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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topographical_Corps_and_Mexican-American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Topographical Corps and Mexican-American War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topographical_Corps_and_Mexican-American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle American Civil War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peninsula_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peninsula_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Peninsula campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peninsula_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maryland_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maryland_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Maryland campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maryland_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fredericksburg_and_Chancellorsville" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fredericksburg_and_Chancellorsville"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fredericksburg_and_Chancellorsville-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gettysburg_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gettysburg_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Gettysburg campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gettysburg_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Command_of_the_Army_of_the_Potomac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_of_the_Army_of_the_Potomac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Command of the Army of the Potomac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_of_the_Army_of_the_Potomac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Gettysburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Gettysburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Battle of Gettysburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Gettysburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lee's_retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lee's_retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Lee's retreat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lee's_retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bristoe_and_Mine_Run_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bristoe_and_Mine_Run_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Bristoe and Mine Run campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bristoe_and_Mine_Run_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overland_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overland_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Overland campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overland_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richmond-Petersburg_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richmond-Petersburg_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Richmond-Petersburg campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richmond-Petersburg_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_rivalries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_rivalries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Political rivalries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_rivalries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memorials_to_Meade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials_to_Meade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Memorials to Meade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials_to_Meade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Dates of rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">George Meade</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="جورج ميد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج ميد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="জর্জ মিড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জ মিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Джордж Гордън Мийд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джордж Гордън Мийд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_G._Meade" title="George G. Meade – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="George G. Meade" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gordon_Meade" title="George Gordon Meade – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George Gordon Meade" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="George Meade" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George Meade" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gordon_Meade" title="George Gordon Meade – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Gordon Meade" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Meade" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George Meade" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="جورج مید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جورج مید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Meade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EB%AF%B8%EB%93%9C" title="조지 미드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 미드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gordon_Meade" title="George Gordon Meade – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="George Gordon Meade" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_G._Meade" title="George G. Meade – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George G. Meade" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_G._Meade" title="George G. Meade – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George G. Meade" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93" title="ג'ורג' מיד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' מיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Джордж Гордон Мид – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джордж Гордон Мид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Gordon_Meade" title="Georgius Gordon Meade – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Gordon Meade" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_G._Meade" title="George G. Meade – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George G. Meade" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="جورج ميد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج ميد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gordon_Meade" title="George Gordon Meade – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="George Gordon Meade" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Meade" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ジョージ・ミード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・ミード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Meade" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Meade" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Meade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George Meade" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мид, Джордж Гордон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мид, Джордж Гордон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George Meade" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gordon_Meade" title="George Gordon Meade – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="George Gordon Meade" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Џорџ Гордон Мид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џорџ Гордон Мид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George Meade" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States Army general and civil engineer (1815–1872)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"General Meade" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/General_Meade_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="General Meade (disambiguation)">General Meade (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named George Meade, see <a href="/wiki/George_Meade_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="George Meade (disambiguation)">George Meade (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline-block;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a></span></div><br /><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">George Meade</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:George_G._Meade_Standing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/George_G._Meade_Standing.jpg/220px-George_G._Meade_Standing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/George_G._Meade_Standing.jpg/330px-George_G._Meade_Standing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/George_G._Meade_Standing.jpg/440px-George_G._Meade_Standing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1858" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">A portrait of Meade by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">George Gordon Meade</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"Old Snapping Turtle"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1815-12-31</span>)</span>December 31, 1815<br /><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, Spain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 6, 1872<span style="display:none">(1872-11-06)</span> (aged 56)<br /><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Hill_Cemetery" title="Laurel Hill Cemetery">Laurel Hill Cemetery</a>, Philadelphia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Board_of_War_and_Ordnance.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Seal_of_the_United_States_Board_of_War_and_Ordnance.png/25px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Board_of_War_and_Ordnance.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Seal_of_the_United_States_Board_of_War_and_Ordnance.png/38px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Board_of_War_and_Ordnance.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Seal_of_the_United_States_Board_of_War_and_Ordnance.png/50px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Board_of_War_and_Ordnance.png 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="2387" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1835–1836<br />1842–1872</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg/40px-Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg/60px-Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg/80px-Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="68" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">Major General (USA)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Lake_Survey" title="United States Lake Survey">United States Lake Survey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Corps (Union Army)">I Corps</a><br /><a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Military_Division_of_the_Atlantic" title="Military Division of the Atlantic">Military Division of the Atlantic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_South" title="Department of the South">Department of the South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Third_Military_District" title="Third Military District">Third Military District</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palo_Alto" title="Battle of Palo Alto">Battle of Palo Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma" title="Battle of Resaca de la Palma">Battle of Resaca de la Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monterrey" title="Battle of Monterrey">Battle of Monterrey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaines%27_Mill" title="Battle of Gaines' Mill">Battle of Gaines' Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glendale" title="Battle of Glendale">Battle of Glendale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain" title="Battle of South Mountain">Battle of South Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fredericksburg campaign <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Battle of Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_March_(American_Civil_War)" title="Mud March (American Civil War)">Mud March</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_Run_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine Run campaign">Mine Run campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond-Petersburg_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond-Petersburg campaign">Richmond-Petersburg campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Gordon Meade</b> (December 31, 1815 – November 6, 1872) was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> Major General who commanded the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> from 1863 to 1865. He fought in many of the key battles of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern theater</a> and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Full_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Full General (CSA)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>. </p><p>He was born in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cádiz, Spain">Cádiz, Spain</a>, to a wealthy Philadelphia merchant family and graduated from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> in 1835. He fought in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. He served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Topographical_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers">United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers</a> and directed construction of lighthouses in Florida and New Jersey from 1851 to 1856 and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Lake_Survey" title="United States Lake Survey">United States Lake Survey</a> from 1857 to 1861. </p><p>His Civil War service began as brigadier general with the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Reserves" title="Pennsylvania Reserves">Pennsylvania Reserves</a>, building defenses around Washington D.C. He fought in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a>. He was severely wounded at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glendale" title="Battle of Glendale">Battle of Glendale</a> and returned to lead his brigade at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a>. As a division commander, he won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain" title="Battle of South Mountain">Battle of South Mountain</a> and assumed temporary command of the <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Corps (Union Army)">I Corps</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a>. Meade's division broke through the lines at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Battle of Fredericksburg</a> but were forced to retreat due to lack of support. Meade was promoted to major general and commander of the <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a>, which he led during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a>. </p><p>He was appointed to command the Army of the Potomac just three days before the Battle of Gettysburg and arrived on the battlefield after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_First_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, First Day">first day</a>'s action on July 1, 1863. He organized his forces on favorable ground to fight an effective defensive battle against Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and repelled a series of massive assaults throughout the next two days. While elated about the victory, President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> was critical of Meade due to his perception of an ineffective pursuit during the retreat, which allowed Lee and his army to escape back to Virginia. Meade's troops had a minor victory in the <a href="/wiki/Bristoe_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristoe Campaign">Bristoe Campaign</a> but a stalemate at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mine_Run" title="Battle of Mine Run">Battle of Mine Run</a>. Meade's cautious approach prompted Lincoln to look for a new commander of the Army of the Potomac. </p><p>In 1864–1865, Meade continued to command the Army of the Potomac through the <a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond–Petersburg Campaign</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Appomattox Campaign">Appomattox Campaign</a>, but he was overshadowed by the direct supervision of the general-in-chief, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, who accompanied him throughout these campaigns. Grant conducted most of the strategy during these campaigns, leaving Meade with significantly less influence than before. After the war, Meade commanded the <a href="/wiki/Military_Division_of_the_Atlantic" title="Military Division of the Atlantic">Military Division of the Atlantic</a> from 1865 to 1866 and again from 1869 to 1872. He oversaw the formation of the state governments and reentry into the United States for five southern states through his command of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_South" title="Department of the South">Department of the South</a> from 1866 to 1868 and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Military_District" title="Third Military District">Third Military District</a> in 1872. Meade was subjected to intense political rivalries within the Army, notably with <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">Major Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Daniel Sickles</a>, who tried to discredit Meade's role in the victory at Gettysburg. He had a notoriously short temper which earned him the nickname of "Old Snapping Turtle". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meade was born on December 31, 1815, in Cádiz, Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1964315_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1964315-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the eighth of ten children of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Worsam_Meade_I" title="Richard Worsam Meade I">Richard Worsam Meade</a> and Margaret Coats Butler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington201311_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington201311-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandfather Irishman <a href="/wiki/George_Meade_(merchant)" title="George Meade (merchant)">George Meade</a> was a wealthy merchant and land speculator in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was wealthy due to Spanish-American trade and was appointed U.S. naval agent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington201311_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington201311-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was ruined financially because of his support of Spain in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>; his family returned to the United States in 1817, in precarious financial straits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington201312_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington201312-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade attended elementary school in Philadelphia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves19609_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves19609-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the American Classical and Military Lyceum, a private school in Philadelphia modeled after the U.S. Military Academy at West Point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauers20034_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauers20034-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father died in 1828 when George was 12 years old<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington201312_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington201312-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was taken out of the Germantown military academy. George was placed in a school run by <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> in Washington D.C.; however, it closed after a few months due to Chase's other obligations. He was then placed in the Mount Hope Institution in Baltimore, Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves19609–10_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves19609–10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade entered the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a> on July 1, 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190113_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190113-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would have preferred to attend college and study law and did not enjoy his time at West Point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190112_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190112-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated 19th in his class of 56 cadets in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington201313_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington201313-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was uninterested in the details of military dress and drills and accumulated 168 demerits, only 32 short of the amount that would trigger a mandatory dismissal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde200315_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde200315-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topographical_Corps_and_Mexican-American_War">Topographical Corps and Mexican-American War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Topographical Corps and Mexican-American War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Meade_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/George_Meade_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/200px-George_Meade_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/George_Meade_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/300px-George_Meade_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/George_Meade_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/400px-George_Meade_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="3128" /></a><figcaption>Meade photographed by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a> or <a href="/wiki/Levin_C._Handy" class="mw-redirect" title="Levin C. Handy">Levin C. Handy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Meade was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Field_Artillery_Regiment_(United_States)" title="3rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States)">3rd Artillery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked for a summer as an assistant surveyor on the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Railroad</a> and was assigned to service in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauers20035_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauers20035-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He fought in the Second Seminole War<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196013–14_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196013–14-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was assigned to accompany a group of Seminole to Indian territory in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauers20035_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauers20035-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a full second lieutenant by year's end, and in the fall of 1836, after the minimum required one year of service,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde200315_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde200315-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he resigned from the army. He returned to Florida and worked as a private citizen for his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/James_Duncan_Graham" title="James Duncan Graham">James Duncan Graham</a>, as an assistant surveyor to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Topographical_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers">United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers</a> on a railroad project.