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</a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Marxist categorisation, see <a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist Marxism</a>. For the post-World War II political alliance in Italy, see <a href="/wiki/Centrism_(Italy)" title="Centrism (Italy)">Centrism (Italy)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Political centre" redirects here. 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Centrism is the range of political <a href="/wiki/Ideologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideologies">ideologies</a> that exist between <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a>. It is associated with moderate politics, including people who strongly support moderate policies and people who are not strongly aligned with left-wing or right-wing policies. Centrism is commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">radical centrism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarianism</a>. Those who identify as centrist support <a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">gradual</a> political change, often through a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> with moderate <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistributive policies</a>. Though its placement is widely accepted in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, radical groups that oppose centrist ideologies may sometimes describe them as leftist or rightist. Centrist parties typically hold the middle position between major left-wing and right-wing parties, though in some cases they will hold the left-leaning or right-leaning vote if there are no viable parties in the given direction. Centrist parties in <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party systems</a> hold a strong position in forming <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition governments</a> as they can accommodate both left-wing and right-wing parties, but they are often junior partners in these coalitions that are unable to enact their own policies. These parties are weaker in <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> systems. Parties and politicians have various incentives to move toward or away from the centre, depending on how they seek votes. Some <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> parties take centrist positions, basing their political position on opposition to the government instead of <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">left-wing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a>. Centrism developed with the left–right political spectrum during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, when assemblymen associated with neither the radicals nor the reactionaries sat between the two groups. Liberalism became the dominant centrist ideology in the 18th century with its support for <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individual_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual rights">individual rights</a>, challenging both <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. Agrarianism briefly existed as a major European centrist movement in the late-19th and early-20th centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> caused centrists to abandon <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a> in favour of <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racism</a>. Centrism became more influential after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> as it spread through Europe and the Americas, but it declined in favour of populism after the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Ideology_and_political_positions">1 Ideology and political positions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Political_function">2 Political function</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Elections_and_retention_of_power">2.1 Elections and retention of power</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Coalition_building">2.2 Coalition building</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Political_polarisation">2.3 Political polarisation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Regional_variation">2.4 Regional variation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#History">3 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#18th_and_19th_centuries">3.1 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#World_Wars_and_Cold_War">3.2 World Wars and Cold War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#1990s%E2%80%93present">3.3 1990s–present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Notes">5 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References">6 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Books">6.1 Books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Journals">6.2 Journals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Ideology_and_political_positions">Ideology and political positions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Centrism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ideology and political positions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> As with all ideological groups, the exact boundaries of what constitutes centrism are not perfectly defined,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski20231-1">[1]</a> but its specific placement on the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a> makes its position clearer relative to other ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodon2015178-2">[2]</a> Centrism most commonly refers to a set of moderate political beliefs between <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a>. Individuals who describe themselves as centrist may hold strong beliefs that align with moderate politics, or they may identify as centrist because they do not hold particularly strong left-wing or right-wing beliefs. In some cases, individuals who simultaneously hold strong left-wing beliefs and strong right-wing beliefs may also describe themselves as centrist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodon2015181-3">[3]</a> Although the left-centre-right <a href="/wiki/Trichotomy_(philosophy)" title="Trichotomy (philosophy)">trichotomy</a> is well established in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, individuals far from the political centre may occasionally reframe it, with the far-right alleging that the centre is leftist and the far-left alleging that the centre is rightist. Likewise, they may allege that their more moderate counterparts, the <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a>, are actually centrists because they are insufficiently radical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski20236-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> is commonly associated with the political centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski20236-4">[4]</a> Both left-leaning and right-leaning variants of liberalism may be grouped within a broader understanding of centrism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007218-5">[5]</a> In Europe, left-leaning liberalism emphasises <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a> and is more common in nations with strong conservative movements, while right-leaning liberalism emphasises <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a> and is more common in nations with strong Christian democratic movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007220-6">[6]</a> Social liberalism combines centrist economic positions with <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> stances on social and cultural issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECloseLegein2023152-7">[7]</a> Left-leaning liberalism generally sits closer to the centre than right-leaning liberalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007221-8">[8]</a> Parties associated with <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">green politics</a> commonly adopt the liberal position on social issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007223-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Green_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Green parties">Green parties</a>, usually associated with left-wing politics, have a history of centrist economic policies in Central and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2023186-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a>, often considered a centre-right ideology, is sometimes grouped with the centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramborLindvall2018214-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a> may also be grouped with the centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramborLindvall2018113-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007218-5">[5]</a> Agrarian parties are associated with the interests of <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmers</a> and other people associated with <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007223-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a> are also major agrarian ideals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007226-13">[13]</a> These parties often developed in European countries where there was not a strong liberal movement, and vice versa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007218-5">[5]</a> but they became less relevant by the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007226-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a> is a form of centrism defined by its rejection of the left–right dichotomy or of ideology in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETormey1998148-14">[14]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberal_scepticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberal scepticism (page does not exist)">Liberal scepticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-republicanism">neo-republicanism</a> can both be elements of radical