Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1732615622"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1732615622"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1732615622"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?69b39374e6b554b7?1732615622"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1732615622" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732615622"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732615622"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/publications-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/publications-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/publications-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732615622"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732615622"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/xml2html/article-html.css?230b005b39af4260?1732615622"> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(66,55,9,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(66,55,9,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(66,55,9,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(66,55,9,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(66,55,9,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1732615622"> <meta name="title" content="Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics"> <meta name="description" content="Gigantic particle accelerators, incredibly complex detectors, an antimatter factory and the discovery of the Higgs boson—this is part of what makes CERN famous. Only a few know that CERN also hosts the world largest Open Access initiative: SCOAP3. The Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics started operation in 2014 and has since supported the publication of 20,000 Open Access articles in the field of particle physics, at no direct cost, nor burden, for individual authors worldwide. SCOAP3 is made possible by a 3000-institute strong partnership, where libraries re-direct funds previously used for subscriptions to ‘flip’ articles to ‘Gold Open Access’. With its recent expansion, the initiative now covers about 90% of the journal literature of the field. This article describes the economic principles of SCOAP3, the collaborative approach of the partnership, and finally summarizes financial results after four years of successful operation." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/publications-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Alexander Kohls"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Salvatore Mele"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Article"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Publications 2018, Vol. 6, Page 15"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2018-04-09"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/publications6020015"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="Gigantic particle accelerators, incredibly complex detectors, an antimatter factory and the discovery of the Higgs boson—this is part of what makes CERN famous. Only a few know that CERN also hosts the world largest Open Access initiative: SCOAP3. The Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics started operation in 2014 and has since supported the publication of 20,000 Open Access articles in the field of particle physics, at no direct cost, nor burden, for individual authors worldwide. SCOAP3 is made possible by a 3000-institute strong partnership, where libraries re-direct funds previously used for subscriptions to ‘flip’ articles to ‘Gold Open Access’. With its recent expansion, the initiative now covers about 90% of the journal literature of the field. This article describes the economic principles of SCOAP3, the collaborative approach of the partnership, and finally summarizes financial results after four years of successful operation." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="CERN" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="journal flipping" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="gold open access" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="particle physics" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="SCOAP3" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2304-6775"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Publications"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2018-04-09"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="6"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="2"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Article" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="15" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2304-6775"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Publications"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2018/6"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2018/04/09"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="6"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="2"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="15"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kohls, Alexander"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mele, Salvatore"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/publications6020015"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-publications6020015"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/pdf?version=1525347674"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/pdf?version=1525347674"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/pdf?version=1525347674"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/publications-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Gigantic particle accelerators, incredibly complex detectors, an antimatter factory and the discovery of the Higgs boson—this is part of what makes CERN famous. Only a few know that CERN also hosts the world largest Open Access initiative: SCOAP3. The Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics started operation in 2014 and has since supported the publication of 20,000 Open Access articles in the field of particle physics, at no direct cost, nor burden, for individual authors worldwide. SCOAP3 is made possible by a 3000-institute strong partnership, where libraries re-direct funds previously used for subscriptions to ‘flip’ articles to ‘Gold Open Access’. With its recent expansion, the initiative now covers about 90% of the journal literature of the field. This article describes the economic principles of SCOAP3, the collaborative approach of the partnership, and finally summarizes financial results after four years of successful operation." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-ag-550.jpg?1570003378" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div class="direction direction_right" id="small_right" style="border-right-width: 0px; padding:0;"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction direction_right" id="big_right" style="border-right-width: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: right;"> Next Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2304-6775/6/2/16">Utilisation of Library Information Resources among Generation Z Students: Facts and Fiction</a></div> Next Article in Special Issue<br> <div><a href="/2304-6775/6/2/17">Supporting Open Access at Kent—New Staff Roles</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="direction" id="small_left" style="border-left-width: 0px"> <i class="fa fa-caret-left fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction" id="big_left" style="border-left-width: 0px;"> <div> Previous Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2304-6775/6/2/14">Exploring the Hjif-Index, an Analogue to the H-Like Index for Journal Impact Factors</a></div> Previous Article in Special Issue<br> <div><a href="/2304-6775/6/2/13">Engaging and Supporting a University Press Scholarly Community</a></div> </div> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Editing Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732615622" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732615622" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Editing Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=publications " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" > Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" > Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" > Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" selected='selected'> Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="6" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="2" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/journal/publications">Publications</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2304-6775/6">Volume 6</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2304-6775/6/2">Issue 2</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">10.3390/publications6020015</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width row-fixed-left-column"> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/publications"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/publications-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="publications-logo" title="Publications" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_ArticleSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form%5Bjournal_id%5D%3D168" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleEditIssueButton" href="/journalproposal/sendproposalspecialissue/publications" data-path="/2304-6775/6/2/15" data-disabledmessage="proposing new special issue is not possible."> Propose a Special Issue </a> </div> <div class="generic-item link-article-menu show-for-small"> <a href="#" class="link-article-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Article Menu </a> </div> <div class="hide-small-down-initially UI_ArticleMenu"> <div class="generic-item"> <h2>Article Menu</h2> </div> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-direct-link"> <a href="/2304-6775/6/2/15/scifeed_display" data-reveal-id="scifeed-modal" data-reveal-ajax="true">Subscribe SciFeed</a> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link js-article-similarity-container" style="display: none"> <a href="#" class="js-similarity-related-articles">Recommended Articles</a> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#related" class="accordion__title">Related Info Link</a> <div id="related" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_RelatedLinks"> <ul> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Converting%20the%20Literature%20of%20a%20Scientific%20Field%20to%20Open%20Access%20through%20Global%20Collaboration%3A%20The%20Experience%20of%20SCOAP3%20in%20Particle%20Physics" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Google Scholar</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#authors" class="accordion__title">More by Authors Links</a> <div id="authors" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_AuthorsLinks"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on DOAJ</a> </li> <div id="AuthorDOAJExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Alexander%20Kohls%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kohls, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Salvatore%20Mele%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Mele, S.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on Google Scholar</a> </li> <div id="AuthorGoogleExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Alexander%20Kohls" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kohls, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Salvatore%20Mele" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Mele, S.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on PubMed</a> </li> <div id="AuthorPubMedExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Alexander%20Kohls" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kohls, A.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Salvatore%20Mele" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Mele, S.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_hidden_flag"></span> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_subscribe_url">/ajax/scifeed/subscribe</span> </div> </div> <div class="content__container responsive-moving-container large medium active hidden" data-id="article-counters"> <div id="counts-wrapper" class="row generic-item no-border" data-equalizer> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__views" class="small-12 hide columns count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Article Views</span> <span class="count view-number"></span> </div> </a> </div> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__citations" class="small-12 columns hide count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Citations</span> <span class="count citations-number Var_ArticleMaxCitations">-</span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="hide-small-down-initially"> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#table_of_contents" class="accordion__title">Table of Contents</a> <div id="table_of_contents" class="content active"> <div class="menu-caption" id="html-quick-links-title"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="pbgrd-sky"></div> <script src="https://cdn.pbgrd.com/core-mdpi.js"></script> <style>.content__container { min-width: 300px; }</style>  </div> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-9 medium-9 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div class="middle-column__help"> <div class="middle-column__help__fixed show-for-medium-up"> <span id="js-altmetrics-donut" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="display: none;"> <span data-badge-type='donut' class='altmetric-embed' data-doi='10.3390/publications6020015'></span> <span>Altmetric</span> </span> <a href="#" class="UA_ShareButton" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal" title="Share"> <i class="material-icons">share</i> <span>Share</span> </a> <a href="#" data-reveal-id="main-help-modal" title="Help"> <i class="material-icons">announcement</i> <span>Help</span> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" data-reveal-id="cite-modal" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/cite" > <i class="material-icons">format_quote</i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/discussion-groups/public/10.3390/publications6020015?