formatcode">Which placeholders can I use in my Python query string?</dt> <dd>Python users can only use the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">%s</code> format code in parameter substitution. Therefore, the following statement is invalid: <code translate="no" dir="ltr">cursor.execute('INSERT INTO entries (guestAge) VALUES (<b>%d</b>)', (age))</code>. </dd> <dt id="connections">How do I manage connections?</dt> <dd> <p> Managing your database connections effectively is an important aspect of database application development, including using connection pooling and exponential backoff. For examples of how to employ these techniques in a variety of languages and frameworks, see <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/manage-connections">Managing database connections</a>.</p> <p>To learn more about instance connection limits, see <a href="/sql/docs/quotas#configurable-limits">Quotas and Limits</a>. </p> </dd> <dt id="invalidconnectioniderror">What does a SQLException with message of "Invalid connection ID" mean?</dt> <dd>It means that the connection is no longer open on the server and is discarded by the client.  You do not need to call 'close' on these connections; they are already closed. </dd> <dt id="externaldev">Can I access my Cloud SQL instance programmatically outside of App Engine?</dt> <dd>Yes. You can access Cloud SQL instances programmatically from external applications by using any supported language. See <a href="/sql/docs/mysql/connect-overview#languages">Connecting overview</a>. </dd> </dl> <a href="#top">Back to top</a> <devsite-hats-survey class="nocontent" hats-id="Nd7nTix2o0eU5NUYprb0ThtUc5jf" listnr-id="83405"></devsite-hats-survey> </div> <devsite-thumb-rating position="footer"> </devsite-thumb-rating> <devsite-feedback position="footer" project-name="Cloud SQL Documentation" product-id="82040" bucket="documentation" context="Cloud SQL docs feedback link" version="t-devsite-webserver-20250325-r00-rc02.468097317163234188" data-label="Send Feedback Button" track-type="feedback" track-name="sendFeedbackLink" track-metadata-position="footer" class="nocontent" project-feedback-url="https://issuetracker.google.com/issues/new?component=378788" project-icon="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/vc61f3a0387a95203927a8030a57938b9d8c2246db3c9ed3d338920451fb459e6/cloud/images/favicons/onecloud/super_cloud.png" project-support-url="https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/getting-support" > <button> Send feedback </button> </devsite-feedback> <div class="devsite-floating-action-buttons"> </div> </article> <devsite-content-footer class="nocontent"> <p>Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License</a>, and code samples are licensed under the <a href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache 2.0 License</a>. For details, see the <a href="https://developers.google.com/site-policies">Google Developers Site Policies</a>. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.</p> <p>Last updated 2025-04-03 UTC.</p> </devsite-content-footer> <devsite-notification > </devsite-notification> <div class="devsite-content-data"> <template class="devsite-thumb-rating-feedback"> <devsite-feedback position="thumb-rating" project-name="Cloud SQL Documentation" product-id="82040" bucket="documentation" context="Cloud SQL docs feedback link" version="t-devsite-webserver-20250325-r00-rc02.468097317163234188" data-label="Send Feedback Button" track-type="feedback" track-name="sendFeedbackLink" track-metadata-position="thumb-rating" class="nocontent" project-feedback-url="https://issuetracker.google.com/issues/new?component=378788" project-icon="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/vc61f3a0387a95203927a8030a57938b9d8c2246db3c9ed3d338920451fb459e6/cloud/images/favicons/onecloud/super_cloud.png" project-support-url="https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/getting-support" > <button> Need to tell us more? </button> </devsite-feedback> </template> <template class="devsite-content-data-template"> [[["Easy to understand","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["Solved my problem","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["Other","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["Hard to understand","hardToUnderstand","thumb-down"],["Incorrect information or sample code","incorrectInformationOrSampleCode","thumb-down"],["Missing the information/samples I need","missingTheInformationSamplesINeed","thumb-down"],["Other","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["Last updated 2025-04-03 UTC."],[],[]] </template> </div> </devsite-content> </main> <devsite-footer-promos class="devsite-footer"> </devsite-footer-promos> <devsite-footer-linkboxes class="devsite-footer"> <nav class="devsite-footer-linkboxes nocontent" aria-label="Footer links"> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkboxes-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Why Google</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/why-google-cloud/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" track-metadata-child_headline="why google"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/why-google-cloud/"track-name="choosing google cloud"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"> Choosing Google Cloud </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/trust-center/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/security/"track-name="trust and security"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="why google"> Trust and security </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/solutions/modern-infrastructure/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" track-name="modern infrastructure cloud"track-metadata-module="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-child_headline="why