Pan-Arab Colours

<html> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://flagspot.net:80/flags/arabcol.html","20121113021805","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1352773085"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <title>Pan-Arab Colours</title> <subtitle arab revolt flag, arab liberation flag> <editor eip> <abstract> <keywords pan-arab colours,arab revolt,hejaz,triangle: hoist (red),arab liberation flag,arab nationalism,egypt,iraq,jordan,kuwait,palestine,sudan,syria,transjordan,united arab emirates,western sahara,yemen,> </head> <body background="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/fotwbckg.gif">  <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113021805js_/http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"></script>  This page is part of © FOTW Flags Of The World website <h1>Pan-Arab Colours</h1> <h2>Arab Revolt Flag, Arab Liberation Flag</h2> Last modified: 2012-03-10 by <a href="mailme.html">eugene ipavec</a> Keywords: <a href="keywordp.html#pan-arab colours">pan-arab colours</a> | <a href="keyworda.html#arab revolt">arab revolt</a> | <a href="keywordh.html#hejaz">hejaz</a> | <a href="keywordt.html#triangle: hoist (red)">triangle: hoist (red)</a> | <a href="keyworda.html#arab liberation flag">arab liberation flag</a> | <a href="keyworda.html#arab nationalism">arab nationalism</a> | <a href="keyworde.html#egypt">egypt</a> | <a href="keywordi.html#iraq">iraq</a> | <a href="keywordj.html#jordan">jordan</a> | <a href="keywordk.html#kuwait">kuwait</a> | <a href="keywordp.html#palestine">palestine</a> | <a href="keywords.html#sudan">sudan</a> | <a href="keywords.html#syria">syria</a> | <a href="keywordt.html#transjordan">transjordan</a> | <a href="keywordu.html#united arab emirates">united arab emirates</a> | <a href="keywordw.html#western sahara">western sahara</a> | <a href="keywordy.html#yemen">yemen</a> | Links: <a href="index.html">FOTW homepage</a> | <a href="search.html">search</a> | <a href="random.html">random flag</a> | <a href="disclaim.html">disclaimer and copyright</a> | <a href="mailme.html">write us</a> | <a href="mirror.html">mirrors</a> <hr size="4" align="CENTER" width="60%">  <a href="/web/20121113021805/http://flagspot.net/images/a/arabcols.gif"> <img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/a/arabcols.gif" alt="[Arab Revolt Flag]" height="217" width="326" border="0"></a> Arab Revolt Flag image by Filip Van Laenen, 3 November 1996 <hr> <ul> <li><a href="#ori">Origin of the Pan-Arab Colours</a> <li><a href="#rev">Arab Revolt Flag</a> <li><a href="#lib">Arab Liberation Flag</a> <li><a href="#sta">Stars in Arab Flags</a> <li><a href="#cha">Comparative Chart of Arab Flags</a> <li><a href="ae1820tr.html">General Maritime Treaty of 1820</a> (origin of white colour in red Persian Gulf flags) </ul> <hr> See also: <ul> <li>Countries which use or used the Arab Revolt colours on their flag: <ul> <li><a href="hejaz.html">Kingdom of Hejaz 1915-1922</a> <li><a href="iq.html">Iraq</a> (particularly <a href="iq_1920.html">1920-1924</a> and <a href="iq_kingd.html">1924- 1958</a>) <li><a href="jo.html">Jordan</a> <li><a href="kw.html">Kuwait</a> <li><a href="ly_1951.html">Lybia 1951-1972</a> <li><a href="ps.html">Palestine</a> <li><a href="sd.html">Sudan</a> <li><a href="sy.html">Syria</a> <li><a href="ae.html">United Arab Emirates</a> <li><a href="eh.html">Western Sahara</a> </ul> <li>Countries which use the Arab Liberation colours on their flag: <ul> <li><a href="eg.html">Egypt</a> <li><a href="sd.html">Sudan</a> <li><a href="sy.html">Syria</a> <li><a href="ye.html">Yemen</a> </ul> <li><a href="islam.html">Islamic flags</a> </ul> <hr> Other sites: <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113021805/http://www.terra.es/personal7/jqvaraderey/190523ar.gif">Arabia 1905-1923 Map</a> </ul> <hr> <a name="ori"></a> <h2>Origin of the Pan-Arab Colours</h2> From the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113021805/http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/meaning_of_flag.htm">PASSIA home page</a>: <dl> <dt>Red <dd>The Khawarij were the first Islamic group to emerge after the assassination of Caliph Uthman III, forming the first republican party in the early days of Islam. Their symbol was the red flag. Arab tribes who participated in the conquest of North Africa and Andalusia carried the red flag, which became the symbol of the Islamic rulers of Andalusia (756-1355). <dd>In modern times, red symbolizes the Ashrafs [ie. Sharifians] of the Hijaz and the Hashemites, descendants of the Prophet. <dt>Green: The Fatimid Dynasty (909-1171), North Africa <dd>The Fatimid