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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iconography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Ashta-Matrikas_as_described_in_the_Devi_Mahatmya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ashta-Matrikas_as_described_in_the_Devi_Mahatmya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Ashta-Matrikas as described in the Devi Mahatmya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ashta-Matrikas_as_described_in_the_Devi_Mahatmya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legends</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legends subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mahabharata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahabharata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mahabharata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahabharata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Associations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Associations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Associations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yoginis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoginis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Yoginis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoginis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Script_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Script_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Script characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Script_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Worship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tantric_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tantric_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Tantric worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tantric_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rituals_and_goals_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rituals_and_goals_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Rituals and goals of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rituals_and_goals_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Matrikas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ماتريكات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماتريكات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="মাতৃকা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাতৃকা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="মাতৃকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাতৃকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मातृका – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मातृका" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Matrikas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matrikas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Matrikas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matrikas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ماتریکاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماتریکاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2trik%C3%A2" title="Mâtrikâ – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mâtrikâ" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="सप्तमातृका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सप्तमातृका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrika" title="Matrika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Matrika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81t%E1%B9%9Bk%C4%81" title="Mātṛkā – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mātṛkā" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಸಪ್ತಮಾತೃಕೆಯರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಪ್ತಮಾತೃಕೆಯರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="സപ്തമാതാക്കൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സപ്തമാതാക്കൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मातृका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मातृका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯃꯥꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯥꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saptamatrika" title="Saptamatrika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saptamatrika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मातृका – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मातृका" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC" title="マートリカー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マートリカー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ମାତୃକା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାତୃକା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6" title="មាតរិកា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មាតរិកា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matryki" title="Matryki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Matryki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8)" title="Матрики (богини) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Матрики (богини)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9D" title="මාත්‍රිකාවෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මාත්‍රිකාවෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Matrikas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சப்தகன்னியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சப்தகன்னியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="มาตฤกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาตฤกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1789401#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaumari&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaumari">Kaumari</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of Hindu mother goddesses</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Seven_Mother_Goddesses_%28Matrikas%29_Flanked_by_Shiva_%28left%29_and_Ganesha_%28right%29.jpg/220px-The_Seven_Mother_Goddesses_%28Matrikas%29_Flanked_by_Shiva_%28left%29_and_Ganesha_%28right%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Seven_Mother_Goddesses_%28Matrikas%29_Flanked_by_Shiva_%28left%29_and_Ganesha_%28right%29.jpg/330px-The_Seven_Mother_Goddesses_%28Matrikas%29_Flanked_by_Shiva_%28left%29_and_Ganesha_%28right%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Seven_Mother_Goddesses_%28Matrikas%29_Flanked_by_Shiva_%28left%29_and_Ganesha_%28right%29.jpg/440px-The_Seven_Mother_Goddesses_%28Matrikas%29_Flanked_by_Shiva_%28left%29_and_Ganesha_%28right%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6674" data-file-height="2001" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Seven Mother Goddesses (Matrikas) flanked by Shiva (left) and Ganesha (right)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data">मातृका</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> transliteration</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">mātṝkā</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shaktism" title="Category:Shaktism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #FFC569; padding:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SriYantra_color.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/100px-SriYantra_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/150px-SriYantra_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/200px-SriYantra_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaktism" title="History of Shaktism">History</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a> (Supreme)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Lalita</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures and texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogini_Tantra" title="Yogini Tantra">Yogini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalita_Sahasranama" title="Lalita Sahasranama">Lalita Sahasranama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Rahasya" title="Tripura Rahasya">Tripura Rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b>other texts</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saundarya_Lahari" title="Saundarya Lahari">Saundarya Lahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annada_Mangal" title="Annada Mangal">Annada Mangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasadi" title="Ramprasadi">Ramprasadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><hr /> <dl><dd><b>Vidya margam</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vamachara" title="Vamachara">Vamachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshina">Dakshinachara</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kula margam</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Vidya" title="Shri Vidya">Srikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism#Kalikula:_family_of_Kali" title="Shaktism">Kalikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trika" class="mw-redirect" title="Trika">Trika (Kashmir Shaivism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubjika" title="Kubjika">Kubjikamata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Scholars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatchandra_Ray" title="Bharatchandra Ray">Bharatchandra Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskararaya" title="Bhaskararaya">Bhaskararaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Agamavagisha" title="Krishnananda Agamavagisha">Krishnananda Agamavagisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Pattar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abirami Pattar">Abhirami Bhattar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">Yoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamakara" title="Panchamakara">Panchamakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals and temples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Saraswati Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional variations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saktism" title="Template talk:Saktism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saktism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saktism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Matrikas</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: मातृका (singular), <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: mātṝkā, lit. "mothers")<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called <b>Matar</b> or <b>Matri</b>, are a group of mother <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">goddesses</a> who are always depicted together in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. The Matrikas are often depicted in a group of seven, the <b>Saptamatrika(s)</b> (Seven Mothers).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkson1992134_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkson1992134-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they are also depicted as a group of eight, the <b>Ashtamatrika(s)</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhat_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" title="Bṛhat Saṃhitā">Brihat Samhita</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Var%C4%81hamihira" title="Varāhamihira">Varahamihira</a> says that "Mothers are to be made with cognizance of (different major Hindu) gods corresponding to their names."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are associated with these gods as their spouses or their energies (<i><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shaktis</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Jain162_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain162-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brahmani_(Matrika)" title="Brahmani (Matrika)">Brahmani</a> emerged from <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, Vaishnavi from <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, Maheshvari from <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Indrani</a> from <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, Kaumari from <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a> from <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Chandi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and additionals are <a href="/wiki/Pratyangira" title="Pratyangira">Narasimhi</a> from <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vinayaki" title="Vinayaki">Vinayaki</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>. </p><p>Originally believed to be a personification of the seven stars of the star cluster the <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a>, they became quite popular by the seventh century and a standard feature of goddess temples from the ninth century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu2003187,_Glossary_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangu2003187,_Glossary-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, Saptamatrika worship is prevalent whereas the Ashtamatrika are venerated in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, among other places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993362_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993362-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Matrikas assume paramount significance in the goddess-oriented sect of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantrism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-W41_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W41-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, they are described as "assisting the great Shakta <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> (goddess) in her fight with demons."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1974126_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1974126-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars consider them <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-A_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also connected with the worship of warrior god <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Skanda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1988143_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1988143-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most early references, the Matrikas are associated with the conception, birth, diseases and protection of children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu200358–59_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangu200358–59-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were seen as inauspicious<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998151_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998151-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "personification of perils", propitiated in order to avoid those ills, that carried off so many children before they reached adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu200358–59_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangu200358–59-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They come to play a protective role in later mythology, although some of their early inauspicious and wild characteristics continue in these legends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998151_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998151-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, they represent the prodigiously fecund aspect of nature as well as its destructive force aspect.<sup id="cite_ref-Jain162_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain162-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_development">Origins and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varahi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Varahi.jpg/170px-Varahi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Varahi.jpg/255px-Varahi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Varahi.jpg/340px-Varahi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1571" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a>, one of the Matrikas</figcaption></figure> <p>The Matrikas originated from the sweat of Shiva who chased the asuras away from the heavens and killed them, when the asuras conquered the heavens after defeating the devas. And after that, the devas conquered the heavens. </p><p>According to Jagdish Narain Tiwari and Dilip Chakravati, the Matrikas were existent as early as the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a> civilization. Seals with rows of seven feminine deities or priestesses are cited as evidence for the theory.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> (IX 102.4) speaks of a group of seven Mothers who control the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a>, but the earliest clear description appears in select chapters of the epic <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> dated to 1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley_p.151_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley_p.151-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madhu Wangu believes that Matrika description in Mahabharata is rooted in the group of seven females depicted on <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus valley</a> seals.