google"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/solutions/modern-infrastructure/"track-metadata-position="footer"> Modern Infrastructure Cloud </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/multicloud/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/multicloud/"track-metadata-child_headline="why google"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="multicloud"track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"> Multicloud </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/infrastructure/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" track-metadata-child_headline="why google"track-name="global infrastructure"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/infrastructure/"> Global infrastructure </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/customers/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="why google"track-name="customers and case studies"track-metadata-module="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/customers/"> Customers and case studies </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/analyst-reports/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 7)" track-metadata-child_headline="why google"track-name="analyst reports"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/analyst-reports/"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-position="footer"> Analyst reports </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/whitepapers/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 8)" track-name="whitepapers"track-metadata-child_headline="why google"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/whitepapers/"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"> Whitepapers </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Products and pricing</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/products/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/products/"track-metadata-child_headline="products and pricing"track-type="footer link"track-name="see all products"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"> See all products </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/solutions/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" track-metadata-child_headline="solutions"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="see all solutions"track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/solutions/"> See all solutions </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/startup/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/startup/"track-name="google cloud for startups"> Google Cloud for Startups </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/marketplace/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/marketplace/"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-position="footer"track-name="google cloud marketplace"> Google Cloud Marketplace </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/pricing/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" track-metadata-child_headline="products and pricing"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/pricing/"track-name="google cloud pricing"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"> Google Cloud pricing </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/contact/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/contact/"track-name="contact sales"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"> Contact sales </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Support</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//www.googlecloudcommunity.com/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="www.googlecloudcommunity.com"track-type="footer link"track-name="google cloud community"rel="noopener"target="_blank"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"> Google Cloud Community </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/support-hub/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" track-type="footer link"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="support"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/support-hub/"> Support </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/release-notes" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/release-notes/"track-type="footer link"track-name="release notes"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-module="footer"> Release Notes </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//status.cloud.google.com" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" track-metadata-eventDetail="status.cloud.google.com"track-name="system status"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-module="footer"target="_blank"track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"> System status </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Resources</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//github.com/googlecloudPlatform/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="github"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="github.com/googlecloudPlatform/"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"> GitHub </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/docs/get-started/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-name="google cloud quickstarts"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/docs/get-started/"track-type="footer link"> Getting Started with Google Cloud </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/docs/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/docs/"track-type="footer link"track-name="google cloud documentation"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"> Google Cloud documentation </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/docs/samples" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"track-name="code