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=publication&utm_campaign=discuss_in_sciprofiles" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="Discuss in Sciprofiles"> <i class="material-icons">question_answer</i> <span>Discuss in SciProfiles</span> </a> <a href="#" class="" data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab title="Endorse"> <i data-hypothesis-endorse-trigger class="material-icons" >thumb_up</i> <div data-hypothesis-endorsement-count data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Endorse</span> </a> <a href="#" data-hypothesis-trigger class="js-hypothesis-open UI_ArticleAnnotationsButton" title="Comment"> <i class="material-icons">textsms</i> <div data-hypothesis-annotation-count class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Comment</span> </a> </div> <div id="main-help-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Need Help?</h2> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Support</h3> <p> Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/about/contactform" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Support </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Feedback</h3> <p> Please let us know what you think of our products and services. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/feedback/send" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Give Feedback </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns end"> <h3>Information</h3> <p> Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/authors" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Information </a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="middle-column__main "> <div class="page-highlight"> <style type="text/css"> img.review-status { width: 30px; } </style> <div id="jmolModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <h2>JSmol Viewer</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns text-center"> <iframe style="width: 520px; height: 520px;" frameborder="0" id="jsmol-content"></iframe> <div class="content"></div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" id="abstract" class="abstract_div"> <div class="js-check-update-container"></div> <div class="html-content__container content__container content__container__combined-for-large__first" style="overflow: auto; position: inherit;"> <div class='html-profile-nav'> <div class='top-bar'> <div class='nav-sidebar-btn show-for-large-up' data-status='opened' > <i class='material-icons'>first_page</i> </div> <a id="js-button-download" class="button button--color-inversed" style="display: none;" href="/2304-6775/6/2/15/pdf?version=1525347674" data-name="Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics" data-journal="publications"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> Download PDF </a> <div class='nav-btn'> <i class='material-icons'>settings</i> </div> <a href="/2304-6775/6/2/15/reprints" id="js-button-reprints" class="button button--color-inversed"> Order Article Reprints </a> </div> <div class='html-article-menu'> <div class='html-first-step row'> <div class='html-font-family large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'> Font Type: </div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif'>Arial</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Georgia1, Georgia, serif;' data-fontfamily='Georgia1, Georgia, serif'>Georgia</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif' >Verdana</i></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-font-resize large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Font Size:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-percent="100">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-percent="120">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-percent="160">Aa</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-line-space large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Line Spacing:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-line-height="1.5em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-line-height="1.8em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-line-height="2.1em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-column-width large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Column Width:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-column-width="20%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-column-width="10%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-column-width="0%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-bg large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Background:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-bright" data-bg="bright"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-dark" data-bg="dark"> <i class="fa fa-file-text-o"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-creme" data-bg="creme"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article ><div class='html-article-content'> <span itemprop="publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"></span><span itemprop="url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15"></span> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop1176271' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Alexander Kohls</div><div id="profile-card-drop1176271" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Alexander Kohls</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/376857?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Alexander%20Kohls" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Alexander%20Kohls&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Alexander%20Kohls" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> *</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="1176271" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#d9f6bab7bdf4babeb0f6b5f6bcb4b8b0b5f4a9abb6adbcbaadb0b6b7fae9e9e9bdefe8e9ede8e0e9e9e9bfe9ece9ede8eaedbfe9b8e9bce9e0e9bde8ebebe8e9ebe9ede8eae9bfedbfe9ebe9e0"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3836-8885" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732615622" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop1176272' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Salvatore Mele</div><div id="profile-card-drop1176272" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Salvatore Mele</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/396842?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Salvatore%20Mele" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Salvatore%20Mele&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Salvatore%20Mele" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup></sup><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0762-2235" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732615622" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-name ">CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Publications</em> <b>2018</b>, <em>6</em>(2), 15; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/publications6020015">https://doi.org/10.3390/publications6020015</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 23 February 2018</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 15 March 2018</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 3 April 2018</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 9 April 2018</span> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/publications/special_issues/open_access_university_library ">Open Access and the Library</a>)<br/> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-140150" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-140150" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-140150" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2304-6775/6/2/15/pdf?version=1525347674" data-name="Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics" data-journal="publications">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2304-6775/6/2/15/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2304-6775/6/2/15/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2304-6775/6/2/15/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/browse" >Browse Figures</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-ag.png?1570003378" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-g001.png?1570003378" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Main stakeholders and financial flows in the SCOAP3 Business Model.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-g002.png?1570003378" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SCOAP3 Partner Countries by type of participation as well as countries with at least one author publishing in SCOAP3 journals (as of February 2018).</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2304-6775/6/2/15/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">Gigantic particle accelerators, incredibly complex detectors, an antimatter factory and the discovery of the Higgs boson—this is part of what makes CERN famous. Only a few know that CERN also hosts the world largest Open Access initiative: SCOAP3. The Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics started operation in 2014 and has since supported the publication of 20,000 Open Access articles in the field of particle physics, at no direct cost, nor burden, for individual authors worldwide. SCOAP3 is made possible by a 3000-institute strong partnership, where libraries re-direct funds previously used for subscriptions to ‘flip’ articles to ‘Gold Open Access’. With its recent expansion, the initiative now covers about 90% of the journal literature of the field. This article describes the economic principles of SCOAP3, the collaborative approach of the partnership, and finally summarizes financial results after four years of successful operation.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=CERN">CERN</a>; <a href="/search?q=journal+flipping">journal flipping</a>; <a href="/search?q=gold+open+access">gold open access</a>; <a href="/search?q=particle+physics">particle physics</a>; <a href="/search?q=SCOAP3">SCOAP3</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-12 text-center"> <div class="abstract-image-preview open js-browse-figures"> <a href="#" class="openpopupgallery" data-target='article-popup-ga'> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-ag-550.jpg?1570003378" style="max-width: 100%; max-height: 280px; padding: 10px;"> </a> <div id="article-popup-ga" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-ag.png?1570003378" title="<strong>Graphical Abstract</strong>"></a> </div> <p>Graphical Abstract</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-publications-06-00015' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Collaboration in Particle Physics (and Its Scholarly Communication)</h2><div class='html-p'>Particle physics (also called High Energy Physics—HEP) is the paradigm of international scientific cooperation. After World War II many research centres around the world started building increasingly powerful accelerators. Between 1951 and 1954, twelve European countries founded CERN [<a href="#B1-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">1</a>], the European Organization for Nuclear Research, with the objective to “<span class='html-italic'>increase international scientific collaboration</span>” and to rebuild their cooperation in the spirit of ‘science for peace’. Many decades, successful accelerators, and a couple of Nobel prizes later, CERN now counts 22 Member States [<a href="#B2-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">2</a>]. These jointly finance and govern the Organization for the benefit of their scientific community and particle physicists worldwide. Indeed, the CERN scientific program is open to all countries, and over 13,000 researchers from more than 70 nations use the CERN infrastructure by participating in numerous different experiments [<a href="#B3-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">3</a>]. The CERN LHC program has come to epitomize big science: a particle accelerator of 27 km circumference, protons accelerated to almost the speed of light, beams colliding billions of times per second at the core of four large experimental apparatuses, hundreds of petabyte of data recorded, and collaborations of several thousands scientist analysing them. CERN’s mission of providing infrastructure for large scale collaborations is one of the pillars of the SCOAP3 Open Access initiative.