centrism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETormey1998165-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a> politics is a radical centrist approach taken by centre-left parties to find a middle ground between <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETormey1998147%E2%80%93149-16">[16]</a> Though <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> is commonly associated with strong left-wing or right-wing beliefs, centrist populism is critical of the political system independently of social, economic, and cultural issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Kessel2023274-17">[17]</a> Centrist populist parties often do not have a strong ideological component, instead making <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> politics the core of their message to capitalise on voter dissatisfaction and receive <a href="/wiki/Protest_vote" title="Protest vote">protest votes</a>. These parties are most common in Central and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngler2020307%E2%80%93309-18">[18]</a> Centrism advocates <a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">gradual</a> change within a political system, opposing the right's adherence to the status quo and the left's support for radical change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoshinsky2007110-19">[19]</a> Support for a <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> is a defining trait of centrism, holding that it is preferable to <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan199720%E2%80%9321-20">[20]</a> In contemporary politics, centrists generally support a liberal <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoshinsky2007161-21">[21]</a> Centrist coalitions are associated with larger <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a> programs, but they are generally less inclusive than those organised under social democratic governments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENo%C3%ABlTh%C3%A9rien2008121-22">[22]</a> Centrists may support some <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistributive policies</a>, but they oppose the total abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoshinsky2007110-19">[19]</a> Centrist liberalism seeks institutional reform, but it prioritises prudence when enacting change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011243-23">[23]</a> European centrist parties are typically in favour of <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> and were the primary movers in the development of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasilopoulou2023306-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZur20211756-25">[25]</a> Whether political positions are considered centrist can change over time; when radical positions become more widely accepted in society, they can become centrist positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoshinsky2007144,_161-26">[26]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Political_function">Political function</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Centrism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political function" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections_and_retention_of_power">Elections and retention of power</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Centrism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elections and retention of power" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party systems</a>, the centre is challenged by parties that seek to undermine the legitimacy of the political system. These parties come from both the left and the right and have different positions on how the government should function, which prevents them from unifying against the centre, giving the centre an opportunity to retain power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnyediB%C3%A9rtoa202335-27">[27]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Median_voter_theorem" title="Median voter theorem">median voter theorem</a>, parties are incentivised to move toward the political centre to maximise votes and to have the final say on closely-contested policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchofieldSened2005355%E2%80%93356-28">[28]</a> Centrist parties face some intrinsic disadvantages when competing with left-wing and right-wing parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZur20211756%E2%80%931757-29">[29]</a> Elections based on <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> provide less incentive for parties to hold centrist positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchofieldSened2005355%E2%80%93356-28">[28]</a> Proportional representation systems weaken centrist parties because they incentivise the capture of specific voters instead of the general population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENo%C3%ABlTh%C3%A9rien200840-30">[30]</a> The popularity of centrism in the Western World is contradicted by the relative electoral weakness of centrist parties. One possible explanation for the paradox is that centrists may be perceived as lacking the leadership or capability demonstrated by leaders of other ideologies. Another is that centrists are unable to increase their vote share because the ideological space around them is already occupied by other parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZur20211756%E2%80%931757-29">[29]</a> Politicians with high approval might move to the centre to capitalise on their popularity with a larger voter base, while those seen as uncharismatic or incompetent may shift away from the centre to capture more reliable activist voters who will invest more into the politician's campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagyarWagnerZur2023205-31">[31]</a> Opponents of centrism may describe it as opportunistic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan199720-32">[32]</a> Centrist-controlled governments are much rarer than left-wing or right-wing governments. While approximately 30% of world leaders were centrist in the 1950s and 1960s, this declined to approximately 15% by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerre2023743%E2%80%93746-33">[33]</a> Centrist dictatorships rarely occur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerre2023743,_746-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coalition_building">Coalition building</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Centrism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coalition building" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most political party systems lean toward the centre, where centre-left and centre-right parties compromise with centrist parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoshinsky2007112-35">[35]</a> Centrist parties are typically found in the middle of a party system, leading to mixed use of the term centre to refer to centrist parties and to this middle position regardless of a party's ideological stance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan199722%E2%80%9323-36">[36]</a> Conversely, some centrist parties will only be challenged from one direction instead of facing both left-wing and right-wing challengers, preventing it from taking its typical location in the middle of a party system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan199721-37">[37]</a> What constitutes the middle of a political system is unique to each nation, while ideological centrism is a political stance that exists internationally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan199724-38">[38]</a> Coalition building typically occurs around the political centre,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan199721-37">[37]</a> giving centrist parties hold a strong position in the formation of coalition governments, as they can accommodate both left-wing and right-wing parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECloseLegein2023155-39">[39]</a> This gives them additional leverage in the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchofieldSened2005355-40">[40]</a> When radical parties become viable, forming a coalition with the centre can force them to moderate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnyediB%C3%A9rtoa202335-27">[27]</a> Once in a coalition, the centrist party is typically a junior partner that has little ability to enact its own policy goals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZur20211758-41">[41]</a> Party systems with a strong centrist element are associated with lower interparty conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaltonTanaka200840-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_polarisation">Political polarisation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Centrism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political polarisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The overall effect of centrist parties on a political system is a subject of debate in political science, and it is not always clear whether they encourage or discourage political polarisation, or whether they benefit or suffer from it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan19973%E2%80%934-43">[43]</a> One unanswered question in <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> is whether centrist parties create centripetal or centrifugal party systems. When centrist parties exert a centripetal force on other parties, it causes left-wing and right-wing parties to move closer to the centre and creates <a href="/wiki/Political_stability" title="Political stability">political stability</a>. Alternatively, they may exert a centrifugal force in which left-wing and right-wing parties move away from the centre to pressure the centrist party into choosing a side, causing <a href="/wiki/Political_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Political instability">political instability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen-Pedersen2004325%E2%80%93326-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan19977%E2%80%938-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duverger" title="Maurice Duverger">Maurice Duverger</a> argued that politics naturally drifts away from the centre into a <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a> and that a centrist party is an unnatural combination of the centre-left and centre-right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan19978%E2%80%939-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Sartori" title="Giovanni Sartori">Giovanni Sartori</a> argued that centrism is the default in a political system, but that the existence of a centrist party prevents the left and the right from moving toward the centre and encourages polarisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan19979%E2%80%9313-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Downs" title="Anthony Downs">Anthony Downs</a> proposed a model in which a centrist party emerges after the left-wing and right-wing parties diverge from a centrist-leaning public. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Daalder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Daalder (page does not exist)">Hans Daalder</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Daalder_(politicoloog)" class="extiw" title="nl:Hans Daalder (politicoloog)">nl</a>] rejected the concept of a singular political centre entirely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan199722-48">[48]</a> When parties become more extreme, disaffected moderates may be enticed to join centrist parties when they would otherwise have been unwilling to join an opposing party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan19973-49">[49]</a> More broadly, polarisation can lead to the fragmentation of the left and right into multiple parties, allowing a centrist party to perpetually be the <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet winner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbediSchneider201087-50">[50]</a> Polarisation may also weaken a centrist party if both ends of a polarised society are made to oppose centrism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan19974-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_variation">Regional variation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Centrism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Regional variation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Centrist parties make up a specific <a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party family (page does not exist)">party family</a> and have commonalities across different nations and political systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan199724-38">[38]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> where social democracy dominates politics, centrism competes with the centre-right to form a rightward flank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECloseLegein2023153-52">[52]</a> Centrist liberalism has only a minor presence in the Middle East, where it is overshadowed by leftism and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraetzschmarResta2023415%E2%80%93417-53">[53]</a> More developed countries in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> often have prominent centrist parties supported by the middle class. These have historically included the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union" title="Radical Civic Union">Radical Civic Union</a> of Argentina, the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Democratic_Movement" title="Brazilian Democratic Movement">Brazilian Democratic Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_Chile" title="Radical Party of Chile">Radical Party of Chile</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Party_(Uruguay)" title="Colorado Party (Uruguay)">Colorado Party</a> of Uruguay. Christian democracy, usually a conservative movement, serves a similar role in Latin America as its opposition to more rightward politics moves it toward a centrist or centre-left position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDi_Tella2004194-54">[54]</a> Some political parties label themselves as centrist but do not hold centrist positions. These are typically more right-wing parties such as the centre-right <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Spain)" title="Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)">Union of the Democratic Centre</a> in Spain and the far-right <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Centre Party (Netherlands)">Centre Party</a> in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan199735-55">[55]</a> Relative to left-wing and right-wing parties, centrist parties are infrequently studied in political science.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodon2015178%E2%80%93179-56">[56]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Centrism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Centrism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th centuries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Centrism is part of the left–right political spectrum that developed during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodon2015178-2">[2]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> was organised, reactionary conservatives coalesced in the seats to the speaker's right, while the radicals sat on the speaker's left. The moderates who were not affiliated with either faction sat in the centre seats, and they came to be known as the centrists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoshinsky2007109-57">[57]</a> While liberalism began as a <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> challenger to conservatism, it came to occupy the political centre of Western politics at the beginning of the 19th century as it also opposed radicalism and socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein20116-58">[58]</a> Liberal support for <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individual_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual rights">individual rights</a> developed in opposition to conservatism, establishing the ideals that would accompany liberalism as it became the predominant centrist ideology in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007219-59">[59]</a> The political centre became a major force in England and France after the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan199720-32">[32]</a> English centrism came from the <a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whigs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Peter_Brougham" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Peter Brougham">Henry Peter Brougham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Thomas Babington Macaulay</a>. French centrism was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Doctrinaires" title="Doctrinaires">Doctrinaires</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan199721-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> brought French conservatism to the centre when it maintained an element of working class revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein201191%E2%80%9393-60">[60]</a> Empires were forced to maintain the political centre, avoiding reactionary or revolutionary politics that could have affected their stability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011137-61">[61]</a> Centrist liberalism was slower to develop outside of the great powers of Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein201193-62">[62]</a> By the 1830s, conservatism and radicalism in Western Europe began a shift toward moderation as they accepted ideas associated with centrist liberalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein201175-63">[63]</a> The United Kingdom was spared from <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">the many revolutions</a> during the early 19th century as its conservatives took a decisively centrist position, enlightened conservatism, and expressed willingness to compromise with the nation's strong radical element.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011160%E2%80%93161-64">[64]</a> As radicalism declined in Western Europe, liberalism and conservatism became the two dominant political movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011160-65">[65]</a> The United States saw a centrist liberal movement develop in the late-19th century through the <a href="/wiki/Mugwumps" title="Mugwumps">Mugwumps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011261-66">[66]</a> The radical movement gave way to centrism after the 1870s as they both coalesced around ideals of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-education" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-education">self-education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">cooperation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011173-67">[67]</a> Toward the end of the 19th century, agrarianism became a significant political movement in Europe to represent farmers' interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007223-9">[9]</a> Western <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> intertwined itself with centrism in the 19th century. As <a href="/wiki/Research_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Research universities">research universities</a> became more common, advocacy for centrist reform was taken up by academics. Instead of engaging in direct activism, they considered social issues and presented their conclusions as objective science. Other ideological groups did not have success in this endeavour, as taking strong partisan stances risked one's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011233-68">[68]</a> Centrist liberals in Europe accepted <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a> in the 19th century, but it did so less than its primary advocates,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011213-69">[69]</a> and it rejected the related concept of <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011253-70">[70]</a> Instead