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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Radiotelegraph_keyers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_&_telegraphy_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_&_telegraphy_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>History & telegraphy background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_&_telegraphy_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_telegraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_telegraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Modern telegraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_telegraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analogy_of_radio_teletype_keyboards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.</b><span id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 06:04, 15 November 2024 by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/12.75.225.5" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/12.75.225.5" data-mw-revid="1257498580"><bdi>12.75.225.5</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:12.75.225.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:12.75.225.5 (page does not exist)">talk</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(minor text edit)</span></span></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Keyer&diff=prev&oldid=1257498580" title="Keyer">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keyer&direction=prev&oldid=1257498580" title="Keyer">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Keyer" title="Special:EditPage/Keyer">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Keyer%22">"Keyer"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Keyer%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Keyer%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Keyer%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Keyer%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Keyer%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>keyer</b> is an electronic device used for signaling by hand, by way of pressing one or more switches.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann-2002_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technical term <b>keyer</b> has two very similar meanings, which are nonetheless distinct: One for <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">telegraphy</a> and the other for accessory <a href="/wiki/Human_interface_device" title="Human interface device">devices built for computer-human communication</a>: </p> <ul><li>For radio-telegraphy, the term "keyer" specifically refers to a device which converts signals from an "iambic" type or "sideswiper" type <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_key" title="Telegraph key">telegraph key</a> into <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> for transmission, but excludes the key itself.</li> <li>For computer <a href="/wiki/Human_interface_device" title="Human interface device">human interface devices</a>, "keyer" generally refers to both a single-hand multi-switch and the electronics which interpret the user key-presses and send the corresponding signals to the computer.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radiotelegraph_keyers">Radiotelegraph keyers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keyer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Radiotelegraph keyers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bug_telegraph_key_made_by_Weston_Hadden,_c._1913_-_Bennington_Museum_-_Bennington,_VT_-_DSC08642.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bug_telegraph_key_made_by_Weston_Hadden%2C_c._1913_-_Bennington_Museum_-_Bennington%2C_VT_-_DSC08642.JPG/220px-Bug_telegraph_key_made_by_Weston_Hadden%2C_c._1913_-_Bennington_Museum_-_Bennington%2C_VT_-_DSC08642.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bug_telegraph_key_made_by_Weston_Hadden%2C_c._1913_-_Bennington_Museum_-_Bennington%2C_VT_-_DSC08642.JPG/330px-Bug_telegraph_key_made_by_Weston_Hadden%2C_c._1913_-_Bennington_Museum_-_Bennington%2C_VT_-_DSC08642.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bug_telegraph_key_made_by_Weston_Hadden%2C_c._1913_-_Bennington_Museum_-_Bennington%2C_VT_-_DSC08642.JPG/440px-Bug_telegraph_key_made_by_Weston_Hadden%2C_c._1913_-_Bennington_Museum_-_Bennington%2C_VT_-_DSC08642.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4979" data-file-height="2746" /></a><figcaption>Early "bug" telegraph key invented in 1913 by Weston Hadden. It is an example of a single-lever, semi-automatic mechanical key.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_&_telegraphy_background"><span id="History_.26_telegraphy_background"></span>History & telegraphy background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keyer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History & telegraphy background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraphy</a>, so-called <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_key#Dual-lever_paddles" title="Telegraph key"><i>iambic</i> keys</a> developed out of an earlier generation of novel side-to-side, double-contact keys (called "bushwhackers") and later, mechanical semi-automatic keys (called "bugs"). Semi-automatic keys were an innovation that had an impulse driven, horizontal pendulum mechanism that (only) created a series of correctly timed <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">"dits"</a>. The pendulum would repeatedly tap a switch contact for as long as its control lever was held to the right (or until the impulse from the thumb push was exhausted); telegraphers were obliged to time the <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">"dahs"</a> themselves, by pressing the lever to the left with their knuckle, one press per "dah". When the lever is released, springs push it back to center and break the switch contact (including the resetting the oscillating pendulum). Because the "dits" are created automatically by the pendulum mechanism, but the "dahs" are keyed the old-fashioned way, the keys are called "<i>semi</i>-automatic". (Modern electronic keyers create both the "dits" and the "dahs" automatically, as long as one of the switches is in contact, and are called "<i>fully</i>-automatic".) </p><p>More than just convenience, the keys were needed for medical reasons: Telegraphers would often develop a form of <a href="/wiki/Repetitive_stress_injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Repetitive stress injury">repetitive stress injury</a>, which at that time was called "<a href="/wiki/Glass_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass arm">glass arm</a>" by telegraphers, or "telegraphers’ paralysis" in medical literature. It was common and was caused by forcefully "pounding brass" up-and-down on conventional telegraph keys. Keys built for side-to-side motion would not aggravate nor cause the injury, and allowed disabled telegraphers to continue in their profession. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_telegraphy">Modern telegraphy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keyer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern telegraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Keyer" title="Special:EditPage/Keyer">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elbug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Elbug.jpg/220px-Elbug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Elbug.jpg/330px-Elbug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Elbug.jpg/440px-Elbug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>Electronic paddle keyer (homemade in 1972) which combines both the key (paddles) and the keyer (electronics). This is an example of a fully automatic, double-lever iambic key + keyer combined.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">solid state</a> electronics, the convenience of <i>fully</i> automatic keying became possible by simulating and extending the operation of the old mechanical keys, and special-purpose side-to-side keys were made to operate the electronics, called <i><a href="/wiki/Iamb_(poetry)" title="Iamb (poetry)">iambic</a></i> telegraph keys after the rhythm of telegraphy. In <i>iambic</i> telegraphy the "dot" and the "dash" are separate switches, activated either by one lever or by two separate levers. For as long as the telegrapher holds the lever(s) to the left or right, one of the two telegraph key switches is in contact; the electronics in the keyer will respond by sending a continuous stream of "dits" or "dahs". The operator sends codes by choosing the direction the lever is held, and how long it is held on each side. If the operator swings from side to side <i>slightly</i> erratically, within some limits the electronics will none-the-less produce perfectly timed codes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>The <b>key</b> is the double switch, operated by moving a single or double lever in a sequence of left and right presses, and on a double-lever key, also by pressing both levers together at the same time ("squeezing").</li> <li>The <b>keyer</b> is the box of electronics that the key is plugged into, which in turn plugs into the socket on the radio which an old-style "straight" key would plug into, which the keyer simulates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Modern keys with only one lever, which swings horizontally between two contacts and returns to center when released, are called "single paddle keys"; they are also called "bushwhackers" or "sideswipers", the same as the old-style double-contact single-lever telegraph keys. The double-lever keys are called "iambic keys", "double-paddle keys", or "squeeze keys". The name "squeeze key" is because both levers can be pressed at the same time, in which case the electronics then produces a string of "dit-dah-dit-dah-..." (<i><a href="/wiki/Iamb_(poetry)" title="Iamb (poetry)">iambic</a></i> rhythm, hence "iambic key"), or "dah-dit-dah-dit-..." (<i><a href="/wiki/Trochaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochaic">trochaic</a></i> rhythm), depending on which side makes contact first. Both types of keys have two distinct contacts, and are wired to the same type (stereo) plug, and can operate the same electronic keyer (for any commercial keyer made in the last 40 years or so) which itself connects into the same (monophonic) jack on a radio that one of the old-fashioned type telegraph keys plug into.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Fully automatic electronic keying became popular during the 1960s; at present most Morse code is sent via electronic keyers, although some enthusiasts prefer to use a traditional up-and-down "straight key". Historically appropriate old-fashioned keys are used by naval museums for public demonstrations and for re-enacting <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">civil war</a> events, as well as special radio contests arranged to promote the use of old-style telegraph keys. Because of the popularity of iambic keys, most transmitters introduced into the market within the current century have keyer electronics built-in, so an iambic key plugs directly into a modern transmitter, which also functions as the electronic keyer. (Many modern electronic keyers and nearly all radio built-in keyers electrically detect whether the inserted plug belongs to an old type, single-switch key [monophonic plug], or a new type, double-switch key [stereo plug], and respond appropriately for the key that is wired to the inserted plug.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analogy_of_radio_teletype_keyboards">Analogy of radio teletype keyboards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keyer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Analogy of radio teletype keyboards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a completely automated <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Teletype" class="mw-redirect" title="Teletype">teletype</a> (<a href="/wiki/RTTY" class="mw-redirect" title="RTTY">RTTY</a>) system, the sender presses keys on a typewriter-style keyboard to send a <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">character</a> data stream to a receiver, and computation alleviates the need for timing to be done by the human operator. In this way, much higher <a href="/wiki/Typing" title="Typing">typing</a> speeds are possible. This is an early instance of a multi-key user-input device, as are computer keyboards (which, incidentally, are what one uses for modern <a href="/wiki/RTTY" class="mw-redirect" title="RTTY">RTTY</a>). The keyers discussed below are a smaller, more portable form of user input device. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_interface_keyers">Computer interface keyers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keyer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Computer interface keyers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Septambic_key_numbering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Septambic_key_numbering.jpg/220px-Septambic_key_numbering.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Septambic_key_numbering.jpg/330px-Septambic_key_numbering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Septambic_key_numbering.jpg/440px-Septambic_key_numbering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Steve Mann's septambic keyer custom molded to fit the hand, with one key for each finger, and three for the thumb.