</div><div class='html-p'>Another pillar is the peculiar scholarly communication practice of the field. Particle physics grew fast between the late 1940s and through the 1970s. Experimental physicists gathered at dozens of laboratories around the world, theoretical physicists at hundreds of universities. Accelerators’ energy was increased fast, entire zoos of new particles where theorized and discovered. Exchange of information needed to be quick, at a time where the fastest way to communicate was airmail. Traditional scholarly communication practices (i.e., writing an article and waiting for it to appear in print on the shelves of academic libraries a couple of years later) was simply not an option to support the scientific vigour of the time. In order to accelerate the distribution of the latest experimental results or new theories, it became common practice instead to mail ‘preprints’ of scientific papers to the key research centres and physics departments active in the field, at the same time of submission to scholarly journals [<a href="#B4-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">4</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>With the emergence of e-mail servers in the late 1980s, this system was ready for disruption, both to provide a level playing field (only the most renewed sites would receive all preprints, sent by other researchers hopeful for attention—and mailing lists to which preprints were sent by important institutions would be occasionally pruned to save postage and print, leaving out colleagues at peripheral institutes [<a href="#B5-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">5</a>]) and to be able to retrieve on demand interesting preprints, knowing authors and succinct abstracts. Thanks to Paul Ginsparg, then at Los Alamos National Laboratories, arXiv [<a href="#B6-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">6</a>] was born in 1991. Following the wider adoption of the idea of the World Wide Web in the HEP community, after its inception at CERN in 1989 [<a href="#B7-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">7</a>], arXiv<a href="#fn001-publications-06-00015" class="html-fn">1</a> then became the preprint server with the functionalities expected by a ‘Green Open Access Repository’ [<a href="#B8-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">8</a>] of today. Its universal adoption quickly meant that almost the entirety of the literature then appearing in peer-reviewed journals in the field would appear on the arXiv [<a href="#B9-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">9</a>]. After a quarter century, about 60% of all articles ever written in particle physics have appeared on the arXiv as preprints.</div><div class='html-p'>Back to CERN, it is interesting to note that in its original spirit as a locus of open cooperation, the CERN founding Convention [<a href="#B1-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">1</a>] includes in the Organization’s mission “[…the] <span class='html-italic'>sponsoring of international co-operation in nuclear research, including co-operation outside the Laboratories</span> [which] <span class='html-italic'>may include in particular</span> […] <span class='html-italic'>the dissemination of information</span>”. Moreover, the Convention sets out, that “[…] <span class='html-italic'>the results of its experimental and theoretical work shall be published or otherwise made generally available</span>”.</div><div class='html-p'>In summary, (i) CERN’s role to provide infrastructure to the particle physics community; (ii) its spirit of fostering international cooperation; (iii) a scholarly communication environment where universal Green Open Access had since long effectively dis-intermediated the role of journals as tools of dissemination, all together created the conditions for the inception of the SCOAP3 Open Access model. It was driven by the vision of leveraging the cooperative models of particle physics, to convert to Open Access its final peer-reviewed literature at no burden for authors.</div><div class='html-p'>This article is structured as follows. After this introduction which has laid out the background of scholarly communication and collaborative infrastructure in the field, <a href="#sec2-publications-06-00015" class="html-sec">Section 2</a> describes the SCOAP3 business mode, <a href="#sec3-publications-06-00015" class="html-sec">Section 3</a> illustrates the way SCOAP3 divides across countries its costs, <a href="#sec4-publications-06-00015" class="html-sec">Section 4</a> presents the collaborative structure of the partnership. Finally, <a href="#sec5-publications-06-00015" class="html-sec">Section 5</a> discusses the SCOAP3 financial results to date, and <a href="#sec6-publications-06-00015" class="html-sec">Section 6</a> offers some concluding remarks.</div></section><section id='sec2-publications-06-00015' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. The SCOAP3 Business Model</h2><div class='html-p'>The SCOAP3 Business Model was first developed by a dedicated working group<a href="#fn002-publications-06-00015" class="html-fn">2</a> and presented in 2007. The original mission remains fully relevant, and is still the daily driving principle of the initiative. SCOAP3 aims to “<span class='html-italic'>provide open and unrestricted access to all HEP research literature in its final, peer-reviewed form…</span> [and] <span class='html-italic'>…centralize all OA expenses that will therefore not have to be directly borne by authors and research groups</span>” [<a href="#B10-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">10</a>]. In this context, and in the rest of this article, HEP research literature is defined as original research articles that have been submitted by their authors to arXiv under one of its HEP categories<a href="#fn003-publications-06-00015" class="html-fn">3</a> [<a href="#B11-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">11</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The legal framework, the financing model, as well as the governance of the initiative follow the well-tested examples of large experimental collaborations at the LHC. Thereby, CERN acts as the ‘Host Organisation’ of the initiative in the same way that it hosts experiments in accordance with its principles [<a href="#B1-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. A multitude of institutions, in this case mainly academic libraries, then use this infrastructure to achieve an overarching objective which only their worldwide collaboration and financial cooperation could make possible. Through the transfer of this knowledge and governance model, academic libraries, and their worldwide community, can be empowered to affect global changes in Open Access.</div><div class='html-p'>The key Open Access innovation, and ultimately the success, of SCOAP3 is indeed the continuous and constructive tripartite collaboration of the library community, national funding agencies and commercial and society publishers of high-quality HEP journals. All these participants are part of the SCOAP3 ‘recirculation of funds’ business model, displayed in <a href="#publications-06-00015-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a> and described in the following.</div><div class='html-p'>(1) CERN, for the benefit of SCOAP3, enters into contracts with publishers of HEP journals (again following the example of experiments hosted at CERN, on whose behalf CERN contracts). Depending on the journal’s fraction of HEP content, the contract may cover the entire journal or only the HEP fraction. Publishers are centrally paid for their services by SCOAP3. All HEP articles are immediately published Gold Open Access under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) licence<a href="#fn004-publications-06-00015" class="html-fn">4</a> and authors retain the copyright in their work.</div><div class='html-p'>(2) Under the terms of the SCOAP3 contracts, participating publishers reduce subscription fees for all their customers, in a way commensurate with the content becoming Open Access. A reconciliation process took place before launching the operation to determine the exact amounts of reductions under mutually accepted principles. This process can be complex when SCOAP3 journals form part of a large package deal or consortia arrangement, and the successful conclusion creates the financial leverage to support then the operation.</div><div class='html-p'>(3) The reduction of subscription fees releases funds in the library system that SCOAP3 partners use to pay their contributions to the initiative. As they redirect funds previously spent to access content that is now Open Access, initial participation in SCOAP3 is often cost-neutral for individual libraries. This is an important change in the role of libraries, and one increasingly gaining attention. Through a synoptic view of subscription investment, and Open Access opportunities, libraries can be instrumental in the process of making published content immediately available Open Access, both from researchers from their institutions and globally.</div><div class='html-p'>(4) The publication process for researchers does not change when a journal becomes part of SCOAP3. Authors do not need to pay Open Access fees, nor need to be distracted by any administrative matter. Everything is handled centrally, without any interaction with the authors who, ‘magically’ comply with even the strictest institutes ‘or funders’ Open Access mandates<a href="#fn005-publications-06-00015" class="html-fn">5</a>. By design, this is a departure, from so called ‘author-pays’ models where authors, or their institutions directly, cover publication fees. Creating the ‘invisible infrastructure’ SCOAP3, and in a comparable way, also the emerging national and institutional-wide agreements with selected publishers, aim to realise the largest amount of advantages for authors and readers in parallel. This, in turn, allows a fact-based approach for institutions, and libraries in their new role of managing Open Access therein, to articulate the shifting of publication costs, and process, to a central institutional point rather than the author level.</div><div class='html-p'>(5) In some countries, national funding agencies support the initiative with additional financial contributions to SCOAP3 beyond the contributions from academic libraries. This is particularly relevant in countries that are very active in particle physics as discussed in <a href="#sec3-publications-06-00015" class="html-sec">Section 3</a>.</div><div class='html-p'>(6) A guiding principles of SCOAP3 is to remove any barriers or burden for authors to achieve Open Access, and give to any reader access to any article in the field. This creates a possible financial shortfall as some institutes in particular countries, or some countries overall, could choose not to participate to the initiative, without any disadvantages for their authors. CERN, as the host organization of SCOAP3, initially covers such shortfalls while the initiative is still growing. Indeed, from its start in January 2014, more than 1300 new universities from 28 countries as well as 2 intergovernmental organizations joined SCOAP3, consistently reducing this shortfall as the realization of Open Access opportunities matures globally.</div></section><section id='sec3-publications-06-00015' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. The SCOAP3 ‘Fair Share’ Principle</h2><div class='html-p'>A key factor in the SCOAP3 partnership is a commonly-accepted and unambiguous mechanism to allocate costs across literally thousands of participating libraries. SCOAP3 introduced a ‘fair share’ principle, based both on the tradition of academic libraries consortia, and inspiration from the budgets of large-scale HEP experiments.</div><div class='html-p'>The cost-allocation scenario starts from two observations. The first is that the costs of peer-review are now sustained at the author-side rather than the reader-side, and therefore need to be correlated with the quantity of authorship. The second is that SCOAP3 contracts between CERN and publishers are designed as service contracts, suggesting that costs be allocated in proportion to the usage of such service, which again points to the quantity of authorship.</div><div class='html-p'>Both large-scale collaboration, with thousands of authors in about 10% of HEP papers, and wide-spread multi-institute collaboration across countries, make it impractical to allocate costs based, say, on first or corresponding authors.</div><div class='html-p'>SCOAP3 adopted such an allocation at country level. Each country would be responsible for a fraction of the total budget in proportion with the number of their ‘signatures’ in the literature, i.e., individual authors affiliated to institutes in that country. The detailed mechanics of this calculation are described by Krause, Lindqvist, Mele [<a href="#B14-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">14</a>], and in particular the way to fairly resolve frequent cases of multiple affiliations.</div><div class='html-p'>All SCOAP3 participating countries have agreed that their ‘fair share’ also includes an additional contribution above the volume of their publication, to fairly give Open Access opportunities to researchers from low- and medium-income countries, whose institutions cannot be reasonably expected to have the means to support the initiative.</div><div class='html-p'>While allocating costs of an Open Access initiative based on authorship may seem like an obvious approach, it could lead to financial imbalances in the SCOAP3 vision of converting an entire field to Open Access. Indeed, contributions to SCOAP3 are intended to be financed by redirecting funds previously used to subscribe to SCOAP3 journals. While this model works well at a global scale, there could be differences between the aggregate amount of reductions in subscription fees of all institutions in a country, compared to this country’s ‘fair-share’ contribution.</div><div class='html-p'>In particular, countries with a relatively high research intensity in the field, might face a funding gap, as the aggregate reductions in academic libraries’ subscriptions are not sufficient to support a comparatively high ‘fair share’.</div><div class='html-p'>To address the funding gaps in some countries with insufficient redirected library funds, SCOAP3 collaborates with several funding agencies [<a href="#B15-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">15</a>]. Most libraries continue to contribute on a cost-neutral basis while a central agency tops up the missing funds. This is particularly attractive for funding bodies with a vision to implement Gold Open Access. The fact that most Gold Open Access costs are already covered by the re-direction of subscriptions, makes the actual costs for agencies relatively low compared to full payment of publication fees, often called Article Processing Charges<a href="#fn006-publications-06-00015" class="html-fn">6</a>.