Dynasty was founded in Morocco by Abdullah Al-Mahdi, and went on rule all of North Africa. They took green as their color, to symbolize their allegiance to Ali, the Prophet's cousin, who was once wrapped in a green coverlet in place of the Prophet in order to thwart an assassination attempt. <dt>White: The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750), Damascus <dd>The Umayyads ruled for ninety years, taking white as their symbolic color as a reminder of the Prophet's first battle at Badr, and to distinguish themselves from the Abbasids, by using white, rather than black, as their color of mourning. Mu'awia Ibn Abi Sufian (661-750), founder of the Umayyad state, proclaimed himself Caliph of Jerusalem. <dt>Black: The Prophet Mohammad (570-632) <dd>In the seventh century, with the rise of Islam and subsequent liberation of Mecca, two flags - one white, one black - were carried. On the white flag was written, "There is no god but God (Allah) and Mohammad is the Prophet of God." <dd>In pre-Islamic times, the black flag was a sign of revenge. It was the color of the headdress worn when leading troops into battle. Both black and white flags were placed in the mosque during Friday prayers. <dd>The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258), ruling from Baghdad, took black as a symbol of mourning for the assassination of relatives of the Prophet and in remembrance of the Battle of Karbala. </dl> Quoted source: Abdul Hadi 1986 [<a href="bib-hba.html#hdi86">hdi86</a>]. <hr width="50%"> <h3>Arab Literature Club, Istanbul (1909-1911)</h3> <a href="/web/20121113021805/http://flagspot.net/images/a/arab_09.gif"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/a/arab_09.gif" alt="Arab Literature Club" height="216" align="bottom" border="0"></a> by Ivan Sache, 21 June 2003 According to P. Lux-Wurm, Les drapeaux de l'Islam (<a href="bib-lua.html#lux01">[lux01]</a>), the use of these colours by Arab liberation movements can be traced back to the beginning of the 20th century. The Arab Literature Club was founded in Istanbul (Turkey) in 1909. Its flag was horizontally divided white-black-green-red. The four colours of the flag refered to a poem by Safi al-Din-al-Hili (1278-1349): "White are our acts, black our battles, green our fields, And red our swords." The flag of the Arab Literature club vanished in 1911, when new movements took the leadership of pan-Arabism. Ivan Sache, 21 June 2003 <hr width="50%"> <h3>Society of Young Arabs (1914)</h3> <a href="/web/20121113021805/http://flagspot.net/images/a/arab_14.gif"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/a/arab_14.gif" alt="Society of Young Arabs" height="216" align="bottom" border="0"></a> by Ivan Sache, 21 June 2003 In March 1914, the Society of Young Arabs was founded in Beirut (Lebanon). Its agenda was to fight against the Ottoman Empire until the independence of the Arab countries. In August 1914, when the first World War broke out, the movement spread to other Moslim countries. The Party for Ottoman Decentralization (Hizb al-lamrkaziya al-idariya al-uthmani) was founded in Cairo (Egypt) by Syrians. Its agenda was the fight for decentralization and autonomy of the provinces within the Ottoman Empire. Both organizations used the same flag, horizontally divided green-white-black. The symbolism of the colours was described by the Party for Ottoman Decentralization in an official statement as follows: "Praise be to our nation covered by the night (black), by our consciousness (white) and by hope (green)." There was no explicit religious reference, most probably because the Party called for struggle between Muslim countries. Ivan Sache, 12 June 2003 <hr> <a name="rev"></a> <h2>Arab Revolt Flag</h2> <a href="/web/20121113021805/http://flagspot.net/images/a/arabcols.gif"> <img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/a/arabcols.gif" alt="[Arab Revolt Flag]" height="217" width="326" border="0"></a> Arab Revolt Flag image by Filip Van Laenen, 3 November 1996 From the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113021805/http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/meaning_of_flag.htm">PASSIA home page</a>: "Sharif Hussein designed the flag of the Arab Revolt on June 1916. The Palestinian people raised it as the flag of the Arab National movement in 1917. In 1947, the Arab Ba'ath Party interpreted the flag as a symbol of the liberation and unity of the Arab nation. The Palestinian people readopted the flag at the Palestinian conference in Gaza in 1948. The flag was recognized by the Arab League as the flag of the Palestinian people. It was further endorsed by the PLO, the