samples"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/docs/samples"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-module="footer"> Code samples </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/architecture/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" track-type="footer link"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/architecture/"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="cloud architecture center"> Cloud Architecture Center </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//cloud.google.com/learn/training/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/learn/training/"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-metadata-position="footer"track-name="training"> Training and Certification </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/developers/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 7)" track-metadata-module="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/developers/"track-name="developer center"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"> Developer Center </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Engage</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//cloud.google.com/blog/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/blog/"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"track-name="blog"track-type="footer link"> Blog </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/events/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" track-type="footer link"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-name="events"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/events/"track-metadata-module="footer"> Events </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//x.com/googlecloud" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" track-name="follow on x"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"target="_blank"track-type="footer link"rel="noopener"track-metadata-eventDetail="x.com/googlecloud"> X (Twitter) </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//www.youtube.com/googlecloud" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-module="footer"target="_blank"rel="noopener"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="www.youtube.com/googlecloud"track-name="google cloud on youtube"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"> Google Cloud on YouTube </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//www.youtube.com/googlecloudplatform" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" rel="noopener"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-name="google cloud tech on youtube"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-position="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-eventDetail="www.youtube.com/googlecloudplatform"target="_blank"> Google Cloud Tech on YouTube </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/partners/become-a-partner/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" track-metadata-child_headline="engage"track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/partners/become-a-partner/"track-type="footer link"track-name="become a partner"track-metadata-position="footer"> Become a Partner </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/affiliate-program/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 7)" track-metadata-module="footer"track-metadata-child_headline="resources"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="cloud.google.com/affiliate-program/"track-name="google cloud affiliate program"> Google Cloud Affiliate Program </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 8)" track-metadata-position="footer"track-metadata-eventDetail="www.googlecloudpresscorner.com"rel="noopener"target="_blank"track-name="press corner"track-metadata-module="footer"track-type="footer link"track-metadata-child_headline="engage"> Press Corner </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </devsite-footer-linkboxes> <devsite-footer-utility class="devsite-footer"> <div class="devsite-footer-utility nocontent"> <nav class="devsite-footer-utility-links" aria-label="Utility links"> <ul class="devsite-footer-utility-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item "> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="//about.google/" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer About Google link" track-metadata-position="footer" target="_blank" track-type="footer link" track-name="about google" track-metadata-eventDetail="//about.google/" track-metadata-module="utility footer" > About Google </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item devsite-footer-privacy-link"> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="//policies.google.com/privacy" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Privacy link" target="_blank" track-metadata-module="utility footer" track-name="privacy" track-type="footer link" track-metadata-eventDetail="//policies.google.com/privacy" track-metadata-position="footer" > Privacy </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item "> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="//policies.google.com/terms?hl=en" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Site terms link" track-metadata-module="utility footer" track-metadata-eventDetail="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/terms/regional.html" target="_blank" track-metadata-position="footer" track-name="site terms" track-type="footer link" > Site terms </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item "> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="/product-terms/" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Google Cloud terms link" track-type="footer link" track-metadata-position="footer" track-metadata-module="utility footer" track-metadata-eventDetail="/product-terms/" track-name="google