<sup id="cite_ref-W41_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W41-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the fifth century, all these goddesses were incorporated in mainstream orthodox Hinduism as Tantric deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer2001B4C,_257,_135_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer2001B4C,_257,_135-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown200248_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown200248-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Kinsley proposes that the Matrikas may be local village goddesses, who were being assimilated in the mainstream. He cites two reasons for his assertion: their description in Mahabharata as dark in colour, speaking foreign languages and living in "peripheral areas" and their association with god Skanda and his father and mother, Shiva and Parvati, whose forms were the Matrikas and Bhairavas had Vedic attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley_p.155_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley_p.155-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sara L. Schastok suggests that the Matrikas maybe inspired by the concept of <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a>, who are associated with <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Skanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a> – both are often portrayed with the Matrikas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchastok198558–60_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchastok198558–60-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the Indus valley origins theory, Bhattacharyya notes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The cult of the Female Principle was a major aspect of Dravidian religion, The concept of Shakti was an integral part of their religion. The cult of the <i>Sapta Matrikas</i>, or Seven Divine Mothers, which is an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Shakta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakta">Shakta</a> religion, may be of <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidian</a> inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1974_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1974-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bhattacharyya, Bhattacharyya, Bhattacharyya</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Sapta-Matrikas were earlier connected with Skanda (Kumara) and in later times, associated with the Shaiva sect of Shiva himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1988143_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1988143-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushana</a> period (1st to 3rd century), the sculptural images of the matrikas first appear in stone. The Kushana images merged from the belief in <i>Balagraha</i> (lit "destroyers of children") worship related to conception, birth, diseases and protection of children. The Balagraha tradition included the worship of the infant Skanda with the Matrikas. The goddesses were considered as personifications of perils, related to children and thus, were pacified by worship. The Kushana images emphasize the maternal as well as destructive characteristics of the Matrikas through their emblems and weapons. They appear to be an undifferentiated sculptural group but develop in standard and complex iconographic representation during the following Gupta period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu200358–59_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangu200358–59-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> period (3rd to 6th century A.D.), folk images of Matrikas became important in villages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu200367_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangu200367-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diverse folk goddesses of the soldiers like Matrikas were acknowledged by the Gupta rulers and their images were carved on royal monuments in order to strengthen the loyalty and adherence of the armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu200368_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangu200368-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gupta kings <a href="/wiki/Skandagupta" title="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta_I" title="Kumaragupta I">Kumaragupta I</a> (c. second half of the fifth century A.D.) made Skanda (Kumara)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their model and elevated the position of Skanda's foster mothers, the Matrikas from a cluster of folk goddesses to court goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu200376_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangu200376-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the fourth century, Parhari, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> had a rock-cut shrine been solely devoted to the Sapta Matrikas.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkson_p.212_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkson_p.212-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> (350–1000 A.D.) kings of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> built many Hindu temples along with <i>saptamatrika</i> carvings<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamath200151_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath200151-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and memorials, containing sculptural details of <i>saptamatrikas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamath200152_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath200152-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evidence of Matrika sculptures is further pronounced in the <a href="/wiki/Pratihara_dynasty" title="Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara–Patiharas</a> (8th to 10th century A.D.) and <a href="/wiki/Chandelas_of_Jejakabhukti" title="Chandelas of Jejakabhukti">Chandella</a> period (8th to 12th century A.D.).<sup id="cite_ref-Goswami_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goswami-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas</a> claimed to have been nursed by the Sapta Matrikas. It was a popular practice to link South Indian royal family lineage to a Northern kingdom in ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamath200160_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath200160-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya</a> period (10th to 12th century A.D.), all Matrikas continued to figure among the deity sculptures of this period. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadambas</a> and Early <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukyas">Chalukyas</a> from the fifth century A.D. praise the Matrikas in their preambles, as giver of powers to defeat enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenzen_p.29_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenzen_p.29-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002121_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002121-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most of the relevant texts, their exact number has not been specified, but gradually their number and names became increasingly crystallized and seven goddesses were identified as the Matrikas, albeit some references indicate eight or even sixteen Matrikas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laura K. Amazzone cites: </p> <blockquote> <p>The inconsistency in the number of Matrikas found in the Indus valley today (seven, eight, or nine) possibly reflects the localization of goddesses. Although the Matrikas are mostly grouped as seven goddesses over the rest of the Indian Subcontinent, an eighth Matrikas has sometimes been added in Nepal to represent the eight cardinal directions. In <a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur" title="Bhaktapur">Bhaktapur</a>, a city in the Kathmandu Valley, a ninth Matrika is added to the set to represent the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashta-Matrika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ashta-Matrika.jpg/350px-Ashta-Matrika.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ashta-Matrika.jpg/525px-Ashta-Matrika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ashta-Matrika.jpg/700px-Ashta-Matrika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3318" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption>The eight Matrikas in battle (top row, from the left) <a href="/wiki/Narasimhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Narasimhi">Narasimhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavi_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavi (deity)">Vaishnavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaumari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaumari">Kaumari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maheshvari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maheshvari">Maheshvari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmani">Brahmani</a>. (bottom row, from left) <a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aindri" class="mw-redirect" title="Aindri">Indrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> before them, all fighting against and killing the <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">asura</a> <a href="/wiki/Raktab%C4%ABja" title="Raktabīja">Raktabīja</a>. A folio from <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The iconographical features of the Matrikas have been described in Hindu scriptures such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnudharmottara_Purana" title="Vishnudharmottara Purana">Vishnudharmottara Purana</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a> (part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i>) and also in the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a> such as the <i>Amsumadbhedagama</i>, <i>Surabhedagama</i>, <i>Purvakarnagama,</i> <i>Rupamandana</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Ashta-Matrikas_as_described_in_the_Devi_Mahatmya">The Ashta-Matrikas as described in the Devi Mahatmya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Ashta-Matrikas as described in the Devi Mahatmya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><b><a href="/wiki/Brahmani_(Matrika)" title="Brahmani (Matrika)">Brahmani</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">ब्रह्माणी</span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Brahmâṇī</i></span>) or <b>Brahmi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">ब्राह्मी</span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Brāhmī</i></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> (energy) of the creator god <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>. She is depicted yellow in colour and with four heads. She may be depicted with four or six arms. Like Brahma, she holds a rosary, noose and <a href="/wiki/Kamandalu" title="Kamandalu">kamandalu</a> (water pot), <a href="/wiki/Padma_(attribute)" class="mw-redirect" title="Padma (attribute)">lotus</a> stalk, a book, bell and is seated on a <a href="/wiki/Hamsa_(bird)" title="Hamsa (bird)">hamsa</a> (swan) as her <a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">vahana</a> (mount or vehicle). She is also shown seated on a lotus with the hamsa on her banner. She wears various ornaments and is distinguished by her basket-shaped crown called <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">karaṇḍa mukuṭa</i></span></i>. She is regarded as the consort of the deity <a href="/wiki/Ashta_Bhairava" title="Ashta Bhairava">Asithanga Bhairava</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Descriptions_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Descriptions-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Vaishnavi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">वैष्णवी</span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vaiṣṇavī</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> of the preserver god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, is described as seated on the <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> (eagle-man) and having four or six arms. She holds <a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a> (conch), <a href="/wiki/Chakram" title="Chakram">chakra</a> (discus), mace and lotus and bow and sword or her two arms are in <i>varada</i> <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a> (Blessing hand gesture) and <i>abhaya</i> mudra (No fear hand gesture). Like Vishnu, she is heavily adorned with ornaments like necklaces, anklets, earrings, bangles, etc and a cylindrical crown called <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kiriṭa mukuṭa</i></span></i>. She is regarded as the consort of the deity <a href="/wiki/Ashta_Bhairava" title="Ashta Bhairava">Krodha Bhairava</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Descriptions_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Descriptions-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Maheshvari</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">माहेश्वरी</span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Māheśvarī</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> of the destroyer god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, also known as Maheshvara. Maheshvari is also known by the names <b>Rudri</b>, <b>Rudrani</b>, <b>Maheshi</b>, <b>Shivani</b> derived from Shiva's names Rudra, Mahesha, Shiva. Maheshvari is depicted seated on <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(Hinduism)" title="Nandi (Hinduism)">Nandi</a> (the bull) and has four or six hands. The white complexioned, <a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye"><i>Trinetra</i></a> (three eyed) goddess holds a <a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">Trishula</a> (trident), <a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a> (drum), <a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Akshamala</a> (A garland of beads), Panapatra (drinking vessel) or axe or an antelope or a <a href="/wiki/Kapala" title="Kapala">kapala</a> (skull-bowl) or a serpent and is adorned with serpent bracelets, the crescent moon and the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jaṭā mukuṭa</i></span></i> (A headdress formed of piled, matted hair). She is regarded as the consort of the deity <a href="/wiki/Ashta_Bhairava" title="Ashta Bhairava">Ruru Bhairava</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Descriptions_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Descriptions-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indrani#Association_with_the_Matrika" title="Indrani">Indrani</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">इन्द्राणी</span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Indrāṇī</i></span>), also known as <b>Aindri</b>, (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">ऐन्द्री</span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Aindrī</i></span>), <b>Mahendri</b>, <b>Vajri</b>, is the power of the <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, the god of thunderstorms. Seated on an elephant, Indrani, is depicted dark-skinned, with two or four or six arms. She is depicted as having two or three or four eyes like Indra, and a thousand eyes on her body. She is armed with the <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">Vajra</a> (thunderbolt), <a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">goad</a>, noose and lotus stalk. Adorned with variety of ornaments, she wears the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kiriṭa mukuṭa</i></span></i>. She is regarded as the consort of the deity <a href="/wiki/Ashta_Bhairava" title="Ashta Bhairava">Kapala Bhairava</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Descriptions_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Descriptions-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Kaumari</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">कौमारी</span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kaumārī</i></span>), also known as <b>Kumari</b>, <b>Kartiki</b>, <b>Kartikeyani,</b> <b>Ambika</b><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the power of <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a>, the god of war. Kaumari rides a peacock and has four or twelve arms. She holds a spear, axe, a Shakti (power) or Tanka (silver coins) and bow. She is sometimes depicted six-headed like Kartikeya and wears a cylindrical crown called <i>kiriṭa mukuṭa</i>. She is regarded as the consort of the deity <a href="/wiki/Ashta_Bhairava" title="Ashta Bhairava">Chanda Bhairava</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Descriptions_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Descriptions-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">वाराही</span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vārāhī</i></span>), is also known as <b>Vairali,</b> <b>Verai, Dandini, Dandai</b> is the power of <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a>, the third and the boar-headed form of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. She holds a <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">Danda</a> (rod), plough, goad, a Vajra or a sword, and a Panapatra and she rides a buffalo. Sometimes, she carries a bell, chakra, <a href="/wiki/Fly-whisk" title="Fly-whisk">chamara</a> (a yak's tail) and a bow. She wears a crown called <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">karaṇḍa mukuṭa</i></span></i> with other ornaments. She is regarded as the consort of the deity <a href="/wiki/Ashta_Bhairava" title="Ashta Bhairava">Unmatha Bhairava</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Descriptions_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Descriptions-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">चामुण्डा</span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Cāṃuṇḍā</i></span>), is also known as <b>Chamundi</b> and <b>Charchika</b>, is the power of <a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Chandi</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>. She is almost like <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> and is similar in her appearance and habit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998241_Footnotes_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998241_Footnotes-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The similarity with Kali is explicit in the <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-W72_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W72-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The black coloured Chamunda is described as wearing a garland of severed heads (<a href="/wiki/Mundamala" title="Mundamala">Mundamala</a>) and holding a Damaru (drum), trishula (trident), sword and Panapatra (drinking-vessel) and wears a <i>karaṇḍa mukuṭa</i>. Riding a jackal, she is described as having three eyes, a terrifying face and a sunken belly. She is regarded as the consort of the deity <a href="/wiki/Ashta_Bhairava" title="Ashta Bhairava">Bhishana