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He conducted additional survey work for the Topographical Engineers on the Texas-Louisiana border, the Mississippi River Delta<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196015–16_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196015–16-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the northeastern boundary of Maine and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196016–17_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196016–17-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1842, a congressional measure was passed which excluded civilians from working in the Army Corps of Topographical Engineers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196018_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Meade reentered the army as a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in order to continue his work with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington201313–14_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington201313–14-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1843, he was assigned to work on lighthouse construction under Major <a href="/wiki/Hartman_Bache" title="Hartman Bache">Hartman Bache</a>. He worked on the <a href="/wiki/Brandywine_Shoal_Light" title="Brandywine Shoal Light">Brandywine Shoal lighthouse</a> in the Delaware Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauers20036_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauers20036-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade served in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> and was assigned to the staffs of Generals <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196019_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Patterson" title="Robert Patterson">Robert Patterson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196038–39_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196038–39-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palo_Alto" title="Battle of Palo Alto">Battle of Palo Alto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196026–27_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196026–27-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma" title="Battle of Resaca de la Palma">Battle of Resaca de la Palma</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196027–28_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196027–28-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monterrey" title="Battle of Monterrey">Battle of Monterrey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1964316_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1964316-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served under General <a href="/wiki/William_J._Worth" title="William J. Worth">William Worth</a> at Monterrey and led a party up a hill to attack a fortified position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauers20039_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauers20039-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevetted</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant#United_States" title="First lieutenant">first lieutenant</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1964316_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1964316-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received a gold-mounted sword for gallantry from the citizens of Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196045_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196045-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1849, Meade was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Brooke" title="Fort Brooke">Fort Brooke</a> in Florida to assist with Seminole attacks on settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196046_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196046-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1851, he led the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Carysfort_Reef_Light" title="Carysfort Reef Light">Carysfort Reef Light</a> in Key Largo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196047_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196047-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1852, the Topographical Corps established the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Lighthouse_Board" title="United States Lighthouse Board">United States Lighthouse Board</a> and Meade was appointed the Seventh District engineer with responsibilities in Florida. He led the construction of <a href="/wiki/Sand_Key_Light" title="Sand Key Light">Sand Key Light</a> in Key West;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196048_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196048-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Inlet_Light" title="Jupiter Inlet Light">Jupiter Inlet Light</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jupiter,_Florida" title="Jupiter, Florida">Jupiter, Florida</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Sombrero_Key_Light" title="Sombrero Key Light">Sombrero Key Light</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Bache was reassigned to the West Coast, Meade took over responsibility for the Fourth District in New Jersey and Delaware<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauers200311_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauers200311-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and built the <a href="/wiki/Barnegat_Lighthouse" title="Barnegat Lighthouse">Barnegat Light</a> on <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach_Island" title="Long Beach Island">Long Beach Island</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196049_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196049-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Absecon_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Absecon Light">Absecon Light</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic City">Atlantic City</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_May_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape May Light">Cape May Light</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cape_May" title="Cape May">Cape May</a>. He also designed a hydraulic lamp that was used in several American lighthouses. Meade received an official promotion to first lieutenant in 1851,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauers200311_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauers200311-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to captain in 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001385_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001385-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1857, Meade was given command of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Lake_Survey" title="United States Lake Survey">Lakes Survey</a> mission of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. Completion of the survey of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a> and extension of the surveys of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> down to <a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Bay" title="Grand Traverse Bay">Grand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Traverse_Bay" title="Little Traverse Bay">Little Traverse Bays</a> were done under his command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodford199137_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodford199137-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to Captain Meade's command, Great Lakes' water level readings were taken locally with temporary gauges; a uniform plane of reference had not been established. In 1858, based on his recommendation, instrumentation was set in place for the tabulation of records across the basin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodford199140_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodford199140-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade stayed with the Lakes Survey until the 1861 outbreak of the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodford199141_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodford199141-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meade was appointed <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> of volunteers on August 31, 1861,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190122_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190122-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a few months after the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, based on the strong recommendation of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Curtin" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Curtin">Andrew Curtin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde200316_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde200316-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was assigned command of the 2nd <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Reserves" title="Pennsylvania Reserves">Pennsylvania Reserves</a> under General <a href="/wiki/George_A._McCall" title="George A. McCall">George A. McCall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196055_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196055-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pennsylvania Reserves were initially assigned to the construction of defenses around Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1964316_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1964316-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peninsula_campaign">Peninsula campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Peninsula campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula campaign</a></div> <p>In March 1862, the Army of the Potomac was reorganized into four corps,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196061_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196061-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade served as part of the <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Corps (Union Army)">I Corps</a> under Maj. Gen <a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1964316_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1964316-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The I Corps was stationed in the Rappahannock area, but in June, the Pennsylvania Reserves were detached and sent to the Peninsula to reinforce the main army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196062–63_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196062–63-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a> on June 25, the Reserves were directly involved in the fighting. At <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mechanicsville" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mechanicsville">Mechanicsville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaines_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaines Mill">Gaines Mill</a>, Meade's brigade was mostly held in reserve,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190132–33_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190132–33-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glendale" title="Battle of Glendale">Glendale</a> on June 30, the brigade was in the middle of a fierce battle. His brigade lost 1,400 men<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190149_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190149-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Meade was shot in the right arm and through the back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196068_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196068-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sent home to Philadelphia to recuperate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196069_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196069-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade resumed command of his brigade in time for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a>, then assigned to Major General <a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a>'s corps of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a>. His brigade made a heroic stand on <a href="/wiki/Henry_House_Hill" title="Henry House Hill">Henry House Hill</a> to protect the rear of the retreating Union Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20217_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20217-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maryland_campaign">Maryland campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Maryland campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland campaign</a></div> <p>The division's commander <a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">John F. Reynolds</a> was sent to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to train militia units and Meade assumed temporary division command at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain" title="Battle of South Mountain">Battle of South Mountain</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190170_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190170-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190183_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190183-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Meade's command, the division successfully attacked and captured a strategic position on high ground near <a href="/wiki/Turner%27s_Gap" title="Turner's Gap">Turner's Gap</a> held by <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Robert E. Rodes</a>' troops which forced the withdrawal of other Confederate troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190171–74_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190171–74-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Meade's troops stormed the heights, the corps commander <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a>, exclaimed, "Look at Meade! Why, with troops like those, led in that way, I can win anything!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagg19982_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg19982-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 17, 1862,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20217–8_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20217–8-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at Antietam, Meade assumed temporary command of the I Corps and oversaw fierce combat after Hooker was wounded and requested Meade replace him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190185–87_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190185–87-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 29, 1862, Reynolds returned from his service in Harrisburg. Reynolds assumed command of the I Corps and Meade assumed command of the Third Division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190191_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190191-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fredericksburg_and_Chancellorsville">Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baldy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Baldy.jpg/220px-Baldy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Baldy.jpg/330px-Baldy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Baldy.jpg/440px-Baldy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>General Meade's horse, <a href="/wiki/Old_Baldy_(horse)" title="Old Baldy (horse)">Old Baldy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On November 5, 1862, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a> replaced McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac. Burnside gave command of the I Corps to Reynolds which frustrated Meade as he had more combat experience than Reynolds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20218_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20218-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> of the Pennsylvania Reserves on November 29, 1862, and given command of a division in the "Left Grand Division" under <a href="/wiki/William_B._Franklin" title="William B. Franklin">William B. Franklin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20218_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20218-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Battle of Fredericksburg</a>, Meade's division made the only breakthrough of the Confederate lines, spearheading through a gap in <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (CSA)">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's</a> corps at the southern end of the battlefield. However, his attack was not reinforced, which resulted in the loss of much of his division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington2013106_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington2013106-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He led the Center Grand Division through the <a href="/wiki/Mud_March_(American_Civil_War)" title="Mud March (American Civil War)">Mud March</a> and stationed his troops on the banks of the Rappahanock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901108_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901108-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 22, 1862, Meade replaced <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Butterfield" title="Daniel Butterfield">Daniel Butterfield</a> in command of the V Corps which he led in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a>. On January 26, 1863, Joseph Hooker assumed command of the Army of the Potomac.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20218_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20218-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hooker had grand plans for the Battle of Chancellorsville, but was unsuccessful in execution, allowing the Confederates to seize the initiative. After the battle, Meade wrote to his wife that, "General Hooker has disappointed all his friends by failing to show his fighting qualities in a pinch."