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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo" title="Higinio Morínigo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Higinio Morínigo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo" title="Higinio Morínigo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Higinio Morínigo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo" title="Higinio Morínigo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Higinio Morínigo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo" title="Higinio Morínigo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Higinio Morínigo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo" title="Higinio Morínigo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Higinio Morínigo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88" title="ایگینیو مورینیگو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایگینیو مورینیگو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo" title="Higinio Morínigo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Higinio Morínigo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo" title="Higinio Morínigo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Higinio Morínigo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Higinio Morínigo Martínez – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Higinio Morínigo Martínez" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo" title="Higinio Morínigo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Higinio Morínigo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo" title="Higinio Morínigo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Higinio Morínigo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%98%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Мориниго Мартинес, Ихинио – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мориниго Мартинес, Ихинио" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo" title="Higinio Morínigo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Higinio Morínigo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higinio_Mor%C3%AD%C3%B1igo" title="Higinio Moríñigo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Higinio Moríñigo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%97%D2%91%D0%BE" title="Іхініо Моріньїґо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іхініо Моріньїґо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higinio_Mor%C3%AD%C3%B1igo" title="Higinio Moríñigo – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Higinio Moríñigo" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC%E6%88%88" title="伊希尼奥·莫里尼戈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊希尼奥·莫里尼戈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q887269#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Higinio_Mor%C3%AD%C3%B1igo&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Higinio Moríñigo">Higinio Moríñigo</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Paraguay from 1940 to 1948</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Morínigo</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Martínez</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">Major General</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Higinio Morínigo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Morinigo_py_(cropped)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Morinigo_py_%28cropped%29_2.jpg/220px-Morinigo_py_%28cropped%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Morinigo_py_%28cropped%29_2.jpg/330px-Morinigo_py_%28cropped%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Morinigo_py_%28cropped%29_2.jpg/440px-Morinigo_py_%28cropped%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1501" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1946</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">35th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Paraguay" title="President of Paraguay">President of Paraguay</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 7, 1940 – June 3, 1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Estigarribia" title="José Félix Estigarribia">José Félix Estigarribia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Frutos" title="Juan Manuel Frutos">Juan Manuel Frutos</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Minister of War and Navy of Paraguay</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 17, 1940 – September 7, 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Eduardo Torreani Viera</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Paulino Ántola</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Minister of the Interior of Paraguay</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 25, 1939 – August 15, 1939</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Arturo Bray</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Nicolás Delgado</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Higinio Nicolás Morínigo Martínez</div><br />January 11, 1897<br /><a href="/wiki/Paraguar%C3%AD" title="Paraguarí">Paraguarí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 27, 1983<span style="display:none">(1983-01-27)</span> (aged 86)<br /><a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a>, Paraguay</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Dolores Ferrari (1932–1983)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Higinio Emilio, Juan Alberto, Guillermo Gerardo</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paraguay-Army-OF-7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Paraguay-Army-OF-7.svg/24px-Paraguay-Army-OF-7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Paraguay-Army-OF-7.svg/36px-Paraguay-Army-OF-7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Paraguay-Army-OF-7.svg/48px-Paraguay-Army-OF-7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="209" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">Major General</a> (1940)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Higinio Nicolás Morínigo Martínez</b> (11 January 1897 – 27 January 1983) was a Paraguayan military officer and politician who served as the 35th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Paraguay" title="President of Paraguay">president of Paraguay</a> from 1940 to 1948, ruling as a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born to a <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> family, Morínigo pursued a military career, serving as a prominent officer of the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Army" title="Paraguayan