representative of the Palestinians, at the Palestinian conference in Jerusalem in 1964." Quoted source: Abdul Hadi 1986 [<a href="bib-hba.html#hdi86">hdi86</a>]. After the fall of Hejaz the colors were used by Husain's sons 'Abdulla (emir of the Transjordan) and Faisal (king of Iraq). Later on they became known as the Pan-Arab colors. Harald Müller, 13 March 1996 The flag of Sharif Hussein of Hejaz, was a conscious union of the old Islamic dynasties, plus the red of Sharifian clan. The red also came to symbolise revolt against the Turks. Husain's 3 sons became kings of <a href="jo.html">Jordan</a>, <a href="sy1920k.html">Syria</a>, and <a href="iq.html">Iraq</a>, hence the minor differentiations in the Sharifian flag. Hussein's original intent was for his flag to be identical in those 3 countries with the addition of one star for Jordan-Palestine, two stars for Iraq, and three stars for Syria. The Jordanian one is the only that has survived, and the <a href="ps.html">Palestinians</a> use the same flag without the star as a tie to their original territorial integrity. (<a href="ps_his.html#ptj">Palestine and Transjordan</a> were split in 1923 to clarify that a Jewish homeland did not apply to the latter.) In 1961 <a href="kw.html">Kuwait</a> switched from its red Gulf flag to a Sharifian variant. T. F. Mills, April 1998 During World War I, Arabs in the <a href="hejaz.html">Hejaz</a> (the Red Sea coast of the Arabian peninsula) rose up against the <a href="tr-ottom.html">Ottoman Sultan</a>, with the help of the British, who were fighting the Ottomans at the time. The revolt was headed by the Hashemite dynasty of Mecca, and their banner was red, white, green, and red. <a href="jo.html">Jordan</a> is the last state left with a Hashemite ruling king, and thus its flag is closest to the original model. The colours are intended to correspond to the early Islamic dynasties of the first half of the middle ages; this is probably an "invented tradition," as the use of flags by such dynasties is anachronistic. The Hashemite revolt was the Arab world's first embrace of European-style nationalism, but it was largely unsuccessful, mostly due to lack of Western support. The Arab-speaking areas of the old Ottoman empire were mostly divided up between France and England, though the British did install Hashemite princes as local rulers in the areas they controlled. Even in the Hejaz, the Hashemites were driven out by the Wahabi <a href="sa.html">Saudi</a> dynasty, which, then as now, was less concerned with Arab nationalism than in its doctrine of religious fundamentalism. Nevertheless the flag was remembered as associated with <a href="#lib">Arab nationalism</a>, even if the Hashemite dynasty was not. Joshua Fruhlinger, 11 January 1999 <hr> <a name="lib"></a> <h2>Arab Liberation Flag</h2> <a href="/web/20121113021805/http://flagspot.net/images/a/arablib.gif"> <img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/a/arablib.gif" alt="[Arab Liberation Flag]" height="216" border="0"></a> by Santiago Dotor, 11 May 1999 The <a href="eg.html">Egyptian</a> revolution of 1953 gave birth to the "Arab Liberation Flag" wherein the pan-Arab red-white-black tricolour took on new meaning. Black stands for the past history of foreign oppression, white stands for the bright future, and red stands for the bloody sacrifice required to get from the black to the white. Radical states (e.g. Ba'athists) have adopted variants while preserving the basic symbolism. T. F. Mills, Aril 1998 When the next phase of Arab nationalism began, in the aftermath of WWII, it was dominated by pan-Arabist parties like the Ba'ath party and military strongmen who set up republics. Although this wave of nationalism swept away the Hashemite king of <a href="iq.html">Iraq</a>, most of its leaders used a red-white-black banner derived from the original Arab revolt. <a href="eg.html">Egypt</a> adopted a red-white-black flag at this time, though not identical to the current model. The fact that this flag adoption coincides with the adoptions of very similar flags by <a href="sy.html">Syria</a>, <a href="iq.html">Iraq</a>, <a href="ye.html">Yemen</a> and <a href="ly.html">Libya</a> (Qadaffi's all-green flag didn't come in till later) seems to prove false the idea that said colors are inherently Egyptian. In fact, the Egyptian regime that made this flag choice is the same one that would later participate in the short-lived experiment of the <a href="sy-his2.html#1958">United Arab Republic</a>, a brief union between Egypt and Syria. This project shows aspirations beyond mere Egyptianism. Since this tide of Arab nationalism did not result