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20216_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20216-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade's corps was left in reserve for most of the battle, contributing to the Union defeat. Meade was among Hooker's commanders who argued to advance against Lee, but Hooker chose to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown202114_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown202114-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade learned afterward that Hooker misrepresented his position on the advance and confronted him. All of Hooker's commanders supported Meade's position except <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Dan Sickles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher1999136_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher1999136-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gettysburg_campaign">Gettysburg campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gettysburg campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1863, Lee took the initiative and moved his <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> into Maryland and Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20214_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20214-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hooker responded rapidly and positioned the Army of the Potomac between Lee's army and Washington D.C. However, the relationship between the Lincoln administration and Hooker had deteriorated due to Hooker's poor performance at Chancellorsville.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown202125_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown202125-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hooker requested additional troops be assigned from Harper's Ferry to assist in the pursuit of Lee in the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Campaign">Gettysburg Campaign</a>. When Lincoln and General in Chief <a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Henry Halleck</a> refused, Hooker resigned in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Command_of_the_Army_of_the_Potomac">Command of the Army of the Potomac</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Command of the Army of the Potomac"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early morning hours of June 28, 1863, a messenger from <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> arrived to inform Meade of his appointment as Hooker's replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901130_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901130-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon being woken up, he'd assumed that army politics had caught up to him and that he was under arrest, only to find that he'd been given leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>. </p><p>He had not actively sought command and was not the president's first choice. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">John F. Reynolds</a>, one of four major generals who outranked Meade in the Army of the Potomac, had earlier turned down the president's suggestion that he take over.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde200318_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde200318-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three corps commanders, <a href="/wiki/John_Sedgwick" title="John Sedgwick">John Sedgwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Slocum" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Slocum">Henry Slocum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darius_N._Couch" title="Darius N. Couch">Darius N. Couch</a>, recommended Meade for command of the army and agreed to serve under him despite outranking him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagg19982–3_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg19982–3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While his colleagues were excited for the change in leadership, the soldiers in the Army of Potomac were uncertain of Meade since his modesty, lack of the theatrical and scholarly demeanor did not match their expectations for a General.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1997210_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1997210-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade assumed command of the Army of the Potomac on June 28, 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker19011_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker19011-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to his wife, Meade wrote that command of the army was "more likely to destroy one's reputation then to add to it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201510_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201510-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle of Gettysburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_Council_of_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gettysburg_Council_of_War.jpg/220px-Gettysburg_Council_of_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gettysburg_Council_of_War.jpg/330px-Gettysburg_Council_of_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gettysburg_Council_of_War.jpg/440px-Gettysburg_Council_of_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1115" /></a><figcaption>Engraving by <a href="/wiki/James_E._Kelly_(artist)" title="James E. Kelly (artist)">James E. Kelly</a> of Meade and the Council of War - July 2, 1863</figcaption></figure> <p>Meade rushed the remainder of his army to Gettysburg and deployed his forces for a defensive battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200375_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200375-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade was only four days into his leadership of the Army of the Potomac and informed his corps commanders that he would provide quick decisions and entrust them with the authority to carry out those orders the best way they saw fit. He also made it clear that he was counting on the corps commanders to provide him with sound advice on strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200375_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200375-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Meade was new to high command, he did not remain in headquarters but constantly moved about the battlefield, issuing orders and ensuring that they were followed. Meade gave orders for the Army of the Potomac to move forward in a broad front to prevent Lee from flanking them and threatening the cities of Baltimore and Washington D.C. He also issued a conditional plan for a retreat to Pipe Creek, Maryland in case things went poorly for the Union. By 6 pm on the evening of July 1, 1863, Meade sent a telegram to Washington informing them of his decision to concentrate forces and make a stand at Gettysburg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagg1998_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg1998-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 2, 1863, Meade continued to monitor and maintain the placement of the troops. He was outraged when he discovered that Daniel Sickles had moved his troops one mile forward to high ground without Meade's permission and left a gap in the line which threatened the right flank. Meade recognized that <a href="/wiki/Little_Round_Top" title="Little Round Top">Little Round Top</a> was critical to maintaining the left flank. He sent chief engineer <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Warren" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouverneur Warren">Gouverneur Warren</a> to determine the status of the hill and quickly issued orders for the V Corps to occupy it when it was discovered empty. Meade continued to reinforce the troops defending Little Round Top from Longstreet's advance and suffered the near destruction of thirteen brigades. One questionable decision Meade made that day was to order Slocum's <a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XII Corps (Union Army)">XII Corps</a> to move from <a href="/wiki/Culp%27s_Hill" title="Culp's Hill">Culp's Hill</a> to the left flank which allowed Confederate troops to temporarily capture it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagg1998_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg1998-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the evening of July 2, 1863, Meade called a "council of war" consisting of his top generals. The council reviewed the battle to date and agreed to keep fighting in a defensive position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2003167_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2003167-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meade-Headquarters_Gettysburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Meade-Headquarters_Gettysburg.jpg/220px-Meade-Headquarters_Gettysburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Meade-Headquarters_Gettysburg.jpg/330px-Meade-Headquarters_Gettysburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Meade-Headquarters_Gettysburg.jpg/440px-Meade-Headquarters_Gettysburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>General Meade's headquarters, <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Gettysburg, Pennsylvania">Gettysburg, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On July 3, 1863, Meade gave orders for the XII Corps and XI Corps to retake Culp's Hill and personally rode the length of the lines from Cemetery Ridge to Little Round Top to inspect the troops. His headquarters were in the Leister House directly behind Cemetery Ridge which exposed it to the 150-gun cannonade which began at 1 pm. The house came under direct fire from incorrectly targeted Confederate guns; Butterfield was wounded and sixteen horses tied up in front of the house were killed. Meade did not want to vacate the headquarters and make it more difficult for messages to find him, but the situation became too dire and the house was evacuated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagg1998_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg1998-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the three days, Meade made excellent use of capable subordinates, such as Maj. Gens. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">John F. Reynolds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Winfield S. Hancock</a>, to whom he delegated great responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher1999144_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher1999144-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reacted swiftly to fierce assaults on his line's left and right which culminated in Lee's disastrous assault on the center, known as <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagg19984–6_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg19984–6-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of three days of fighting, the Army of the Potomac's 60,000 troops and 30,000 horses had not been fed in three days and were weary from fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20215_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20215-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the evening of July 4, 1863, Meade held a second council of war with his top generals, minus Hancock and Gibbon, who were absent due to duty and injury. The council reviewed the status of the army and debated staying in place at Gettysburg versus chasing the retreating Army of Northern Virginia. The council voted to remain in place for one day to allow for rest and recovery and then set out after Lee's army. Meade sent a message to Halleck stating, "I make a reconnaissance to-morrow, to ascertain what the intention of the enemy is … should the enemy retreat, I shall pursue him on his flanks."<sup id="cite_ref-nps.gov_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps.gov-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lee's_retreat"><span id="Lee.27s_retreat"></span>Lee's retreat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lee's retreat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 4, it was observed that the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate Army</a> was forming a new line near the <a href="/wiki/Catoctin_Mountain" title="Catoctin Mountain">nearby mountains</a> after pulling back their left flank, but by July 5 it was clear that they were making a retreat, leaving Meade and his men to tend to the wounded and fallen soldiers until July 6, when Meade ordered his men to Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade was criticized by President Lincoln and others for not aggressively pursuing the Confederates during their retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2003264_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2003264-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade's perceived caution stemmed from three causes: casualties and exhaustion of the Army of the Potomac which had engaged in forced marches and heavy fighting for a week, heavy general officer casualties that impeded effective command and control, and a desire to guard a hard-won victory against a sudden reversal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201511_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201511-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halleck informed Meade of the president's dissatisfaction which infuriated Meade that politicians and non-field-based officers were telling him how to fight the war. He wrote back and offered to resign his command, but Halleck refused the resignation and clarified that his communication was not meant as a rebuke but an incentive to continue the pursuit of Lee's army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde200325_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde200325-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one point, the Army of Northern Virginia was trapped with its back to the rain-swollen, almost impassable <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>; however, the Army of Northern Virginia was able to erect strong defensive positions before Meade, whose army had also been weakened by the fighting, could organize an effective attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2003259_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2003259-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lee knew he had the superior defensive position and hoped that Meade would attack and the resulting Union Army losses would dampen the victory at Gettysburg. By July 14, 1863, Lee's troops built a temporary bridge over the river and retreated into Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201511_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201511-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade was rewarded for his actions at Gettysburg by a promotion to brigadier general in the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">regular army</a> on July 7, 1863, and the <a href="/wiki/Thanks_of_Congress" title="Thanks of Congress">Thanks of Congress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1964316–317_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1964316–317-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which commended Meade "... and the officers and soldiers of the Army of the Potomac, for the skill and heroic valor which at Gettysburg repulsed, defeated, and drove back, broken and dispirited, beyond the <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_River" title="Rappahannock River">Rappahannock</a>, the veteran army of the rebellion."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade wrote the following to his wife after meeting President Lincoln: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Yesterday I received an order to repair to Washington, to see the President. ... The President was, as he always is, very considerate and kind. He found no fault with my operations, although it was very evident he was disappointed that I had not got a battle out of Lee. He coincided with me that there was not much to be gained by any farther advance; but <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Halleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry W. Halleck">General Halleck</a> was very urgent that something should be done, but what that something was he did not define. As the Secretary of War was absent in Tennessee, final action was postponed till his return."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bristoe_and_Mine_Run_campaign">Bristoe and Mine Run campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bristoe and Mine Run campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meade_Staff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Meade_Staff.jpg/220px-Meade_Staff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Meade_Staff.jpg/330px-Meade_Staff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Meade_Staff.jpg/440px-Meade_Staff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Generals George G. Meade, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Andrew A. Humphreys</a> and staff in <a href="/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper, Virginia</a>, outside Meade's headquarters, 1863</figcaption></figure> <p>During the fall of 1863, the Army of the Potomac was weakened by the transfer of the <a href="/wiki/XI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XI Corps (Union Army)">XI</a> and <a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XII Corps (Union Army)">XII Corps</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western Theater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901223–224_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901223–224-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade felt pressure from Halleck and the Lincoln administration to pursue Lee into Virginia but he was cautious due to a misperception that Lee's Army was 70,000 in size when the reality was they were only 55,000 compared to the Army of the Potomac at 76,000. Many of the Union troop replacements for the losses suffered at Gettysburg were new recruits and it was uncertain how they would perform in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBackusOrrison20152–3_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackusOrrison20152–3-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lee petitioned Jefferson Davis to allow him to take the offensive against the cautious Meade which would also prevent further Union troops being sent to the Western Theater to support <a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">William Rosencrans</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Battle of Chickamauga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBackusOrrison20153–4_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackusOrrison20153–4-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potomac_Staff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Potomac_Staff.jpg/220px-Potomac_Staff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Potomac_Staff.jpg/330px-Potomac_Staff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Potomac_Staff.jpg/440px-Potomac_Staff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Commanders of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Gouverneur K. Warren</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_H._French" title="William H. French">William H. French</a>, George G. Meade, <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry J. Hunt">Henry J. Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Andrew A. Humphreys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Sykes" title="George Sykes">George Sykes</a> in September 1863</figcaption></figure> <p>The Army of the Potomac was stationed along the north bank of the Rapidan River and Meade made his headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBackusOrrison20154_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackusOrrison20154-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe Campaign</a>, Lee attempted to flank the Army of the Potomac and force Meade to move north of the Rappahannock River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBackusOrrison201511_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackusOrrison201511-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union forces had deciphered the Confederate <a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">semaphore</a> code. This along with spies and scouts gave Meade advance notice of Lee's movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBackusOrrison201513_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackusOrrison201513-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Lee's troops moved north to the west of the Army of the Potomac, Meade abandoned his headquarters at Culpeper and gave orders for his troops to move north to intercept Lee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBackusOrrison201516_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackusOrrison201516-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade successfully outmaneuvered Lee in the campaign and gained a small victory. Lee reported that his plans failed due to the quickness of Meade's redeployment of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901234_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901234-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Meade's inability to stop Lee from approaching the outskirts of Washington prompted Lincoln to look for another commander of the Army of the Potomac.