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twiddlerglog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Twiddlerglog.jpg/220px-Twiddlerglog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Twiddlerglog.jpg/330px-Twiddlerglog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Twiddlerglog.jpg/440px-Twiddlerglog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>A commercially manufactured keyer, the Twiddler 2.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keyergrip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Keyergrip.jpg/220px-Keyergrip.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Keyergrip.jpg/330px-Keyergrip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Keyergrip.jpg/440px-Keyergrip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2379" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>A keyer for wearable computing, designed and built for making <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical photography">lightvector paintings</a>. Note the thumbwheel for cursor control and lightvector weight setting. The keyer is designed to hold a video screen (below the keyer) and a photographic flash lamp (above the keyer).</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern computer interface <b>keyers</b> typically have a large number of switches but not as many as a full-size <a href="/wiki/Alphanumeric_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphanumeric keyboard">keyboard</a>; typically between four and fifty.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann-2002_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A keyer differs from a keyboard in the sense that it lacks a traditional "board"; the keys are arranged in a cluster<sup id="cite_ref-Mann-2002_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is often held in the hand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inspiration_from_telegraphy">Inspiration from telegraphy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keyer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inspiration from telegraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An example of a very simple keyer is a single <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_key" title="Telegraph key">telegraph key</a>, which used for <a href="/wiki/Keying_(telecommunications)" title="Keying (telecommunications)">sending</a> <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>. In such a use, the term "to key" typically means to turn on and off a <a href="/wiki/Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave">carrier wave</a>. For example, it is said that one "keys the transmitter" by connecting some low-power stage of the <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> to its follow-on stage, through the telegraph key. </p><p>When this concept of an <i><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_key#Dual-lever_paddles" title="Telegraph key">iambic telegraph key</a></i> was introduced to inventor <a href="/wiki/Steve_Mann_(inventor)" title="Steve Mann (inventor)">Steve Mann</a> in the 1970s, he mistakenly heard <i>iambic</i> as <i><u>bi</u>ambic</i>. He then generalized the nomenclature to include various "polyambic" or "multiambic" keyers, such as a "pentambic" keyer (five keys, one for each finger and the thumb), and "septambic" (four finger and three thumb buttons on a handgrip). These systems were developed primarily for use in early, experimental forms of <a href="/wiki/Wearable_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wearable computing">wearable computing</a>, and have also been adapted to <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Heads-up_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads-up display">heads-up display</a> in projects like BEHEMOTH by <a href="/wiki/Steven_K._Roberts" title="Steven K. Roberts">Steven K. Roberts</a>. Mann (who primarily works in <a href="/wiki/Computational_photography" title="Computational photography">computational photography</a>) later utilized the concept in a portable <a href="/wiki/Backpack" title="Backpack">backpack</a>-based computer and imaging system, WearCam, which he invented for photographic light vectoring.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_computer_keyer_use">Common computer keyer use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keyer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Common computer keyer use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computer interface keyers are typically one-handed grips, often used in conjunction with wearable computers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Unlike key<i>board</i>s, the wearable key<i>er</i> has no board upon which the switches are mounted. Additionally, by providing some other function – such as simultaneous grip of flash light and keying – the keyer is effectively hands-free, in the sense that one would still be holding the light source anyway. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chorded_keyboard" title="Chorded keyboard">Chorded or chording keyboards</a> have also been developed, and are intended to be used while seated having multiple keys mounted to a board rather than a portable grip. One type of these, the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">half-QWERTY</a></i> layout, uses only minimal chording, requiring the space bar to be pressed down if the alternate hand is used. It is otherwise a standard <a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a> keyboard of full size. It, and many other innovations<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (September 2018)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in keyboard controls, were designed to deal with hand <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabilities</a> in particular.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keyer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mann-2002-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mann-2002_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann-2002_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann-2002_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMann,_S.2002" class="citation book cs1">Mann, S. (2002) [2001]. "Appendix B: Multiambic keyer for use while engaged in other activities". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wearcam.org/textbook.htm"><i>Intelligent Image Processing</i></a>. John Wiley – via wearcam.