in Arab unity, as the failure of the UAR helped show, it is not surprising that the current Egyptian government ties the color scheme to purely Egyptian ideologies. However, I think this helps demonstrate the dangers of taking "official" descriptions of flags at face value. Joshua Fruhlinger, 11 January 1999 <hr> <a name="sta"></a> <h2>Stars in Arab Flags</h2> The stars that serve to differentiate most of these flags have practical meanings. The Sharifian flags [<a href="jo.html">Jordan</a>, <a href="iq_1920.html">Iraq 1920-1924</a> and <a href="iq_kingd.html">1924-1958</a>] have seven-pointed stars symbolising the seven fundamental verses of the first Surah of the Qu'ran. The Arab Liberation flags have five-pointed stars: The <a href="sy- his2.html#1958">United Arab Republic</a> flag of 1958 had two stars (in green to restore the missing pan-Arab colour) representing Egypt and Syria. In 1962 the <a href="ye-north.html">Yemen Arab Republic</a> (North Yemen) adopted a one-star version (representing unity and independence). In 1967 the <a href="ye-south.html">People's Democratic Republic of South Yemen</a> adopted a version with one red star on a light blue triangle (the star being the National Liberation Front leading the blue people). United <a href="ye.html">Yemen</a>'s flag in 1990 is a plain tricolour with no stars. In 1963 <a href="sy-his2.html#1963">Syria</a> and <a href="iq.html">Iraq</a> switched to 3 stars to represent pan-Arab (Ba'athist) solidarity (and Iraq alone has that flag today). In 1972 Egypt, Syria and Libya formed the <a href="far.html">Federation of Arab Republics</a> incorporating the hawk (not eagle) of the Quraish, which represents the tribe of Muhammad, instead of stars. The Federation did not last long, and Syria in 1980 reverted back to the two-star UAR flag, and <a href="ly.html">Libya</a> in 1977 switched to a plain green flag (representing the "green revolution"). T. F. Mills, April 1998 <hr> <a name="cha"></a> <h2>Comparative Chart of Arab Flags</h2> The following chart is adapted and expanded from Smith 1977 [<a href="bib-smi.html#smi77">smi77</a>], pp. 154-155. Copyright notice: For design reasons, no image credit is given in this table see the referred pages for image credits. Ole Andersen, 23 July 2002 <table cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2" border="1"> <tr>  <td>   </td>  <td> Yemen (South) </td>  <td> Yemen (North) </td>  <td> Sudan </td>  <td> Egypt </td>  <td> Libya </td>  <td> Syria </td>  <td> Iraq </td>  <td> Jordan </td> </tr> <tr>  <td> -1911 </td>  <td rowspan="19"> <a href="ye_brit.html#bef"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/y/ye_adn.gif" alt="[Colony of Aden]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>  <td rowspan="3"> <a href="tr-ottom.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/t/tr.gif" alt="[flag of the Ottoman Empire]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"> </td>  <td rowspan="2"> <a href="tr-ottom.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/t/tr.gif" alt="[flag of the Ottoman Empire]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"> </td>  <td rowspan="2"> <a href="tr-ottom.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/t/tr.gif" alt="[flag of the Ottoman Empire]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"> </td>  <td> <a href="tr-ottom.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/t/tr.gif" alt="[flag of the Ottoman Empire]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"> </td>  <td rowspan="3"> <a href="tr-ottom.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/t/tr.gif" alt="[flag of the Ottoman Empire]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"> </td>  <td rowspan="4"> <a href="tr-ottom.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/t/tr.gif" alt="[flag of the Ottoman Empire]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"> </td>  <td rowspan="3"> <a href="tr-ottom.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/t/tr.gif" alt="[flag of the Ottoman Empire]" height="50" border="0" align="top"> </td> </tr> <tr>  <td> 1911-1914 </td>      <td rowspan="14"> <a href="it-king.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/i/it-1897m.gif" alt="[flag of the Kingdom of Italy]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>    </tr> <tr>  <td> 1914-1918 </td>    <td rowspan="7"> <a href="sd-hist.html#cond"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/e/eg-gb.gif" alt="[Flag of Egypt, 1914]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"> <img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/g/gb.gif" border="0" alt="[Flag of the United Kingdom]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>  <td rowspan="7"> <a href="eg-brit.