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBackusOrrison2015xx_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackusOrrison2015xx-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late November 1863, Meade planned one last offensive against Lee before winter weather limited troop movement. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mine_Run" title="Battle of Mine Run">Mine Run Campaign</a>, Meade attempted to attack the right flank of the Army of Northern Virginia south of the Rapidan River but the maneuver failed due to the poor performance of <a href="/wiki/William_H._French" title="William H. French">William H. French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201515–16_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201515–16-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was heavy skirmishing but a full attack never occurred. Meade determined that the Confederate forces were too strong<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was convinced by Warren that an attack would have been suicidal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201516_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201516-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade held a council of war which concluded to withdraw across the Rapidan River during the night of December 1, 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmon2001226_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon2001226-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overland_campaign">Overland campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Overland campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1864 was an election year and Lincoln understood that the fate of his reelection lay in the Union Army success against the Confederates. Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, fresh off his success in the Western Theater, was appointed commander of all Union armies in March 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunkerlyPfanzRuth2014xxi–xxii_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunkerlyPfanzRuth2014xxi–xxii-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his meeting with Lincoln, Grant was told he could select who he wanted to lead the Army of the Potomac. <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin M. Stanton</a>, the Secretary of War told Grant, "You will find a very weak irresolute man there and my advice to you is to replace him at once."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201517_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201517-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade offered to resign<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stated the task at hand was of such importance that he would not stand in the way of Grant choosing the right man for the job and offered to serve wherever placed. Grant assured Meade he had no intentions of replacing him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhea200010_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhea200010-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant later wrote that this incident gave him a more favorable opinion of Meade than the great victory at Gettysburg. Grant knew that Meade disapproved of Lincoln's strategy and was unpopular with politicians and the press. Grant was not willing to allow him free command of the Army of the Potomac without direct supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201520_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201520-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant's orders to Meade before the <a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign</a> were direct and the point. He stated "Lee's army will be your objective point. Wherever Lee goes, there you will go also."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunkerlyPfanzRuth20142_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunkerlyPfanzRuth20142-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 4, 1864, the Army of the Potomac left its winter encampment and crossed the Rapidan River. Meade and Grant both believed that Lee would retreat to the North Anna River or to Mine Run. Lee had received intelligence about the movements of the Army of the Potomac and countered with a move to the East and met the Union Army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan201417_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan201417-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade ordered Warren to attack with his whole Corps and had Hancock reinforce with his II Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan201418_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan201418-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade ordered additional Union troops to join the battle but they struggled to maintain formation and communicate with each other in the thick woods of the Wilderness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan201419_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan201419-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After three days of brutal fighting and the loss of 17,000 men, the Union Army called it a draw and Meade and Grant moved with their forces south toward Spotsylvania Court House to place the Union Army between Lee's forces and Richmond in the hopes of drawing them out to open field combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan201426–27_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan201426–27-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meade-Sedgwick-Tyler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Meade-Sedgwick-Tyler.jpg/220px-Meade-Sedgwick-Tyler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Meade-Sedgwick-Tyler.jpg/330px-Meade-Sedgwick-Tyler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Meade-Sedgwick-Tyler.jpg/440px-Meade-Sedgwick-Tyler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3592" data-file-height="1917" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Horse_artillery" title="Horse artillery">Horse artillery</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Brandy_Station,_Virginia" title="Brandy Station, Virginia">Brandy Station, Virginia</a>, February 1864.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Union Army moved ponderously slowly toward their new positions and Meade lashed out at Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a> and his cavalry corps blaming them for not clearing the road and not informing Meade of the enemy's movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan201430_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan201430-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant had brought Sheridan with him from the Western Theater and he found the Army of the Potomac's cavalry corps run down and in poor discipline. Meade and Sheridan clashed over the use of cavalry since the Army of the Potomac had historically used cavalry as couriers, scouting and headquarters guards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhea200036_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhea200036-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheridan told Meade that he could "whip <a href="/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E.B. Stuart">Stuart</a>" if Meade let him. Meade reported the conversation to Grant thinking he would reprimand the insubordinate Sheridan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan201430_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan201430-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he replied, "Well, he generally knows what he is talking about. Let him start right out and do it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhea200037_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhea200037-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade deferred to Grant's judgment and issued orders to Sheridan to "proceed against the enemy's cavalry" and from May 9 through May 24, sent him on a raid toward <a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a>, directly challenging the Confederate cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheridan's cavalry had great success, they broke up the Confederate supply lines, liberated hundreds of Union prisoners, mortally wounded Confederate General <a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J.E.B. Stuart</a> and threatened the city of Richmond.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhea200035_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhea200035-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his departure left the Union Army blind to enemy movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan201447_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan201447-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant made his headquarters with Meade for the remainder of the war, which caused Meade to chafe at the close supervision he received. A newspaper reported the Army of the Potomac was, "directed by Grant, commanded by Meade, and led by Hancock, Sedgwick and Warren."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunkerlyPfanzRuth20147_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunkerlyPfanzRuth20147-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following an incident in June 1864, in which Meade disciplined reporter Edward Cropsey from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i> newspaper for an unfavorable article, all of the press assigned to his army agreed to mention Meade only in conjunction with setbacks. Meade apparently knew nothing of this arrangement, and the reporters giving all of the credit to Grant angered Meade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021296_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021296-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional differences caused further friction between Grant and Meade. Waging a war of attrition in the Overland Campaign against Lee, Grant was willing to suffer previously unacceptable losses with the knowledge that the Union Army had replacement soldiers available, whereas the Confederates did not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhea200019_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhea200019-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade was opposed to Grant's recommendations to directly attack fortified Confederate positions which resulted in huge losses of Union soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant became frustrated with Meade's cautious approach and despite his initial promise to allow Meade latitude in his command, Grant began to override Meade and order the tactical deployment of the Army of the Potomac.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhea200014_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhea200014-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade became frustrated with his lack of autonomy and his performance as a military leader suffered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201515_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201515-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Battle of Cold Harbor</a>, Meade inadequately coordinated the disastrous frontal assault.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan201463–65_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan201463–65-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Meade took some satisfaction that Grant's overconfidence at the start of the campaign against Lee had been reduced after the brutal confrontation of the Overland Campaign and stated, "I think Grant has had his eyes opened, and is willing to admit now that Virginia and Lee's army is not Tennessee and [Braxton] Bragg's army."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau199133_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau199133-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Battle of Spotsylvania Court House</a>, Grant requested that Meade be promoted to major general of the regular army. In a telegram to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a> on May 13, 1864, Grant stated that "Meade has more than met my most sanguine expectations. He and <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman"> [William T.] Sherman</a> are the fittest officers for large commands I have come in contact with."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington2013277_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington2013277-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade felt slighted that his promotion was processed after that of Sherman and Sheridan, the latter his subordinate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001703_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001703-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> confirmed Sherman and Sheridan on January 13, 1865, Meade on February 1. Subsequently, Sheridan was promoted to lieutenant general over Meade on March 4, 1869, after Grant became president and Sherman became the commanding general of the U.S. Army. However, his date of rank meant that he was outranked at the end of the war only by Grant, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wager_Halleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Wager Halleck">Halleck</a>, and Sherman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001701–702_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001701–702-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richmond-Petersburg_campaign">Richmond-Petersburg campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Richmond-Petersburg campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meade and the Army of the Potomac crossed the James River to attack the strategic supply route centered on Petersburg, Virginia. They probed the defenses of the city and Meade wrote, "We find the enemy, as usual, in a very strong position, defended by earthworks, and it looks very much as if we will have to go through a siege of Petersburg before entering on a siege of Richmond."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau199148_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau199148-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An opportunity opened up to lead the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army_of_the_Shenandoah" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army of the Shenandoah">Army of the Shenandoah</a>, to protect Washington D.C. against the raids of <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a>. Meade wanted the role to free himself from under Grant; however, the position was given to Sheridan. When Meade asked Grant why it did not go to himself, the more experienced officer, Grant stated that Lincoln did not want to take Meade away from the Army of the Potomac and imply that his leadership was substandard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau1991141_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau1991141-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Siege of Petersburg</a>, he approved the plan of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a> to plant explosives in a mine shaft dug underneath the Confederate line east of Petersburg, but at the last minute he changed Burnside's plan to lead the attack with a well-trained African-American division that was highly drilled just for this action, instructing him to take a politically less risky course and substitute an untrained and poorly led white division. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Battle of the Crater</a> was one of the great fiascoes of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MeadeArmy-Potomac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MeadeArmy-Potomac.jpg/220px-MeadeArmy-Potomac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MeadeArmy-Potomac.jpg/330px-MeadeArmy-Potomac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MeadeArmy-Potomac.jpg/440px-MeadeArmy-Potomac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>General Meade and other generals of <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a> in Washington, D.C., June 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>Although he fought during the <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Appomattox Campaign">Appomattox Campaign</a>, Grant and Sheridan received most of the credit and Meade was not present when Lee surrendered at <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Court_House_National_Historical_Park" title="Appomattox Court House National Historical Park">Appomattox Court House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021296_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021296-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the war over, the Army of the Potomac was disbanded on June 28, 1865, and Meade's command of it ended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington2013350_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington2013350-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_rivalries">Political rivalries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political rivalries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the political rivalries in the Army of the Potomac stemmed from opposition to the politically conservative, full-time officers from West Point. Meade was a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Party" title="Northern Democratic Party">Douglas Democrat</a> and saw the preservation of the Union as the war's true goal and only opposed slavery as it threatened to tear the Union apart. He was a supporter of McClellan, the previously removed commander of the Army of the Potomac, and was politically aligned with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201513–14_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201513–14-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other McClellan loyalists who advocated a more moderate prosecution of the war, such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pomeroy_Stone" title="Charles Pomeroy Stone">Charles P. Stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fitz_John_Porter" title="Fitz John Porter">Fitz John Porter</a>, were arrested and court-martialed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201516_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201516-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Meade was awakened in the middle of the night and informed that he was given command of the Army of the Potomac, he later wrote to his wife that he assumed that Army politics had caught up with him and he was being arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1997209_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1997209-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade's short temper earned him notoriety, and while he was respected by most of his peers and trusted by the men in his army, he did not inspire them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagg19981–4_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg19981–4-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021295_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021295-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Meade could be sociable, intellectual and courteous in normal times, the stress of war made him prickly and abrasive and earned him the nickname "Old Snapping Turtle".<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was prone to bouts of anger and rashness and was paranoid about political enemies coming after him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201516–17_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201516–17-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His political enemies included <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Butterfield" title="Daniel Butterfield">Daniel Butterfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Abner Doubleday</a>, Joseph Hooker, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pleasonton" title="Alfred Pleasonton">Alfred Pleasonton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Daniel Sickles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201512–13_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201512–13-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sickles had developed a personal vendetta against Meade because of Sickles's allegiance to Hooker, whom Meade had replaced, and because of controversial disagreements at Gettysburg. Sickles had either mistakenly or deliberately disregarded Meade's orders about placing his <a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="III Corps (Union Army)">III Corps</a> in the defensive line,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200398_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200398-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to that corps' destruction and placed the entire army at risk on the second day of battle.