cloud terms" > Google Cloud terms </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item glue-cookie-notification-bar-control"> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="#" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Manage cookies link" track-name="Manage cookies" track-metadata-position="footer" track-type="footer link" aria-hidden="true" track-metadata-module="utility footer" track-metadata-eventDetail="#" > Manage cookies </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item devsite-footer-carbon-button"> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="//cloud.google.com/sustainability" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Our third decade of climate action: join us link" track-name="Our third decade of climate action: join us" track-type="footer link" track-metadata-eventDetail="/sustainability/" track-metadata-module="utility footer" track-metadata-position="footer" > Our third decade of climate action: join us </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item devsite-footer-utility-button"> <span class="devsite-footer-utility-description">Sign up for the Google Cloud newsletter</span> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="//cloud.google.com/newsletter/" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Subscribe link" track-metadata-module="utility footer" track-type="footer link" track-metadata-eventDetail="/newsletter/" track-metadata-position="footer" track-name="subscribe" > Subscribe </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-language-selector> <ul role="presentation"> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="en" >English</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="de" >Deutsch</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="es_419" >Español – América Latina</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fr" >Français</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="id" >Indonesia</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="it" >Italiano</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pt_br" >Português – Brasil</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_cn" >中文 – 简体</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ja" >日本語</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ko" >한국어</a> </li> </ul> </devsite-language-selector> </nav> </div> </devsite-footer-utility> <devsite-panel></devsite-panel> </section></section> <devsite-sitemask></devsite-sitemask> <devsite-snackbar></devsite-snackbar> <devsite-tooltip ></devsite-tooltip> <devsite-heading-link></devsite-heading-link> <devsite-analytics> <script type="application/json" analytics>[]</script> <script type="application/json" tag-management>{&#34;at&#34;: &#34;True&#34;, &#34;ga4&#34;: [], &#34;ga4p&#34;: [], &#34;gtm&#34;: [{&#34;id&#34;: &#34;GTM-5CVQBG&#34;, &#34;purpose&#34;: 1}], &#34;parameters&#34;: {&#34;internalUser&#34;: &#34;False&#34;, &#34;language&#34;: {&#34;machineTranslated&#34;: &#34;False&#34;, &#34;requested&#34;: &#34;en&#34;, &#34;served&#34;: &#34;en&#34;}, &#34;pageType&#34;: &#34;article&#34;, &#34;projectName&#34;: &#34;Cloud SQL Documentation&#34;, &#34;signedIn&#34;: &#34;False&#34;, &#34;tenant&#34;: &#34;cloud&#34;, &#34;recommendations&#34;: {&#34;sourcePage&#34;: &#34;&#34;, &#34;sourceType&#34;: 0, &#34;sourceRank&#34;: 0, &#34;sourceIdenticalDescriptions&#34;: 0, &#34;sourceTitleWords&#34;: 0, &#34;sourceDescriptionWords&#34;: 0, &#34;experiment&#34;: &#34;&#34;}, &#34;experiment&#34;: {&#34;ids&#34;: &#34;&#34;}}}</script> </devsite-analytics> <devsite-badger></devsite-badger> <cloudx-user></cloudx-user> <cloudx-free-trial-eligible-store freeTrialEligible='true'></cloudx-free-trial-eligible-store> <cloudx-pricing-socket></cloudx-pricing-socket> <cloudx-experiments type="TestAACodivertedExperiment" path="/virtual/TestAACodivertedExperiment/configureExperiment" location="SG" variant="variant2" ></cloudx-experiments> <cloudx-experiment-ids userCountry="SG" devsiteExperimentIdList="[39300012, 39300021, 39300118, 39300192, 39300195, 39300251, 39300319, 39300320, 39300324, 39300346, 39300354, 39300364, 39300374, 39300412, 39300422, 39300436, 39300471, 39300488, 39300496, 39300498, 39300570]"> </cloudx-experiment-ids> <script nonce="Ih6Xvxg4gA2+cm4l09JzZy1Fe2QEGW"> (function(d,e,v,s,i,t,E){d['GoogleDevelopersObject']=i; t=e.createElement(v);t.async=1;t.src=s;E=e.getElementsByTagName(v)[0]; E.parentNode.insertBefore(t,E);})(window, document, 'script', 'https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/vc61f3a0387a95203927a8030a57938b9d8c2246db3c9ed3d338920451fb459e6/cloud/js/app_loader.js', '[2,"en",null,"/js/devsite_app_module.js","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/vc61f3a0387a95203927a8030a57938b9d8c2246db3c9ed3d338920451fb459e6","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/vc61f3a0387a95203927a8030a57938b9d8c2246db3c9ed3d338920451fb459e6/cloud","https://cloud-dot-devsite-v2-prod.appspot.com",null,null,["/_pwa/cloud/manifest.json","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/vc61f3a0387a95203927a8030a57938b9d8c2246db3c9ed3d338920451fb459e6/images/video-placeholder.svg","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/vc61f3a0387a95203927a8030a57938b9d8c2246db3c9ed3d338920451fb459e6/cloud/images/favicons/onecloud/favicon.ico","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/vc61f3a0387a95203927a8030a57938b9d8c2246db3c9ed3d338920451fb459e6/cloud/images/cloud-logo.svg","https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Google+Sans:400,500,700|Google+Sans+Text:400,400italic,500,500italic,700,700italic|Roboto:400,400italic,500,500italic,700,700italic|Roboto+Mono:400,500,700&display=swap"],1,null,[1,6,8,12,14,17,21,25,50,52,63,70,75,76,80,87,91,92,93,97,98,100,101,102,103,104,105,107,108,109,110,112,113,117,118,120,