Army">Paraguayan Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Chaco_War" title="Chaco War">Chaco War</a>. After the war he served in the cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Authentic_Radical_Liberal_Party" title="Authentic Radical Liberal Party">liberal</a> President <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Paiva" title="Félix Paiva">Félix Paiva</a>. In May 1940, Morínigo was appointed Minister of War by President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Estigarribia" title="José Félix Estigarribia">José Félix Estigarribia</a>. After Estigarribia's death on 7 September, Morínigo succeeded him as <a href="/wiki/Acting_president" title="Acting president">acting president</a>. </p><p>Due to <a href="/wiki/1940_Paraguayan_constitutional_referendum" title="1940 Paraguayan constitutional referendum">the new constitution</a> enacted by Estigarribia shortly before his death, which gave immense power to the president, Morínigo was able to establish a military dictatorship. In 1943, after three years serving as acting president, Morínigo was elected to a full term, having run unopposed as all political parties were banned. </p><p>He was <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">overthrown</a> and was forced to resign in 1948 due to suspicions that he wanted to perpetuate himself in power, despite <a href="/wiki/Juan_Natalicio_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Juan Natalicio González">Juan Natalicio González</a> being chosen as his successor, he was replaced by then President of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_Paraguay" title="Supreme Court of Justice of Paraguay">Supreme Court of Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Frutos" title="Juan Manuel Frutos">Juan Manuel Frutos</a> as Provisional President.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_military_career">Early life and military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Higinio Nicolás Morínigo Martínez was born on 11 January 1897 in <a href="/wiki/Paraguar%C3%AD" title="Paraguarí">Paraguarí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguar%C3%AD_Department" title="Paraguarí Department">Paraguarí Department</a>, to a <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> family of merchants. He grew up speaking both <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a>. </p><p>He attended military college and entered the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Paraguay">Paraguayan Army</a> in 1922. He participated in the <a href="/wiki/Chaco_War" title="Chaco War">Chaco War</a> and was appointed the Army's Chief of Staff in 1936. Morínigo gained fame in Paraguay during the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution_(Paraguay)" title="February Revolution (Paraguay)">February Revolution of 1936</a> by heading an expedition to the site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Cor%C3%A1" title="Battle of Cerro Corá">Battle of Cerro Corá</a> to retrieve the remains of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez" title="Francisco Solano López">Francisco Solano López</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Estigarribia" title="José Félix Estigarribia">José Félix Estigarribia</a>, himself a Chaco War hero and supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Paraguay)" title="Liberal Party (Paraguay)">Liberal Party</a>, promoted Morínigo to general and appointed him as Minister of War on May 2, 1940. </p><p>After Estigarribia's unexpected death in an airplane crash on September 7, Morínigo was chosen by the army and Liberal ministers as interim President for the two-month period leading to new Presidential elections.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dictatorship_(1940-1948)"><span id="Dictatorship_.281940-1948.29"></span>Dictatorship (1940-1948)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dictatorship (1940-1948)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 30, 1940, after growing disagreements with the President, the Liberal ministers resigned from the government. On October 16 Morínigo announced that the aPresidential elections would be postponed for two years. Soon afterward he announced a policy of "discipline, hierarchy and order" <i>(disciplina, jerarquia, y orden)</i> and stated that persons who spread subversive ideas would be "subject to confinement".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 30, Morínigo banned all political parties and imposed a state of siege, which gave him the right to suspend civil liberties and arrest and detain people without trial. In a midday radio address announcing these measures, Morínigo declared, "The people and the Army from this moment will be under a single command." In his <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a> and subsequent rule, he was greatly assisted by the 1940 Constitution, a severely authoritarian document written by Estigarribia a few months earlier that gave the president sweeping executive powers. </p><p>To strengthen his authority, on February 4, 1941, Morínigo removed the influential Colonel Peredes from the post of <a href="/wiki/Interior_minister" title="Interior minister">interior minister</a>. On April 17, 1941, he suppressed a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Febrerista_Party" title="Revolutionary Febrerista Party"><i>febrerista</i></a> uprising by supporters of the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution_(Paraguay)" title="February Revolution (Paraguay)">February Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 25, 1942, he banned the Liberal Party, accusing them of conspiring with the <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivians</a> and exiled Party's leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morínigo's only remaining supporters were radicals from the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Party_(Paraguay)" title="Colorado Party (Paraguay)">Colorado Party</a> and the Army. During his dictatorship he faced widespread resistance, including <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strikes</a> and military revolts, but he survived by maintaining the loyalty of the Paraguayan Army, which received 45% of the country's budget. </p><p>Morínigo relied on the right-wing Colorado faction <i><a href="/wiki/Gui%C3%B3n_Rojo" title="Guión Rojo">Guión Rojo</a></i> (the "Red Banner"), led by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Natalico_Gonzalez" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Natalico Gonzalez">Juan Natalico Gonzalez</a>, as a paramilitary police force to intimidate <i>febreristas</i> and Liberals. Opposition newspapers were shut down and publishers exiled.