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Halleck, Meade's direct supervisor prior to Grant, was openly critical of Meade. Both Halleck and Lincoln pressured Meade to destroy Lee's army but gave no specifics as to how it should be done.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201515_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201515-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a>, some of whom like <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a> were former <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothings</a> and hostile to Irish Catholics like Meade's family, in the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War</a> suspected that Meade was a <a href="/wiki/Copperheads_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copperheads (politics)">Copperhead</a> and tried in vain to relieve him from command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021296_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021296-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sickles testified to the committee that Meade wanted to retreat his position at Gettysburg before the fighting started.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1997339_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1997339-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The joint committee did not remove Meade from command of the Army of the Potomac.<sup id="cite_ref-nps.gov_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps.gov-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1865, Meade assumed command of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Division_of_the_Atlantic" title="Military Division of the Atlantic">Military Division of the Atlantic</a> headquartered in Philadelphia. On January 6, 1868, he took command of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Military_District" title="Third Military District">Third Military District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta</a>. In January 1868, he assumed command of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Division_of_the_South" title="Military Division of the South">Department of the South</a>. The formation of the state governments of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina for reentry into the United States was completed under his direct supervision. When the Governor of Georgia refused to accept the Reconstruction Acts of Congress, Meade replaced him with General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Ruger" title="Thomas H. Ruger">Thomas H. Ruger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901389_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901389-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Camilla_massacre" title="Camilla massacre">Camilla massacre</a> in September 1868, caused by anger from white southerners over blacks gaining the right to vote in the 1868 Georgia state constitution, Meade investigated the event and decided to leave the punishment in the hands of civil authorities. Meade returned to command of the Military Division of the Atlantic in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901390_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901390-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1869, following Grant's inauguration as president and <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>'s assignment to <a href="/wiki/General-in-chief" title="General-in-chief">general-in-chief</a>, Sheridan was promoted over Meade to lieutenant general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1964644_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1964644-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade effectively served in semi-retirement as the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Division_of_the_Atlantic" title="Military Division of the Atlantic">Military Division of the Atlantic</a> from his home in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 31, 1840 (his birthday), he married Margaretta Sergeant,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196017_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196017-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> daughter of <a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">John Sergeant</a>, running mate of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington201313_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington201313-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had seven children together: John Sergeant Meade, George Meade, Margaret Butler Meade, Spencer Meade, Sarah Wise Meade, Henrietta Meade, and William Meade.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His notable descendants include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade_Easby" title="George Meade Easby">George Meade Easby</a>, great-grandson<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Rockefeller" title="Happy Rockefeller">Happy Rockefeller</a>, great-great-granddaughter<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fox" title="Matthew Fox">Matthew Fox</a>, great-great-great-grandson<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Meade_tombstone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_Meade_tombstone.jpg/220px-George_Meade_tombstone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_Meade_tombstone.jpg/330px-George_Meade_tombstone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_Meade_tombstone.jpg/440px-George_Meade_tombstone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Meade's tombstone in <a href="/wiki/Laurel_Hill_Cemetery" title="Laurel Hill Cemetery">Laurel Hill Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Meade was presented with a gold medal from the <a href="/wiki/Union_League_of_Philadelphia" title="Union League of Philadelphia">Union League of Philadelphia</a> in recognition for his success at Gettysburg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde200317_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde200317-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade was a commissioner of <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> from 1866 until his death. The city of Philadelphia gave Meade's wife a house at 1836 <a href="/wiki/Delancey_Place_(Philadelphia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delancey Place (Philadelphia)">Delancey Place</a> in which he lived also. The building still has the name "Meade" over the door, but is now used as apartments.<sup id="cite_ref-Kyriakodis_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyriakodis-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade received an honorary doctorate in law (LL.D.) from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901391_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901391-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his scientific achievements were recognized by various institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Academy_of_Natural_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences">Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001385_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001385-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021296_115-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021296-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having long suffered from complications caused by his war wounds, Meade died on November 6, 1872, in the house at 1836 Delancey Place, from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kyriakodis_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyriakodis-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried at <a href="/wiki/Laurel_Hill_Cemetery" title="Laurel Hill Cemetery">Laurel Hill Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001384_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001384-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US-$1000-TN-1890-Fr-379a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US-%241000-TN-1890-Fr-379a.jpg/220px-US-%241000-TN-1890-Fr-379a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US-%241000-TN-1890-Fr-379a.jpg/330px-US-%241000-TN-1890-Fr-379a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US-%241000-TN-1890-Fr-379a.jpg/440px-US-%241000-TN-1890-Fr-379a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2998" /></a><figcaption>Meade's likeness was used on the one-thousand dollar Treasury note in 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>Meade has been memorialized with several statues including an equestrian statue at <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg National Military Park</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kirke_Bush-Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Kirke Bush-Brown">Henry Kirke Bush-Brown</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon_Meade_Memorial" title="George Gordon Meade Memorial">George Gordon Meade Memorial</a> statue by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafly" title="Charles Grafly">Charles Grafly</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in front of the <a href="/wiki/E._Barrett_Prettyman_United_States_Courthouse" title="E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse">E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse</a> in Washington, D.C.;<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Meade_(Philadelphia)" title="Equestrian statue of George Meade (Philadelphia)">equestrian statue</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Milne_Calder" title="Alexander Milne Calder">Alexander Milne Calder</a>; and one by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a> atop the <a href="/wiki/Smith_Memorial_Arch" title="Smith Memorial Arch">Smith Memorial Arch</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a> in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bronze bust of Meade by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Blai" title="Boris Blai">Boris Blai</a> was placed at Barnegat Lighthouse in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington201332_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington201332-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fort_George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort George G. Meade">Fort George G. Meade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Meade,_Maryland" title="Fort Meade, Maryland">Fort Meade, Maryland</a>, is named for him, as are <a href="/wiki/Meade_County,_Kansas" title="Meade County, Kansas">Meade County, Kansas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fort_Meade,_Florida" title="Fort Meade, Florida">Fort Meade, Florida</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fort_Meade_National_Cemetery" title="Fort Meade National Cemetery">Fort Meade National Cemetery</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Meade_County,_South_Dakota" title="Meade County, South Dakota">Meade County, South Dakota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a> Meade Post #1 founded in Philadelphia in 1866 was named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The General Meade Society was created to "promote and preserve the memory of Union Major General George Meade".<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members gather in Laurel Hill Cemetery on December 31 to recognize his birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-Kyriakodis_151-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyriakodis-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Old_Baldy_(horse)" title="Old Baldy (horse)">Old Baldy</a> Civil War Round Table in Philadelphia is named in honor of Meade's horse during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In World War II, the United States <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">liberty ship</a> <a href="/wiki/SS_George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="SS George G. Meade">SS <i>George G. Meade</i></a> was named in his honor. </p><p>One-thousand-dollar <a href="/wiki/Treasury_Note_(1890%E2%80%931891)" title="Treasury Note (1890–1891)">Treasury Note</a>, also called Coin notes, of the Series 1890 and 1891, feature portraits of Meade on the obverse. The 1890 Series note is called the Grand Watermelon Note by collectors, because the large zeroes on the reverse resemble the pattern on a watermelon.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preserved head of Old Baldy, Meade's wartime horse, was donated to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Museum_of_Philadelphia" title="Civil War Museum of Philadelphia">Civil War Museum of Philadelphia</a> by the Grand Army of the Republic Museum in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials_to_Meade">Memorials to Meade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Memorials to Meade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Gordon_Meade_Memorial,_DC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Gordon Meade Memorial, by Charles Grafly, in front of the E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse in Washington, D.C."><img alt="George Gordon Meade Memorial, by Charles Grafly, in front of the E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse in Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/George_Gordon_Meade_Memorial%2C_DC.jpg/217px-George_Gordon_Meade_Memorial%2C_DC.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/George_Gordon_Meade_Memorial%2C_DC.jpg/326px-George_Gordon_Meade_Memorial%2C_DC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/George_Gordon_Meade_Memorial%2C_DC.jpg/434px-George_Gordon_Meade_Memorial%2C_DC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="2074" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/George_Gordon_Meade_Memorial" title="George Gordon Meade Memorial">George Gordon Meade Memorial</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafly" title="Charles Grafly">Charles Grafly</a>, in front of the <a href="/wiki/E._Barrett_Prettyman_United_States_Courthouse" title="E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse">E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse</a> in Washington, D.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phila_MeadeHouse00.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In honor of his war service, the city of Philadelphia gifted a house at 1836 Delancey Place to Meade's wife[167]"><img alt="In honor of his war service, the city of Philadelphia gifted a house at 1836 Delancey Place to Meade's wife[167]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Phila_MeadeHouse00.jpg/184px-Phila_MeadeHouse00.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Phila_MeadeHouse00.jpg/277px-Phila_MeadeHouse00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Phila_MeadeHouse00.jpg/368px-Phila_MeadeHouse00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2140" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In honor of his war service, the city of Philadelphia gifted a house at 1836 Delancey Place to Meade's wife<sup id="cite_ref-Nickels_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nickels-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Meade_monument.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Equestrian statue of Meade by Henry Kirke Bush-Brown, on the Gettysburg Battlefield"><img alt="Equestrian statue of Meade by Henry Kirke Bush-Brown, on the Gettysburg Battlefield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/George_Meade_monument.JPG/169px-George_Meade_monument.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/George_Meade_monument.JPG/254px-George_Meade_monument.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/George_Meade_monument.JPG/338px-George_Meade_monument.JPG 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="649" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Equestrian statue of Meade by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kirke_Bush-Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Kirke Bush-Brown">Henry Kirke Bush-Brown</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg Battlefield</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustrated_Souvenir_of_Fairmount_Park,_Philadelphia,_Pa._(1918)_(14769096904).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Equestrian statue of Meade, by Alexander Milne Calder, in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"><img alt="Equestrian statue of Meade, by Alexander Milne Calder, in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Illustrated_Souvenir_of_Fairmount_Park%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pa._%281918%29_%2814769096904%29.jpg/161px-Illustrated_Souvenir_of_Fairmount_Park%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pa._%281918%29_%2814769096904%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Illustrated_Souvenir_of_Fairmount_Park%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pa._%281918%29_%2814769096904%29.jpg/243px-Illustrated_Souvenir_of_Fairmount_Park%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pa._%281918%29_%2814769096904%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Illustrated_Souvenir_of_Fairmount_Park%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pa._%281918%29_%2814769096904%29.jpg/323px-Illustrated_Souvenir_of_Fairmount_Park%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pa._%281918%29_%2814769096904%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="2812" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Meade_(Philadelphia)" title="Equestrian statue of George Meade (Philadelphia)">Equestrian statue of Meade</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Milne_Calder" title="Alexander Milne Calder">Alexander Milne Calder</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a>, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 209.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 207.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CLOSER_VIEW_OF_EAST_ELEVATION_-_Smith_Memorial_Arch,_Philadelphia,_Philadelphia_County,_PA_HABS_PA,51-PHILA,398A-3.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Meade atop the Smith Memorial Arch in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"><img alt="Statue of Meade atop the Smith Memorial Arch in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CLOSER_VIEW_OF_EAST_ELEVATION_-_Smith_Memorial_Arch%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA%2C51-PHILA%2C398A-3.tif/lossy-page1-311px-CLOSER_VIEW_OF_EAST_ELEVATION_-_Smith_Memorial_Arch%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA%2C51-PHILA%2C398A-3.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CLOSER_VIEW_OF_EAST_ELEVATION_-_Smith_Memorial_Arch%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA%2C51-PHILA%2C398A-3.tif/lossy-page1-467px-CLOSER_VIEW_OF_EAST_ELEVATION_-_Smith_Memorial_Arch%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA%2C51-PHILA%2C398A-3.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/CLOSER_VIEW_OF_EAST_ELEVATION_-_Smith_Memorial_Arch%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA%2C51-PHILA%2C398A-3.tif/lossy-page1-622px-CLOSER_VIEW_OF_EAST_ELEVATION_-_Smith_Memorial_Arch%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA%2C51-PHILA%2C398A-3.