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/e/eg-gb.gif" alt="[Flag of Egypt, 1914]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>     </tr> <tr>  <td> 1918-1919 </td>   <td rowspan="9"> <a href="ye_kingd.html#ima"> </td>     <td rowspan="2"> <a href="sy-his.html#1918"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/s/sy-1918.gif" alt="[Syria 1918-1920]" height="50" border="0"></a> </td>   <td rowspan="2"> <a href="jo_his.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/a/arabcols.gif" alt="[Arab Revolt Flag]" height="50" border="0"></a> </td> </tr> <tr>  <td> 1919-1920 </td>        <td> <a href="iq_1920.html#921"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/i/iq_1921.gif" alt="[Iraq flag, 1921]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"> </td>  </tr> <tr>  <td> 1920 </td>       <td> <a href="sy-his.html#1920j"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/s/sy1920j!.gif" alt="[French Mandate July-August 1920 (Syria)]" height="50" border="0"></a> </td>  <td rowspan="5"> <a href="iq_1920.html#922"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/i/iq_1922.gif" alt="[Iraq flag, 1922]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"> </td>  <td rowspan="2"> <a href="jo_his.html#1921"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/j/jo1921.gif" alt="[Transjordan (1921-1928)]" height="50" border="0"></a> </td> </tr> <tr>  <td> 1920-1921       <td rowspan="2"> <a href="sy-his.html#1920"> <img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/s/sy-dam20.gif" alt="[Autonomous State of Damascus 1920-1924 (Syria)]" height="50" border="0"> <img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/s/sy-alp20.gif" alt="[Autonomous State of Aleppo 1920-1924 (Syria)]" height="50" border="0"> <img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/s/sy-fralw.gif" alt="[Autonomous State of the Alawites 1923-1930 (Syria)]" height="50" border="0"></a> </td>   </tr> <tr>  <td> 1921-1922 </td>         <td rowspan="27"> <a href="jo.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/j/jo.gif" alt="[Jordan]" height="50" border="0"></a> </td> </tr> <tr>  <td> 1922-1923 </td>       <td rowspan="5"> <a href="sy-his.html#1922"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/s/sy-fr.gif" alt="[French Mandate of Syria 1920-1932]" height="50" border="0"> </td>   </tr> <tr>  <td> 1923-1924 </td>    <td rowspan="8"> <a href="sd-hist.html#cond"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/e/eg-1923.gif" alt="[Flag of Egypt in 1923]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"> <img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/g/gb.gif" border="0" alt="[Flag of the United Kingdom]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>  <td rowspan="9"> <a href="eg-kingd.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/e/eg-1923.gif" alt="[Flag of Egypt in 1923]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>     </tr> <tr>  <td> 1924-1925 </td>        <td rowspan="9"> <a href="iq_kingd.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/i/iq_39.gif" alt="[Flag of the Kingdom of Iraq]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>  </tr> <tr>  <td> 1925-1927 </td>         </tr> <tr>  <td> 1927-1932 </td>   <td rowspan="9"> <a href="ye_kingd.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/y/ye_kingd.gif" alt="[Kingdom of Yemen]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"> </td>       </tr> <tr>  <td> 1932-1939 </td>       <td rowspan="5"> <a href="s/sy-his2.html#1932"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/s/sy-1946.gif" alt="[Syrian flag 1946-58 and 1961-63]" height="50" border="0"></a> </td>   </tr> <tr>  <td> 1939-1947 </td>         </tr> <tr>  <td> 1947-1951 </td>      <td> <a href="ly.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/l/ly-cyr.gif" alt="[Flag of Cyrenaique, 1947]" border="0" height="50"></a> </td>    </tr> <tr>  <td> 1951-1954 </td>      <td rowspan="8"> <a href="ly.html#1951"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/l/ly-1951.gif" alt="[Libyan flag in 1951]" border="0" height="50"></a> </td>    </tr> <tr>  <td> 1954-1958 </td>    <td rowspan="7"> <a href="sd-hist.html#old"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/s/sd-1956.gif" border="0" alt="[Flag of Sudan, 1956-70]" height="50"></a> </td>      </tr> <tr>  <td> 1958-1959 </td>     <td rowspan="7"> <a href="eg-uar.