Bhairava</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Descriptions_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Descriptions-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pratyangira" title="Pratyangira">Narasimhi</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">नारसिंही</span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nārasiṃhī</i></span>) is the divine energy of <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> (the fourth and lion-man form of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>). She is also called as <b>Pratyangira</b>, the woman-lion goddess who throws the stars into disarray by shaking her lion mane and wears a <i>karaṇḍa mukuṭa</i>. She is described as holding a Damaru (drum), trishula (trident), sword and Panapatra (drinking-vessel). She rides on a lion. She is regarded as the consort of the deity <a href="/wiki/Ashta_Bhairava" title="Ashta Bhairava">Samhara Bhairava</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Descriptions_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Descriptions-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Though the first six are unanimously accepted by texts, the name and features of the seventh and eighth Matrikas are disputed. In the Devi Mahatmya, Chamunda is omitted after the Matrikas list,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in sculpture in shrines or caves and the Mahabharata, Narasimhi is omitted. The <a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a> names <b><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Yami</a></b> – the shakti of <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a>, as the seventh and <b><a href="/wiki/Yogeshvari" title="Yogeshvari">Yogeshvari</a></b> as the eighth Matrika, created by flames emerging from <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>'s mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nepal, the eighth Matrika is called <b><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Mahalakshmi</a></b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></b> is added omitting Narasimhi. In lists of nine Matrikas, Devi-Purana mentions <b>Gananayika</b> or <a href="/wiki/Vinayaki" title="Vinayaki">Vinayaki</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, characterized by her elephant head and ability to remove obstacles like <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> and <b><a href="/wiki/Bhairavi" title="Bhairavi">Mahabhairavi</a></b> omitting Narasimhi. The female power <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a> called as <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Kalyani</a> of the god <a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a>, the first and fish avatar of Vishnu is also included sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a> mentions 2 other Matrikas <a href="/wiki/Varuni" title="Varuni">Varuni</a> (shakti of <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bhadra" title="Bhadra">Kauberi</a> (shakti of <a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Narayani</a>, (shakti of <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends">Legends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matrika_Inde_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_11073.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Matrika_Inde_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_11073.jpg/170px-Matrika_Inde_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_11073.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Matrika_Inde_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_11073.jpg/255px-Matrika_Inde_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_11073.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Matrika_Inde_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_11073.jpg/340px-Matrika_Inde_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_11073.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>9th–10th century granite <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> statue of Matrika Maheshvari, seen with a trident in a hand, adorned by serpent ornaments and her vahana (mount), the bull Nandi is seen on her seat — <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée Guimet">Musée Guimet</a>, Paris.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several Puranic texts related to the origin of Matrikas. <a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma Purana</a> and the Suprabhedagama contain references to Matrikas, and this asserts their antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Sumbha_and_Nisumbha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumbha and Nisumbha">Shumbha-Nishumbha</a> story of <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a>, Matrikas appear as <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shaktis</a> from the bodies of the gods – Brahma, Shiva, Skanda, Vishnu, Indra;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156,_Devi_Mahatmya_verses_8.11–20_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156,_Devi_Mahatmya_verses_8.11–20-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having the form of each, approached <a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Chandika</a> (identified with Devi) with whatever form, ornaments and vehicle the god possessed. In that form, they slaughter the demon army.<sup id="cite_ref-A_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the Matrikas are goddesses of the battlefield. They are described as assistants of Durga having sinister as well as propitious characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-W72_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W72-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the battle, the <a href="/wiki/Asta_Matrika_Dance" title="Asta Matrika Dance">Matrikas dance</a> drunk with their victim's blood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156,_Devi_Mahatmya_verses_8.62_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156,_Devi_Mahatmya_verses_8.62-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This description is repeated with little variation in <i>Devi Bhagavata Purana</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156,_verses_5.28–29_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156,_verses_5.28–29-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Vamana Purana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156,_verses_30_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156,_verses_30-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a></i> mentions three other goddesses, Shaktis of other gods' in addition to the Saptamatrika, making a group of 10 Matrikas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998242_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998242-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to latter episode of Devi Mahatmya, Durga created Matrikas from herself and with their help slaughtered the demon army. In this version, <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> is described as a Matrika, who sucked all the blood of demon <a href="/wiki/Raktabija" class="mw-redirect" title="Raktabija">Raktabija</a>. Kali is given the epithet <a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a> in the text. When demon Shumbha challenges Durga to a single combat, she absorbs the Matrikas in herself and says that they are her different forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998158,_Devi_Mahatmya_verses_10.2–5_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998158,_Devi_Mahatmya_verses_10.2–5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>In the Vamana Purana too, the Matrikas arise from different parts of Devi and not from male gods although they are described and named after the male deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998158,_verses_30.3–9_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998158,_verses_30.3–9-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Matsya Purana, Shiva had created seven Matrikas to combat the demon <a href="/wiki/Andhaka" title="Andhaka">Andhaka</a>, who had the ability to duplicate from each drop of his blood that falls from him when he is wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Matrikas drink up his blood and help Shiva defeat the demon. After the battle, the Matrikas begin a rampage of destruction by starting to devour other gods, demons and peoples of the world. <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>, Vishnu's man-lion incarnation, creates a host of thirty-two benign goddesses who calm down the terrible, fire-breathing Matrikas. Narasimha commanded the Matrikas to protect the world, instead of destroying it and thus be worshipped by mankind. At the end of the episode, Shiva's terrible form <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a> is enshrined with the images of the Matrikas at the place where the battle took place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998158–159,_verses_179.8–90_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998158–159,_verses_179.8–90-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This story is retold in Vishnudharmottara Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998159,_verses_1.225_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998159,_verses_1.225-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vishnudharmottara Purana further relates them with vices or inauspicious emotions like envy, pride, anger etc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998159,_verses_17.33–37_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998159,_verses_17.33–37-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Varaha Purana, they are created from the distracted mind of goddess Vaishnavi, who loses her concentration while doing asceticism. They are described as lovely and act as the goddesses' attendants on the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998159,_Verses_44.1–96_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998159,_Verses_44.1–96-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i>, when beings created by Vishnu are enlisted; the Matrikas are listed with <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">rakshasas</a> (demons), bhutas (ghosts), pretas, <a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">dakinis</a> and other dangerous beings. In the same text, milkmaids offer a prayer for protection of the infant-god <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> from the Matrikas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998159,_verses_2.10.37–39_and_10.63.6_ff.,_10.6,27–29_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998159,_verses_2.10.37–39_and_10.63.6_ff.,_10.6,27–29-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Devi_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi Purana">Devi Purana</a> (6th – 10th century) mentions a group of sixteen matrikas and six other types of Matrikas mentioned, apart from the Saptamatrikas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It introduces the <i>Loka-matara</i> (mothers of the world), a term used in the Mahabharata, in the first chapter. Kind to all creatures, the Matrikas are said to reside in various places for the benefit of children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text paradoxically describes the Matrikas as being created by various gods like Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Indra as well as being their mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devi Purana describe a pentad of Matrikas, who help <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> to kill demons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, sage Mandavya is described as worshipping the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Māṭrpaňcaka</i></span></i> (the five mothers) named Kaumari, Maheshvari, Chamunda, Brahmi, Vaishnavi and who have been established by <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>; for saving king <a href="/wiki/Harishchandra" title="Harishchandra">Harishchandra</a> from calamities. The Matrikas direct the sage to perform worship of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Māṭrchakra</i></span></i> (interpreted as a <a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a> or a circular shrine to the Matrikas), established by <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Vindhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhya">Vindhya</a> mountains, by meat and ritual sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mahabharata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camunda5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Camunda5.JPG/170px-Camunda5.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Camunda5.JPG/255px-Camunda5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Camunda5.JPG/340px-Camunda5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hoysala" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala">Hoysala</a> sculpture of Chamunda, <a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a>. Surrounded by skeletons, the goddess has large nails and protruding teeth and wears a garland of skulls.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mahabharata narrates in different chapters the birth of warrior-god <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Skanda</a> (the son of Shiva and <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>) and his association with the Matrikas – his adopted mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998151_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998151-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one version, <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> (king of gods) sends the goddesses called "mothers of the world" to kill him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998151_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998151-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, upon seeing Skanda, instead they follow their maternal instincts and raise him.<sup id="cite_ref-W41_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W41-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the chapter <i>Vana-parva</i> version, the Saptamatrikas are mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998151_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998151-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the Mahabharata; when absorption of these indigenous goddesses in the Hindu pantheon was initiated, a standardized group of seven goddesses – the Saptamatrikas, Shaktis or powers of Hindu gods are mentioned as Brahmi, Maheshvari, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamunda.<sup id="cite_ref-W41_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W41-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other accounts of Skanda's birth in Mahabharata, eight ferocious goddesses emerge from Skanda, when struck by Indra's <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">Vajra</a> (thunderbolt). These are Kāki, Halimā, Mālinī, Bṛhalī, Āryā, Palālā and Vaimitrā, which Skanda accepted as his mothers, who stole other children – a characteristic of the Matrikas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998152_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998152-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another account mentions the <i>Maha-matrikas</i> (the great mothers), a group of the wives of six of the <a href="/wiki/Saptarishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptarishi">Saptarishis</a> (7 great sages), who were accused of being Skanda's real mothers and thus abandoned by their husbands. They request Skanda to adopt them as his mothers. Skanda agrees and grants them two boons: to be worshipped as great goddesses and permission to torment children as long as they are younger than 16 years and then act as their protectors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998152_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998152-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These six goddesses as well as the Saptamatrikas are identified or associated with <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> <a href="/wiki/Krittika" class="mw-redirect" title="Krittika">Krittikas</a>, the constellation <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002116_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002116-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shalya Parva of the Mahabharata mentions characteristics of a host of Matrikas, who serve Skanda. Ninety-two of them are named but the text says there exist more. The Shalya Parva describes them as young, cheerful, most of them fair but having dangerous features like long nails and large teeth. They are said to fight like Indra in battles, invoking terror in minds of enemies; speak different foreign tongues and lives in inaccessible places away from human settlements like crossroads, caves, mountains, springs, forests, riverbanks and cremation grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998153_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998153-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2000132–133_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2000132–133-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable among these lists of Matrikas is <i><a href="/wiki/Putana" title="Putana">Putana</a></i>, a goddess who tried to kill the infant <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> (an incarnation of Vishnu) by suckling him with poisoned breast milk and was consequently killed by Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998154_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998154-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions">Depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Ganesha_Matrikas_Kubera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/British_Museum_Ganesha_Matrikas_Kubera.jpg/220px-British_Museum_Ganesha_Matrikas_Kubera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/British_Museum_Ganesha_Matrikas_Kubera.jpg/330px-British_Museum_Ganesha_Matrikas_Kubera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/British_Museum_Ganesha_Matrikas_Kubera.jpg/440px-British_Museum_Ganesha_Matrikas_Kubera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Bronze group with (from left) <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brahmani_(Matrika)" title="Brahmani (Matrika)">Brahmani</a>, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, – the 3 Matrikas, <a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a> taken at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>; originally from <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">Eastern India</a>, dedicated in 43rd year of reign of <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a> king <a href="/wiki/Mahipala" title="Mahipala">Mahipala</a> I (about AD 1043)</figcaption></figure> <p>The textual description of Matrikas is generally frightening and ferocious. In the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, all the seven mothers are described as fatal or serve as threats to foetuses or infants. They are described as living in trees, crossroads, caves and funeral grounds and they are terrible as well as beautiful.