</div><div class='html-p'>At this moment, such arrangements are not present in all countries with a funding gap. In some, academic libraries have made an effort to contribute beyond their aggregate reductions at the service of their research communities. In others, a gap persists and is temporarily filled by CERN.</div><div class='html-p'>Finally, as mentioned in <a href="#sec4-publications-06-00015" class="html-sec">Section 4</a> and <a href="#sec5-publications-06-00015" class="html-sec">Section 5</a> below, some countries are not yet engaging with SCOAP3 and their ‘fair share’ is currently also met by CERN.</div></section><section id='sec4-publications-06-00015' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. The SCOAP3 Collaboration Structure</h2><div class='html-p'>The SCOAP3 organisation closely mimics that of the large experimental collaborations at CERN. At the time of writing, SCOAP3 consists of more than 3000 libraries from 43 countries [<a href="#B15-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">15</a>]. To accommodate widely varying national academic structures, research libraries or funding agencies join the collaboration in several ways. In many countries, one central organisation, most often an existing library consortium, represents all research libraries in the country. In other countries, several established consortia participate in parallel. Funding agencies, orchestrating the SCOAP3 participation, might either participate in their own right as additional partners in that country, or support financially the country’s participants. At the moment of writing, beyond nation states, also three intergovernmental organisations with a stake in the field, participate in SCOAP3 with the same rights and obligations as individual countries. The first is CERN as a partner, through its library. The second is the International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA. The third is the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR, an organisation similar to CERN, that represents some of its 18 Member States in the initiative. The different participation models are shown in <a href="#publications-06-00015-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>.</div><div class='html-p'>As for all large multilateral endeavours, good and participative governance is at the core of the SCOAP3 initiative. It is interesting to describe as, to our knowledge, this is the first time a large Open Access initiative has adopted a similar model. All participating countries are represented in the SCOAP3 Governing Council [<a href="#B16-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">16</a>] which steers the strategic direction of SCOAP3, establishes the rules of the collaboration, and discusses all key financial aspects (e.g., new contracts with publishers). Every country or intergovernmental organisation is represented at the Governing Council. Following the collaborative spirit SCOAP3 is built on, the partnership aims for unanimity for all decisions.</div><div class='html-p'>The Governing Council appoints the members of the SCOAP3 Executive Committee. This board follows the geographical and institutional diversity of the SCOAP3 partnership and is responsible for the operation of the initiative and closely collaborates with the SCOAP3 Operations team at CERN. The Executive Committee receives support from dedicated community working groups. Such working groups are also established by the Governing Council for a specific purpose (e.g., financial audit, repository services, survey of strategic opportunities) [<a href="#B16-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">16</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The role of CERN as the host organisation of SCOAP3, comes with some specific responsibilities. CERN provides in-kind resources such as operations personnel, technical and administrative infrastructure, and hosts the regular governance meetings. At the time of writing, the CERN SCOAP3 Operations team employs about 1.5 FTE staff to assure the operation of the initiative. To assure constant alignment of the SCOAP3 vision and CERN’s own Open Access approach, CERN is entitled a dedicated representative in the SCOAP3 governing bodies. Beyond CERN’s staff investment, some small IT infrastructure and the management of a dozen service contracts, the the administrative overheads of SCOAP3 are comparable to those of any membership organization which is coordinating, and invoicing, about four dozen partners. Indeed, a key part of the SCOAP3 model is the indispensable nation-by-nation role of contacts which organise their domestic community and liaise with the international governance.</div></section><section id='sec5-publications-06-00015' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 5. Financial Results</h2><div class='html-p'>As a result of a competitive tendering process, CERN, for the benefit of SCOAP3, entered into contracts with 11 commercial and society publishers for its first 3-year cycle (2014–2016) as shown in <a href="#publications-06-00015-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>. These contracts determine nominal journal-specific Article Processing Charges (APCs). However, the SCOAP3 arrangements have a very important difference with respect to a simple agreement to cover APCs for a set of authors. To ensure contracts fit within the overall partnership’s budget, SCOAP3 has introduced a capping mechanism. If the number of published articles in a journal exceeds a certain annual maximum, originally defined as the volume of publications in that journals within some yearly growth, every additional article has then to be made Open Access at no additional cost [<a href="#B17-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">17</a>]. As a result, SCOAP3 contracts focus on the notion of a total amount required to convert an entire journal (or the HEP fraction thereof) to Open Access. Between 2014 and 2016, SCOAP3 supported the publication of 13,368 articles [<a href="#B18-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">18</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Between 2014 and 2016, the SCOAP3 partnership disbursed a total 13.8 million Euros to publishers for making 13,368 articles Open Access. The average investment per article<a href="#fn007-publications-06-00015" class="html-fn">7</a> was of 1032 Euros per article over the first three years. This average investment per article for journals in this ‘quality’ range<a href="#fn008-publications-06-00015" class="html-fn">8</a> compares positively to other Open Access initiatives<a href="#fn009-publications-06-00015" class="html-fn">9</a>.</div><div class='html-p'>It is important to note that all running costs of SCOAP3 beyond the payments to publishers are borne by CERN, within its mission of providing infrastructures for the field and its commitment to Open Access. All governance roles are non-remunerated and on a voluntary basis. Therefore, the actual cost for the SCOAP3 partnership itself is limited to the payments to publishers.</div><div class='html-p'>More than three-quarters of the 13.8 million Euros of Open Access fees (2014–2016) were financed by the re-direction of funds previously used for subscriptions in participating libraries. Funding agencies in some research-intensive countries contributed a top-up of these funds, if redirected subscription funds from libraries were not sufficient. In aggregate, these two sources represent 92% of the SCOAP3 financing.</div><div class='html-p'>The missing 8% can be attributed to a few individual institutions, and a few countries, not yet participating in SCOAP3 but having a significant HEP authorship (as presented in <a href="#publications-06-00015-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>). For the initial phases of SCOAP3, CERN is covering this shortfall under the guidance of its own governance.</div><div class='html-p'>SCOAP3 extended its operation for a second 3-years cycle, from 2017 through 2019. A total of 8 journals are covered in this period, with article numbers growing to an expected total above 15,000, for a maximum expenditure of 14.7 million Euros. Therefore, the average investment per article is expected to remain stable around 1000 Euros [<a href="#B21-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">21</a>].</div></section><section id='sec6-publications-06-00015' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 6. Conclusions and Recent Developments</h2><div class='html-p'>Thanks to the tripartite involvement of academic libraries, funding agencies and publishers, in a multi-lateral international collaboration hosted at CERN, SCOAP3 has been successful in delivering its objective “<span class='html-italic'>to provide open and unrestricted access to all HEP research literature…</span>” [<a href="#B10-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">10</a>]. In the following, this statement is quantitatively assessed, and compared to recent developments.</div><div class='html-p'>The total volume of HEP journal publications can be estimated as follows. All relevant literature in the field is indexed in the InspireHEP database<a href="#fn010-publications-06-00015" class="html-fn">10</a>. For the year 2017, InspireHEP lists 7023 HEP articles (following the arXiv-based, author-driven, self-categorization explained in <a href="#sec2-publications-06-00015" class="html-sec">Section 2</a>) [<a href="#B22-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">22</a>]. About two dozen journals have a significant amount of HEP articles so defined. A long tail of journals publishes less than 25 HEP articles per year<a href="#fn011-publications-06-00015" class="html-fn">11</a>. It is practically impossible to convert such a long tail to Open Access, and we ignore this small fraction of articles. From the remaining 6640 articles, 53% were supported by SCOAP3 during the first year of its second cycle, as detailed in <a href="#publications-06-00015-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>.</div><div class='html-p'>The largest outstanding amount of article was published in journals by the American Physical Society. In April 2017, CERN and the American Physical Society (APS) announced that from January 2018, APS would participate in SCOAP3 with the HEP content of three journals [<a href="#B23-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">23</a>] and therefore increasing the SCOAP3 coverage to 89% of the journal literature in the field.</div><div class='html-p'>In summary, the vision of SCOAP3 has been almost entirely realized. In a recent public webinar, the SCOAP3 governance announced that it is investigating which opportunities could exist, to extend its Open Access model to cover some of the remaining 11% of journal publications.</div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section id='html-ack' class='html-ack'><h2 >Acknowledgments</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors wish to thank all members of the SCOAP3 governance, and in particular the current and former members of the SCOAP3 Executive Committee, for their shared vision, intellectual contributions, moral support and financial commitment. SCOAP3 would not be possible without the generous support of many colleagues in various CERN services which contributed expertise and enthusiasm over a decade of preparation and operation of this initiative.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Both authors worked on this manuscript and carried out the analysis and discussion jointly.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors are members of CERN personnel, and CERN is the Host Organisation of SCOAP3. Both are directly involved in the initiative: A.K. holds the position of SCOAP3 Operations Manager; S.M. led the initiative before the start of operations, and is appointed by CERN to the SCOAP3 governing bodies.</div></section><section id='html-glossary'><h2 >Abbreviations</h2><div class='html-p'>The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: <table class='html-array_table'><tbody ><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >APC</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Article Processing Charge</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >APS</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >American Physical Society</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >CC-BY</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Creative Commons Attribution License</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >CERN</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >European Organization for Nuclear Research</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >FTE</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Full-Time Equivalent</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >HEP</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >High-Energy Physics</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >IAEA</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >International Atomic Energy Agency</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >IPA</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Investment Per Article</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >JINR</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >LHC</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Large Hadron Collider</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >OA</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Open Access</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >SCOAP3</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xx'><li id='B1-publications-06-00015' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>CERN Convention for the Establishment of a European Organization for Nuclear Research. CERN, 1953. Available online: <a href='https://council.web.cern.ch/en/content/convention-establishment-european-organization-nuclear-research' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://council.web.cern.ch/en/content/convention-establishment-european-organization-nuclear-research</a> (accessed on 20 February 2018).