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3617" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Meade atop the <a href="/wiki/Smith_Memorial_Arch" title="Smith Memorial Arch">Smith Memorial Arch</a> in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meade has been portrayed in several films and television shows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Allen_(actor)" title="Alfred Allen (actor)">Alfred Allen</a> portrayed Meade in the 1924 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dramatic_Life_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dramatic Life of Abraham Lincoln">The Dramatic Life of Abraham Lincoln</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurston_Hall" title="Thurston Hall">Thurston Hall</a> portrayed Meade in the 1940 film <i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_City_(film)" title="Virginia City (film)">Virginia City</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Calhoun" title="Rory Calhoun">Rory Calhoun</a> portrayed Meade in the 1982 TV miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_and_the_Gray_(miniseries)" title="The Blue and the Gray (miniseries)">The Blue and the Gray</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Anderson" title="Richard Anderson">Richard Anderson</a> portrayed Meade in the 1993 film <i><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_(1993_film)" title="Gettysburg (1993 film)">Gettysburg</a></i>, an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shaara" title="Michael Shaara">Michael Shaara</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Killer_Angels" title="The Killer Angels">The Killer Angels</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> portrayed Meade in the 2021 TV series <i><a href="/wiki/1883_(TV_series)" title="1883 (TV series)">1883</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Meade is a character in the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate history (fiction)">alternate history</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg:_A_Novel_of_the_Civil_War" title="Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War">Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Forstchen" class="mw-redirect" title="William Forstchen">William Forstchen</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dates of rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Insignia</th> <th>Rank</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Component </th></tr> <tr> <td>No insignia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadet#United_States" title="Cadet">Cadet, USMA</a></td> <td>September 1, 1831</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">Second Lieutenant</a></td> <td>July 1, 1835 (brevet)<br />December 31, 1835 (permanent)</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant#United_States" title="First lieutenant">First Lieutenant</a></td> <td>September 23, 1846 (brevet)<br />August 4, 1851 (permanent)</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td> <td>May 19, 1856</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td> <td>August 31, 1861</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Volunteers" title="United States Volunteers">Volunteers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a></td> <td>June 18, 1862</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a></td> <td>November 29, 1862</td> <td>Volunteers </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td>Brigadier General</td> <td>July 3, 1863</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td>Major General</td> <td>August 18, 1864</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" 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References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1964315-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1964315_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1964">Warner 1964</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington201311-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington201311_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington201311_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuntington2013">Huntington 2013</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaltzell1958" class="citation book cs1">Baltzell, Edward Digby (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tHywLPU-iewC&pg=PA142"><i>Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a National Upper Class</i></a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-789-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-789-0"><bdi>978-0-88738-789-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Gentlemen%3A+The+Making+of+a+National+Upper+Class&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-88738-789-0&rft.aulast=Baltzell&rft.aufirst=Edward+Digby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtHywLPU-iewC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington201312-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington201312_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington201312_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuntington2013">Huntington 2013</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves19609-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves19609_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESauers20034-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauers20034_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSauers2003">Sauers 2003</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves19609–10-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves19609–10_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190113-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190113_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPennypacker1901">Pennypacker 1901</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190112-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190112_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPennypacker1901">Pennypacker 1901</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington201313-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington201313_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington201313_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuntington2013">Huntington 2013</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde200315-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde200315_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde200315_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyde2003">Hyde 2003</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196012-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196012_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESauers20035-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauers20035_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauers20035_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSauers2003">Sauers 2003</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196013–14-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196013–14_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196015-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196015_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196015–16-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196015–16_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196016–17-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196016–17_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196018-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196018_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington201313–14-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington201313–14_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuntington2013">Huntington 2013</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESauers20036-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauers20036_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSauers2003">Sauers 2003</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196019-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196019_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196038–39-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196038–39_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196026–27-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196026–27_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196027–28-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196027–28_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1964316-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1964316_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1964316_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1964316_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1964316_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1964">Warner 1964</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESauers20039-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauers20039_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSauers2003">Sauers 2003</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196045-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196045_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196046-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196046_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196047-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196047_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196048-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196048_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dean, Love, <i>Reef Lights: Seaswept Lighthouses of the Florida Keys</i>, The Historic Key West Preservation Board, 1982, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943528-03-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-943528-03-8">0-943528-03-8</a>. McCarthy, Kevin M., <i>Florida Lighthouses</i>. University of Florida Press, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-0993-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-0993-6">0-8130-0993-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESauers200311-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauers200311_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauers200311_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSauers2003">Sauers 2003</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196049-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196049_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001385-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001385_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001385_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEicherEicher2001">Eicher & Eicher 2001</a>, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodford199137-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodford199137_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodford1991">Woodford 1991</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodford199140-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodford199140_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodford1991">Woodford 1991</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodford199141-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodford199141_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodford1991">Woodford 1991</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190122-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190122_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPennypacker1901">Pennypacker 1901</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde200316-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde200316_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyde2003">Hyde 2003</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196055-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196055_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196061-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196061_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196062–63-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196062–63_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190132–33-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190132–33_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPennypacker1901">Pennypacker 1901</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190149-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190149_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPennypacker1901">Pennypacker 1901</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196068-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196068_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves196069-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaves196069_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCleaves1960">Cleaves 1960</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20217-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20217_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2021">Brown 2021</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190170-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190170_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPennypacker1901">Pennypacker 1901</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190183-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190183_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPennypacker1901">Pennypacker 1901</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190171–74-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190171–74_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPennypacker1901">Pennypacker 1901</a>, pp. 71–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg19982-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagg19982_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTagg1998">Tagg 1998</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20217–8-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20217–8_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2021">Brown 2021</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190185–87-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190185–87_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPennypacker1901">Pennypacker 1901</a>, pp. 85–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190191-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker190191_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPennypacker1901">Pennypacker 1901</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20218-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20218_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20218_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20218_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2021">Brown 2021</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington2013106-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington2013106_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuntington2013">Huntington 2013</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901108-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901108_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPennypacker1901">Pennypacker 1901</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20216-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20216_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2021">Brown 2021</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown202114-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown202114_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2021">Brown 2021</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher1999136-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher1999136_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagher1999">Gallagher 1999</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20214-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sheridan%27s+Lieutenants%3A+Phil+Sheridan%2C+His+Generals%2C+and+the+Final+Year+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7425-4306-4&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VkpTDeuZ8AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhea200035-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhea200035_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhea2000">Rhea 2000</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan201447-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan201447_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHogan2014">Hogan 2014</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunkerlyPfanzRuth20147-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunkerlyPfanzRuth20147_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunkerlyPfanzRuth2014">Dunkerly, Pfanz & Ruth 2014</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021296-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021296_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021296_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021296_115-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021296_115-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeidlerHeidler2002">Heidler & Heidler 2002</a>, p. 1296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhea200019-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhea200019_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhea2000">Rhea 2000</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2007" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Earl J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jksx6u51oaMC"><i>Trench Warfare Under Grant & Lee - Field Fortifications in the Overland Campaign</i></a>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3154-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-3154-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trench+Warfare+Under+Grant+%26+Lee+-+Field+Fortifications+in+the+Overland+Campaign&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3154-0&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Earl+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djksx6u51oaMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhea200014-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhea200014_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhea2000">Rhea 2000</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201515-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201515_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201515_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChick2015">Chick 2015</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan201463–65-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan201463–65_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHogan2014">Hogan 2014</a>, pp. 63–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau199133-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau199133_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrudeau1991">Trudeau 1991</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington2013277-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington2013277_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuntington2013">Huntington 2013</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, chapter LII (vol. II, p. 235). He further stated that "I would not like to see one of these promotions at this time without seeing both."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001703-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001703_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEicherEicher2001">Eicher & Eicher 2001</a>, p. 703.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, p. 644. Sherman was appointed on August 12, 1864, and confirmed on December 12 with date of rank August 12. Sheridan was appointed November 14 with date of rank November 8. Meade was not appointed until November 26, although his date of rank was established as August 18, meaning he technically outranked Sheridan, but was embarrassed that his name was not put forward first.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001701–702-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001701–702_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEicherEicher2001">Eicher & Eicher 2001</a>, pp. 701–702.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau199148-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau199148_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrudeau1991">Trudeau 1991</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau1991141-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau1991141_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrudeau1991">Trudeau 1991</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe" class="citation web cs1">Wolfe, Brendan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/crater-battle-of-the/">"Crater, Battle of the"</a>. <i>www.encyclopediavirginia.com</i>. Virginia Humanities<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopediavirginia.com&rft.atitle=Crater%2C+Battle+of+the&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2Fentries%2Fcrater-battle-of-the%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington2013350-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington2013350_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuntington2013">Huntington 2013</a>, p. 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201513–14-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201513–14_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChick2015">Chick 2015</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1997209-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1997209_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoddington1997">Coddington 1997</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg19981–4-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagg19981–4_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTagg1998">Tagg 1998</a>, pp. 1–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021295-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler20021295_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeidlerHeidler2002">Heidler & Heidler 2002</a>, p. 1295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/places/general-george-meade-equestrian-statue.htm#:~:text=An%20experienced%20soldier%20and%20highly,the%20large%20domed%20Pennsylvania%20Monument.">"General George Meade Equestrian Statue"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i>. National Park Service United States Department of the Interior<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=General+George+Meade+Equestrian+Statue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fplaces%2Fgeneral-george-meade-equestrian-statue.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAn%2520experienced%2520soldier%2520and%2520highly%2Cthe%2520large%2520domed%2520Pennsylvania%2520Monument.