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morínigo finally held presidential elections on February 15, 1943; he was the sole candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-fascist_sympathies">Pro-fascist sympathies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pro-fascist sympathies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo" title="Special:EditPage/Higinio Morínigo">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Higinio+Mor%C3%ADnigo%22">"Higinio Morínigo"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Higinio+Mor%C3%ADnigo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Higinio+Mor%C3%ADnigo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Higinio+Mor%C3%ADnigo%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Higinio+Mor%C3%ADnigo%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Higinio+Mor%C3%ADnigo%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Just as in other South American countries, pro-<a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> and pro-<a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> sympathies at this time were quite strong in the society and among military officers. After it entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1941, the United States tried to exert some pressure on Morínigo to limit the influence of <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> supporters. He kept Paraguay neutral for most of the war. He only officially declared war against the Axis in February 1945, without sending any soldiers to fight. </p><p>A surge of German influence in the region and Argentina's pro-Axis leanings alarmed the United States, which sought to wean Paraguay away from German and Argentine influence. At the same time, the United States sought to enhance its presence in the region and pursued close cooperation with Brazil, Argentina's traditional rival. To this end, the United States provided to Paraguay sizable amounts of funds and supplies under the <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> Agreement, provided loans for public works, and gave technical assistance in agriculture and health care. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> approved of closer ties between Brazil and Paraguay and especially supported Brazil's offer to finance a road project designed to reduce Paraguay's dependence on Argentina. </p><p>United States protests over German and Argentine activities in Paraguay fell on deaf ears. While the United States defined its interests in terms of resisting the fascist threat, Paraguayan officials believed their best interests lay in economic expediency and were reluctant to antagonize Germany until the outcome of the war was no longer in doubt. Many Paraguayans believed Germany was no more of a threat to Paraguay's <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> than the United States. </p><p>Much to the displeasure of the United States and Britain, Morínigo refused to act against German economic and diplomatic interests until the very end of the war. German agents had successfully converted many Paraguayans to the Axis cause. South America's first <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> branch had been founded in Paraguay in 1931. <a href="/wiki/German_diaspora#South_America" title="German diaspora">German immigrant</a> schools, churches, hospitals, farmers' cooperatives, youth groups, and charitable societies became active Axis backers. All of those organizations prominently displayed <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastikas</a> and portraits of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. </p><p>Morínigo's regime was pro-Axis. Large numbers of Paraguayan military officers and government officials were openly sympathetic to the Axis. Among these officials was the national police chief, who named his son Adolfo Hirohito after the best-known Axis leaders. By 1941, the official newspaper <i>El País</i> had adopted an overtly pro-German stance. At the same time, the government strictly controlled pro-<a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> labor unions. Police cadets wore swastikas and Italian insignia on their uniforms. </p><p>The December 1941 Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and Germany's declaration of war against the United States gave the United States the leverage it needed, however, to force Morínigo to commit himself publicly to the Allied cause. Morínigo officially severed diplomatic relations with the Axis countries in 1942, although he did not declare war against Germany until February 1945. Nonetheless, Morínigo continued to maintain close relations with the heavily German-influenced Argentine military throughout the war and provided a haven for Axis spies and agents. </p><p>The outbreak of World War II eased Morínigo's task of ruling Paraguay while keeping the army happy, because it stimulated demand for Paraguayan export products, such as meat, hides, and cotton, and boosted the country's export earnings. More important, United States policy toward Latin America at this time made Paraguay eligible for major economic assistance. Paraguay received American financial help which was used for improving roads and other infrastructure projects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_liberalization">Postwar liberalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postwar liberalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pressure from the US for democratization swept South America after the war. On June 9, 1946, Morínigo dismissed Colonel Benitez Vera, the right-wing head of the army, and crushed a short uprising by Vera's supporters. He then created a civilian coalition government formed by Colorado Party members and leftist <i>febreristas</i>, followers of former dictator <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Franco" title="Rafael Franco">Rafael Franco</a> and allowed some political freedoms, going so far as legalizing the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Communist_Party" title="Paraguayan Communist Party">Paraguayan Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite all this, in September 1946 he ordered suppression of opposition groups and used the Red Banner paramilitary group to attack the office of the Liberal newspaper <i>El País</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_war_of_1947">Civil war of 