</li><li id='B2-publications-06-00015' class='html-x' data-content='2.'>CERN Member States. Available online: <a href='http://www.webcitation.org/6xNGDH2oU' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >http://www.webcitation.org/6xNGDH2oU</a> (accessed on 20 February 2018).</li><li id='B3-publications-06-00015' class='html-x' data-content='3.'>CERN Distribution of all CERN Users by Location of Institutes on 5 July 2017. OPEN-PHO-CHART-2017-007. Available online: <a href='https://cds.cern.ch/record/2290407' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://cds.cern.ch/record/2290407</a> (accessed on 20 February 2018).</li><li id='B4-publications-06-00015' class='html-x' data-content='4.'>Heuer, R.-D.; Holtkamp, A.; Mele, S. Innovation in Scholarly Communication: Vision and Projects from High-Energy Physics. <span class='html-italic'>Inf. Serv. Use</span> <b>2008</b>, <span class='html-italic'>28</span>, 83–96. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Innovation+in+Scholarly+Communication:+Vision+and+Projects+from+High-Energy+Physics&author=Heuer,+R.-D.&author=Holtkamp,+A.&author=Mele,+S.&publication_year=2008&journal=Inf.+Serv.+Use&volume=28&pages=83%E2%80%9396&doi=10.3233/ISU-2008-0570" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3233/ISU-2008-0570" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B5-publications-06-00015' class='html-x' data-content='5.'>Goldschmidt-Clermont, L. Communication Patterns in High-Energy Physics. <span class='html-italic'>HEP Libr. Webzine</span>. 2002. Available online: <a href='http://webzine.web.cern.ch/webzine/6/papers/1/index.html' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >http://webzine.web.cern.ch/webzine/6/papers/1/index.html</a> (accessed on 21 February 2018).</li><li id='B6-publications-06-00015' class='html-x' data-content='6.'>Editorial: Keep Posting. <span class='html-italic'>Nat. Phys.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 719. Available online: <a href='https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys3862' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys3862</a> (accessed on 21 February 2018). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3862" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B7-publications-06-00015' class='html-x' data-content='7.'>Berners-Lee, T.J. Information Management: A Proposal. CERN, 1989. CERN-DD-89-001-OC. Available online: <a href='https://cds.cern.ch/record/369245' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://cds.cern.ch/record/369245</a> (accessed on 20 February 2018).</li><li id='B8-publications-06-00015' class='html-x' data-content='8.'>Suber, P. What is Open Access. In <span class='html-italic'>Open Access</span>; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2012; pp. 1–27. ISBN 978-02-6230-252-4. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=What+is+Open+Access&author=Suber,+P.&publication_year=2012&pages=1%E2%80%9327" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>]</li><li id='B9-publications-06-00015' class='html-x' data-content='9.'>Gentil-Beccot, A.; Mele, S.; Brooks, T.C. Citing and Reading Behaviours in High-Energy Physics. <span class='html-italic'>Scientometrics</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>84</span>, 345–355. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Citing+and+Reading+Behaviours+in+High-Energy+Physics&author=Gentil-Beccot,+A.&author=Mele,+S.&author=Brooks,+T.C.&publication_year=2010&journal=Scientometrics&volume=84&pages=345%E2%80%93355&doi=10.1007/s11192-009-0111-1" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0111-1" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/44234151.pdf" target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">Green Version</a>]</li><li id='B10-publications-06-00015' class='html-xx' data-content='10.'>Bianco, S.; Ellestad, O.H.; Ferreira, P.; Friend, F.; Gargiulo, P.; Hanania, R.; Henrot-Versille, S.; Holtkamp, A.; Igo-Kemenes, P.; Jarroux-Declais, D.; et al. Towards Open Access Publishing in High Energy Physics: Report of the SCOAP3 Working Party. CERN, 2007. CERN-OPEN-2007-015. Available online: <a href='https://scoap3.org/files/Working_Party_Report.pdf' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://scoap3.org/files/Working_Party_Report.pdf</a> (accessed on 21 February 2018).</li><li id='B11-publications-06-00015' class='html-xx' data-content='11.'>SCOAP3 Invitation to Tender—Technical Specification. CERN, 2012. Available online: <a href='https://scoap3.org/files/Technical_Specification.pdf' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://scoap3.org/files/Technical_Specification.pdf</a> (accessed on 20 February 2018).</li><li id='B12-publications-06-00015' class='html-xx' data-content='12.'>RCUK Policy on Open Access. Available online: <a href='http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/documents/documents/rcukopenaccesspolicy-pdf/' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/documents/documents/rcukopenaccesspolicy-pdf/</a> (accessed on 17 January 2018).</li><li id='B13-publications-06-00015' class='html-xx' data-content='13.'>FWF Open Access Policy. Available online: <a href='http://www.webcitation.org/6xNFwtASf' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >http://www.webcitation.org/6xNFwtASf</a> (accessed on 20 February 2018).</li><li id='B14-publications-06-00015' class='html-xx' data-content='14.'>Krause, J.; Lindqvist, C.M.; Mele, S. Quantitative Study of the Geographical Distribution of the Authorship of High-Energy Physics Journals. CERN, 2007. CERN-OPEN-2007-014. Available online: <a href='https://cds.cern.ch/record/1033099' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://cds.cern.ch/record/1033099</a> (accessed on 20 February 2018).</li><li id='B15-publications-06-00015' class='html-xx' data-content='15.'>SCOAP3 Participating Countries. Available online: <a href='http://www.webcitation.org/6xNFlBz9R' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >http://www.webcitation.org/6xNFlBz9R</a> (accessed on 20 February 2018).</li><li id='B16-publications-06-00015' class='html-xx' data-content='16.'>What is SCOAP3: Governance. Available online: <a href='http://www.webcitation.org/6xNFpARKE' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >http://www.webcitation.org/6xNFpARKE</a> (accessed on 20 February 2018).</li><li id='B17-publications-06-00015' class='html-xx' data-content='17.'>Romeu, C.; Gentil-Beccot, A.; Kohls, A.; Mansuy, A.; Mele, S.; Vesper, M. The SCOAP3 Initiative and the Open Access Article-Processing-Charge Market: Global Partnership and Competition Improve Value in the Dissemination of Science. CERN, 2016. CERN-OPEN-2014-037. Available online: <a href='https://cds.cern.ch/record/1735210/' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://cds.cern.ch/record/1735210/</a> (accessed on 20 February 2018). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2314/CERN/C26P.W9DT" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B18-publications-06-00015' class='html-xx' data-content='18.'>SCOAP3 Phase 1 Journals. Available online: <a href='http://www.webcitation.org/6xNG2CUt1' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >http://www.webcitation.org/6xNG2CUt1</a> (accessed on 20 February 2018).</li><li id='B19-publications-06-00015' class='html-xx' data-content='19.'>Ahlborn, B.; Ambler, C.; Andrae, M.; Apel, J.; Becker, H.-G.; Bertelmann, R.; Beucke, D.; Blume, P.; Blumtritt, U.; Braun, K.; et al. <span class='html-italic'>Datasets on Fee-Based Open Access Publishing across German Institutions</span>; Bielefeld University: Bielefeld, Germany, 2018. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Datasets+on+Fee-Based+Open+Access+Publishing+across+German+Institutions&author=Ahlborn,+B.&author=Ambler,+C.&author=Andrae,+M.&author=Apel,+J.&author=Becker,+H.-G.&author=Bertelmann,+R.&author=Beucke,+D.&author=Blume,+P.&author=Blumtritt,+U.&author=Braun,+K.&publication_year=2018" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/UB.2014.18" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B20-publications-06-00015' class='html-xx' data-content='20.'>Shamash, K. Article Processing Charges (APCs) and Subscriptions—Monitoring Open Access Costs. <span class='html-italic'>JISC</span>. 2016. Available online: <a href='https://www.jisc.ac.uk/sites/default/files/apc-and-subscriptions-report.pdf' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://www.jisc.ac.uk/sites/default/files/apc-and-subscriptions-report.pdf</a> (accessed on 15 January 2018).</li><li id='B21-publications-06-00015' class='html-xx' data-content='21.'>SCOAP3 Forum 2017 Presentation. Available online: <a href='https://scoap3.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Webinar-Dec-2017.pdf' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >https://scoap3.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Webinar-Dec-2017.pdf</a> (accessed on 15 January 2018).</li><li id='B22-publications-06-00015' class='html-xx' data-content='22.'>InspireHEP. Available online: <a href='http://inspirehep.net/?ln=en' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >http://inspirehep.net/?ln=en</a> (accessed on 17 January 2018).</li><li id='B23-publications-06-00015' class='html-xx' data-content='23.'>SCOAP3 News: APS Joins SCOAP3. Available online: <a href='http://www.webcitation.org/6xNFQb5iD' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >http://www.webcitation.org/6xNFQb5iD</a> (accessed on 20 February 2018).</li></ol></section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id='fn001-publications-06-00015'><td><span class='html-label'>1</span></td><td><div class='html-p'><a href='http://arxiv.org' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">http://arxiv.org</a>.</div></td></tr><tr id='fn002-publications-06-00015'><td><span class='html-label'>2</span></td><td><div class='html-p'>The working group consisted of 26 members from the physics and library communities and was mandated by leading European HEP funding agencies, HEP laboratories and library consortia to explore the possibility of converting HEP scientific publishing to Open Access [<a href="#B10-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">10</a>].</div></td></tr><tr id='fn003-publications-06-00015'><td><span class='html-label'>3</span></td><td><div class='html-p'>hep-ex, hep-lat, hep-ph, hep-th.</div></td></tr><tr id='fn004-publications-06-00015'><td><span class='html-label'>4</span></td><td><div class='html-p'><a href='https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>. This license, and its previous version, are used for all SCOAP3 articles. They allow the widest possible dissemination and reuse of the work.</div></td></tr><tr id='fn005-publications-06-00015'><td><span class='html-label'>5</span></td><td><div class='html-p'>E.g., the Research Councils UK [<a href="#B12-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">12</a>] or the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [<a href="#B13-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">13</a>].</div></td></tr><tr id='fn006-publications-06-00015'><td><span class='html-label'>6</span></td><td><div class='html-p'>A fee usually charged on a per-article basis by the publisher to make a publication available Open Access. It covers the article production costs as no subscription fees can be generated for the Open Access content [<a href="#B8-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">8</a>].</div></td></tr><tr id='fn007-publications-06-00015'><td><span class='html-label'>7</span></td><td><div class='html-p'>The notion of investment per article (IPA) might be in this context a more interesting one than an APC for two reasons. The first is that the structure of the SCOAP3 contracts, and their summed investment from the partnership, increasingly diverges from the notion of paying a single fee for a single article in a (‘hybrid’) journal. The second is that, effectively, access and reuse of the articles will stand indefinitely after this initial public ‘investment’ in such a common good.</div></td></tr><tr id='fn008-publications-06-00015'><td><span class='html-label'>8</span></td><td><div class='html-p'>We use this word encompassing both the perception of the HEP community, as well as objective indicators of quality based on citation counts.</div></td></tr><tr id='fn009-publications-06-00015'><td><span class='html-label'>9</span></td><td><div class='html-p'>Recent studies, analysing actual Open Access fees paid by European institutions, calculated average Article Processing Charges in the range of 1900–2000 Euros [<a href="#B19-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B20-publications-06-00015" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</div></td></tr><tr id='fn010-publications-06-00015'><td><span class='html-label'>10</span></td><td><div class='html-p'><a href='https://inspirehep.net' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">https://inspirehep.net</a>.</div></td></tr><tr id='fn011-publications-06-00015'><td><span class='html-label'>11</span></td><td><div class='html-p'>383 articles published in 77 journals.