<sup id="cite_ref-W41_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W41-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, in the sculptural portrayal, they are depicted quite differently as protectors and benevolent mothers. They are armed with the same weapons, wear the same ornaments, and ride the same vahanas and carry the same banners as their corresponding male deities. </p><p>The Saptamatrikas are generally carved in relief on a rectangular stone slab in the sequential order of Brahmani, Maheshvari, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamunda, being flanked by two male figures – <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and his son with <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> in both sides (first – on their right and last – on their left). Thus, the Matrikas are considered <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite goddesses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often depicted on the lintel slabs of the main door of a Shiva and Parvati temple – mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Jaunsar-Bawar" title="Jaunsar-Bawar">Jaunsar-Bawar</a> region, with their respective mounts forming the pedestal.<sup id="cite_ref-Jain162_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain162-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, they are occupied by the couple <a href="/wiki/Uma%E2%80%93Maheshvara" title="Uma–Maheshvara">Uma-Maheshvara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>). The earliest instance of their portrayal with Uma-Maheshvara is at Desha Bhattarika, Nepal although now the Matrika images have withered away.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 12th century Sanskrit author <a href="/wiki/Kalhana" title="Kalhana">Kalhana</a> mentions worship of Matrikas with Shiva and Parvati in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, his work <a href="/wiki/Rajatarangini" title="Rajatarangini">Rajatarangini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellora_Shiva_Matrikas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ellora_Shiva_Matrikas.jpg/220px-Ellora_Shiva_Matrikas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ellora_Shiva_Matrikas.jpg/330px-Ellora_Shiva_Matrikas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ellora_Shiva_Matrikas.jpg/440px-Ellora_Shiva_Matrikas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a>–Shiva (left) with Virabhadra and the first three Matrikas. Matrikas are depicted with children – Ellora</figcaption></figure> <p>Three panels of Saptamatrikas appear near the Shiva and Parvati cave at <a href="/wiki/Udayagiri_Caves" title="Udayagiri Caves">Udayagiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002117_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002117-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> caves of <a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Island" title="Elephanta Island">Elephanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora</a> (Caves 21, 14, 16 and 22).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkson199287_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkson199287-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In sixth century Rameshvara cave (Cave 21) at Ellora, "With the terrific aspect repressed entirely, the Matrikas are depicted as benign and are worshipped in adulation. Sensuous, elegant, tender, beautiful adolescents, they are yet haughty and grand, quintessentially the creatrix."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkson1992134_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkson1992134-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaumari is depicted with a child on her lap and even Varahi is depicted with a human head, rather than the usual boar one.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Ravanakakai cave (Cave 14), each of the Matrikas is with a child.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkson_p.186_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkson_p.186-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In eighth century <a href="/wiki/Kailasa_Temple,_Ellora" title="Kailasa Temple, Ellora">Kailasha Temple</a> (cave 16) – dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> – of <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakutas" title="Rashtrakutas">Rashtrakuta</a> period, the Matrikas appear on the southern boundary of the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkson_p.212_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkson_p.212-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantras</a> rose, the fertility area and upper parts of body in the Matrika sculptures were stressed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkson1992186–187_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkson1992186–187-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In each of the four depictions at Ellora, the matrikas are accompanied by Shiva, Ganesha and also on their left (besides Ganesha) by <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a> (the god of death).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkson1992135_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkson1992135-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of Yama in form of a skeleton, seems to indicate the darker aspect of the matrikas' nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkson_p.186_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkson_p.186-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Osian,_Jodhpur" title="Osian, Jodhpur">Osian</a>, the Matrikas is flanked by Ganesha and <a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a> (the treasurer of the gods and a companion of Shiva and Parvati) while Shiva sits in the middle of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalia1982109_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalia1982109-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Gupta and post-Gupta art, like in 6th Century caves of <a href="/wiki/Shamlaji" title="Shamlaji">Shamalaji</a>, the Matrikas are accompanied by Shiva and Parvati's son <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Skanda</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associations">Associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoginis">Yoginis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Yoginis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaishnavi_and_Varahi_Fighting_Asuras_(Recto),_Kumari_Fighting_Asuras_(Verso),_Folio_from_a_Devimahatmya_(Glory_of_the_Goddess)_LACMA_M.81.280.4a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vaishnavi_and_Varahi_Fighting_Asuras_%28Recto%29%2C_Kumari_Fighting_Asuras_%28Verso%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Devimahatmya_%28Glory_of_the_Goddess%29_LACMA_M.81.280.4a.jpg/220px-Vaishnavi_and_Varahi_Fighting_Asuras_%28Recto%29%2C_Kumari_Fighting_Asuras_%28Verso%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Devimahatmya_%28Glory_of_the_Goddess%29_LACMA_M.81.280.4a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vaishnavi_and_Varahi_Fighting_Asuras_%28Recto%29%2C_Kumari_Fighting_Asuras_%28Verso%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Devimahatmya_%28Glory_of_the_Goddess%29_LACMA_M.81.280.4a.jpg/330px-Vaishnavi_and_Varahi_Fighting_Asuras_%28Recto%29%2C_Kumari_Fighting_Asuras_%28Verso%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Devimahatmya_%28Glory_of_the_Goddess%29_LACMA_M.81.280.4a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vaishnavi_and_Varahi_Fighting_Asuras_%28Recto%29%2C_Kumari_Fighting_Asuras_%28Verso%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Devimahatmya_%28Glory_of_the_Goddess%29_LACMA_M.81.280.4a.jpg/440px-Vaishnavi_and_Varahi_Fighting_Asuras_%28Recto%29%2C_Kumari_Fighting_Asuras_%28Verso%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Devimahatmya_%28Glory_of_the_Goddess%29_LACMA_M.81.280.4a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1409" /></a><figcaption>Kaumari, a folio from the Devi Mahatmya.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yogini_temples" title="Yogini temples">Yogini temples</a></div> <p>The Matrikas are included among the <a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yoginis</a>, a group of sixty-four or eighty-one Tantric goddesses, in a tradition which treats the <a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yoginis</a> as important deities, whereas another tradition, which views the Yoginis as cruel minor deities, considers them separate entities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDehejia19865_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDehejia19865-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sanskrit literature the Yoginis have been represented as the attendants or various manifestations of goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> engaged in fighting with the demons Shumbha and Nishumbha, and the principal Yoginis are identified with the Matrikas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1974128_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1974128-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Yoginis are described as born from one or more Matrikas. The derivation of sixty-four Yoginis from eight Matrikas became a common tradition, by mid- 11th century. The <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a> (circle) and <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakra</a> of Yoginis were used alternatively. The eighty-one Yoginis evolve from a group of nine Matrikas, instead of seven or eight. The Saptamatrika (Brahmani, Maheshvari, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamunda) joined by <a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Chandi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Mahalakshmi</a> form the nine Matrikas cluster. Each Matrika is considered to be a Yogini and is associated with eight other Yoginis resulting in the troupe of eighty-one (nine times nine);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu2003114_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangu2003114-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is an 81-Yogini temple at <a href="/wiki/Chausath_Yogini_Temple,_Bhedaghat" title="Chausath Yogini Temple, Bhedaghat">Bhedaghat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>. Thus, Yoginis are considered as manifestations or daughters of the Matrikas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanerji2002296_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerji2002296-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The yoginis also occupy an important place in <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>, with 64-<a href="/wiki/Yogini_temples" title="Yogini temples">Yogini temples</a> across India including the well-preserved ones at <a href="/wiki/Chausath_Yogini_Temple,_Ranipur_Jharial" title="Chausath Yogini Temple, Ranipur Jharial">Ranipur-Jharial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chausath_Yogini_Temple,_Hirapur" title="Chausath Yogini Temple, Hirapur">Hirapur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. The rise of the Yogini cult is analogous to the rise of the Matrikas's cult. Bhattacharyya sums it this way: "The growing importance of Shaktism (of the matrikas and yoginis in the first millennium CE) brought them into greater prominence and distributed their cult far and wide. The primitive Yogini cult was also revived on account of the increasing influences of the cult of the Seven Mothers."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1974128_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1974128-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Script_characters">Script characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Script characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Matrika (Sanskrit <i>mātṛkā</i>) is also a term used to denote features of Indic scripts (also in combination with <a href="/wiki/Akshara" title="Akshara">akshara</a>, matrikaksara), though there is considerable variation in the precise interpretation of the term from one author to another. Sometimes it denotes a single character, the entire collection of characters (an "alphabet"), the alphabetic "matrix" used as a <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> tool,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vowels in particular (considered erroneous by <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BChler" title="Georg Bühler">Georg Bühler</a>), or the sound of the syllable represented by the character.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various traditions identify the script matrikas with the sacred divine Matrikas. </p><p>According to K.C. Aryan, the number of Matrikas is determined in the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> alphabet. First is the (A) group which contains the <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>, then the (Ka), (Cha), (Ta), (ta), (Pa), (Ya) and (Ksha) groups. The seven mother goddesses (<i>Saptamatrikas</i>) correspond to the seven <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> groups; when the vocalic (A) group is added to it, the eight mother goddesses (<i>Ashtamatrikas</i>) are obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAryan19809_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAryan19809-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktas</a> hold that the Mothers preside over impurities (<i>mala</i>) and over sounds of the language. The Mothers were identified with fourteen vowels plus the <i>anusarva</i> and <i>visarga</i>, making their number sixteen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainHanda1995163_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainHanda1995163-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>, the fifty or fifty-one letters including vowels as well as consonants from A to Ksha, of the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> alphabet itself, the <i>Varnamala</i> of <a href="/wiki/B%C4%ABja" title="Bīja">bija</a>, have been described as being the Matrikas themselves. It is believed that they are infused with the power of the Divine Mother herself. The Matrikas are considered to be the subtle form of the letters <i>(varna)</i>. These letters combined make up syllables <i>(pada)</i> which are combined to make sentences <i>(vakya)</i> and it is of these elements that <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> is composed. It is believed that the power of mantra derives from the fact that the letters of the alphabet are in fact forms of the goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAryan198024–28_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAryan198024–28-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 50 Matrika Kalas are given in the same account as follows: Nivritti, Pratishtha, Vidya, Shanti, Indhika, Dipika, Mochika, Para, Sukshma, Sukshmamrita, Jnanamrita, Apypayani, Vyapini, Vyomarupa, Ananta, Srishti, Riddhi, Smriti, Medha, Kanti, Lakshmi, Dyuti, Sthira, Sthiti, Siddhi, Jada, Palini, Shanti, Aishvarya, Rati, Kamika, Varada, Ahladini, Pritih, Dirgha, Tikshna, Raudri, Bhaya, Nidra, Tandra, Kshudha, Krodhini, Kriya, Utkari, Mrityurupa, Pita, Shveta, Asita, Ananta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodroffe2001103_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodroffe2001103-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, the Matrikas represent a diagram written in the letter, believed to possess magical powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanerji200261_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerji200261-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_India">In India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7mothers56.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/7mothers56.jpg/220px-7mothers56.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/7mothers56.jpg/330px-7mothers56.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/7mothers56.jpg/440px-7mothers56.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A shrine of the seven mothers in <a href="/wiki/Ramanathapuram_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanathapuram District">Ramanathapuram District</a>, Tamil Nadu.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Leslie C. Orr, the Saptamatrikas, who first appeared in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> in the eighth century CE, had once temples dedicated exclusively to them, but since the ninth century CE onwards, they were demoted to status of "deities of the entourage" (<i>parivara devata</i>) of Shiva and Parvati. Their images moved from the sanctums to corners of temple complexes and now they are as guardian deities in small village shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saptamatrikas are worshipped as <i>Saptakanyas</i> (the seven virgins) in most South Indian Shiva and Parvati temples especially in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. But the Selliyamman temple at Alambakkam in <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_district" title="Tiruchirappalli district">Tiruchirapalli district</a> is important in worship of the Matrikas. Here once stood a temple dedicated to the Saptamatrikas, which was replaced by the present temple where that are still worshipped by everyone now.