1947</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civil war of 1947"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Feeling that Morínigo was favouring the right-wing Colorados, the <i>febreristas</i> made common cause with the Liberal Party and the Communist Party in the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Civil_War_(1947)" title="Paraguayan Civil War (1947)">Civil War of 1947</a>. </p><p>The relaxation of the dictatorship was used by political parties to assert their influence in state institutions. In January 1947 officers loyal to the Colorado Party gained control of the army, and on January 11 <i>febreristas</i> quit the government and called on the army to overthrow Morínigo, who responded by declaring a state of siege and arresting <i>febreristas</i>, Liberals and Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 7 a bloody civil war started. Despite the fact that 80% of soldiers and 90% of officers were against him, Morínigo had the backing of Colorado party militias and Argentinian President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Peron" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Peron">Juan Peron</a>; he managed to win a conflict that caused many thousand deaths and up to 300,000 people to flee as refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The future dictator <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Alfredo Stroessner</a> was one of the few officers who remained loyal to Morínigo during the civil war. For the next 15 years, the Colorados were the only legal party in Paraguay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_from_power">Removal from power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Removal from power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 15, 1948, Morínigo organized presidential elections which were won by the only candidate allowed to run, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Natalicio_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Juan Natalicio González">Juan Natalicio González</a> —leader of the Colorado Party's Red Banner faction In return for his support of Gonzalez for president, Morínigo would have continued as commander-in-chief once he relinquished the presidency. Suspecting that Morínigo intended to use this as a means to retain power, on June 3 some Colorado Party loyalists under <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Molas_L%C3%B3pez" title="Felipe Molas López">Felipe Molas López</a> revolted and sent him into exile in Argentina. Supreme Court Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Frutos" title="Juan Manuel Frutos">Juan Manuel Frutos</a> was sworn in as interim president, serving the last two months of Morínigo's term until González was officially inaugurated on August 15, 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higinio_Mor%C3%ADnigo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portalguarani.com/2741_augusto_ocampos_caballero/20693_testimonios_de_un_presidente__entrevista_al_gral_higinio_morinigo__por_augusto_ocampos_caballero_.html">"TESTIMONIOS DE UN PRESIDENTE – ENTREVISTA AL GRAL. HIGINIO MORÍNIGO,"</a> by Augusto Ocampos Caballero. Retrieved October 29, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portalguarani.com/2183_higinio_morinigo_martinez.html">"HIGINIO MORÍNIGO MARTÍNEZ - Portal Guaraní"</a>. <i>portalguarani.com</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portalguarani.com&rft.atitle=HIGINIO+MOR%C3%8DNIGO+MART%C3%8DNEZ+-+Portal+Guaran%C3%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportalguarani.com%2F2183_higinio_morinigo_martinez.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiginio+Mor%C3%ADnigo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Current Biography 1941</i>, pp. 608–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Id. at 609</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e2F7c0wW7g4C&dq=Higinio+Mor%C3%AD%C3%B1igo&pg=PA211">A Reference Guide to Latin American History</a> p.211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbhOISlOv3MC&dq=Higinio+Mor%C3%AD%C3%B1igo&pg=PA243">The Cambridge History of Latin America, Volume 6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard B. Baldauf and Robert B. Kaplan, <i>Language Planning and Policy in Latin America,</i> p. 249 (Multilingual Matters, 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RwfKAgAAQBAJ&dq=Higinio+Mor%C3%AD%C3%B1igo&pg=PA1927">Paraguayan Civil War (1947)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ji-CQAAQBAJ&dq=Higinio+Mor%C3%AD%C3%B1igo&pg=PA675">Historical Dictionary of Paraguay</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbhOISlOv3MC&dq=Higinio+Mor%C3%AD%C3%B1igo&pg=PA243">The Cambridge History of Latin America, Volume 6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tMG2AgAAQBAJ&dq=Higinio+Mor%C3%AD%C3%B1igo&pg=PA242">The South America Handbook</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Paraguay President Deposed by Army," <i>El Paso Herald-Post</i>, June 3, 1948, p. 1</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Estigarribia" title="José Félix Estigarribia">José Félix Estigarribia</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Paraguay" title="President of Paraguay">President of Paraguay</a> </b><br />1940–1948 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Frutos" title="Juan Manuel Frutos">Juan Manuel Frutos</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_President_of_Paraguay.svg/196px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_President_of_Paraguay.svg/260px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Yegros" title="Fulgencio Yegros">Yegros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia" title="José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia">Rodríguez de Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Yegros" title="Fulgencio Yegros">Yegros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia" title="José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia">Rodríguez de Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Antonio_Ortiz" title="Manuel Antonio Ortiz">Ortiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Medina" title="Juan José Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Roque_Alonso" title="Mariano Roque Alonso">Roque Alonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Antonio_L%C3%B3pez" title="Carlos Antonio López">C.A. López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Solano_L%C3%B3pez" title="Francisco Solano López">F.S. López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirilo_Antonio_Rivarola" title="Cirilo