122,124,125,126,127,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,140,141,147,148,149,151,152,156,157,158,159,161,163,164,168,169,170,179,180,182,183,186,191,193,196],"AIzaSyAP-jjEJBzmIyKR4F-3XITp8yM9T1gEEI8","AIzaSyB6xiKGDR5O3Ak2okS4rLkauxGUG7XP0hg","cloud.google.com","AIzaSyAQk0fBONSGUqCNznf6Krs82Ap1-NV6J4o","AIzaSyCCxcqdrZ_7QMeLCRY20bh_SXdAYqy70KY",null,null,null,["Search__scope_to_project_tenant","Profiles__enable_completequiz_endpoint","Profiles__enable_developer_profiles_callout","Profiles__require_profile_eligibility_for_signin","Profiles__enable_completecodelab_endpoint","Experiments__reqs_query_experiments","Profiles__enable_stripe_subscription_management","BookNav__enable_tenant_cache_key","MiscFeatureFlags__developers_footer_image","TpcFeatures__enable_mirror_tenant_redirects","DevPro__enable_developer_subscriptions","Cloud__enable_llm_concierge_chat","Profiles__enable_purchase_prompts","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_firebase_utm","Profiles__enable_dashboard_curated_recommendations","Cloud__enable_cloudx_ping","MiscFeatureFlags__emergency_css","Profiles__enable_join_program_group_endpoint","Cloud__enable_free_trial_server_call","Analytics__enable_clearcut_logging","Profiles__enable_public_developer_profiles","CloudShell__cloud_shell_button","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_project_variables","TpcFeatures__enable_unmirrored_page_left_nav","Profiles__enable_recognition_badges","Concierge__enable_actions_menu","Concierge__enable_concierge_restricted","Cloud__enable_cloud_shell","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_explain_this_code","Profiles__enable_page_saving","Cloud__enable_legacy_calculator_redirect","MiscFeatureFlags__developers_footer_dark_image","Search__enable_suggestions_from_borg","Search__enable_ai_search_summaries","Cloud__enable_cloud_facet_chat","DevPro__enable_devpro_offers","Search__enable_ai_eligibility_checks","CloudShell__cloud_code_overflow_menu","Concierge__enable_pushui","Search__enable_ai_search_summaries_restricted","Profiles__enable_awarding_url","Profiles__enable_profile_collections","Search__enable_page_map","Search__enable_dynamic_content_confidential_banner","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_framebox_badge_methods","Profiles__enable_release_notes_notifications","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_variable_operator","EngEduTelemetry__enable_engedu_telemetry","Cloud__enable_cloud_shell_fte_user_flow","DevPro__enable_cloud_innovators_plus","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_variable_operator_index_yaml","Cloud__enable_cloudx_experiment_ids","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_view_transitions","Cloud__enable_cloud_dlp_service","Profiles__enable_complete_playlist_endpoint"],null,null,"AIzaSyBLEMok-5suZ67qRPzx0qUtbnLmyT_kCVE","https://developerscontentserving-pa.clients6.google.com","AIzaSyCM4QpTRSqP5qI4Dvjt4OAScIN8sOUlO-k","https://developerscontentsearch-pa.clients6.google.com",1,4,1,"https://developerprofiles-pa.clients6.google.com",[2,"cloud","Google Cloud","cloud.google.com",null,"cloud-dot-devsite-v2-prod.appspot.com",null,null,[1,1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,null,1,[1],[null,null,null,[1,20],"/terms/recommendations"],[1],null,[1],[1,null,1],[1,1,null,null,1,null,["/vertex-ai/"]],[1]],null,[22,null,null,null,null,null,"/images/cloud-logo.svg","/images/favicons/onecloud/apple-icon.png",null,null,null,null,1,1,1,[6,5],[],null,null,[[],[],[],[],[],[],[],[]],null,1,null,null,null,null,[]],[],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[6,1,14,15,22,23,29,37],null,[[null,null,null,null,null,null,[1,[["docType","Choose a content type",[["ApiReference",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"API reference"],["Sample",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Code sample"],["ReferenceArchitecture",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Reference architecture"],["Tutorial",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tutorial"]]],["category","Choose a topic",[["AiAndMachineLearning",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML)"],["ApplicationDevelopment",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Application development"],["BigDataAndAnalytics",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Big data and analytics"],["Compute",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Compute"],["Containers",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Containers"],["Databases",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Databases"],["HybridCloud",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hybrid and multicloud"],["LoggingAndMonitoring",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Logging and monitoring"],["Migrations",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Migrations"],["Networking",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Networking"],["SecurityAndCompliance",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Security and compliance"],["Serverless",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Serverless"],["Storage",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Storage"]]]]]],[1],null,1],[[null,null,null,null,null,["GTM-5CVQBG"],null,null,null,null,null,[["GTM-5CVQBG",2]],1],null,null,null,null,null,1],"mwETRvWii0eU5NUYprb0Y9z5GVbc",4,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"cloud.devsite.google"],null,"pk_live_5170syrHvgGVmSx9sBrnWtA5luvk9BwnVcvIi7HizpwauFG96WedXsuXh790rtij9AmGllqPtMLfhe2RSwD6Pn38V00uBCydV4m",1,null,"https://developerscontentinsights-pa.clients6.google.com","AIzaSyCg-ZUslalsEbXMfIo9ZP8qufZgo3LSBDU","AIzaSyDxT0vkxnY_KeINtA4LSePJO-4MAZPMRsE"]') </script> <devsite-a11y-announce></devsite-a11y-announce> </body> </html>

Pages： 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10