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajarajan2015_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajarajan2015-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, shrines of the Saptamatrikas are located in "the wilderness", usually near lakes or rivers, and are made of seven vermilion smeared stones. It is believed that the Matrikas kill fetuses and newborns unless pacified with bridal finery and prayers by women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2000131_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2000131-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prominent <a href="/wiki/Saptamatruka_Temple" title="Saptamatruka Temple">Saptamatrika temple</a> is located near <a href="/wiki/Baitarani_River" title="Baitarani River">Baitarani River</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Jajpur" title="Jajpur">Jajpur</a>. </p><p>The Saptamatrika images are worshipped by women on <i>Pithori</i> – new moon day, with the 64 yoginis represented by rice flour images or supari nuts. The goddesses are worshipped by ceremonial offerings of fruits and flowers and <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Nepal">In Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishnuvi_(Bhairab_Naach_mask).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bishnuvi_%28Bhairab_Naach_mask%29.jpg/200px-Bishnuvi_%28Bhairab_Naach_mask%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bishnuvi_%28Bhairab_Naach_mask%29.jpg/300px-Bishnuvi_%28Bhairab_Naach_mask%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Bishnuvi_%28Bhairab_Naach_mask%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bramhayani_(Bhairab_Naach_mask).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bramhayani_%28Bhairab_Naach_mask%29.jpg/200px-Bramhayani_%28Bhairab_Naach_mask%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bramhayani_%28Bhairab_Naach_mask%29.jpg/300px-Bramhayani_%28Bhairab_Naach_mask%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Bramhayani_%28Bhairab_Naach_mask%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vaishnavi or Bishnuvi (top) and Brahmi or Brahmayani (bottom) in the <a href="/wiki/Bhairab_Naach" title="Bhairab Naach">Bhairab Naach</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Matrikas function both as city protectors and individual protectors in both Hinduism and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. The Astha Matrikas are considered as <a href="/wiki/Ajima" title="Ajima">Ajimas</a> (grandmother goddesses, who are feared as bringer of disease and misfortune as well act as protectresses) in the <a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newar</a> pantheon. Temples (<i>pithas</i> i.e. seats) of the ashta matrika built in and around <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> are considered powerful places of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReedMcConnachie2002521_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReedMcConnachie2002521-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIltis2002257–260_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIltis2002257–260-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>pithas</i> are usually open-air shrines, but may be closed structures too. In these <i>pithas</i>, the Matrikas are worshipped with their followers (<i><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">ganas</a></i>) in form of stone statues or natural stones, while in <i>dyochems</i> (god-houses) in towns and villages, they are represented in brass images. The brass images (<i>utsav-murtis</i>) are paraded around town and placed at their respective <i>pithas</i> once every year. Like Vishnudharmottara Purana (discussed in <a href="#Legends">Legends</a>), the Matrikas are considered as representing a vice and are worshipped by <i>pithapuja</i> (a pilgrimage around the <i>pithas</i>) to free oneself from them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993362_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993362-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though each <i>pitha</i> is primarily dedicated to a Matrika, the other Matrikas are also worshipped as subordinate deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993367–368_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993367–368-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>pithas</i>, which are "theoretically located at the outer boundaries of the city" are said to form a protective <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a> around the city and assisted to a certain compass point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993367–368_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993367–368-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other temples like the ones dedicated to Pacali Bhairava, the Asthamatrikas are worshipped as a circle of stones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993364_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993364-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur" title="Bhaktapur">Bhaktapur</a>, the Ashtamatrikas are believed to the preserver goddesses of the city guarding the eight geometrical directions. Mary Sluser says "Not only do the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mātṛkās</i></span> guard the compass points but they are also regarded as regents of the sky."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200661_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200661-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, they are paired with the <a href="/wiki/Ashta_Bhairava" title="Ashta Bhairava">Ashta Bhairavas</a> (Eight aspects of Bhairava) and sculpted on temple roofs or terraces. Nepali Buddhists worship the Matrikas as described in Dharanisamgrahas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Malla_dynasty_(Nepal)" title="Malla dynasty (Nepal)">Malla</a> king of Nepal Srinivasa Malla built the <a href="/wiki/Lalitpur,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur, Nepal">Patan</a> <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">durbar</a> (court) in 1667 AD and is believed to have seen the Matrikas dance in the durbar one night. The king ordered that the Ashta-matrika be worshipped during the Ashwin <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> and cost is defrayed by the durbar. The custom has continued into modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1996245_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1996245-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Kathmandu valley of Nepal, the Ashta-matrikas with a central village goddess are worshipped as protectors of the city or town. They are identified with the guardians of directions (<i>digpala</i>), places (<i>lokapala</i>) or lands (<i>kshatrapala</i>), satiated by blood sacrifice. Newar Buddhists associate the Matrikas with 24 human qualities, which can mastered by visiting three sets of eight Matrika <i>pitha</i>s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIltis2002260_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIltis2002260-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tantric_worship">Tantric worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tantric worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saptamatrika_(seven_mothers)_in_Panchalingeshvara_Temple_at_Govindanahalli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Saptamatrika_%28seven_mothers%29_in_Panchalingeshvara_Temple_at_Govindanahalli.jpg/220px-Saptamatrika_%28seven_mothers%29_in_Panchalingeshvara_Temple_at_Govindanahalli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Saptamatrika_%28seven_mothers%29_in_Panchalingeshvara_Temple_at_Govindanahalli.jpg/330px-Saptamatrika_%28seven_mothers%29_in_Panchalingeshvara_Temple_at_Govindanahalli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Saptamatrika_%28seven_mothers%29_in_Panchalingeshvara_Temple_at_Govindanahalli.jpg/440px-Saptamatrika_%28seven_mothers%29_in_Panchalingeshvara_Temple_at_Govindanahalli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmani_(Matrika)" title="Brahmani (Matrika)">Brahmani</a>, Vaishnavi, Maheshvari, Kaumari, <a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Indrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamundi">Chamundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> at <a href="/wiki/Panchalingeshwara_Temple,_Govindanahalli" title="Panchalingeshwara Temple, Govindanahalli">Panchalingeshvara temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 7th century <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> author <a href="/wiki/B%C4%81%E1%B9%87abha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Bāṇabhaṭṭa">Banabhatta</a> mentions the propitiation of Matrikas by a Tantric ascetic in his <a href="/wiki/Harshacharita" title="Harshacharita">Harshacharita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanerji200234_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerji200234-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text mentions use of a <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">māṭrmandala</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a> of the Matrikas) or a <i><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></i> along with a special <i>anusthana</i> (ritual) to cure the ailing king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown200248_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown200248-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text describes "young nobles (of the king) burning themselves with lamps to propitiate the Matrikas in a temple dedicated to the Matrikas (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">maṭṛ-gṛha</i></span></i>). Banabhatta's <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81dambar%C4%AB" title="Kādambarī">Kadambari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81sa" title="Bhāsa">Bhasa</a>'s Cārudatta, <a href="/wiki/Shudraka" title="Shudraka">Shudraka</a>'s <a href="/wiki/M%E1%B9%9Bcchakatika" title="Mṛcchakatika">Mrichakatika</a> mention the ritual offerings of food and shrines of Matrikas at <a href="/wiki/Crossroads_(folklore)" title="Crossroads (folklore)">crossroads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenzen_p.29_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenzen_p.29-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other offerings include flowers and clothes and meat and wine for some Matrikas. Tantric works like Tantrarāja-Tantra (unknown date, author) and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kulacūḍāmaṇi</i></span> discuss the worship of Matrikas as Shaktis or letters of the alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanerji2002148,_205_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerji2002148,_205-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A process of this worship, <i>Matrika-nyasa</i> (lit. "installation of the Mothers"), is described in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaktism#Devi_Gita" title="History of Shaktism">Devi Gita</a>, part of Devi Bhagavata Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1998292_Verses_10.6–8_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1998292_Verses_10.6–8-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It involves installation of powers of Matrikas – as letters of the alphabet – in one's body, by "feeling the deity worshipped in different parts of the body" like head, face, anus and legs and reciting <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanerji200227_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerji200227-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Hrillekha-matrika-nyasa</i>, a more specialized form of <i>Matrika-nyasa</i>, combines the installation of "most powerful set of all letters (Matrikas)" with the seed syllable <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Hrīṃ</i></span></i> of Goddess <a href="/wiki/Bhuvaneshvari" title="Bhuvaneshvari">Bhuvaneshvari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1998293–294_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1998293–294-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stone inscriptions of Tantric worship of the Matrikas are found in Gangadhar, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> (by king Vishvavarman- 423 C.E., identified as the first epigraphic evidence of Tantra worship); in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> (by Guptas – fifth century) and in <a href="/wiki/Deogarh,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh">Deogarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> (by <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Svāmibhaṭa</i></span> – sixth century).<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenzen_p.29_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenzen_p.29-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gangadhar inscripture deals with a construction to a shrine to Chamunda and the other Matrikas, "who are attended by <a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">Dakinis</a> (female demons)" and rituals of daily Tantric worship (<i>Tantrobhuta</i>) like the ritual of <i>Bali</i> (offering of grain).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown200248_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown200248-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eight Matrikas are said to reside the second line of <i>bhupura</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Yantra" title="Sri Yantra">Sri Chakra</a>. They are frequently aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Ashta_Bhairava" title="Ashta Bhairava">Ashta Bhairavas</a>, as in <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Jňānārṇava Tantra</i></span></i>. The <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Svacchaṇḍa Tantra</i></span>(1.33) explains that the primary function of Matrikas is to preside eight groups (<i>vargas</i>) of letters of Devanagari alphabet, while Brahmayāmala states they issue originate from the vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1992143-144_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1992143-144-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rituals_and_goals_of_worship">Rituals and goals of worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rituals and goals of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a> (13.66) recommends worship to Matrikas before setting up the stage and before dance performances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998155_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998155-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indra declares in chapter 90 of Devi Purana that the Matrikas are the best among all deities and should be worshipped in cities, villages, towns and shields.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matrikas are generally to be worshipped on all occasions with <a href="/wiki/Navagraha" title="Navagraha">Navagraha</a> (the nine planets) and the Dikpala (<a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Guardians of the directions</a>) and at night with the Goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Matsya Purana and Devi Purana prescribe that Matrika shrines should be north-facing and be placed in northern part of a temple-complex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temples of the Matrikas are found earliest dating to the fourth century and from textual evidence, it is predicated that "there must be impressive shrines all over the (Indian) subcontinent".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although circular Mandalas and Chakras are mentioned in religious texts, most existing shrines are rectangular in nature. Pal speculates that earlier circular shrines, which open to the sky or under trees of less durable material were replaced by the Guptas in stone as rectangular shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Devi Purana</a> mentions the Matrikas or <i>Deva Shaktis</i> (powers of the gods) as group of seven or more, who should be worshipped for <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mukti</a> (liberation) by all, but particularly kings for powers of domination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002117_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002117-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saptamatrikas or Matrikas are worshipped for "personal and spiritual renewal" with Mukti as the ultimate goal as well as for powers to control and rule and earthly desires (Bhukti).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002122_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002122-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Also important are the banners of the Saptamatrikas, which are carved outside the Udayagiri caves. These banners are called "Indra's sisters" in the Devi Purana. The Purana lists them as: swan, bull, peacock, conch, discus, elephant and skeleton – attributes of the Matrikas. A king installing these banners is believed to get mukti and bhukti. As per the <a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a>, Matrikas acted as the king's tangible Shaktis and conferred him the power to conquer and rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002125–127_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002125–127-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that the Gupta rulers took the names of the deity Skanda as their own names</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This very ability is possessed by Raktabija of the <i>Devi-mahatmya</i> and <i>Vamana Purana</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangu200399-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu200399_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWangu2003">Wangu 2003</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams1872" class="citation book cs1">Monier-Williams, Monier (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sanskritenglishd00moni_0"><i>Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i></a>. Clarendon. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sanskritenglishd00moni_0/page/765">765</a>. <q>matrika</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=765&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Monier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsanskritenglishd00moni_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkson1992134-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkson1992134_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkson1992134_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkson1992">Berkson 1992</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01338/1">"Mantras to the Aṣṭamātṛkās"</a>. Cambridge Digital Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mantras+to+the+A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADam%C4%81t%E1%B9%9Bk%C4%81s&rft.pub=Cambridge+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcudl.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fview%2FMS-ADD-01338%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Brihat_Samhita" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihat Samhita">Brihat Samhita</a></i>, Ch.57, v.56. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanda2004" class="citation web cs1">Panda, S. S. (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304050243/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/Sept2004/englishPdf/sakti.pdf">"Sakti Cult in Upper Mahanadi Valley"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Orissa Review</i>. Government of Orissa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/Sept2004/englishPdf/sakti.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orissa+Review&rft.atitle=Sakti+Cult+in+Upper+Mahanadi+Valley&rft.date=2004-09&rft.aulast=Panda&rft.aufirst=S.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forissagov.nic.in%2Fe-magazine%2FOrissareview%2FSept2004%2FenglishPdf%2Fsakti.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jain162-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jain162_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jain162_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jain162_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJainHanda1995">Jain & Handa 1995</a>, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeemingFee2016" class="citation book cs1">Leeming, David; Fee, Christopher (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjO6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT33"><i>The Goddess: Myths of the Great Mother</i></a>. Reaktion Books. p. part 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780235387" title="Special:BookSources/9781780235387"><bdi>9781780235387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddess%3A+Myths+of+the+Great+Mother&rft.pages=part+33&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781780235387&rft.aulast=Leeming&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Fee%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkjO6CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangu2003187,_Glossary-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu2003187,_Glossary_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWangu2003">Wangu 2003</a>, p. 187, Glossary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993362-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993362_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993362_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_den_Hoek1993">Van den Hoek 1993</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W41-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W41_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W41_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W41_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W41_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W41_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWangu2003">Wangu 2003</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1974126-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1974126_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharyya1974">Bhattacharyya 1974</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWangu2003">Wangu 2003</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1988143-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1988143_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1988143_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1988">Collins 1988</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangu200358–59-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu200358–59_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu200358–59_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu200358–59_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWangu2003">Wangu 2003</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998151-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998151_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998151_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998151_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998151_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998151_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jagdish Narain Tiwari, "Studies in Goddess Cults in Northern India, with Reference to the First Seven Centuries AD" p.215-244; as cited in <a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dilip Chakravati in <i>Archaeology and World Religion</i> By Timothy Insoll, 2001, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-22154-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-22154-4">0-415-22154-4</a>, pp.42–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinsley_p.151-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley_p.151_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal19971835–1858_19-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPal1997">Pal 1997</a>, pp. 1835–1858.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer2001B4C,_257,_135-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer2001B4C,_257,_135_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer2001">Zimmer 2001</a>, pp. B4C, 257, 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown200248-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown200248_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown200248_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown200248_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarperBrown2002">Harper & Brown 2002</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinsley_p.155-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley_p.155_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchastok198558–60-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchastok198558–60_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchastok1985">Schastok 1985</a>, pp. 58–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1974-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1974_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharyya1974">Bhattacharyya 1974</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangu200367-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu200367_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWangu2003">Wangu 2003</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangu200368-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu200368_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWangu2003">Wangu 2003</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangu200376-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu200376_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWangu2003">Wangu 2003</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkson_p.212-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berkson_p.212_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berkson_p.212_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkson1992">Berkson 1992</a>, p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath200151-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamath200151_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath200152-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamath200152_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goswami-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goswami_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoswamiGupta,_IlaJha,_P.2005" class="citation web cs1">Goswami, Meghali; Gupta, Ila; Jha, P. (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anistor.gr/english/enback/Saptmatrika.pdf">"Sapta Matrikas In Indian Art and their significance in Indian Sculpture and Ethos: A Critical Study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anistoriton Journal</i>. Anistoriton<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anistoriton+Journal&rft.atitle=Sapta+Matrikas+In+Indian+Art+and+their+significance+in+Indian+Sculpture+and+Ethos%3A+A+Critical+Study&rft.date=2005-03&rft.aulast=Goswami&rft.aufirst=Meghali&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Ila&rft.au=Jha%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anistor.gr%2Fenglish%2Fenback%2FSaptmatrika.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamath200160-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamath200160_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamath2001">Kamath 2001</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorenzen_p.29-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenzen_p.29_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenzen_p.29_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenzen_p.29_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarperBrown2002">Harper & Brown 2002</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002121-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002121_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarperBrown2002">Harper & Brown 2002</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in Laura Kristine Chamberlain. "Durga and the Dashain Harvest Festival: From the Indus to Kathmandu Valleys" in <i>ReVision</i>, Summer 2002, vol. 25, no. 1, p.26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i>, Tr. by M.N. Dutta, Calcutta, 1903–1904, Ch.50.18.22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Descriptions-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Descriptions_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Descriptions_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Descriptions_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Descriptions_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Descriptions_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Descriptions_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Descriptions_39-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Descriptions_39-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, pp. 156, IAST Names and Descriptions as per Devi Mahatmya, verses 8.11–20</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701121832/http://museums.ap.nic.in/sapta.html">"Sapta Matrikas (12th C AD)"</a>. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museums.ap.nic.in/sapta.html">the original</a> on 1 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sapta+Matrikas+%2812th+C+AD%29&rft.pub=Department+of+Archaeology+and+Museums%2C+Government+of+Andhra+Pradesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseums.ap.nic.in%2Fsapta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Other names from Devi Purana: <a href="#CITEREFPal1997">Pal 1997</a>, pp. 1835–1858</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKalia1982">Kalia 1982</a>, pp. 106–109</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh p.1840, Ambika is used as another name for Kaumari in Devi Purana.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998241_Footnotes-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998241_Footnotes_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 241 Footnotes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W72-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W72_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W72_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWangu2003">Wangu 2003</a>, p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh p.1858</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalia1982">Kalia 1982</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The stories are quoted in (Rao, T.A. Gopinatha, Elements of Hindu Iconography, Vol.I, Part-II, 2nd Edition, Indological Book House, Varanasi, 1971, pp.379–383).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156,_Devi_Mahatmya_verses_8.11–20-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156,_Devi_Mahatmya_verses_8.11–20_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 156, Devi Mahatmya verses 8.11–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, pp. 156, Devi Mahatmya verses 8.38, 44, 49, 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156,_Devi_Mahatmya_verses_8.62-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156,_Devi_Mahatmya_verses_8.62_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 156, Devi Mahatmya verses 8.62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156,_verses_5.28–29-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156,_verses_5.28–29_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 156, verses 5.28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156,_verses_30-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998156,_verses_30_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 156, verses 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998242-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998242_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998158,_Devi_Mahatmya_verses_10.2–5-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998158,_Devi_Mahatmya_verses_10.2–5_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 158, Devi Mahatmya verses 10.2–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998158,_verses_30.3–9-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998158,_verses_30.3–9_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 158, verses 30.3–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998158–159,_verses_179.8–90-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998158–159,_verses_179.8–90_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, pp. 158–159, verses 179.8–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998159,_verses_1.225-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998159,_verses_1.225_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 159, verses 1.225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998159,_verses_17.33–37-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998159,_verses_17.33–37_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 159, verses 17.33–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998159,_Verses_44.1–96-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998159,_Verses_44.1–96_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 159, Verses 44.1–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998159,_verses_2.10.37–39_and_10.63.6_ff.,_10.6,27–29-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998159,_verses_2.10.37–39_and_10.63.6_ff.,_10.6,27–29_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 159, verses 2.10.37–39 and 10.63.6 ff., 10.6,27–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahabharata verses 215.16 – 215.18, two of the goddesses are described in 215.21–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998152-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998152_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998152_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002116-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002116_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarperBrown2002">Harper & Brown 2002</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998153-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998153_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2000132–133-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2000132–133_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPattanaik2000">Pattanaik 2000</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m09/m09046.htm">Vaishampayana said...</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">The Mahabharata</a> translated by <a href="/wiki/Kisari_Mohan_Ganguli" title="Kisari Mohan Ganguli">Kisari Mohan Ganguli</a> (1883 -1896), Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998154-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998154_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh p.1855</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002117-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002117_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002117_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarperBrown2002">Harper & Brown 2002</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkson199287-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkson199287_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkson1992">Berkson 1992</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For images see <a href="#CITEREFBerkson1992">Berkson 1992</a>, pp. 136–144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkson_p.186-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berkson_p.186_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berkson_p.186_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkson1992">Berkson 1992</a>, p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkson1992186–187-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkson1992186–187_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkson1992">Berkson 1992</a>, pp. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkson1992135-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkson1992135_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerkson1992">Berkson 1992</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalia1982109-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalia1982109_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalia1982">Kalia 1982</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDehejia19865-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDehejia19865_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDehejia1986">Dehejia 1986</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1974128-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1974128_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1974128_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharyya1974">Bhattacharyya 1974</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangu2003114-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangu2003114_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWangu2003">Wangu 2003</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerji2002296-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanerji2002296_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanerji2002">Banerji 2002</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1992" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Colette (1992). "The unbroken treatise: Scripture and argument in early Buddhist scholasticism". In Williams, M. A.; Cox, C.; Jaffee, M. (eds.). <i>Innovation in Religions Traditions: Essays in the Interpretation of Religions Change</i>. de Gruyter. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+unbroken+treatise%3A+Scripture+and+argument+in+early+Buddhist+scholasticism&rft.btitle=Innovation+in+Religions+Traditions%3A+Essays+in+the+Interpretation+of+Religions+Change&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Colette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBühler1881" class="citation book cs1">Bühler, G. (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ktYrAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA67">"Palaeographical remarks on the Horiuzi palm leaf MSS"</a>. In Müller, F. M. (ed.). <i>Anecdota Oxoniensia: Texts, Documents, and Extracts Chiefly from Manuscripts in the Bodleian and the Oxford Libraries</i>. Clarendon Press. p. 67, note 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palaeographical+remarks+on+the+Horiuzi+palm+leaf+MSS&rft.btitle=Anecdota+Oxoniensia%3A+Texts%2C+Documents%2C+and+Extracts+Chiefly+from+Manuscripts+in+the+Bodleian+and+the+Oxford+Libraries&rft.pages=67%2C+note+2&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChler&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DktYrAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAryan19809-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAryan19809_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAryan1980">Aryan 1980</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainHanda1995163-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainHanda1995163_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJainHanda1995">Jain & Handa 1995</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAryan198024–28-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAryan198024–28_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAryan1980">Aryan 1980</a>, pp. 24–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodroffe2001103-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodroffe2001103_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodroffe2001">Woodroffe 2001</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerji200261-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanerji200261_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanerji2002">Banerji 2002</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie C. Orr, <i>Gods and Worshippers on South Indian sacred ground</i> in <i>The World in the Year 1000</i> By James Heitzman and Wolfgang Schenkluhn, pp.244–5, Published 2004, University Press of America, 338 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2561-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-2561-4">0-7618-2561-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Madras Epigraphical Department</i>, Annual Report 1909-10 p. 285 as quoted in pp.285–6 <i>South Indian shrines illustrated</i> By P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar. Published 1993, Asian Educational Services,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0151-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0151-3">81-206-0151-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajarajan2015-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajarajan2015_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajarajan2015">Rajarajan 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2000131-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2000131_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPattanaik2000">Pattanaik 2000</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill1991" class="citation book cs1">Underhill, Muriel Marion (1991). <i>The Hindu Religious Year</i>. Asian Educational Services. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0523-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0523-3"><bdi>81-206-0523-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Religious+Year&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=81-206-0523-3&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=Muriel+Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReedMcConnachie2002521-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReedMcConnachie2002521_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReedMcConnachie2002">Reed & McConnachie 2002</a>, p. 521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIltis2002257–260-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIltis2002257–260_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIltis2002">Iltis 2002</a>, pp. 257–260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993367–368-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993367–368_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993367–368_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_den_Hoek1993">Van den Hoek 1993</a>, pp. 367–368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993364-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_den_Hoek1993364_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_den_Hoek1993">Van den Hoek 1993</a>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200661-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite200661_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2006">White 2006</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1996245-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1996245_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1996">Wright 1996</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIltis2002260-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIltis2002260_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIltis2002">Iltis 2002</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerji200234-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanerji200234_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanerji2002">Banerji 2002</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerji2002148,_205-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanerji2002148,_205_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanerji2002">Banerji 2002</a>, pp. 148, 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1998292_Verses_10.6–8-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1998292_Verses_10.6–8_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, p. 292 Verses 10.6–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerji200227-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanerji200227_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanerji2002">Banerji 2002</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1998293–294-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1998293–294_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, pp. 293–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1992143-144-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1992143-144_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks1992">Brooks 1992</a>, p. 143-144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998155-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998155_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1998">Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh p.1850</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh p.1850-51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002122-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002122_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarperBrown2002">Harper & Brown 2002</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002125–127-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown2002125–127_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarperBrown2002">Harper & Brown 2002</a>, pp. 125–127.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAryan1980" class="citation book cs1">Aryan, K. C. (1980). <i>The Little Goddesses (Matrikas)</i>. New Delhi: Rekha Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-900002-7-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-900002-7-6"><bdi>81-900002-7-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Little+Goddesses+%28Matrikas%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Rekha+Prakashan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=81-900002-7-6&rft.aulast=Aryan&rft.aufirst=K.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerji2002" class="citation book cs1">Banerji, S. C. (2002). <i>Companion to Tantra</i>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-402-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-402-3"><bdi>81-7017-402-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+to+Tantra&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-7017-402-3&rft.aulast=Banerji&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharyya1974" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharyya, N. N. (1974). <i>History of the Sakta Religion</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sakta+Religion&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Bhattacharyya&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998). <i>The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3939-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3939-9"><bdi>0-7914-3939-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devi+Gita%3A+The+Song+of+the+Goddess%3A+A+Translation%2C+Annotation%2C+and+Commentary&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7914-3939-9&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Cheever+Mackenzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkson1992" class="citation book cs1">Berkson, Carmel (1992). <i>Ellora, Concept and Style</i>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-277-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-277-2"><bdi>81-7017-277-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ellora%2C+Concept+and+Style&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=81-7017-277-2&rft.aulast=Berkson&rft.aufirst=Carmel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1992" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1992). <i>Auspicious Wisdom: The Texts and Traditions of Srividya Sakta Tantrism</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1145-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1145-1"><bdi>0-7914-1145-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auspicious+Wisdom%3A+The+Texts+and+Traditions+of+Srividya+Sakta+Tantrism&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7914-1145-1&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Renfrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1988" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Charles Dillard (1988). <i>The Iconography and Ritual of Śiva at Elephanta</i>. State University of New York Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iconography+and+Ritual+of+%C5%9Aiva+at+Elephanta&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Charles+Dillard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDehejia1986" class="citation book cs1">Dehejia, Vidya (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/YoginiCultAndTemplesVidyaDehejia"><i>Yogini Cult and Temples: A Tantric Tradition</i></a>. National Museum, Janpath, New Delhi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yogini+Cult+and+Temples%3A+A+Tantric+Tradition&rft.pub=National+Museum%2C+Janpath%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Dehejia&rft.aufirst=Vidya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FYoginiCultAndTemplesVidyaDehejia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarperBrown2002" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2002). <i>The Roots of Tantra</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-5305-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-5305-7"><bdi>0-7914-5305-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Tantra&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7914-5305-7&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Katherine+Anne&rft.au=Brown%2C+Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIltis2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Iltis, Linda (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cw.routledge.com/ref/folklore/southasian/goddessesnepal.pdf">"Goddesses, place, Identity in Nepal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Claus, Peter; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margaret (eds.). <i>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia</i>. Routledge. pp. 257–260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Goddesses%2C+place%2C+Identity+in+Nepal&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=257-260&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Iltis&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcw.routledge.com%2Fref%2Ffolklore%2Fsouthasian%2Fgoddessesnepal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainHanda1995" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Madhu; Handa, O. C. (1995). <i>The Abode of Mahashiva: Cults and Symbology in Jaunsar-Bawar in the Mid – Himalayas</i>. Indus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7387-030-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-7387-030-6"><bdi>81-7387-030-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abode+of+Mahashiva%3A+Cults+and+Symbology+in+Jaunsar-Bawar+in+the+Mid+%E2%80%93+Himalayas&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=81-7387-030-6&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Madhu&rft.au=Handa%2C+O.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalia1982" class="citation book cs1">Kalia, Asha (1982). <i>Art of Osian Temples: Socio-Economic and Religious Life in India, 8th–12th Centuries A.D</i>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-02558-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-02558-9"><bdi>0-391-02558-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+Osian+Temples%3A+Socio-Economic+and+Religious+Life+in+India%2C+8th%E2%80%9312th+Centuries+A.D.&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-391-02558-9&rft.aulast=Kalia&rft.aufirst=Asha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamath2001" class="citation book cs1">Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. <i>A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present</i>. Bangalore: Jupiter books. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/80905179">80905179</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7796041">7796041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+Karnataka+%3A+from+pre-historic+times+to+the+present&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pub=Jupiter+books&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7796041&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F80905179&rft.aulast=Kamath&rft.aufirst=Suryanath+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1998" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David (1998) [1988]. <i>Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0394-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0394-9"><bdi>81-208-0394-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Vision+of+the+Divine+Feminine+in+the+Hindu+Religious+Traditions&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=81-208-0394-9&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPal1997" class="citation book cs1">Pal, P. (1997). Singh, Nagendra Kumar (ed.). <i>The Mother Goddesses According to the Devipurana</i>. Anmol Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7488-168-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7488-168-9"><bdi>81-7488-168-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mother+Goddesses+According+to+the+Devipurana&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-7488-168-9&rft.aulast=Pal&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattanaik2000" class="citation book cs1">Pattanaik, Devdutt (2000). <i>The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine</i>. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-807-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89281-807-7"><bdi>0-89281-807-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddess+in+India%3A+The+Five+Faces+of+the+Eternal+Feminine&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+%2F+Bear+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-89281-807-7&rft.aulast=Pattanaik&rft.aufirst=Devdutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajarajan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26457204">"Early Pāṇḍya Siṃhavāhinī and Sapta Mātṛkā Sculptures in the Far South of India"</a>. <i>Religions of South Asia</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 164–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Frosa.v9i2.31071">10.1558/rosa.v9i2.31071</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-2689">1751-2689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions+of+South+Asia&rft.atitle=Early+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dya+Si%E1%B9%83hav%C4%81hin%C4%AB+and+Sapta+M%C4%81t%E1%B9%9Bk%C4%81+Sculptures+in+the+Far+South+of+India&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=164-185&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Frosa.v9i2.31071&rft.issn=1751-2689&rft.aulast=Rajarajan&rft.aufirst=R.K.