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+B%3A+Multiambic+keyer+for+use+while+engaged+in+other+activities&rft.btitle=Intelligent+Image+Processing&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Mann%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwearcam.org%2Ftextbook.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://WearCam.org">"<span style="color:gray">[no title cited]</span>"</a>. <i>WearCam.org</i> (home page).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WearCam.org&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+style%3D%22color%3Agray%22%3E%5Bno+title+cited%5D%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2FWearCam.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeyer" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. That's just the homepage. Need specific link to exact article/page. An independent source would be better than Mann's own website. (September 2018)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keyer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623082824/http://about.eyetap.org/tech/keyers.shtml">"Keyers"</a>. Tech. <i>eyetap.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://about.eyetap.org/tech/keyers.shtml">the original</a> on 23 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eyetap.org&rft.atitle=Keyers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabout.eyetap.org%2Ftech%2Fkeyers.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeyer" class="Z3988"></span> — summary of keyers, commercially made keyers, other links, etc.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gkos.com">"GKOS back-panel chording keyboard"</a>. <i>gkos.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gkos.com&rft.atitle=GKOS+back-panel+chording+keyboard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gkos.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeyer" class="Z3988"></span> — an open standard for handheld devices</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handykey.com">"Twiddler 2"</a>. <i>handykey.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=handykey.com&rft.atitle=Twiddler+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.handykey.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeyer" class="Z3988"></span> — one-handed chording keyboard/mouse</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060424193904/http://xaphoon.com/dataegg/">"Data Egg"</a>. <i>xaphoon.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xaphoon.com/dataegg/">the original</a> on 24 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xaphoon.com&rft.atitle=Data+Egg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxaphoon.com%2Fdataegg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeyer" class="Z3988"></span> — one-handed chording keyboard for handheld devices</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chordite.com/">"Yet another one-hand keyboard"</a>. <i>chordite.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chordite.com&rft.atitle=Yet+another+one-hand+keyboard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chordite.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeyer" class="Z3988"></span> — Do-it-yourself, wearable, one-hand keyboard prototypes</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electronicsusa.com/mk36.html">"Wearable keyer suitable for QRP use"</a>. <i>electronicsusa.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=electronicsusa.com&rft.atitle=Wearable+keyer+suitable+for+QRP+use&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectronicsusa.com%2Fmk36.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeyer" class="Z3988"></span> — leg mount accessory</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wearcam.org/textbook.htm">"Intelligent Image Processing"</a>. <i>wearcam.org</i> (online textbook).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wearcam.org&rft.atitle=Intelligent+Image+Processing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwearcam.org%2Ftextbook.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeyer" class="Z3988"></span> — See Appendix on keyers</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wearcam.org/septambi/">"How to make your own custom-molded perfect-fit keyer"</a>. <i>wearcam.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wearcam.org&rft.atitle=How+to+make+your+own+custom-molded+perfect-fit+keyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwearcam.org%2Fseptambi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeyer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090317072907/http://chorder.cs.vassar.edu/">"Spiff chorder"</a>. <i>vassar.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chorder.cs.vassar.edu/">the original</a> on 2009-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vassar.edu&rft.atitle=Spiff+chorder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchorder.cs.vassar.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeyer" class="Z3988"></span> — keyer for daily wearable computer use</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keyer&oldid=1257498580">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keyer&oldid=1257498580</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human%E2%80%93machine_interaction" title="Category:Human–machine interaction">Human–machine interaction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_keyboard_types" title="Category:Computer keyboard types">Computer keyboard types</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telegraphy" title="Category:Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Morse_code" title="Category:Morse code">Morse code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Amateur_radio" title="Category:Amateur radio">Amateur radio</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_September_2018" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from September 2018">Articles with incomplete citations from September 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2024">Articles needing additional references from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2008" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2008">Articles needing additional references from June 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2008" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_examples" title="Category:All articles needing examples">All articles needing examples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_examples_from_September_2018" title="Category:Articles needing examples from September 2018">Articles needing examples from September 2018</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 06:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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