of the idea that non-white races could not achieve European-style civilisation, centrist liberals believed that they could but it would take them longer to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011215-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Wars_and_Cold_War">World Wars and Cold War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Centrism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World Wars and Cold War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Centrist liberalism was one of the two major global ideological groups at the beginning of the 20th century, where it was challenged by right-wing conservatism and Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramborLindvall2018119-72">[72]</a> Centrism faced increased pressure beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> as left-wing politics saw a resurgence, meaning centrism was challenged from both directions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramborLindvall2018118-73">[73]</a> Agrarianism lost much of its influence in the 1930s as nations fell under right-wing dictatorships, and its return in the 1940s was short-lived as nations fell under communist rule. The Nordic countries, which were mostly spared from both movements, were the only nations to retain strong agrarian parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007223-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> ended support for any scientific racism and <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> espoused by centrist liberals, as they instead adopted <a href="/wiki/Antiracism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiracism">antiracism</a> as scientific truth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallerstein2011236%E2%80%93237-74">[74]</a> Following World War II, middle class centrist parties in developed countries became less common as they moved leftward or rightward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDi_Tella2004194-54">[54]</a> Italy was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a> party in the immediate aftermath of the war. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a>, it absorbed the centre-left and centre-right to create a centrist grouping and combat the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a>. The group fractured during a leftward shift in the 1950s and 1960s as the leadership invited socialists into the party, hoping to deprive the Communist Party of an ally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoucek2010122-75">[75]</a> This created a scenario in which the Christian Democrats expressed centrist positions but were the rightmost of Italy's major parties and took on a more conservative role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan199728%E2%80%9330-76">[76]</a> Turkey developed a <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a> with two centrist parties in the 1950s. The parties were instead motivated by demographics: the <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> was supported by urban voters and the military while <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Turkey,_1946%E2%80%931960)" title="Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1960)">Democrat Party</a> was the party of rural voters and businessmen. This system fell apart by the 1960s as polarisation grew and radical parties developed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinnebuschCavatortaStorm20218-77">[77]</a> Industrialisation reduced the appeal of agrarianism in the post-war era. The Agrarian Parties of <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Sweden)" title="Centre Party (Sweden)">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)" title="Centre Party (Finland)">Finland</a> changed their names to the Centre Party in 1958, 1959, and 1965, respectively. This left Denmark as the only nation with a major self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">Agrarian Party</a>, but it also described itself as liberal beginning in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007226-13">[13]</a> Fiji implemented a political system designed to encourage centrism in an ethnically divided nation as it transitioned away from colonial rule in 1965. Each voter was to vote for four candidates, each for a distinct ethnic group. This failed to produce a centrist government, as in effect it solidified the ethnic division in government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraenkel200657-78">[78]</a> As post-colonial party systems developed in the Middle East, the influence of one-party states varied. Parties like the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Egypt)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)">Arab Socialist Union</a> in Egypt and the <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Yemen)" title="General People's Congress (Yemen)">General People's Congress</a> in Yemen acted as restraints on political elites to keep them from deviating from the political centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehler202157-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> became president of Egypt, and in 1976 he split the ruling Arab Socialist Union into three parties based on its left, centre, and right factions. Rule was maintained through what became the centrist <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">National Democratic Party</a>, effectively controlling Egyptian politics and marginalising the other factions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEV%C3%B6lkel2021129-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehler202162-81">[81]</a> The fall of dictatorships in countries such as Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Portugal in the 1980s was met by centrist parties that became the primary forces in transitioning the nations to democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDi_Tella2004172-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s–present">1990s–present</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Centrism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1990s–present" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in the 1990s, centrist liberalism was seen as the dominant force in politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFosterel-Ojeili2023199-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommersMarian201920-84">[84]</a> The centre-left and the centre-right both moved closer to the centre in the 1990s and 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENo%C3%ABlTh%C3%A9rien2008166%E2%80%93167-85">[85]</a> The centre-right, previously dominated by <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, became more accepting of the welfare state, and it showed more support for combatting poverty and inequality. This included the "kinder, gentler America" championed by <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> in the United States, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Neue_Mitte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Neue Mitte (page does not exist)">Die Neue Mitte</a> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> The New Centre) of <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> in Germany, the British "<a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a> with a grey face" led by <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>, and the anti-neoliberalism of Mexican president <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENo%C3%ABlTh%C3%A9rien2008167%E2%80%93168-86">[86]</a> The centre-left adopted Third Way policies, emphasising that it was neither left nor right but <a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">pragmatic</a>. This adopted ideas popular among the centre-right, including <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">balanced budgets</a> and low taxes. Among these movements were British <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENo%C3%ABlTh%C3%A9rien2008166%E2%80%93167-85">[85]</a> Social democratic parties became more accepting of <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">supply-side economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> policies, and reduction of welfare programs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer2023168-87">[87]</a> Some authoritarian powers, such as China and Russia, resisted the western liberal consensus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommersMarian201921-88">[88]</a> In the Pacific, New Caledonia did not form a strong centrist movement until the 1990s as a consequence of the independence question.