Antonio Rivarola">Rivarola</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Facundo_Macha%C3%ADn" title="Facundo Machaín">Machaín</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirilo_Antonio_Rivarola" title="Cirilo Antonio Rivarola">Rivarola</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Jovellanos" title="Salvador Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Gill" title="Juan Bautista Gill">Gill</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Higinio_Uriarte" title="Higinio Uriarte">Uriarte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ndido_Bareiro" title="Cándido Bareiro">Bareiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Caballero" title="Bernardino Caballero">Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricio_Escobar" title="Patricio Escobar">Escobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gualberto_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Juan Gualberto González">J.G. González</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Mor%C3%ADnigo" title="Marcos Morínigo">M. Morínigo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Egusquiza" title="Juan Bautista Egusquiza">Egusquiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aceval" title="Emilio Aceval">Aceval</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_H%C3%A9ctor_Carvallo" title="Andrés Héctor Carvallo">Carvallo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Escurra" title="Juan Antonio Escurra">Escurra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Gaona" title="Juan Bautista Gaona">Gaona</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cecilio_B%C3%A1ez" title="Cecilio Báez">Báez</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Ferreira" title="Benigno Ferreira">Ferreira</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Navero" title="Emiliano González Navero">González Navero</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gondra" title="Manuel Gondra">Gondra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Albino_Jara" title="Albino Jara">Jara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberato_Marcial_Rojas" title="Liberato Marcial Rojas">Rojas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Pedro Peña">P. Peña</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Navero" title="Emiliano González Navero">González Navero</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Schaerer" title="Eduardo Schaerer">Schaerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Franco" title="Manuel Franco">M. Franco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pedro_Montero" title="José Pedro Montero">Montero</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gondra" title="Manuel Gondra">Gondra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Ayala" title="Eusebio Ayala">Eusebio Ayala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eligio_Ayala" title="Eligio Ayala">Eligio Ayala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luis_Alberto_Riart" title="Luis Alberto Riart">Riart</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eligio_Ayala" title="Eligio Ayala">Eligio Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Patricio_Guggiari" title="José Patricio Guggiari">Guggiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Ayala" title="Eusebio Ayala">Eusebio Ayala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Franco" title="Rafael Franco">R. Franco</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Paiva" title="Félix Paiva">Paiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Estigarribia" title="José Félix Estigarribia">Estigarribia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H. Morínigo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Frutos" title="Juan Manuel Frutos">Frutos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Natalicio_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Juan Natalicio González">J.N. González</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Rol%C3%B3n" title="Raimundo Rolón">Rolón</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Molas_L%C3%B3pez" title="Felipe Molas López">Molas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Romero_Pereira" title="Tomás Romero Pereira">Romero</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Stroessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(politician)" title="Andrés Rodríguez (politician)">Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Wasmosy" title="Juan Carlos Wasmosy">Wasmosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Cubas_Grau" title="Raúl Cubas Grau">Cubas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luis_%C3%81ngel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Macchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Ángel González Macchi">González Macchi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_Duarte" title="Nicanor Duarte">Duarte Frutos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Lugo" title="Fernando Lugo">Lugo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Federico_Franco" title="Federico Franco">F. Franco</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horacio_Cartes" title="Horacio Cartes">Cartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Abdo_Ben%C3%ADtez" title="Mario Abdo Benítez">Abdo Benítez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Santiago Peña">S. Peña</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Paraguay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/119px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/179px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/237px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate acting, interim or provisional role.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q887269#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q887269#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q887269#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117542672">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29542989">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/129434/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/105739114X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84033294">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119873450">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119873450">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/079454151">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/77802955">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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