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201516–17-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201516–17_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChick2015">Chick 2015</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChick201512–13-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChick201512–13_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChick2015">Chick 2015</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200398-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200398_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2003">Hall 2003</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears1999" class="citation book cs1">Sears, Stephen W. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HZ7iBAAAQBAJ"><i>Controversies & Commanders: Dispatches from the Army of the Potomac</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 215–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-05706-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-05706-1"><bdi>978-0-618-05706-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controversies+%26+Commanders%3A+Dispatches+from+the+Army+of+the+Potomac&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=215-222&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-618-05706-1&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHZ7iBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1997339-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1997339_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoddington1997">Coddington 1997</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901389-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901389_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPennypacker1901">Pennypacker 1901</a>, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901390-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennypacker1901390_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPennypacker1901">Pennypacker 1901</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1964644-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1964644_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1964">Warner 1964</a>, p. 644.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeMeadeMeade1915" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, Arthur C.; Meade, George; Meade, George Gordon (March 1915). 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Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4671-0141-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4671-0141-7"><bdi>978-1-4671-0141-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legendary+Local+of+Center+City+Philadelphia+Pennsylvania&rft.place=Charleston%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4671-0141-7&rft.aulast=Nickels&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHmgbBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelas2021" class="citation web cs1">Melas, Chloe (December 27, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/27/entertainment/tom-hanks-1883-episode/index.html">"Tom Hanks makes cameo in '1883'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicalreg00gradgoog/page/696/mode/2up"><i>Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., from its establishment in 1802 to 1890</i></a>. Vol. I (3rd ed.). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a>. pp. 601–609.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+register+of+the+officers+and+graduates+of+the+U.S.+Military+Academy+at+West+Point%2C+N.Y.%2C+from+its+establishment+in+1802+to+1890&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=601-609&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Cullum&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicalreg00gradgoog%2Fpage%2F696%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/officialarmyregi00unit_8/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Official Army Register for January 1871</i></a>. Washington: Adjutant General's Office. 1871. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Army+Register+for+January+1871&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Adjutant+General%27s+Office&rft.date=1871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fofficialarmyregi00unit_8%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackusOrrison2015" class="citation book cs1">Backus, Bill; Orrison, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-LLWCgAAQBAJ"><i>A Want of Vigilance: The Bristoe Station Campaign October 9-19, 1863</i></a>. Savas Beatie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-300-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-300-3"><bdi>978-1-61121-300-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Want+of+Vigilance%3A+The+Bristoe+Station+Campaign+October+9-19%2C+1863&rft.pub=Savas+Beatie&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61121-300-3&rft.aulast=Backus&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Orrison%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-LLWCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2021" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Kent Masterson (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bc_9DwAAQBAJ"><i>Meade at Gettysburg: A Study in Command</i></a>. The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-6200-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-6200-8"><bdi>978-1-4696-6200-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meade+at+Gettysburg%3A+A+Study+in+Command&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-6200-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kent+Masterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBc_9DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChick2015" class="citation book cs1">Chick, Sean Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=660oDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Battle of Petersburg, June 15-18, 1864</i></a>. Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-737-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-737-0"><bdi>978-1-61234-737-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Petersburg%2C+June+15-18%2C+1864&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61234-737-0&rft.aulast=Chick&rft.aufirst=Sean+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D660oDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleaves1960" class="citation book cs1">Cleaves, Freeman (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vd05QRZkCokC"><i>Meade of Gettysburg</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2298-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2298-6"><bdi>0-8061-2298-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meade+of+Gettysburg&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-8061-2298-6&rft.aulast=Cleaves&rft.aufirst=Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvd05QRZkCokC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoddington1997" class="citation book cs1">Coddington, Edwin B. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-7RMD77eQcC"><i>The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84569-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84569-2"><bdi>978-0-684-84569-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gettysburg+Campaign%3A+A+Study+in+Command&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-684-84569-2&rft.aulast=Coddington&rft.aufirst=Edwin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-7RMD77eQcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1986" class="citation book cs1">Davis, William C. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPaDQgAACAAJ"><i>Death in the Trenches: Grant at Petersburg - Volume 22 of Civil War</i></a>. Time-Life Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-809-44777-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-809-44777-0"><bdi>978-0-809-44777-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+the+Trenches%3A+Grant+at+Petersburg+-+Volume+22+of+Civil+War&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-809-44777-0&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWPaDQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunkerlyPfanzRuth2014" class="citation book cs1">Dunkerly, Robert M.; Pfanz, Donald C.; Ruth, David R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wI-CAwAAQBAJ"><i>No Turning Back: A Guide to the 1864 Overland Campaign, From the Wilderness to Cold Harbor, May 4 - June 13, 1864</i></a>. Savas Beatie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-193-1"><bdi>978-1-61121-193-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Turning+Back%3A+A+Guide+to+the+1864+Overland+Campaign%2C+From+the+Wilderness+to+Cold+Harbor%2C+May+4+-+June+13%2C+1864&rft.pub=Savas+Beatie&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61121-193-1&rft.aulast=Dunkerly&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft.au=Pfanz%2C+Donald+C.&rft.au=Ruth%2C+David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwI-CAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEicherEicher2001" class="citation book cs1">Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fs0Ajlnjl6AC"><i>Civil War High Commands</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3"><bdi>0-8047-3641-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+High+Commands&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8047-3641-3&rft.aulast=Eicher&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Eicher%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFs0Ajlnjl6AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher1999" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Gary W. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4A2sMYeaMEC"><i>Three Days at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership</i></a>. Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-629-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-629-9"><bdi>0-87338-629-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Days+at+Gettysburg%3A+Essays+on+Confederate+and+Union+Leadership&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-87338-629-9&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd4A2sMYeaMEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1885" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Ulysses S. (1885). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Personal_Memoirs_of_U._S._Grant"><i>Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant</i></a>. Charles L. 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Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34258-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34258-9"><bdi>0-253-34258-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stand+of+the+U.S.+Army+at+Gettysburg&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-253-34258-9&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_0Dq36JB3XcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidlerHeidler2002" class="citation book cs1">Heidler, David Stephen; Heidler, Jeanne T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1IhZngEACAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History</i></a>. W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3930-4758-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3930-4758-5"><bdi>978-0-3930-4758-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Civil+War%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-3930-4758-5&rft.aulast=Heidler&rft.aufirst=David+Stephen&rft.au=Heidler%2C+Jeanne+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1IhZngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2014" class="citation book cs1">Hogan, David W. Jr. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc_zOU7FSmcC"><i>The Overland Campaign, 4 May - 15 June 1864</i></a>. Center of Military History, United States Army. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-092517-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-092517-7"><bdi>978-0-16-092517-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Overland+Campaign%2C+4+May+-+15+June+1864&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-16-092517-7&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=David+W.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNc_zOU7FSmcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntington2013" class="citation book cs1">Huntington, Tom (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LVIT8KSSS5EC"><i>Searching for George Gordon Meade: The Forgotten Victor of Gettysburg</i></a>. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0813-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0813-5"><bdi>978-0-8117-0813-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+George+Gordon+Meade%3A+The+Forgotten+Victor+of+Gettysburg&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-0813-5&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLVIT8KSSS5EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde2003" class="citation book cs1">Hyde, Bill (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UOCdkV5USV4C"><i>The Union Generals Speak: The Meade Hearings on the Battle of Gettysburg</i></a>. Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2581-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2581-4"><bdi>0-8071-2581-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Union+Generals+Speak%3A+The+Meade+Hearings+on+the+Battle+of+Gettysburg&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8071-2581-4&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUOCdkV5USV4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaynes1986" class="citation book cs1">Jaynes, Gregory (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPaDQgAACAAJ"><i>The Killing Ground: Wilderness to Cold Harbor - Volume 1 of Civil War</i></a>. Time-Life Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-809-44768-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-809-44768-8"><bdi>978-0-809-44768-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+Ground%3A+Wilderness+to+Cold+Harbor+-+Volume+1+of+Civil+War&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-809-44768-8&rft.aulast=Jaynes&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWPaDQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennypacker1901" class="citation book cs1">Pennypacker, Isaac Rusling (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gvcEAAAAYAAJ"><i>General Meade</i></a>. D. Appleton and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7222-9257-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7222-9257-0"><bdi>978-0-7222-9257-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Meade&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1901&rft.isbn=978-0-7222-9257-0&rft.aulast=Pennypacker&rft.aufirst=Isaac+Rusling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgvcEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhea2000" class="citation book cs1">Rhea, Gordon C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OjaxE1HbfE0C"><i>To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13–25, 1864</i></a>. Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3111-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3111-4"><bdi>978-0-8071-3111-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+North+Anna+River%3A+Grant+and+Lee%2C+May+13%E2%80%9325%2C+1864&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-3111-4&rft.aulast=Rhea&rft.aufirst=Gordon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOjaxE1HbfE0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmon2001" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, John S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_B3ToTmp1oC"><i>The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide</i></a>. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-2868-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-2868-4"><bdi>0-8117-2868-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+Virginia+Civil+War+Battlefield+Guide&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8117-2868-4&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df_B3ToTmp1oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauers2003" class="citation book cs1">Sauers, Richard A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUOvOt2UswsC"><i>Meade: Victor of Gettysburg</i></a>. Potomac Books Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-418-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-418-2"><bdi>1-57488-418-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meade%3A+Victor+of+Gettysburg&rft.pub=Potomac+Books+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57488-418-2&rft.aulast=Sauers&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZUOvOt2UswsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmutz2009" class="citation book cs1">Schmutz, John F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AAkhQABTIAoC"><i>The Battle of the Crater: A Complete History</i></a>. McFarland & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3982-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3982-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-3982-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Crater%3A+A+Complete+History&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3982-9&rft.aulast=Schmutz&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAAkhQABTIAoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagg1998" class="citation book cs1">Tagg, Larry (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HAMEoFpOGPAC"><i>The Generals of Gettysburg - The Leaders of America's Greatest Battle</i></a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81242-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81242-2"><bdi>978-0-306-81242-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Generals+of+Gettysburg+-+The+Leaders+of+America%27s+Greatest+Battle&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81242-2&rft.aulast=Tagg&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHAMEoFpOGPAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau1991" class="citation book cs1">Trudeau, Noah Andre (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvlsBQAAQBAJ"><i>The Last Citadel - Petersburg June 1864 - April 1865</i></a>. Savas Beatie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-212-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-212-9"><bdi>978-1-61121-212-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Citadel+-+Petersburg+June+1864+-+April+1865&rft.pub=Savas+Beatie&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-61121-212-9&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Noah+Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqvlsBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1964" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Ezra J. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2PSgcaLic-AC"><i>Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders</i></a>. Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0822-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0822-7"><bdi>0-8071-0822-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generals+in+Blue%3A+Lives+of+the+Union+Commanders&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-8071-0822-7&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Ezra+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2PSgcaLic-AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodford1991" class="citation book cs1">Woodford, Arthur M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PjcUrS0vZGcC"><i>Charting the Inland Seas: A History of the U.S. Lake Survey</i></a>. Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2499-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-2499-1"><bdi>0-8143-2499-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charting+the+Inland+Seas%3A+A+History+of+the+U.S.+Lake+Survey&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8143-2499-1&rft.aulast=Woodford&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPjcUrS0vZGcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/George_Meade" class="extiw" title="commons:George Meade"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">George Meade</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Meade,_George_Gordon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Meade, George Gordon">Meade, George Gordon</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1991" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Canter Jr. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313044853/http://historymiamiarchives.org/pdfs/sfh-1991-2.pdf">"Moving a military road"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>South Florida History Magazine</i>. No. 2. pp. 8–11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymiamiarchives.org/pdfs/sfh-1991-2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/HistoryMiami" title="HistoryMiami">HistoryMiami</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Florida+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=Moving+a+military+road&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8-11&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Canter+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorymiamiarchives.org%2Fpdfs%2Fsfh-1991-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Meade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hunt, Harrison. <i>Heroes of the Civil War</i>. New York: Military Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-01739-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-01739-3">0-517-01739-3</a>.