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanter2006156-89">[89]</a> Conservative groups had actively suppressed centrist figures like <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Union" title="Caledonian Union">Caledonian Union</a> leader <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Lenormand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Lenormand (page does not exist)">Maurice Lenormand</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Lenormand" class="extiw" title="fr:Maurice Lenormand">fr</a>], who was accused of being a communist and prosecuted for allegedly organising the bombing of his own party newspaper's headquarters in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanter2006157-90">[90]</a> Taiwan's political system, already inclined toward centrism, saw its two major parties move closer to the centrism in the late 1990s as newer parties developed on either side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaltonTanaka200837-91">[91]</a> After a long period of strong left-wing and right-wing movements, Latin American nations trended toward centrism in the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifter2011107%E2%80%93108-92">[92]</a> This came about as the nations' economies strengthened and the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth inequality">wealth inequality</a> created a larger middle class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifter2011108%E2%80%93109-93">[93]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">pink tide</a> that saw several left-wing politicians take office, those in democratic nations adopted relatively moderate policies, including <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> in Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet" title="Michelle Bachelet">Michelle Bachelet</a> in Chile, <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Funes" title="Mauricio Funes">Mauricio Funes</a> in El Salvador, and <a href="/wiki/Tabar%C3%A9_V%C3%A1zquez" title="Tabaré Vázquez">Tabaré Vázquez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mujica" title="José Mujica">José Mujica</a> in Uruguay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifter2011113-94">[94]</a> These nations implemented the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a>, which mixed <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a> with the use of social programs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifter2011114-95">[95]</a> In many Latin American nations, opposing presidential candidates campaigned on similar platforms and often supported retaining their predecessors' policies without any significant changes, shifting the focus of elections to personality over ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifter2011110%E2%80%93111,_116%E2%80%93117-96">[96]</a> Support for centrism declined globally after the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a> as it was challenged by populism and <a href="/wiki/Political_polarisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Political polarisation">political polarisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFosterel-Ojeili2023199%E2%80%93200-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommersMarian201921%E2%80%9322-98">[98]</a> As of 2015, centrists made up a plurality in most European countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodon2015179-99">[99]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Centrism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apoliticism" title="Apoliticism">Apoliticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_to_moderation" title="Argument to moderation">Argument to moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">Center squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism_by_country" title="Centrism by country">Centrism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)" title="Golden mean (philosophy)">Golden mean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">Horseshoe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent politician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_voter" title="Independent voter">Independent voter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_centrist_political_parties" title="List of centrist political parties">List of centrist political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(philosophy)" title="Neutrality (philosophy)">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisanism">Nonpartisanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_Window" class="mw-redirect" title="Overton Window">Overton Window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_left" title="Soft left">Soft left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretic politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)" title="Triangulation (politics)">Triangulation (politics)</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Centrism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski20231-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski20231_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOstrowski2023">Ostrowski 2023</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodon2015178-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodon2015178_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodon2015178_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodon2015">Rodon 2015</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodon2015181-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodon2015181_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodon2015">Rodon 2015</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski20236-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski20236_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski20236_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOstrowski2023">Ostrowski 2023</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007218-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007218_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007218_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007218_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuostetsaari2007">Ruostetsaari 2007</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007220-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuostetsaari2007220_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuostetsaari2007">Ruostetsaari 2007</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECloseLegein2023152-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECloseLegein2023152_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCloseLegein2023">Close & Legein 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShifter2011107%E2%80%93108_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShifter2011">Shifter 2011</a>, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifter2011108–109-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShifter2011108%E2%80%93109_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShifter2011">Shifter 2011</a>, p. 108–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifter2011113-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShifter2011113_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShifter2011">Shifter 2011</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifter2011114-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShifter2011114_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShifter2011">Shifter 2011</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifter2011110–111,_116–117-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShifter2011110%E2%80%93111,_116%E2%80%93117_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShifter2011">Shifter 2011</a>, pp. 110–111, 116–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFosterel-Ojeili2023199–200-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFosterel-Ojeili2023199%E2%80%93200_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFosterel-Ojeili2023">Foster & el-Ojeili 2023</a>, pp. 199–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESommersMarian201921–22-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommersMarian201921%E2%80%9322_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSommersMarian2019">Sommers & Marian 2019</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodon2015179-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodon2015179_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodon2015">Rodon 2015</a>, p. 179. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Centrism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Centrism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoucekBogaards2010" class="citation book cs1">Boucek, Françoise; Bogaards, Matthijs, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dominantpolitica0000unse/">Dominant Political Parties and Democracy</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48582-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48582-1"><bdi>978-0-415-48582-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dominant+Political+Parties+and+Democracy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-48582-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdominantpolitica0000unse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Abedi, Amir; Schneider, Steffen. "Big fish in small ponds". In <a href="#CITEREFBoucekBogaards2010">Boucek & Bogaards (2010)</a>, pp. 77–97.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Boucek, Françoise. "The factional politics of dominant parties". In <a href="#CITEREFBoucekBogaards2010">Boucek & Bogaards (2010)</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterKeithSindreVasilopoulou2023" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Neil; Keith, Daniel; Sindre, Gyda M.; Vasilopoulou, Sofia, eds. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780429263859/routledge-handbook-political-parties-neil-carter-daniel-keith-sofia-vasilopoulou-gyda-sindre/">The Routledge Handbook of Political Parties</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429263859">10.4324/9780429263859</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-55441-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-55441-4"><bdi>978-0-429-55441-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Political+Parties&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429263859&rft.isbn=978-0-429-55441-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780429263859%2Froutledge-handbook-political-parties-neil-carter-daniel-keith-sofia-vasilopoulou-gyda-sindre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Bremer, Björn. "Social democracy". In <a href="#CITEREFCarterKeithSindreVasilopoulou2023">Carter et al. (2023)</a>, pp. 161–172.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Carter, Neil. "Green Parties". In <a href="#CITEREFCarterKeithSindreVasilopoulou2023">Carter et al. (2023)</a>, pp. 185–196.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Close, Caroline; Legein, Thomas. "Liberal parties". In <a href="#CITEREFCarterKeithSindreVasilopoulou2023">Carter et al. (2023)</a>, pp. 149–160.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Enyedi, Zsolt; Bértoa, Fernando Casal. "Party Systems and Party System Change". In <a href="#CITEREFCarterKeithSindreVasilopoulou2023">Carter et al. (2023)</a>, pp. 30–42.