</div></td></tr></table></section><section id='FiguresandTables' type='display-objects'><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="publications-06-00015-f001"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/display" href="#fig_body_display_publications-06-00015-f001"> <img alt="Publications 06 00015 g001 550" data-large="/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-g001.png" data-original="/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-g001.png" data-lsrc="/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-g001-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/display" href="#fig_body_display_publications-06-00015-f001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 1.</b> Main stakeholders and financial flows in the SCOAP3 Business Model.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_publications-06-00015-f001" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 1.</b> Main stakeholders and financial flows in the SCOAP3 Business Model.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Publications 06 00015 g001" data-large="/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-g001.png" data-original="/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-g001.png" data-lsrc="/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-g001.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="publications-06-00015-f002"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/display" href="#fig_body_display_publications-06-00015-f002"> <img alt="Publications 06 00015 g002 550" data-large="/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-g002.png" data-original="/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-g002.png" data-lsrc="/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-g002-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/display" href="#fig_body_display_publications-06-00015-f002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 2.</b> SCOAP3 Partner Countries by type of participation as well as countries with at least one author publishing in SCOAP3 journals (as of February 2018).  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_publications-06-00015-f002" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 2.</b> SCOAP3 Partner Countries by type of participation as well as countries with at least one author publishing in SCOAP3 journals (as of February 2018).</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Publications 06 00015 g002" data-large="/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-g002.png" data-original="/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-g002.png" data-lsrc="/publications/publications-06-00015/article_deploy/html/images/publications-06-00015-g002.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="publications-06-00015-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/display" href='#table_body_display_publications-06-00015-t001'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/display" href="#table_body_display_publications-06-00015-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> List of publishers and journals participating in the first 3-year cycle of SCOAP3 (2014–2016), alongside the nominal charge per article (effective charges differ, and are calculated as described in the text), the fraction of the journal covered by SCOAP3 and the number of articles covered over the first three years of the initiative. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_publications-06-00015-t001" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 1.</b> List of publishers and journals participating in the first 3-year cycle of SCOAP3 (2014–2016), alongside the nominal charge per article (effective charges differ, and are calculated as described in the text), the fraction of the journal covered by SCOAP3 and the number of articles covered over the first three years of the initiative.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='left' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-left' >Publisher</th><th align='left' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-left' >Journal</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Nominal APCs</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >HEP Coverage</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >SCOAP3 Articles 2014–2016</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Elsevier</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Nuclear Physics B</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2000 USD</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >100%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1008</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Elsevier</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Physics Letters B</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1800 USD</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >100%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2654</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Hindawi Publishing</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Advances in High Energy Physics</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1000 USD</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >100%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >512</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >IOP Publishing/Chinese <br>Academy of Sciences</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Chinese Physics C</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1000 GBP</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >91</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >IOP Publishing/German <br>Physical Society</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >New Journal of Physics</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1200 GBP</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >25</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >IOP Publishing/SISSA</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Journal of Cosmology and <br>Astroparticle Physics</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1400 GBP</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >31%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >654</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Jagiellonian University</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Acta Physica Polonica B</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >500 EUR</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >22%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >56</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Oxford University Press/ <br>Japanese Physical Society</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Progress of Theoretical and <br>Experimental Physics</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1000 GBP</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >36%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >255</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >Springer/ <br>Italian Physical Society</td><td align='left' valign='middle' class='html-align-left' >European Physical Journal C</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1500 EUR</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >100%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1830</td></tr><tr ><td align='left' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-left' >Springer/SISSA</td><td align='left' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-left' >Journal of High Energy Physics</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1200 EUR</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >100%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6283</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="publications-06-00015-t002"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/display" href='#table_body_display_publications-06-00015-t002'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6775/6/2/15/display" href="#table_body_display_publications-06-00015-t002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 2.</b> 2017 High Energy Physics (HEP) articles by journal group. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_publications-06-00015-t002" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 2.</b> 2017 High Energy Physics (HEP) articles by journal group.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Journal Group</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2017 HEP Articles</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Share</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >SCOAP3 Journals</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3499</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >53%</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >APS Journals</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2400</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >36%</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Other Journals</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >741</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11%</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div></section> <section id="html-copyright"><br>© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<a href='http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer" >http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>).</section> </div> </div> <div class="additional-content"> <h2><a name="cite"></a>Share and Cite</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Converting+the+Literature+of+a+Scientific+Field+to+Open+Access+through+Global+Collaboration%3A+The+Experience+of+SCOAP3+in+Particle+Physics&hashtags=mdpipublications&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F280300&via=Public_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F280300&title=Converting%20the%20Literature%20of%20a%20Scientific%20Field%20to%20Open%20Access%20through%20Global%20Collaboration%3A%20The%20Experience%20of%20SCOAP3%20in%20Particle%20Physics%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DGigantic%20particle%20accelerators%2C%20incredibly%20complex%20detectors%2C%20an%20antimatter%20factory%20and%20the%20discovery%20of%20the%20Higgs%20boson%E2%80%94this%20is%20part%20of%20what%20makes%20CERN%20famous.%20Only%20a%20few%20know%20that%20CERN%20also%20hosts%20the%20world%20largest%20Open%20Access%20initiative%3A%20SCOAP3.%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/280300" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/280300" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/280300" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> <div class="in-tab" style="padding-top: 0px!important; margin-top: 15px;"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Kohls, A.; Mele, S. Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics. <em>Publications</em> <b>2018</b>, <em>6</em>, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications6020015 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Kohls A, Mele S. Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics. <em>Publications</em>. 2018; 6(2):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications6020015 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Kohls, Alexander, and Salvatore Mele. 2018. "Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics" <em>Publications</em> 6, no. 2: 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications6020015 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Kohls, A., & Mele, S. (2018). Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics. <em>Publications</em>, <em>6</em>(2), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications6020015 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784">here</a>. </div> <h2><a name="metrics"></a>Article Metrics</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="loaded_cite_count" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div_cited_count" class="in-tab" style="display: none; overflow: auto;"></div> <div id="loaded" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div" class="in-tab" style="display: none; margin-top: 10px;"></div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="article_stats_div" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <h3>Article Access Statistics</h3> <div id="article_stats_swf" ></div> For more information on the journal statistics, click <a href="/journal/publications/stats">here</a>. <div class="info-box"> Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div></div> <div class="webpymol-controls webpymol-controls-template" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> <a class="bzoom">Zoom</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="borient"> Orient </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="blines"> As Lines </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsticks"> As Sticks </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bcartoon"> As Cartoon </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsurface"> As Surface </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bprevscene">Previous Scene</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bnextscene">Next Scene</a> </div> <div id="scifeed-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="recommended-articles-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="author-biographies-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="cite-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Cite</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns">  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-bibtex" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="140150"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="bibtex"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-endnote" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="140150"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="endnote_no_abstract"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-ris" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="140150"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="ris"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form> <div> Export citation file: <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-bibtex'].submit()">BibTeX</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-endnote'].submit()">EndNote</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-ris'].submit()">RIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="in-tab"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Kohls, A.; Mele, S. Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics. <em>Publications</em> <b>2018</b>, <em>6</em>, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications6020015 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Kohls A, Mele S. Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics. <em>Publications</em>. 2018; 6(2):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications6020015 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Kohls, Alexander, and Salvatore Mele. 2018. "Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics" <em>Publications</em> 6, no. 2: 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications6020015 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Kohls, A., & Mele, S. (2018). Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics. <em>Publications</em>, <em>6</em>(2), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications6020015 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784">here</a>. </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/publications">Publications</a></em>, EISSN 2304-6775, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/publications" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/publications/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1732615622" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="environsciproc">Environmental Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Converting+the+Literature+of+a+Scientific+Field+to+Open+Access+through+Global+Collaboration%3A+The+Experience+of+SCOAP3+in+Particle+Physics&hashtags=mdpipublications&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F280300&via=Public_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F280300&title=Converting%20the%20Literature%20of%20a%20Scientific%20Field%20to%20Open%20Access%20through%20Global%20Collaboration%3A%20The%20Experience%20of%20SCOAP3%20in%20Particle%20Physics%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DGigantic%20particle%20accelerators%2C%20incredibly%20complex%20detectors%2C%20an%20antimatter%20factory%20and%20the%20discovery%20of%20the%20Higgs%20boson%E2%80%94this%20is%20part%20of%20what%20makes%20CERN%20famous.%20Only%20a%20few%20know%20that%20CERN%20also%20hosts%20the%20world%20largest%20Open%20Access%20initiative%3A%20SCOAP3.%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/280300" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/280300" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/280300" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/280300" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/280300" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="300" height="300" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/280300</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1732615622"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "publications"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnAccept', function (e) { var CookieDate = new Date; if (Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { CookieDate.setFullYear(CookieDate.getFullYear() + 1); document.cookie = "mdpi_layout_type_v2=mobile; path=/; expires=" + CookieDate.toUTCString() + ";"; $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); } }, false); window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnDecline', function (e) { if (!Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").hide(); if ("" === "desktop") { window.location = "/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"; } } }, false); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?f8d3d71b3a772f9d?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1732615622"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1732615622'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1732615622"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/slick.min.js?d5a61c749e44e471?1732615622"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(".link-article-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass("active"); }); $(".js-similarity-related-articles").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); if ('' !== $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open', $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')); } }); $.ajax({ url: "/article/140150/similarity-related/show-link", success: function(result) { if (result.show) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url', result.link); $('.js-article-similarity-container').show(); } } }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { var modal = $(this); if (modal.attr('id') === "author-biographies-modal") { modal.find('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, draggable: false, }); modal.find('.multiple-items').slick('refresh'); } }); }); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(document).on('keyup', function (e) { if (e.keyCode == 27) { var hElem = $(this).find(".annotator-adder"); if (hElem.length){ hElem.css({'visibility':'hidden'}); } else { document.querySelector("hypothesis-adder").shadowRoot.querySelector(".annotator-adder").style.visibility = "hidden"; } } }); }); </script> <script> window.hypothesisConfig = function () { return { sidebarAppUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/app.html', showHighlights: 'whenSidebarOpen' , openSidebar: false , assetRoot: 'https://commentingres.mdpi.com/hypothesis', services: [{ apiUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/api/', authority: 'mdpi', grantToken: '', doi: '10.3390/publications6020015' }], }; }; </script> <script async id="hypothesis_frame"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (-1 !== window.location.href.indexOf("?src=")) { window.history.replaceState({}, '', `${location.pathname}`); } $(document).ready(function() { var scifeedCounter = 0; var search = window.location.search; var mathjaxReady = false; // late image file loading $("img[data-lsrc]").each(function() { $(this).attr("src", $(this).data("lsrc")); }); // late mathjax initialization var head = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]; var script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/x-mathjax-config"; script[(window.opera ? "innerHTML" : "text")] = "MathJax.Hub.processSectionDelay = 0;\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Config({\n" + " \"menuSettings\": {\n" + " CHTMLpreview: false\n" + " },\n" + " \"CHTML-preview\":{\n" + " disabled: true\n" + " },\n" + " \"HTML-CSS\": {\n" + " scale: 90,\n" + " availableFonts: [],\n" + " preferredFont: null,\n" + " preferredFonts: null,\n" + " webFont:\"Gyre-Pagella\",\n" + " imageFont:'TeX',\n" + " undefinedFamily:\"'Arial Unicode MS',serif\",\n" + " linebreaks: { automatic: false }\n" + " },\n" + " \"TeX\": {\n" + " extensions: ['noErrors.js'],\n" + " noErrors: {\n" + " inlineDelimiters: [\"\",\"\"],\n" + " multiLine: true,\n" + " style: {\n" + " 'font-size': '90%',\n" + " 'text-align': 'left',\n" + " 'color': 'black',\n" + " 'padding': '1px 3px',\n" + " 'border': '1px solid'\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('End', function() {\n" + " refreshMathjaxWidths();\n" + " mathjaxReady = true;\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Startup.signal.Interest(function (message) {\n" + " if (message == 'End') {\n" + " var hypoLink = document.getElementById('hypothesis_frame');\n" + " if (null !== hypoLink) {\n" + " hypoLink.setAttribute('src', 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/embed.js');\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});"; head.appendChild(script); script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/javascript"; script.src = "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"; head.appendChild(script); // article version checker if (0 === search.indexOf('?type=check_update&version=')) { $.ajax({ url: "/2304-6775/6/2/15" + "/versioncheck" + search, success: function(result) { $(".js-check-update-container").html(result); } }); } $('#feed_option').click(function() { // tracker if ($('#scifeed_clicked').length<1) { $(this).append('<span style="display:none" id="scifeed_clicked">done</span>'); } $('#feed_data').toggle('slide', { direction: 'up'}, '1000'); // slideToggle(700); OR toggle(700) $("#scifeed_error_msg").html('').hide(); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html('').hide(); }); $('#feed_option').click(function(event) { setTimeout(function(){ var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); // var img = captchaSection.find('img'); // img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); // $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); var img = document.getElementById('gregwar_captcha_scifeed'); img.src = '/generate-captcha/gcb_captcha?n=' + (new Date()).getTime(); },800); }); $(document).on('click', '.split_feeds', function() { var name = $( this ).attr('name'); var flag = 1 - ($(this).is(":checked")*1); $('.split_feeds').each(function (index) { if ($( this ).attr('name') !== name) { $(this)[0].checked = flag; } }); }); $(document).on('click', '#scifeed_submit, #scifeed_submit1', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); $("#scifeed_error_msg").html(""); $("#scifeed_error_msg").hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.subscription_toggle', function(event) { if ($(this).val() === 'Create SciFeed' && $('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0) { event.preventDefault(); // alert('Here there would be a captcha because user is not logged in'); var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); if (captchaSection.hasClass('ui-helper-hidden')) { captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); var img = captchaSection.find('img'); img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); $("#reloadCaptcha").trigger("click"); } } }); $(document).on('click', '.scifeed_msg', function(){ $(this).hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.article-scilit-search', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var data = $(".article-scilit-search-data").val(); var dataArray = data.split(';').map(function(keyword) { return "(\"" + keyword.trim() + "\")"; }); var searchQuery = dataArray.join(" OR "); var searchUrl = encodeURI("https://www.scilit.net/articles/search?q="+ searchQuery + "&advanced=1&highlight=1"); var win = window.open(searchUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { win.focus(); } else { window.location(searchUrl); } }); display_stats(); citedCount(); follow_goto(); // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const targetNodes = document.getElementsByClassName('hypothesis-count-container'); // Options for the observer (which mutations to observe) const config = { attributes: false, childList: true, subtree: false }; // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const callback = function(mutationList, observer) { for(const mutation of mutationList) { if (mutation.type === 'childList') { let node = $(mutation.target); if (parseInt(node.html()) > 0) { node.show(); } } } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const observer = new MutationObserver(callback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations for(const targetNode of targetNodes) { observer.observe(targetNode, config); } // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const mathjaxTargetNode = document.getElementById('middle-column'); // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const mathjaxCallback = function(mutationList, observer) { if (mathjaxReady && typeof(MathJax) !== 'undefined') { refreshMathjaxWidths(); } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const mathjaxObserver = new ResizeObserver(mathjaxCallback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations mathjaxObserver.observe(mathjaxTargetNode); }); /* END $(document).ready */ function refreshMathjaxWidths() { let width = ($('.html-body').width()*0.9) + "px"; $('.MathJax_Display').css('max-width', width); $('.MJXc-display').css('max-width', width); } function sendScifeedFrom(form) { if (!$('#scifeed_email').val().trim()) { // empty email alert('Please, provide an email for subscribe to this scifeed'); return false; } else if (!$('#captchaSection').hasClass('ui-helper-hidden') && !$('#captchaSection').find('input').val().trim()) { // empty captcha alert('Please, fill the captcha field.'); return false; } else if( ((($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds:checked').length))<1) || ($('#scifeed_kwd_txt').length < 0 && !$('#scifeed_kwd_txt').val().trim()) || ($('#scifeed_author_txt').length<0 &&!$('#scifeed_author_txt').val().trim()) ) { alert('You did not select anything to subscribe'); return false; } else if(($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds2:checked').length)<1){ alert("You did not select anything to subscribe"); return false; } else { var url = $('#scifeed_subscribe_url').html(); var formData = $(form).serializeArray(); $.post(url, formData).done(function (data) { if (JSON.parse(data)) { $('.scifeed_msg').hide(); var res = JSON.parse(data); var successFeeds = 0; var errorFeeds = 0; if (res) { $('.scifeed_msg').html(''); $.each(res, function (index, val) { if (val) { if (val.error) { errorFeeds++; $("#scifeed_error_msg").append(index+' - '+val.error+'<br>'); } if (val.notice) // for successful feed creation { successFeeds++; // $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append(index+' - '+val.notice+'<br>'); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append('<li>'+index+'</li>'); } } }); if (successFeeds>0) { text = $('#scifeed_notice_msg').html(); text = 'The following feed'+(successFeeds>1?'s have':' has')+ ' been sucessfully created:<br><ul>'+ text + '</ul>' +($('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0 ? 