</li> <li>Sears, Stephen W. <i>Gettysburg</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-86761-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-86761-4">0-395-86761-4</a>.</li> <li>Stowe, Christopher S. "A Philadelphia Gentleman: the Cultural, Institutional, and Political Socialization of George Gordon Meade". PhD diss., University of Toledo, 2005.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Meade&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/George_Meade" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/George Meade">George Meade</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hsp.org/collections/manuscripts/m/Meade410.html">George G. Meade collection</a>, including papers covering all aspects of his career, are available for research use at the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Historical Society of Pennsylvania">Historical Society of Pennsylvania</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generalmeadesociety.org/">General Meade Society of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208215607/http://www.generalsandbrevets.com/ngm/meade.htm">Photographs of Meade</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived February 8, 2008)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Corps (Union Army)">I Corps (Army of the Potomac)</a> </b><br />September 17, 1862 – September 29, 1862 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">John F. Reynolds</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Butterfield" title="Daniel Butterfield">Daniel Butterfield</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">Fifth Army Corps</a> </b><br />December 25, 1862 – January 26, 1863 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Griffin" title="Charles Griffin">Charles Griffin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Sykes" title="George Sykes">George Sykes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">Fifth Army Corps</a> </b><br />February 5, 1863 – February 16, 1863 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Andrew A. Humphreys</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Andrew A. Humphreys</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">Fifth Army Corps</a> </b><br />February 28, 1863 – June 28, 1863 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Sykes" title="George Sykes">George Sykes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Commander of the Army of the Potomac</a> </b><br />June 28, 1863 – June 28, 1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>(none, end of Civil War)</i></div> </td></tr> 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg figures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Anderson" title="George T. Anderson">G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Archer" title="James J. Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Addison_Armistead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Addison Armistead">Armistead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barksdale" title="William Barksdale">Barksdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Benning" title="Henry L. Benning">Benning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Brockenbrough" title="John M. Brockenbrough">Brockenbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Chambliss" title="John R. Chambliss">Chambliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junius_Daniel" title="Junius Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Davis" title="Joseph R. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Doles" title="George P. Doles">Doles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Garnett" title="Richard B. Garnett">Garnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Hays" title="Harry T. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Heth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_G._Humphreys" title="Benjamin G. Humphreys">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Imboden" title="John D. Imboden">Imboden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Iverson_Jr." title="Alfred Iverson Jr.">Iverson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Jenkins" title="Albert G. Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnson_(general)" title="Edward Johnson (general)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Jones" title="John M. Jones">J. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Jones_(general)" title="William E. Jones (general)">W. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Kemper" title="James L. Kemper">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Kershaw" title="Joseph B. Kershaw">Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Lane_(Confederate_general)" title="James Henry Lane (Confederate general)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evander_M._Law" title="Evander M. Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">F. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fitzhugh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Fitzhugh Lee">W. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">Mahone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Marshall" title="James K. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws" title="Lafayette McLaws">McLaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._O%27Neal" title="Edward A. O'Neal">O'Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Oates" title="William C. Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dorsey_Pender" title="William Dorsey Pender">Pender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Monroe_Perrin" title="Abner Monroe Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pickett" title="George Pickett">Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnot_Posey" title="Carnot Posey">Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dodson_Ramseur" title="Stephen Dodson Ramseur">Ramseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_B._Robertson" title="Jerome B. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Rodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore_Scales" title="Alfred Moore Scales">Scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jones_Semmes" title="Paul Jones Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Steuart_(brigadier_general)" title="George H. Steuart (brigadier general)">G. Steuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_Thomas" title="Edward Lloyd Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Trimble" title="Isaac R. Trimble">Trimble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Walker" title="James A. Walker">J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Lindsay_Walker" title="Reuben Lindsay Walker">R. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus_M._Wilcox" title="Cadmus M. Wilcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Wofford" title="William T. Wofford">Wofford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_R._Wright" title="Ambrose R. Wright">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Meade</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeyn_B._Ayres" title="Romeyn B. Ayres">Ayres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Barlow" title="Francis C. Barlow">Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barnes_(general)" title="James Barnes (general)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baxter" title="Henry Baxter">Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapman_Biddle" title="Chapman Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Birney" title="David B. Birney">Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">Buford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Caldwell" title="John C. Caldwell">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Candy" title="Charles Candy">Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henry_Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Henry Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradford_Carr" title="Joseph Bradford Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Chamberlain" title="Joshua Chamberlain">J. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_W._Claflin" title="Ira W. Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Cross" title="Edward E. Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Cushing" title="Alonzo Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Cutler" title="Lysander Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Crawford" title="Samuel W. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Doubleday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_J._Farnsworth" title="Elon J. Farnsworth">Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Geary" title="John W. Geary">Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Gilsa" title="Leopold von Gilsa">Gilsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Graham" title="Charles K. Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Greene" title="George S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McMurtrie_Gregg" title="David McMurtrie Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harrow" title="William Harrow">Harrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hays" title="Alexander Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Otis_Howard" title="Oliver Otis Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_Kilpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Judson Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Krzy%C5%BCanowski" title="Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski">Krzyżanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Meredith" title="Solomon Meredith">Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Merritt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newton_(engineer)" title="John Newton (engineer)">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_M._Nolan" title="Nicholas M. Nolan">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rene_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Rene Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pleasonton" title="Alfred Pleasonton">Pleasonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clay_Rice" title="James Clay Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Robinson" title="John C. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Algeo_Rowley" title="Thomas Algeo Rowley">Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Ruger" title="Thomas H. Ruger">Ruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schimmelfennig" title="Alexander Schimmelfennig">Schimmelfennig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Schurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sedgwick" title="John Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Sickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Warner_Slocum" title="Henry Warner Slocum">Slocum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Stannard" title="George J. Stannard">Stannard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Starr" title="Samuel H. Starr">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_von_Steinwehr" title="Adolph von Steinwehr">Steinwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sykes" title="George Sykes">Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Tilton" title="William S. Tilton">Tilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Tyler" title="Robert O. Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_Vincent" title="Strong Vincent">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Wadsworth" title="James S. Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Hobart_Ward" title="J. H. Hobart Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_H._Weed" title="Stephen H. Weed">Weed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_S._Webb" title="Alexander S. Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Willard" title="George L. Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams" title="Alpheus S. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_K._Zook" title="Samuel K. Zook">Zook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other notable<br />military personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_E._Avery" title="Isaac E. Avery">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_S._Baker" title="Laurence S. Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Horatio_Belo" title="Alfred Horatio Belo">Belo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Berdan" title="Hiram Berdan">Berdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Biddle" title="Alexander Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Brooke" title="John R. Brooke">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Brown" title="Stephen F. Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goode_Bryan" title="Goode Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_K._Burgwyn" title="Henry K. Burgwyn">Burgwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Burling" title="George C. Burling">Burling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Carroll" title="Samuel S. Carroll">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Carter_(Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Henry Carter (Civil War)">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chamberlain_(soldier)" title="Thomas Chamberlain (soldier)">T. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Colvill" title="William J. Colvill">Colvill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Corby" title="William Corby">Corby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coster" title="Charles Coster">Coster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dearing" title="James Dearing">Dearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Devin" title="Thomas Devin">Devin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_van_Horne_Ellis" title="Augustus van Horne Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Enderlin" title="Richard Enderlin">Enderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Fremantle" title="Arthur Lyon Fremantle">Lyon Fremantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkett_D._Fry" title="Birkett D. Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gamble_(general)" title="William Gamble (general)">Gamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenner_Garrard" title="Kenner Garrard">Garrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_C._Godwin" title="Archibald C. Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Goree" title="T. J. Goree">Goree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Irvin_Gregg" title="John Irvin Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Grimes" title="Bryan Grimes">Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gwyn" title="James Gwyn">Gwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_J._Hall" title="Norman J. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Harrison" title="Henry Thomas Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Haskell" title="Frank A. Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Hazlett" title="Charles E. Hazlett">Hazlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Stockton_Howell" title="Horatio Stockton Howell">Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Humiston" title="Amos Humiston">Humiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Jeffords" title="Harrison Jeffords">Jeffords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Jones" title="Marcellus Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kelly_(Civil_War)" title="Patrick Kelly (Civil War)">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Keogh" title="Myles Keogh">Keogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lang_(Civil_War)" title="David Lang (Civil War)">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Latimer" title="Joseph W. Latimer">Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Lewis" title="William G. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCandless" title="William McCandless">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_L._McDougall" title="Archibald L. McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._McFarland" title="George F. McFarland">McFarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baillie_McIntosh" title="John Baillie McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Murphy_Mayo" title="Robert Murphy Mayo">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holman_S._Melcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Holman S. Melcher">Melcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Goodale_Morrill" title="Walter Goodale Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Muhlenberg" title="Edward D. Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Rorke" title="Patrick O'Rorke">O'Rorke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ario_Pardee,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ario Pardee, Jr.">Pardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ransom_Johnson_Pegram" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ransom Johnson Pegram">Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Monroe_Perrin" title="Abner Monroe Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Poague" title="William T. Poague">Poague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Salomon" title="Edward S. Salomon">Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orland_Smith" title="Orland Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxley_Sorrel" title="Moxley Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Spear" title="Ellis Spear">Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Stone_(general)" title="Roy Stone (general)">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Taylor" title="Walter H. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_de_Trobriand" title="Régis de Trobriand">Trobriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Wainwright" title="Charles S. Wainwright">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hull_Ward" title="George Hull Ward">Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Local civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Broadhead" title="Sarah Broadhead">Broadhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Bryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Burns" title="John L. Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_McClean" title="Moses McClean">McClean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McConaughy" title="David McConaughy">McConaughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_McPherson" title="Edward McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnie_Wade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginnie Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wills_(Gettysburg)" title="David Wills (Gettysburg)">Wills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297121#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297121#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297121#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000077300424">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/47563180">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/163806/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdGJPThMKpdrFWVVKkbh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119047772">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85220659">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4910083">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p160240174">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007424055705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14713105">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500373126">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/61454">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119047772.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/098939483">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569034">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fq9vpt">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41025477">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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[\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 20,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Meade, George\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Gettysburg figures\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox military person\"] = 1,\n [\"Libship honor\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"NRHP url\"] = 1,\n [\"Otherpeople\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-mil\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 154,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Succession box\"] = 5,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"WIA\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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