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Kraetzschmar, Hendrik; Resta, Valeria. "Political parties in the Arab Middle East". In <a href="#CITEREFCarterKeithSindreVasilopoulou2023">Carter et al. (2023)</a>, pp. 414–425.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Magyar, Agnes; Wagner, Sarah; Zur, Roi. "Party strategies: valence versus position". In <a href="#CITEREFCarterKeithSindreVasilopoulou2023">Carter et al. (2023)</a>, pp. 199–210.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">van Kessel, Stijn. "Populism and parties". In <a href="#CITEREFCarterKeithSindreVasilopoulou2023">Carter et al. (2023)</a>, pp. 269–279.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Vasilopoulou, Sofia. "Parties and European integration". In <a href="#CITEREFCarterKeithSindreVasilopoulou2023">Carter et al. (2023)</a>, pp. 301–311.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavatortaStormResta2021" class="citation book cs1">Cavatorta, Francesco; Storm, Lise; Resta, Valeria, eds. (2021). Routledge Handbook on Political Parties in the Middle East and North Africa. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-21986-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-21986-4"><bdi>978-0-367-21986-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+on+Political+Parties+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-367-21986-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Hinnebusch, Raymond; Cavatorta, Francesco; Storm, Lise. "Political Parties in MENA: An Introduction". In <a href="#CITEREFCavatortaStormResta2021">Cavatorta, Storm & Resta (2021)</a>, pp. 1–14.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Koehler, Kevin. "Inheriting the Past: Trajectories of Single Parties in Arab Republics". In <a href="#CITEREFCavatortaStormResta2021">Cavatorta, Storm & Resta (2021)</a>, pp. 57–68.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Völkel, Jan Claudius. "Pawns in the Army's Hands: Political Parties in Military-Dominated Regimes". In <a href="#CITEREFCavatortaStormResta2021">Cavatorta, Storm & Resta (2021)</a>, pp. 125–136.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaltonTanaka2008" class="citation book cs1">Dalton, Russell J.; Tanaka, Aiji (2008). "The Patterns of Party Alignment". In Dalton, Russell J.; Shin, Doh Chull; Chu, Yun-han (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781626374058/html">Party Politics in East Asia: Citizens, Elections, and Democratic Development</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Rienner_Publishers" title="Lynne Rienner Publishers">Lynne Rienner Publishers</a>. pp. 27–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781626374058">10.1515/9781626374058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781626374058" title="Special:BookSources/9781626374058"><bdi>9781626374058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Patterns+of+Party+Alignment&rft.btitle=Party+Politics+in+East+Asia%3A+Citizens%2C+Elections%2C+and+Democratic+Development&rft.pages=27-47&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781626374058&rft.isbn=9781626374058&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Russell+J.&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Aiji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9781626374058%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Tella2004" class="citation book cs1">Di Tella, Torcuato S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpolitic0000dite/">History of Political Parties in Twentieth-Century Latin America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2545-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2545-0"><bdi>978-1-4128-2545-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Political+Parties+in+Twentieth-Century+Latin+America&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2545-0&rft.aulast=Di+Tella&rft.aufirst=Torcuato+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofpolitic0000dite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazan1997" class="citation book cs1">Hazan, Reuven Y. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centrepartiespol0000haza">Centre Parties: Polarization and Competition in European Parliamentary Democracies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85567-431-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85567-431-8"><bdi>978-1-85567-431-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centre+Parties%3A+Polarization+and+Competition+in+European+Parliamentary+Democracies&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85567-431-8&rft.aulast=Hazan&rft.aufirst=Reuven+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcentrepartiespol0000haza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoëlThérien2008" class="citation book cs1">Noël, Alain; Thérien, Jean-Philippe (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leftrightingloba0000noel">Left and Right in Global Politics</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-47252-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-47252-4"><bdi>978-1-139-47252-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Left+and+Right+in+Global+Politics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-47252-4&rft.aulast=No%C3%ABl&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.au=Th%C3%A9rien%2C+Jean-Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleftrightingloba0000noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichHamblyMorgan2006" class="citation book cs1">Rich, Roland; Hambly, Luke; Morgan, Michael G., eds. 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Pandanus Books. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FPPPI.04.2008">10.22459/PPPI.04.2008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74076-173-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74076-173-4"><bdi>978-1-74076-173-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+in+the+Pacific+Islands&rft.pub=Pandanus+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2FPPPI.04.2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74076-173-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.anu.edu.au%2Fpublications%2Fpolitical-parties-pacific-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Chanter, Alaine. "Parties and the New Political Logic in New Caledonia". In <a href="#CITEREFRichHamblyMorgan2006">Rich, Hambly & Morgan (2006)</a>, pp. 143–164.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Fraenkel, Jon. "Political Consequences of Pacific Island Electoral Laws". In <a href="#CITEREFRichHamblyMorgan2006">Rich, Hambly & Morgan (2006)</a>, pp. 46–68.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuostetsaari2007" class="citation book cs1">Ruostetsaari, Ilkka (2007). "Restructuring of the European Political Centre: Withering Liberal and Persisting Agrarian Party Families". In Cotta, Maurizio; Best, Heinrich (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/52163/">Democratic Representation in Europe: Diversity, Change, and Convergence</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 217–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923420-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923420-2"><bdi>978-0-19-923420-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Restructuring+of+the+European+Political+Centre%3A+Withering+Liberal+and+Persisting+Agrarian+Party+Families&rft.btitle=Democratic+Representation+in+Europe%3A+Diversity%2C+Change%2C+and+Convergence&rft.pages=217-252&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923420-2&rft.aulast=Ruostetsaari&rft.aufirst=Ilkka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F52163%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallerstein2011" class="citation book cs1">Wallerstein, Immanuel (2011). The Modern World-System IV: Centrist Liberalism Triumphant, 1789–1914. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26760-2"><bdi>978-0-520-26760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+World-System+IV%3A+Centrist+Liberalism+Triumphant%2C+1789%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26760-2&rft.aulast=Wallerstein&rft.aufirst=Immanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoshinsky2007" class="citation book cs1">Woshinsky, Oliver (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/explainingpoliti0000wosh">Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135901349" title="Special:BookSources/9781135901349"><bdi>9781135901349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explaining+Politics%3A+Culture%2C+Institutions%2C+and+Political+Behavior&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781135901349&rft.aulast=Woshinsky&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexplainingpoliti0000wosh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Centrism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Journals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramborLindvall2018" class="citation journal cs1">Brambor, Thomas; Lindvall, Johannes (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1057/s41304-017-0124-9">"The Ideology of Heads of Government, 1870–2012"</a>. European Political Science. 17 (2): 211–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41304-017-0124-9">10.1057/s41304-017-0124-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1680-4333">1680-4333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Ideology+of+Heads+of+Government%2C+1870%E2%80%932012&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-222&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41304-017-0124-9&rft.issn=1680-4333&rft.aulast=Brambor&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Lindvall%2C+Johannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1057%2Fs41304-017-0124-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngler2020" class="citation journal cs1">Engler, Sarah (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1755773920000132/type/journal_article">"Centrist anti-establishment parties and their protest voters: more than a superficial romance?"</a>. European Political Science Review. 