'You are not logged in, so you probably need to validate '+ (successFeeds>1?'them':' it')+'.<br>' :'' ) +'Please check your email'+(successFeeds>1?'s':'')+' for more details.'; //(successFeeds>1?' for each of them':'')+'.<br>'; $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html(text); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").show(); } if (errorFeeds>0) { $("#scifeed_error_msg").show();; } } $("#feed_data").hide(); } }); } } function follow_goto() { var hashStr = location.hash.replace("#",""); if(typeof hashStr !== 'undefined') { if( hashStr == 'supplementary') { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); } if( hashStr == 'citedby') { document.getElementById('cited_id').scrollIntoView(); } } } function cited() { $("#framed_div").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded"); if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var container = document.getElementById("framed_div"); // This replace the content container.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732615622\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; var url = "/citedby/10.3390%252Fpublications6020015/168"; $.post(url, function(result) { if (result.success) { container.innerHTML = result.view; } loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; }); } } return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } function detect_device() { // Added by Bastien (18/08/2014): based on the http://detectmobilebrowsers.com/ detector var check = false; (function(a){if(/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows (ce|phone)|xda|xiino/i.test(a)||/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i.test(a.substr(0,4)))check = true})(navigator.userAgent||navigator.vendor||window.opera); return check; } function display_stats(){ $("#article_stats_div").toggle(); return false; } /* * Cited By Scopus */ function citedCount(){ $("#framed_div_cited_count").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded_cite_count"); // to load only once the result! if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var d = document.getElementById("framed_div_cited_count"); // This replace the content d.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732615622\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; $.ajax({ method : "POST", url : "/cite-count/10.3390%252Fpublications6020015", success : function(data) { if (data.succ) { d.innerHTML = data.view; loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; follow_goto(); } } }); } } // end else return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/highcharts.js?bdd06f45e34c33df?1732615622"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/modules/exporting.js?944dc938d06de3a8?1732615622"></script><script type="text/javascript" defer="defer"> var advancedStatsData; var selectedStatsType = "abstract"; $(function(){ var countWrapper = $('#counts-wrapper'); $('#author_stats_id #type_links a').on('click', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); selectedStatsType = $(this).data('type'); $('#article_advanced_stats').vectorMap('set', 'values', advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType]); $('#advanced_stats_max').html(advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType].max); $('#type_links a').removeClass('active'); $(this).addClass('active'); }); $.get('/2304-6775/6/2/15/stats', function (result) { if (!result.success) { return; } // process article metrics part in left column var viewNumber = countWrapper.find(".view-number"); viewNumber.html(result.metrics.views); viewNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.views == 0); var downloadNumber = countWrapper.find(".download-number"); downloadNumber.html(result.metrics.downloads); downloadNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.downloads == 0); var citationsNumber = countWrapper.find(".citations-number"); citationsNumber.html(result.metrics.citations); citationsNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.citations == 0); if (result.metrics.views > 0 || result.metrics.downloads > 0 || result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__views, #js-counts-wrapper__downloads").addClass("visible").show(); if (result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find('.citations-number').html(result.metrics.citations).show(); countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").addClass("visible").show(); } else { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").remove(); } $("[data-id='article-counters']").removeClass("hidden"); } if (result.metrics.altmetrics_score > 0) { $("#js-altmetrics-donut").show(); } // process view chart in main column var jsondata = result.chart; var series = new Array(); $.each(jsondata.elements, function(i, element) { var dataValues = new Array(); $.each(element.values, function(i, value) { dataValues.push(new Array(value.tip, value.value)); }); series[i] = {name: element.text, data:dataValues}; }); Highcharts.setOptions({ chart: { style: { fontFamily: 'Arial,sans-serif' } } }); $('#article_stats_swf').highcharts({ chart: { type: 'line', width: $("#tabs").width() //* 0.91 }, credits: { enabled: false }, exporting: { enabled: true }, title: { text: jsondata.title.text, x: -20 //center }, xAxis: { categories: jsondata.x_axis.labels.labels, offset: jsondata.x_axis.offset, labels:{ step: jsondata.x_axis.labels.steps, rotation: 30 } }, yAxis: { max: jsondata.y_axis.max, min: jsondata.y_axis.min, offset: jsondata.y_axis.offset, labels: { steps: jsondata.y_axis.steps }, title: { enabled: false } }, tooltip: { formatter: function (){ return this.key.replace("#val#", this.y); } }, legend: { align: 'top', itemDistance: 50 }, series: series }); }); $('#supplement_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); }); $('#stats_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('stats_id').scrollIntoView(); }); // open mol viewer for molbank special supplementary files $('.showJmol').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var jmolModal = $("#jmolModal"); var url = "/article/140150/jsmol_viewer/__supplementary_id__"; url = url.replace(/__supplementary_id__/g, $(this).data('index')); $('#jsmol-content').attr('src', url); jmolModal.find(".content").html($(this).data('description')); jmolModal.foundation("reveal", "open"); }); }); !function() { "use strict"; function e(e) { try { if ("undefined" == typeof console) return; "error"in console ? console.error(e) : console.log(e) } catch (e) {} } function t(e) { return d.innerHTML = '<a href="' + e.replace(/"/g, """) + '"></a>', d.childNodes[0].getAttribute("href") || "" } function n(n, c) { var o = ""; var k = parseInt(n.substr(c + 4, 2), 16); for (var i = c; i < n.length; i += 2) { if (i != c + 4) { var s = parseInt(n.substr(i, 2), 16) ^ k; o += String.fromCharCode(s); } } try { o = decodeURIComponent(escape(o)); } catch (error) { console.error(error); } return t(o); } function c(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("a"), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.href.indexOf(l); a > -1 && (o.href = "mailto:" + n(o.href, a + l.length)) } catch (i) { e(i) } } function o(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll(u), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.parentNode , i = o.getAttribute(f); if (i) { var l = n(i, 0) , d = document.createTextNode(l); a.replaceChild(d, o) } } catch (h) { e(h) } } function a(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("template"), n = 0; n < r.length; n++) try { i(r[n].content) } catch (c) { e(c) } } function i(t) { try { c(t), o(t), a(t) } catch (r) { e(r) } } var l = "/cnd-cgi/l/email-protection#" , u = ".__cf_email__" , f = "data-cfemail" , d = document.createElement("div"); i(document), function() { var e = document.currentScript || document.scripts[document.scripts.length - 1]; e.parentNode.removeChild(e) }() }(); </script><script type="text/javascript"> function setCookie(cname, cvalue, ctime) { ctime = (typeof ctime === 'undefined') ? 10*365*24*60*60*1000 : ctime; // default => 10 years var d = new Date(); d.setTime(d.getTime() + ctime); // ==> 1 hour = 60*60*1000 var expires = "expires="+d.toUTCString(); document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + "; " + expires +"; path=/"; } function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for(var i=0; i<ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0)==' ') c = c.substring(1); if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) return c.substring(name.length, c.length); } return ""; } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script><script> $(document).ready(function() { if ($("#js-similarity-related-data").length > 0) { $.ajax({ url: '/article/140150/similarity-related', success: function(response) { $("#js-similarity-related-data").html(response); $("#js-related-articles-menu").show(); $(document).foundation('tab', 'reflow'); MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub]); } }); } }); </script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732615622"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732615622"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1732615622"></script><script> $(function() { $(".js-show-more-academic-editors").on("click", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).hide(); $(".academic-editor-container").removeClass("hidden"); }); }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/vmap/jqvmap.min.css?126a06688aa11c13?1732615622"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.min.js?935f68d33bdd88a1?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.world.js?16677403c0e1bef1?1732615622"></script> <script> function updateSlick() { $('.multiple-items').slick('setPosition'); } $(document).ready(function() { $('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, responsive: [ { breakpoint: 1024, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 600, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 480, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } } ] }); $('.multiple-items').show(); $(document).on('click', '.reviewReportSelector', function(e) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, $(this)); }); $(document).on('click', '.viewReviewReports', function(e) { let versionOne = $('#versionTab_1'); if (!versionOne.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, versionOne); } location.href = "#reviewReports"; }); $(document).on('click', '.reviewersResponse, .authorResponse', function(e) { let version = $(this).attr('data-version'); let targetVersion = $('#versionTab_' + version); if (!targetVersion.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = targetVersion.attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, targetVersion); } location.href = $(this).attr('data-link'); }); $(document).on('click', '.tab', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); $('.tab').removeClass('activeTab'); $(this).addClass('activeTab') $('.tab').each(function() { $(this).closest('.tab-title').removeClass('active'); }); $(this).closest('.tab-title').addClass('active') }); }); function handleReviews(path, target) { $.ajax({ url: path, context: this, success: function (data) { $('.activeTab').removeClass('activeTab'); target.addClass('activeTab'); $('#reviewSection').html(data.view); }, error: function (xhr, ajaxOptions, thrownError) { console.log(xhr.status); console.log(thrownError); } }); } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?v1?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/storage.js?e9b262d3a3476d25?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/jquery-scrollspy.js?09cbaec0dbb35a67?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/magnific-popup.js?4a09c18460afb26c?1732615622"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/underscore.js?f893e294cde60c24?1732615622"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $('document').ready(function(){ $("#left-column").addClass("show-for-large-up"); $("#middle-column").removeClass("medium-9").removeClass("left-bordered").addClass("medium-12"); $(window).on('resize scroll', function() { /* if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport($(".top-bar").outerHeight())) { */ if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport()) { $("#js-button-download").hide(); } else { $("#js-button-download").show(); } }); }); $(document).on('DOMNodeInserted', function(e) { var element = $(e.target); if (element.hasClass('menu') && element.hasClass('html-nav') ) { element.addClass("side-menu-ul"); } }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/articles.js?5118449d9ad8913a?1732615622"></script> <script> repositionOpenSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').addClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").show(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-12').removeClass('medium-12'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-9'); } repositionCloseSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').removeClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").hide(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-9'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-12').addClass('medium-12'); } </script>   <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e8f15752a5b4822',t:'MTczMjY3ODY5MC4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Converting the Literature of a Scientific Field to Open Access through Global Collaboration: The Experience of SCOAP3 in Particle Physics