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26457204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReedMcConnachie2002" class="citation book cs1">Reed, David; McConnachie, James (2002). <i>The Rough Guide to Nepal</i>. Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-899-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-899-1"><bdi>1-85828-899-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Nepal&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85828-899-1&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=McConnachie%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchastok1985" class="citation book cs1">Schastok, Sara L. (1985). <i>The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-06941-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-06941-0"><bdi>90-04-06941-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C5%9A%C4%81mal%C4%81j%C4%AB+Sculptures+and+6th+Century+Art+in+Western+India&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=90-04-06941-0&rft.aulast=Schastok&rft.aufirst=Sara+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_den_Hoek1993" class="citation book cs1">Van den Hoek, Bert (1993). "Kathmandu as a sacrificial arena". In Nas, Peter J. M. (ed.). <i>Urban Symbolism</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09855-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09855-0"><bdi>90-04-09855-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kathmandu+as+a+sacrificial+arena&rft.btitle=Urban+Symbolism&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=90-04-09855-0&rft.aulast=Van+den+Hoek&rft.aufirst=Bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangu2003" class="citation book cs1">Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003). <i>Images of Indian Goddesses</i>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-416-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-416-3"><bdi>81-7017-416-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Indian+Goddesses&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-7017-416-3&rft.aulast=Wangu&rft.aufirst=Madhu+Bazaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">White, David Gordon</a> (2006). <i>Kiss of the Yogini: 'Tantric Sex' in its South Asian Contexts</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226894843" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226894843"><bdi>978-0226894843</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kiss+of+the+Yogini%3A+%27Tantric+Sex%27+in+its+South+Asian+Contexts&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0226894843&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=David+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodroffe2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Woodroffe" title="John Woodroffe">Woodroffe, Sir John</a> (2001). <i>The Garland of Letters</i>. Chennai, India: Ganesh & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85988-12-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-85988-12-9"><bdi>81-85988-12-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+of+Letters&rft.place=Chennai%2C+India&rft.pub=Ganesh+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-85988-12-9&rft.aulast=Woodroffe&rft.aufirst=Sir+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1996" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Daniel (1996). <i>History of Nepal: With an Introductory Sketch of the Country and People of Nepal</i>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0552-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0552-7"><bdi>81-206-0552-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Nepal%3A+With+an+Introductory+Sketch+of+the+Country+and+People+of+Nepal&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=81-206-0552-7&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2001" class="citation book cs1">Zimmer, Heinrich (2001) [1960]. <i>The Art Of Indian Asia, Its Mythology and Transformations</i>. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+Of+Indian+Asia%2C+Its+Mythology+and+Transformations&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidas+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatrikas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matrikas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shaktism" title="Template:Shaktism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shaktism" title="Template talk:Shaktism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shaktism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shaktism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shaktism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaktism" title="History of Shaktism">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrakali" title="Bhadrakali">Bhadrakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/80px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/120px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/160px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3162" data-file-height="3632" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Matrikas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmani">Brahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maheshvari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maheshvari">Maheshvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaumari">Kaumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavi_(Matrika_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)">Vaishnavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani_(Matrika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrani (Matrika)">Indrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Mahavidya)" title="Tara (Mahavidya)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Tripura Sundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuvaneshvari" title="Bhuvaneshvari">Bhuvaneshvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairavi" title="Bhairavi">Bhairavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhinnamasta" title="Chhinnamasta">Chhinnamasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhumavati" title="Dhumavati">Dhumavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagalamukhi" title="Bagalamukhi">Bagalamukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalatmika" title="Kamalatmika">Kamalatmika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shailaputri" title="Shailaputri">Shailaputri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharini" title="Brahmacharini">Brahmacharini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandraghanta" title="Chandraghanta">Chandraghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushmanda" title="Kushmanda">Kushmanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandamata" title="Skandamata">Skandamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayani" title="Katyayani">Katyayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaratri" title="Kalaratri">Kalaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahagauri" title="Mahagauri">Mahagauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhidhatri" title="Siddhidhatri">Siddhidhatri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vimala_Temple" title="Vimala Temple">Bimala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat_Kali_Temple" title="Kalighat Kali Temple">Kalighat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Temple" title="Kamakhya Temple">Kamakhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taratarini_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Taratarini Temple">Taratarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulja_Bhavani_Temple" title="Tulja Bhavani Temple">Tulja Bhavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Temple,_Kolhapur" title="Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur">Mahalakshmi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Shakta_pithas" title="Category:Shakta pithas">More...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuratapini_Upanishad" title="Tripuratapini Upanishad">Tripuratapini Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana_Upanishad" title="Bhavana Upanishad">Bhavana Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saubhagyalakshmi_Upanishad" title="Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad">Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati-rahasya_Upanishad" title="Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad">Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Regional variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_deities_and_texts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_deities_and_texts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">texts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/50px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/75px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_of_Newar_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Newar" title="Template:Newar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Newar" title="Template talk:Newar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Newar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Newar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_of_Newar_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Newar" title="Category:Newar">Topics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newar people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Newa_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunla_Bajan" title="Gunla Bajan">Gunla Bajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimay" title="Dhimay">Dhimay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaa" title="Dhaa">Dhaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhusyah" title="Bhusyah">Bhusyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Newa_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newar_people#Cuisine" title="Newar people">Ailaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momo_(dumpling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Momo (dumpling)">Momo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baji_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baji (food)">Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chataamari" title="Chataamari">Chataamari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuchumari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuchumari (page does not exist)">Chuchumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomari" title="Yomari">Yomari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choila" title="Choila">Choila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaa_(Newa_cuisine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaa (Newa cuisine)">Jaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachilaa" title="Kachilaa">Kachilaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhamari" title="Lakhamari">Lakhamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takha" title="Takha">Takha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyaa" title="Sanyaa">Sanyaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyaakhunya" title="Sanyaakhunya">Sanyaakhunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thwon" title="Thwon">Thwon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Newar_festivals" title="Newar festivals">Festival</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunla" title="Gunla">Gunla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Paru" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Paru">Sa Paru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenya">Yenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohani" title="Mohani">Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" title="Swanti (festival)">Swanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahan_Charhe" title="Pahan Charhe">Pahan Charhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairab_Naach" title="Bhairab Naach">Bhairab Naach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyak" title="Samyak">Samyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jana_Baha_Dyah_Jatra" title="Jana Baha Dyah Jatra">Jana Baha Dyah Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunga_Dyah_Jatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunga Dyah Jatra">Bunga Dyah Jatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ihi" title="Ihi">Ihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahra_ceremony" title="Bahra ceremony">Bahra ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankwa" title="Jankwa">Jankwa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaa_Nakigu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaa Nakigu (page does not exist)">Jaa Nakigu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iihipaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iihipaa (page does not exist)">Iihipaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagan_(ceremony)" title="Sagan (ceremony)">Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mha_Puja" title="Mha Puja">Mha Puja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Newar_architecture" title="Newar architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">Vihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitya" title="Chaitya">Chaitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_window" title="Newar window">Newar window</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newar_literature" title="Newar literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_renaissance" title="Nepal Bhasa renaissance">Nepal Bhasa renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_movement" title="Nepal Bhasa movement">Nepal Bhasa movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swayambhunath" title="Swayambhunath">Swayambhunath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupati" title="Pashupati">Pashupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Lokeshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhey" title="Lakhey">Lakhey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majipa_Lakhey" title="Majipa Lakhey">Majipa Lakhey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajima" title="Ajima">Ajima</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_(goddess)" title="Kumari (goddess)">Kumari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Castes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newar_caste_system" title="Newar caste system">Newar caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrestha" title="Shrestha">Shrestha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitrakar" title="Chitrakar">Chitrakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharjan" title="Maharjan">Maharjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjitkar" title="Ranjitkar">Ranjitkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuladhar" title="Tuladhar">Tuladhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthapit" title="Sthapit">Sthapit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansakar" title="Kansakar">Kansakar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newa_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa dance">Newa dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patan,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patan, Nepal">Patan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur" title="Bhaktapur">Bhaktapur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Hinduism" title="Newar Hinduism">Newar Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Newar" title="Category:Newar">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yoginis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoginis" title="Template:Yoginis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoginis" title="Template talk:Yoginis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoginis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoginis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoginis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yoginis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairavi" title="Bhairavi">Bhairavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">Dakini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayogini" title="Vajrayogini">Vajrayogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SAMA_Yogini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SAMA_Yogini.jpg/40px-SAMA_Yogini.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SAMA_Yogini.jpg/60px-SAMA_Yogini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SAMA_Yogini.jpg/80px-SAMA_Yogini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yogini_temples" title="Yogini temples">Yogini temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gadarmal_Devi_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadarmal Devi temple">Badoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chausath_Yogini_Temple,_Bhedaghat" title="Chausath Yogini Temple, Bhedaghat">Bhedaghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chausath_Yogini_Temple,_Hirapur" title="Chausath Yogini Temple, Hirapur">Hirapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chausath_Yogini_Temple,_Ranipur_Jharial" title="Chausath Yogini Temple, Ranipur Jharial">Ranipur Jharial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chausath_Yogini_temple,_Khajuraho" class="mw-redirect" title="Chausath Yogini temple, Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chausath_Yogini_Temple,_Mitaoli" title="Chausath Yogini Temple, Mitaoli">Mitaoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithuna" title="Maithuna">Maithuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Women in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">Yoga for women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" 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