12 (3): 307–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1755773920000132">10.1017/S1755773920000132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-7739">1755-7739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Centrist+anti-establishment+parties+and+their+protest+voters%3A+more+than+a+superficial+romance%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=307-325&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1755773920000132&rft.issn=1755-7739&rft.aulast=Engler&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS1755773920000132%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterel-Ojeili2023" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, Jack; el-Ojeili, Chamsy (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569317.2021.1956164">"Centrist Utopianism in Retreat: Ideological Fragmentation after the Financial Crisis"</a>. Journal of Political Ideologies. 28 (2): 199–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569317.2021.1956164">10.1080/13569317.2021.1956164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-9317">1356-9317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=Centrist+Utopianism+in+Retreat%3A+Ideological+Fragmentation+after+the+Financial+Crisis&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-218&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13569317.2021.1956164&rft.issn=1356-9317&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=el-Ojeili%2C+Chamsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F13569317.2021.1956164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen-Pedersen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Green-Pedersen, Christoffer (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2004.00482.x">"Center Parties, Party Competition, and the Implosion of Party Systems: A Study of Centripetal Tendencies in Multiparty Systems"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Political_Studies_(journal)" title="Political Studies (journal)">Political Studies</a>. 52 (2): 324–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.2004.00482.x">10.1111/j.1467-9248.2004.00482.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3217">0032-3217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Center+Parties%2C+Party+Competition%2C+and+the+Implosion+of+Party+Systems%3A+A+Study+of+Centripetal+Tendencies+in+Multiparty+Systems&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=324-341&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.2004.00482.x&rft.issn=0032-3217&rft.aulast=Green-Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Christoffer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.2004.00482.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerre2023" class="citation journal cs1">Herre, Bastian (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007123422000217/type/journal_article">"Identifying Ideologues: A Global Dataset on Political Leaders, 1945–2020"</a>. British Journal of Political Science. 53 (2): 740–748. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123422000217">10.1017/S0007123422000217</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1234">0007-1234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Identifying+Ideologues%3A+A+Global+Dataset+on+Political+Leaders%2C+1945%E2%80%932020&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=740-748&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123422000217&rft.issn=0007-1234&rft.aulast=Herre&rft.aufirst=Bastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0007123422000217%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadrid2010" class="citation journal cs1">Madrid, Raúl L. 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Political Science Quarterly. 125 (4): 587–609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-165X.2010.tb00686.x">10.1002/j.1538-165X.2010.tb00686.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3195">0032-3195</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25767091">25767091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Two+Lefts+in+Latin+America&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=587-609&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0032-3195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25767091%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-165X.2010.tb00686.x&rft.aulast=Madrid&rft.aufirst=Ra%C3%BAl+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25767091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrowski2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Ostrowski" title="Marius Ostrowski">Ostrowski, Marius S.</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770">"The Ideological Morphology of Left–Centre–Right"</a>. Journal of Political Ideologies. 28 (1): 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569317.2022.2163770">10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-9317">1356-9317</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256033370">256033370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=The+Ideological+Morphology+of+Left%E2%80%93Centre%E2%80%93Right&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256033370%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1356-9317&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13569317.2022.2163770&rft.aulast=Ostrowski&rft.aufirst=Marius+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F13569317.2022.2163770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodon2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rodon, Toni (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ijpor/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/ijpor/edu028">"Do All Roads Lead to the Center? The Unresolved Dilemma of Centrist Self-Placement"</a>. International Journal of Public Opinion Research. 27 (2): 177–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fijpor%2Fedu028">10.1093/ijpor/edu028</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6909">1471-6909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Public+Opinion+Research&rft.atitle=Do+All+Roads+Lead+to+the+Center%3F+The+Unresolved+Dilemma+of+Centrist+Self-Placement&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-196&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fijpor%2Fedu028&rft.issn=1471-6909&rft.aulast=Rodon&rft.aufirst=Toni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fijpor%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fijpor%2Fedu028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofieldSened2005" class="citation journal cs1">Schofield, Norman; Sened, Itai (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2005.00231.x">"Modeling the interaction of parties, activists and voters: Why is the political center so empty?"</a>. European Journal of Political Research. 44 (3): 355–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.2005.00231.x">10.1111/j.1475-6765.2005.00231.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4130">0304-4130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Research&rft.atitle=Modeling+the+interaction+of+parties%2C+activists+and+voters%3A+Why+is+the+political+center+so+empty%3F&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355-390&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.2005.00231.x&rft.issn=0304-4130&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Sened%2C+Itai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.2005.00231.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShifter2011" class="citation journal cs1">Shifter, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jnlodmcy22&div=12">"Latin America: A Surge to the Center"</a>. Journal of Democracy. 22 (1): 107–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2011.a412897">10.1353/jod.2011.a412897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Latin+America%3A+A+Surge+to+the+Center&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-121&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2011.a412897&rft.aulast=Shifter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fjnlodmcy22%26div%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommersMarian2019" class="citation report cs1">Sommers, Jeffrey; Marian, Cosmin Gabriel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep45152.7">The Collapsing Centre in the World's Liberal Centre</a> (Report). LSE IDEAS. pp. 20–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Collapsing+Centre+in+the+World%27s+Liberal+Centre&rft.pages=20-24&rft.pub=LSE+IDEAS&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Sommers&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Marian%2C+Cosmin+Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep45152.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTormey1998" class="citation journal cs1">Tormey, Simon (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569319808420774">"The Vicissitudes of 'Radical Centrism': The Case of Agnes Heller, Radical Centrist avant la lettre"</a>. Journal of Political Ideologies. 3 (2): 147–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569319808420774">10.1080/13569319808420774</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-9317">1356-9317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=The+Vicissitudes+of+%27Radical+Centrism%27%3A+The+Case+of+Agnes+Heller%2C+Radical+Centrist+avant+la+lettre&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-167&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13569319808420774&rft.issn=1356-9317&rft.aulast=Tormey&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F13569319808420774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZur2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zur, Roi (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11109-020-09671-w">"The Multidimensional Disadvantages of Centrist Parties in Western Europe"</a>. Political Behavior. 43 (4): 1755–1777. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11109-020-09671-w">10.1007/s11109-020-09671-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-9320">0190-9320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+Multidimensional+Disadvantages+of+Centrist+Parties+in+Western+Europe&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1755-1777&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11109-020-09671-w&rft.issn=0190-9320&rft.aulast=Zur&rft.aufirst=Roi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11109-020-09671-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentrism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading 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October 2024, at 12:55 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentrisme" title="Sentrisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sentrisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9)" title="وسطية (سياسة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وسطية (سياسة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centru_pol%C3%ADticu" title="Centru políticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Centru políticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99rk%C9%99z%C3%A7ilik" title="Mərkəzçilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mərkəzçilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%80" title="কেন্দ্রপন্থী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেন্দ্রপন্থী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-ph%C3%A0i" title="Tiong-phài – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-phài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Цэнтрызм (палітыка) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цэнтрызм (палітыка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_pol%C3%ADtic" title="Centre polític – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Centre polític" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%BD_st%C5%99ed" title="Politický střed – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politický střed" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midterparti" title="Midterparti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Midterparti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_Mitte" title="Politische Mitte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politische Mitte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsentrism" title="Tsentrism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsentrism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF_(%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Κέντρο (πολιτική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κέντρο (πολιτική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_pol%C3%ADtico" title="Centro político – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Centro político" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrismo_(politiko)" title="Centrismo (politiko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Centrismo (politiko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentrismo" title="Zentrismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zentrismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="میانه‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میانه‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrisme" title="Centrisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Centrisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_pol%C3%ADtico" title="Centro político – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Centro político" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%8F%84%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="중도주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중도주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ցենտրիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցենտրիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="केन्द्रवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="केन्द्रवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dki_centar" title="Politički centar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Politički centar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentrisme" title="Sentrisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sentrisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrismo" title="Centrismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Centrismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96_(%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="מרכז (פוליטיקה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרכז (פוליטיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Центризм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Центризм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Центризм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Центризм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrisms" title="Centrisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Centrisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentrum_(Politik)" title="Zentrum (Politik) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zentrum (Politik)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentrisme" title="Sentrisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sentrisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Centrism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrizmus" title="Centrizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Centrizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentrisme" title="Sentrisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sentrisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek_centrum" title="Politiek centrum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politiek centrum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%81%93_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB)" title="中道 (政治) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中道 (政治)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentrum_(politikk)" title="Sentrum (politikk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sentrum (politikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentrum_i_politikk" title="Sentrum i politikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sentrum i politikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrum_(opcja_polityczna)" title="Centrum (opcja polityczna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Centrum (opcja polityczna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_(pol%C3%ADtica)" title="Centro (política) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Centro (política)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrism_(Calea_a_treia)" title="Centrism (Calea a treia) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Centrism (Calea a treia)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Центризм (политика) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Центризм (политика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrizmi" title="Centrizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Centrizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_(politics)" title="Centre (politics) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Centre (politics)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%BD_stred" title="Politický stred – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Politický stred" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrizem" title="Centrizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Centrizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Центризам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Центризам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centar_(politika)" title="Centar (politika) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Centar (politika)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliittinen_keskusta" title="Poliittinen keskusta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Poliittinen keskusta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_mitt" title="Politisk mitt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Politisk mitt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="การเมืองสายกลาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเมืองสายกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkezcilik" title="Merkezcilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Merkezcilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Центризм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Центризм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مرکزیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مرکزیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentrismo" title="Sentrismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sentrismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_trung_dung" title="Chủ nghĩa trung dung – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa trung dung" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinte_(politike)" title="Cinte (politike) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Cinte (politike)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="中间主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中间主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="中間主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中間主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="中间主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中间主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-4wdps","wgBackendResponseTime":196,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.140","walltime":"1.301","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10540,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":167543,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20571,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":247920,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1099.396 1 -total"," 32.07% 352.617 118 Template:Sfn"," 14.79% 162.647 11 Template:Cite_book"," 12.06% 132.587 1 Template:Party_politics"," 11.83% 130.057 1 Template:Politics_series_sidebar"," 11.61% 127.658 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.29% 91.103 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.34% 80.741 2 Template:Sidebar"," 6.54% 71.926 12 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.93% 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