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/e/eg-uar.gif" alt="[Flag of UAR]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>   <td rowspan="2"> <a href="sy-his2.html#1958"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/s/sy-1958.gif" alt="[Syrian flag 1958-1961]" height="50" border="0"></a> </td>   </tr> <tr>  <td> 1959-1961 </td>  <td rowspan="3"> <a href="ye_brit.html#1959"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/y/ye_adn.gif" alt="[Colony of Aden]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"> <img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/y/ye_fsa.gif" alt="[Federation of South Arabia]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>       <td rowspan="3"> <a href="iq_1959.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/i/iq-1959.gif" alt="[1959 Flag of Iraq]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"> </td>  </tr> <tr>  <td> 1961-1962 </td>       <td rowspan="2"> <a href="s/sy-his2.html#1932"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/s/sy-1946.gif" alt="[Syrian flag 1946-58 and 1961-63]" height="50" border="0"></a> </td>   </tr> <tr>  <td> 1962-1963 </td>   <td rowspan="8"> <a href="ye-north.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/y/ye-n1962.gif" alt="[North Yemen]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"> </td>       </tr> <tr>  <td> 1963-1967 </td>  <td> <a href="ye_fsa.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/y/ye_fsa.gif" alt="[Federation of South Arabia]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>      <td rowspan="3"> <a href="sy-his2.html#1963"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/s/sy1963.gif" alt="[Syria 1963-1972]" height="50" border="0"></a> </td>  <td rowspan="8"> <a href="iq_1963.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/i/iq_1963.gif" alt="[Iraq 1963]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>  </tr> <tr>  <td> 1967-1969 </td>  <td rowspan="6"> <a href="ye_south.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/y/ye_pdry.gif" alt="[South Yemen]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>        </tr> <tr>  <td> 1969-1972 </td>    <td rowspan="10"> <a href="sd.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/s/sd.gif" border="0" alt="[Flag of Sudan]" height="50"></a> </td>   <td> <a href="ly.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/l/ly_1969.gif" alt="[Libyan flag 1969-72]" border="0" height="50"></a> </td>    </tr> <tr>  <td> 1972-1977 </td>     <td rowspan="3"> <a href="eg-1972.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/e/eg-1972.gif" alt="[Flag of Egypt 1972-1984]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>  <td> <a href="ly.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/e/eg-1972.gif" alt="[Flag of Libya 1972-1977]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>  <td rowspan="2"> <a href="sy-shi2.html#1972"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/s/sy-1972.gif" alt="[Syria 1972-80 (1972-77 Federation of Arab Republics)]" height="50" border="0"></a> </td>   </tr> <tr>  <td> 1977-1980 </td>      <td rowspan="7"> <a href="ly.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/l/ly_1977.gif" alt="[Libyan flag]" border="0" height="50"></a> </td>    </tr> <tr>  <td> 1980-1984 </td>       <td rowspan="7"> <a href="sy.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/s/sy.gif" alt="[Syria]" height="50" border="0"></a> </td>   </tr> <tr>  <td> 1984-1991 </td>     <td rowspan="6"> <a href="eg.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/e/eg.gif" alt="[Flag of Egypt]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>     </tr> <tr>  <td> 1990-1991 </td>  <td rowspan="5" colspan="2"> <div align="center">Yemen</div> <a href="ye.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/y/ye.gif" alt="[Flag of Yemen]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"> </td>        </tr> <tr>  <td> 1991-2004 </td>        <td> <a href="iq.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/i/iq_sh.gif" alt="[Flag of Iraq]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>  </tr> <tr>  <td> 2004-2008 </td>        <td> <a href="iq.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/i/iq2004.gif" alt="[Flag of Iraq]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>  </tr> <tr>  <td> 2008-2011 </td>        <td rowspan="2"> <a href="iq.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/i/iq.gif" alt="[Flag of Iraq]" height="50" border="0" align="bottom"></a> </td>  </tr> <tr>  <td> 2011- </td>      <td rowspan="1"> <a href="ly.html"><img src="/web/20121113021805im_/http://flagspot.net/images/l/ly.gif" alt="[Libyan flag]" border="0" height="50"></a> </td>    </tr> </table>  <hr> <center> 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